summer training based presentation

8/3/2019 Summer Training Based Presentation

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SUMMER TRAINING BASED

PRESENTATION

onLINUX ADMINISTRATION

WITH SCRIPTING

Presented By:

Meenu Sharma


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ABOUT THE COMPANY

HP Education Services is the most reputed name in

High End Technical Education. It is the largest Unix

training company worldwide. It has been in theeducation business for over 28 years. It is present in

more than 400 HP education centers and partner

locations. They have trained professionals of the top

most companies of the world. They do induction

batches training for many companies


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OVERVIEW

1. Introduction to linux

2. History of linux

3. The linux system

4. The linux kernel

5. The linux shell

6. Linux principles

7. Advantages8. Users of linux

9. Linux installation

10. Partitions

11. Linux boot process

12. Linux run levels

13. Directory Structure

14. Editors

15. Package management

16. Lvm

17. RAID

18. Servers

19. Shell Scripting

20. Review21. Project


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INTRODUCTION TO LINUX

Over the last year, weve seen Linux go from being focused on smalland medium business to being used very deep in the enterprise, saysPaul Cormier, executive vice president of engineering at Red Hat, a leadingLinux platform provider.

Every Linux kernel can offer the following features:-

Hardware support (RAM up to 4GB, 10 IDE controllers, 16 NICs, USB)

Networking connectivity (IPX/SPX, TCP/IP, X.25, )

Security (Local & Remote)

Network servers (F/P, HTTP, SMTP, IMAP, POP3, DHCP, DNS, FTP, )

Software packaging (RPM)

Easy Installation & Administration


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HISTORY OF LINUX

In 1969

Four programmer Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Rudd Canady& Doug McElroy made a program in Bell labs which does nothave any name in year 1969.

In 1972

A programmer Dennis Ritchie started converting this program inC language.

In 1973

Unix in C language.

In 1980Berkeley Software Development (a part of research program ofBerkeley University) launches open BSD (a small programwritten in a single floppy).


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History Of Linux Contd.. In 1984

UNIX open source

In 1991

Linus Benedict Torvalds, Btech II year Computer

Science, 23 years old student of University ofHelensiki (Finland) made Kernel (25th August1991).

In 1994RedHat Company (collection of Linux Sets) cameinto existence.


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LINUS & LINUX

Below is one of his posts in comp.os.minix,dating from

1991:

From:[email protected] (Linus Benedict

Torvalds)

Newsgroups: comp.os.minix

Subject: Gcc-1.40 and a posix-question

Message-ID: [email protected]

Date: 3Jul 91 10:00:50 GMT

Hello netlanders,

Due to a project Im working on (in minix), Im

interested in the posix standard definition. Could

somebody please point me to a (preferably) machine

readable format of the latest posix rules? Ftp-sites would

be nice.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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THE LINUX SYSTEM

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

WINDOWSMANAGEMENT

SOFTWARE

GNU

SYSTEM

UTILITIES

LINUX KERNEL

COMPUTER HARDWARE


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THE LINUX KERNEL

The kernel is primarily responsible for four main functions:

1. System memory management

2. Software program management

3. Hardware management4. Filesystem management

UTILITIESUSER

SHELL

KERNEL

HARDWARE


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THE SHELL

The GNU/linux shell is a special interactive utility.

Core of the shell is command prompt.

The shell contains a set of internal commands that we

use to control things.

The shell passes the program name off to the kernel

to start it.

Besides the internal commands, the shell also allowsyou to enter the name of a program at the command

prompt.


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LINUX SHELLS

SHELL DESCRIPTION

ash A simple, lightweight shell that runs in low memory environment but has

full compatibility with the bash shell

korn A programming shell compatible with the bourne shell but supporting

advanced programming features like associative arrays & floating point

arithmetic

tcsh A shell that incorporates elements from the C programming language into

shell scripts

zsh An advanced shell that incorporates features from bash, tcsh, & korn,

providing advanced programming features, shared history files & themed

prompts


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LINUX PRINCIPLES

1. Everything is a file.

2. Small, single purpose programmers.

3.Ability to Chain programmers together toperform complex tasks.

4. Avoid captive user interfaces.

5. Configuration data stored in text.


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ADVANTAGES OF LINUX

1. Virus proof 6. User friendly GUI

2. Multi-user 7. Advanced OS3. Crash proof 8. Multi-tasking

4. Multi-desktop 9. Economical

5. Secured 10. Powerful networking


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USERS OF LINUX

Private sector


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Users Of Linux Contd

Public Sector


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ANY QUERIES??


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LINUX INSTALLATION

Choosing computer hardware

Choosing the Installation Type- Partition less Installation (to the current version ofWindows, slow)

- Kick start Installation (on a different partition, fast)

Beginning the Installation

Linux uses ext2 & ext3 file system.

Boot loader of linux GRUB (Grant Unified BootLoader) new & LILO (Linux Loader) old.


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PARTITIONS

Partitions created at the time of installation

Partition name File system Used for Minimum size

/ Ext3 Linux file system 6000MB or 6GB

/boot Ext3 Linux booting files

& kernels

75 or 100 MB

/home Ext3 Linux users entry Depended upon

root

/swap swap Uses as virtual

RAM

Double of RAM


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LINUX BOOT PROCESS

bootstrap

searchesvmlinuz

mapping

grub.conf

sysmap


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LINUX RUNLEVELS

0 /etc/rc.d/rc0.d Halt

1 /etc/rc.d/rc1.d Single-user mode

2 /etc/rc.d/rc2.d Not used(user-definable)

3 /etc/rc.d/rc3.d Full multiuser mode(no GUI interface)

4 /etc/rc.d/rc4.d Not used(user-definable)

5 /etc/rc.d/rc5.d Full multiuser mode(with GUI interface)

6 /etc/rc.d/rc6.d Reboot


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LINUX DIRECTORY STRUCTURE

/

/bin/

/boot/

/dev/

/etc/

/home//lib/

/mnt/

/opt/

/sbin/

/srv/

/tmp/

/usr/

/var/

/root/

/proc/


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EDITORS IN LINUX

Linux offers following editors

nano

vi

vim

gvim

emacs

gedit

Console Mode

Graphical Mode


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vi EDITOR

The vi editor is the screen based editor.

The vi editor has powerful features to aid programmers.

Modes in vi editor-

Escape

Mode

Insert

Mode

Replace

Mode


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PACKAGE MANAGEMENT

The red hat package manager (RPM) is a

powerful command line driven package

management system capable of installing,

verifying, querying & updating computersoftware packages.

xmms-1.2.10-9.i386.rpm

Package name Version Type of

architecture

Extension


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Package Management Contd

The yellowdog updater

modified (YUM) is an open source command line package

management utility for RPM-compatible Linux OS.

Developed by Seth Vidal & a group of volunteers.

Is an automatic updater & package installer for RPM based

systems.

Yum can manage package groups, multiple repositories,

fallback repositories & more to permit centralized package

management.


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LOGICAL VOLUME MANAGER

LVM enables us to be much more flexible with our

disk usage than we can be with conventional old-style

file partitions.

LVM is a resizing tool to increase the file system sizeto match the new partition size.

First create Physical volume

Now creating Volume group Now creating logical volumes

Extending & reducing logical volumes


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RAID

RAID stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disk.

RAID are of two types

- Software RAID

- Hardware RAID

RAID 1 in software Disk Mirroring

RAID 5 in software it combines the ability to use a large number

of disks while still maintaining some redundancy.


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SERVERS

XEN Server

NIS Server

DHCP Server

NFS ServerSAMBA Server

SQUID Server

DNS Server

Apache Server

FTP Server

Telnet


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XEN Server

Xen is a free open source software virtual machine

monitor for Intel/PowerPC architectures.

There are 2 types of virtualization

- Para virtualization

- Full virtualization

Packages

- System-config-kickstart- Virt-manager


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NIS Server

Network information Service serves a central user information

database.

The NIS distributes information on the network that must be

shared between the Linux machines.

Four basic topologies used for NIS

Single domain one master no slaves

Single domain with slaves one master , one or more slaves

Multiple domains each domain has a master but no slaves

Multiple domains with slaves each domain with a master & one or more

slaves

Package ypserv


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DHCP Server

DHCP provides methods for hosts on a TCP/IP

network to request and be granted IP address,

and also to discover information about their

local network Packages Required dhcp

Port Numbers 67 Bootp, 68 DHCP

Configuration File /etc/dhcpd.conf Service/Daemon d hcpd


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NFS Server

The network file system was developed to allow machines to mount a disk

partition on a remote machine as if it were a local disk.

Packages

- portmap-4.0-63.i386.rpm

- nfs-utils-1.0.6-4.6.i386.rpm Port Number

- 2049-nfsd

- 111-portmap

Configuration File /etc/exports

Service

- Portmap

- nfs

Daemons nfsd


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SAMBA Server

Samba is a suite of utilities that allow a Linux PC to share files& other resources such as printers with Windows PC.

Packages: samba{,-common,-client}

Daemons: nmbd, smbd

Service: smb Ports: 137,138,139

Configuration: /etc/samba/smb.conf

Samba daemons:

-nmbd : NetBIOS name server

resourse browsing

WINS(windows internet name services)

-smbd : SMB/CIFS server


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ANY QUERIES??


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SQUID Server

The utility SQUID is an Internet proxy server

that can be used within a network to distribute

an internet connection to all the computers

within the network.

Packages Required : Squid-2.6.STABLE-4.el5.i386.rpm

Port Number : 3128(default)

Configuration File : /etc/squid/squid.conf

Service : squid


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DNS Server

DNS makes it possible to refer to IP-basedsystems(hosts) by human-friendly names (domainnames).

Packages : bind , bind-utils Daemons : named

Scripts : named

Ports : 53 udp, 53 tcp Configurations:/etc/named.conf, /var/named/ *

Service : named


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APACHE Server

Apache is Red Hats standard web server .

Apache is the most widely used web server:

multiple web sites may share the same web server

Packages : httpd

Daemons : httpd

Service : httpd

Ports : 80/tcp(http), 443/tcp(https)

Configuration : /etc/httpd/ *

/var/www/ *

Service : httpd


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FTP Server

FTP Service is used for transferring filesto/from a remote location. For file transfer theservice vsftpd must be running on the remote

server.

Packages: vsftpd , anonftp

Daemons: vsftpd

Ports: 21/tcp(ftp),20/tcp(ftp-data)

Configuration:/etc/vsftpd.conf

Service: vsftpd


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TELNET

Telnet service is used for remote login to ahost system. To login successfully, theservice xinetd must be running on the host

system. Packages : xinetd

Daemons: xinetd

Ports: 23/tcp(telnet)

Configuration:/etc/xinetd.d/telnet

Service: xinetd


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SHELL SCRIPTING

It is defined as

Shell script is a series of commands written inplain text file. Shell script is just like a batch

file in MS-DOS but has more power than the

MS-DOS batchfile


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Shell Scripting Contd

Why use shell script?

Shell script can take input from user, file &

output them on screen.

Useful to create our own commands.

Save lots of time.

To automate some task of day today life. System administration part can be also

automated.


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REVIEW

Linux is the fastest operating system in the world. Linux is the most reliable OS.

Linux has an excellent scalability .

Linux is fully 32-bit & 64-bit operatingsystem. And it is very modular and isalready ported to 64-bit chips like DECalpha, Sun Micro system.

Linux is a very secure OS. Linux is very mature.

Linux is less demanding on system resources


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Review Contd

Linux uses X-window which is a advanced network-

windowing system.

Linux has very low total_cost_of_ownership.

Linux supports remote system administration .

Linux kernel is very small and it can fit on a single

floppy.

Linux has many powerful desktops.

Linux OS needs only 50 MB of disk space forinstallation.

Linux runs on many hardware platforms .

Linux is 100% POSIX compliant OS.


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Review Contd

Linux is free of any cost.

Linux is trouble free.

Linux more than 900 software packages

on CDROM and many more are beingdeveloped world-wide. All the softwarepackages are in a single Linux CDROM.

Linux was awarded The best Network

Operating system 1997/98/99/2000 , by anyComputer magazines (US InfoWorld, Europeanpublications).


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ANY QUERIES??


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PROJECT

Configuration Of Squid Server & Apache ServerUsing Scripts & Building Dialog Utilities

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