summary paraphrase quotation. summary condensed in your own words concise, but not telegraphic
TRANSCRIPT
SummaryParaphraseQuotation
Summary
Condensed
In your own words
Concise, but not telegraphic
Paraphrase
Not condensed
In your own words
Most useful method of incorporating source material
Also a useful study aid
Quotation
Exact words.
Any additions or deletions must be indicated with [brackets] or ellipses: . . . indicates less than a full sentence has been
deleted . . . . indicates that one or more full sentences
have been deleted
Errors in the original are left intact and indicated by [sic]
When to Quote
To add the power of an author’s words to support your argument
To disagree with an author’s argument
To highlight particularly eloquent or powerful phrases or passages
To compare and contrast specific points of view
To note the important research that precedes your own
When to Summarize
To establish background or offer an overview of a topic
To describe knowledge (from several sources) about a topic
To determine the main ideas of a single source
When to Paraphrase
To clarify a short passage from a text
To avoid overusing quotations
To explain a point when exact wording isn’t important
To explain the main points of a passage
To report numerical data or statistics (preferred in APA papers)
Prefer Paraphrase
In most situation, paraphrase will be the most effective option.
Paraphrase uses your own words, so it blends well into the text.
Paraphrase creates an better understanding of the source material
Paraphrase Practice
Using the information on pages 44 & 45, define the idea of a “Coasean ceiling” and a “Coasean floor” by paraphrasing Shirky.
A “Coasean ceiling” is . . .
Summary Practice
The final paragraph on page 51, and the subsequent paragraph on page 52 offer details on Garrett Hardin’s “Tragedy of the Commons.” Summarize these two paragraphs in 50 words or less.