supervisors pr. buckley dr. velkushanova dr. septien blessing makununika (bsc chem eng)
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Supervisors Pr. Buckley Dr. Velkushanova Dr. Septien Blessing Makununika (BSc Chem Eng)](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e9e5503460f94b9fe18/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Drying characteristics of VIP faecal sludge
Supervisors Pr. BuckleyDr. VelkushanovaDr. Septien
Blessing Makununika(BSc Chem Eng)
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Summary
1. Overview 2. Objectives 3. Material and methods4. Experimental Results 5. Conclusion6. Further work
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Overview Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
(BMGF) Grantee
BMGF vision – enhance global healthcare and reduce poverty
Reinvent The Toilet Challenge (RTTC)
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Sanitation challenges
2.5 billion don’t have access to basic sanitation
Most rely on onsite sanitation
Emptying of pits and the disposal of the contents pose a major problem to the local municipalities
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Estimated excretion of nutrients per capita in different countries based on diet
Source: Jönsson et al. (2004), page 6
• Agriculture
• Landfill • Waste water work
Common disposal route
Country
Nitrogen [kg/cap.yr]
Phosphorus[kg/cap.yr]
Potassium [kg/cap.yr]
China 0.5 0.2 0.5
Haiti 0.3 0.1 0.3
India 0.3 0.1 0.3
South Africa
0.4 0.2 0.4
Uganda 0.3 0.1 0.4
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Research on possible processes of Faecal sludge
Gasification
Combustion
Pyrolysis
Hydrothermal carbonization
Anaerobic digestion
Composting
Drying
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Advantages of drying
Volume reductionMass reduction
Pathogen free product safer handling
Increase of calorific value increase of combustion efficiency
Lower transport costs
DryingFRESH FAECE
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Objectives
Investigating effect of the drying air temperature, air flow rate and air relative humidity on :
Drying characteristics – Drying curves Thermal characteristics – Calorific value
Inorganic nutrient analysis – NO3- , P , K
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Materials and
methods
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Material and methods
Drying chamber
Humidifier
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Thermal and chemical analysis
SpectroquantBomb calorimeter
Caloric value Nutrient concentration
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Experimental Results
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Important terminology
Equilibrium moisture content, Me
Moisture ratio,
Constant rate drying period
Falling rate drying period
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Effect of air temperature
Drying times• 40°C – 5 hrs
• 60°C – 3 hrs
• 80°C – 2.5 hrs
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00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.910
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Moisture Ratio
Rate
[g H
2O
/min
. g d
ry
soli
d]
60 °C
80 °C
40 °C
Increasing temperature increases drying rate
Effect of air temperature on rate curves
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Effect of air flow
Drying time
• 60°C – 3 hrs
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Effect of air humidity
Drying times
• 5% – 3 hrs
• 15% – 4 hrs
• 25% – 5 hrs
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Effect of relative humidity on rate curves
5%
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Variation of nutrients with temperature
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Effect of temperature on calorific value
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Conclusions
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Conclusions
Air temperature and relative humidity have a significant effect on drying rate unlike air flow rate
Nitrates and potassium concentrations decrease with increase in temperature
The drying condition have not a significant effect on the phosphates concentration and caloric value
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Work to be done
Effect of initial moisture contentParticle geometry and sizeModel and determine the variation of moisture effective
diffusivity in the porous solid