Supplemental Materials

Pushing Typists Back on the Learning Curve: Contributions of Multiple Linguistic Units in the Acquisition of Typing Skill

by M. Yamaguchi & G. D. Logan, 2014, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition

http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000026

Word Lists Used in Experiments 1–4

Table S1

Word List for Target R in Experiment 1

5-Letter1st Position

5-Letter3rd Position

5-Letter5th Position

6-Letter1st Position

6-Letter3rd Position

6-Letter5th Position

Word Frequency Word Frequency Word Frequency Word Frequency Word Frequency Word Frequency

rally 15.94 rookie 14.47 harsh 18.19 firing 16.45 safer 18.845 aboard 19.055

rides 13.82 retain 14.18 tires 14.99 heroes 16.41 laser 15.65 floors 15.1risky 13.09 rocket 11.74 cared 14.48 boring 12.82 alter 14.825 elders 12.065ridge 11.78 rental 11.58 hardy 11.70 streak 11.68 elder 11.185 theirs 10.8225roses 10.22 rabbit 10.85 coral 8.17 heroin 10.72 tiger 8.6625 absorb 10.0225robot 9.85 rifles 7.47 torso 6.30 cereal 7.56 steer 6.275 donors 9.805riots 6.96 regain 6.16 torch 5.43 shrink 7.33 diner 5.7975 assert 7.5175rinse 3.70 racket 3.18 birch 4.55 thrift 3.03 deter 4.355 hazard 6.3375relic 2.80 relics 2.66 forge 3.32 enrich 2.62 tenor 3.7775 lizard 3.265resin 2.25 refine 2.34 fared 3.04 tariff 2.46 flair 3.185 cigars 3.05raged 2.03 rebate 2.01 barge 2.65 hordes 2.02 nicer 2.8 fliers 2.6375radon 1.74 riddle 1.88 baron 1.86 heresy 1.79 shear 2.2525 safari 1.965roach 1.60 radial 1.63 forgo 1.59 derail 1.47 flyer 1.7 liners 1.87rafts 1.33 retina 1.55 shred 1.43 forage 1.39 cyber 1.42 liters 1.535rhino 1.15 rejoin 1.30 tarts 1.28 sorbet 1.12 loner 1.3875 gators 1.1075

Typing Skill Acquisition 2

Typing Skill Acquisition 3

Table S2

Word List for Target N in Experiment 1

5-Letter

1st Position

5-Letter

3rd Position

5-Letter

5th Position

6-Letter

1st Position

6-Letter

3rd Position

6-Letter

5th Position

Word Frequency Word Frequenc

y Word Frequency Word Frequenc

y Word Frequency Word Frequenc

y

nerve 16.86 ranch 16.21 drain 17.68 nurses 20.10 canvas 17.50 legend 16.92norms 13.74 sends 14.20 grain 16.79 novels 16.05 genius 15.67 casino 12.64

naval 13.06 zones 13.68 haven 12.23 needle 11.29 jungle 13.13 hiking 11.83nails 12.56 venus 10.92 organ 11.84 nerves 8.95 denial 11.81 organs 10.34naive 8.79 canal 9.00 risen 10.94 noises 7.10 candle 8.29 grains 7.86

niche 7.86 donor 8.98 sedan 5.85 nickel 4.88 genome 6.57 shrine 7.00

nasal 7.25 venue 6.20 salon 6.18 novice 4.60 cancel 6.18 oceans 6.40

noses 5.19 menus 4.62 reign 5.92 nausea 4.42 runoff 5.83 humane 5.11

niece 4.85 renal 2.67 siren 3.62 nailed 4.14 vanish 3.81 sirens 4.16

necks 4.16 venom 2.65 slain 2.88 neural 3.71 fungal 3.11 almond 2.95

nodes 3.54 hunch 2.17 groin 2.82 niches 2.02 lender 3.00 refund 2.29

nicer 2.80 canes 2.12 avian 2.06 nudged 2.26 sinful 2.21 havens 1.77

navel 1.94 sonar 1.80 mourn 1.53 nordic 1.88 confer 1.61 felons 1.72

noose 1.64 loner 1.39 felon 1.44 nieces 1.68 minded 1.50 errand 1.61nudge 1.03 gonzo 1.17 vegan 1.32 nozzle 1.60 lunges 1.49 gemini 1.51

Typing Skill Acquisition 4

Table S3

Word List for Target S in Experiment 1

5-Letter1st Position

5-Letter3rd Position

5-Letter5th Position

6-Letter1st Position

6-Letter3rd Position

6-Letter5th Position

Word Frequency Word Frequency Word Frequency Word Frequency Word Frequenc

y Word Frequency

slice 15.40 laser 15.65 wears 15.8025 shaped 20.215 fiscal 21.0825 phrase 24.38shelf 15.10 casey 14.04 hears 14.3875 safely 15.60 washed 16.22 praise 17.17sweep 12.10 aisle 11.98 lakes 12.055 skinny 11.30 insane 8.3425 advise 8.07scare 10.94 risen 10.94 peaks 11.1575 spiral 8.95 resign 8.2675 danish 5.96siege 7.29 nasal 7.25 lanes 7.145 scarce 7.15 gasped 5.3575 grease 5.90scarf 6.85 eased 6.98 clips 6.7375 shrine 7.00 wisely 4.4925 lavish 4.59silky 3.02 wiser 2.95 perks 3.1875 saliva 3.13 reside 4.3425 vanish 3.81swine 2.49 easel 2.52 cafes 2.585 shrill 2.84 dashed 3.825 relish 3.61speck 2.43 resin 2.25 dials 2.36 shrank 2.48 easing 3.2975 devise 2.98slang 2.14 cesar 2.19 jacks 2.1975 shaggy 2.05 jasper 2.8925 revise 2.64shale 1.85 elsie 1.77 fairs 1.8875 shiver 1.81 risked 2.4725 heresy 1.79spade 1.51 wispy 1.48 laces 1.5025 sleigh 1.36 washer 1.955 cheesy 1.65spiky 1.35 pesky 1.36 grids 1.3025 sneaky 1.35 dispel 1.8375 creasy 1.55sieve 1.16 fishy 1.18 veils 1.2 silken 1.25 casing 1.665 garish 1.36

Typing Skill Acquisition 5

Table S4

Word List for Target L in Experiment 1

5-Letter1st Position

5-Letter3rd Position

5-Letter5th Position

6-Letter1st Position

6-Letter3rd Position

6-Letter5th Position

Word Frequency Word Frequency Word Frequency Word Frequency Word Frequency Word Frequencylover 17.04 piled 17.26 rival 17.56 layers 18.94 folded 16.39 deadly 19.61laser 15.65 valid 14.36 naval 13.06 legend 16.92 polish 14.97 safely 15.60lakes 12.06 poles 12.47 vocal 13.05 ladder 12.88 palace 13.06 panels 14.41loses 12.00 riley 9.96 angel 12.00 lesser 11.97 colony 12.45 shield 9.98leans 10.75 polar 7.54 nasal 7.25 lacked 9.93 delays 8.84 rivals 9.87linen 7.30 salsa 6.52 focal 6.92 lenses 7.10 holder 7.10 parole 7.70lodge 6.06 salon 6.18 pearl 5.81 lavish 4.59 splash 6.21 cradle 4.14logos 3.06 nylon 5.04 pedal 4.77 lizard 3.27 golfer 4.07 inhale 2.75leach 2.75 silky 3.02 viral 3.74 lagoon 2.89 helper 2.53 paddle 2.61lords 2.56 relic 2.80 regal 2.84 lesion 2.59 pelvis 2.12 perils 2.14lanky 2.06 polio 2.72 renal 2.67 ledger 2.10 saline 1.98 fiddle 2.04leeks 1.96 palsy 1.74 feral 1.80 lapses 1.81 salons 1.83 snails 1.80lapse 1.94 yolks 1.60 spool 1.21 looser 1.39 idling 1.38 canola 1.73leaky 1.76 valor 1.21 repel 1.06 linden 1.32 inlaid 1.28 corals 1.41liars 1.56 felon 1.44 snarl 1.01 layoff 1.21 silken 1.25 resale 1.37

Typing Skill Acquisition 6

Table S5

Word Lists for Target R in Experiments 2 and 3

W X V U M P

1st Letter

Practice

rubble 6.617 runway 8.207 robots 6.185 robots 6.185 runoff 5.83 robots 6.185

reject 11.345 resign 8.268 rental 11.575 rabbit 10.845 rabbit 10.845 rabbit 10.845rocket 11.74 rookie 14.473 resume 12.073 rocket 11.74 rocket 11.74 rookie 14.473recipe 21.573 recipe 21.573 remind 21.608 recipe 21.573 ritual 22.102 remind 21.608rescue 28.233 retail 22.868 recall 35.985 recall 35.985 rescue 28.233 racial 40.865remain 86.955 review 79.36 relief 50.392 relief 50.392 reduce 73.767 remove 52.085

Training

robust 8.598 runoff 5.83 regain 6.157 resign 8.268 robots 6.185 resign 8.268rabbit 10.845 rental 11.575 rabbit 10.845 remedy 8.47 reject 11.345 remedy 8.47refuge 13.035 resume 12.073 relate 17.267 retain 14.175 rental 11.575 retain 14.175relate 17.267 remind 21.608 recipe 21.573 relate 17.267 relate 17.267 retail 22.868reveal 34.39 random 23.42 random 23.42 retail 22.868 racial 40.865 reveal 34.39reduce 73.767 relief 50.392 reduce 73.767 review 79.36 relief 50.392 review 79.36

Transfera

resign 8.268 rubble 6.617 rubble 6.617 regain 6.157 rubble 6.617 runway 8.207

rental 11.575 reject 11.345 remedy 8.47 ribbon 8.325 robust 8.598 resume 12.073retain 14.175 relate 17.267 resist 19.303 rhythm 17.115 rookie 14.473 refuse 17resist 19.303 ritual 22.102 retail 22.868 resist 19.303 resist 19.303 resist 19.303racial 40.865 racial 40.865 racial 40.865 regime 42.59 repeat 28.372 relief 50.392

remove 52.085 reduce 73.767 remain 86.955 remain 86.955 review 79.36 remain 86.9553rd Letter

Practice

burial 7.675 myriad 6.843 stride 5.555 aerial 6.255 verify 5.032 myriad 6.843

serial 8.707 harlem 9.152 serial 8.707 serial 8.707 virgin 7.37 circus 9.193streak 11.678 thrust 12.488 carpet 14.765 boring 12.82 thrust 12.488 strict 17.372abroad 22.88 verbal 18.77 worthy 15.217 margin 14.055 burden 26.387 throat 35.15barely 48.672 circle 47.295 parent 51.118 permit 22.907 barely 48.672 forget 67.24threat 69.36 parent 51.118 target 60.077 garden 78.127 screen 71.007 normal 81.457

Training

derive 5.117 verify 5.032 stroll 5.498 myriad 6.843 derive 5.117 stroll 5.498parole 7.7 serial 8.707 shrink 7.327 virgin 7.37 nerves 8.953 burial 7.675parade 16.095 parade 16.095 boring 12.82 harlem 9.152 thread 10.488 firmly 18.683string 21.663 format 17.563 string 21.663 abroad 22.88 purple 18.887 garlic 30.625forget 67.24 permit 22.907 pursue 24.74 merely 46.75 strike 44.572 circle 47.295screen 71.007 direct 78.94 garden 78.127 barely 48.672 target 60.077 afraid 72.02

Transfera pardon 7.582 scrape 5.563 throne 6.41 morale 6.372 strand 6.16 strive 5.365

heroic 8.635 shrink 7.327 heroic 8.635 pardon 7.582 throne 6.41 cereal 7.555format 17.563 margin 14.055 harlem 9.152 warmth 14.01 circus 9.193 thread 10.488

Typing Skill Acquisition 7

purple 18.887 script 18.418 script 18.418 strict 17.372 pursue 24.74 versus 26.573pursue 24.74 nurses 20.098 barely 48.672 garlic 30.625 throat 35.15 formal 41.695forest 73.063 forget 67.24 spread 72.123 spread 72.123 spread 72.123 forest 73.063

5th Letter

Practice

superb 7.287 suburb 7.487 pastry 7.023 pastry 7.023 celery 5.975 unsure 5.702

endure 8.613 admire 9.822 insert 7.162 accord 8.578 assert 7.518 assert 7.518assure 12.748 inform 11.29 inform 11.29 inform 11.29 export 15.473 assure 12.748salary 23.453 ignore 24.69 poetry 28.025 severe 37.987 hungry 24.78 hungry 24.78square 53.852 severe 37.987 desert 41.3 afford 42.795 injury 35.468 afford 42.795

memory 77.905 camera 90.99 theory 94.09 desire 59.22 theory 94.09 memory 77.905

Training

hazard 6.338 assert 7.518 celery 5.975 escort 5.248 insert 7.162 escort 5.248absorb 10.023 saturn 8.922 superb 7.287 govern 7.18 govern 7.18 insert 7.162import 10.03 absorb 10.023 import 10.03 export 15.473 sphere 10.633 inform 11.29luxury 19.218 aboard 19.055 upward 14.532 aboard 19.055 poetry 28.025 luxury 19.218poetry 28.025 injury 35.468 square 53.852 desert 41.3 severe 37.987 desert 41.3desire 59.22 memory 77.905 desire 59.22 memory 77.905 square 53.852 square 53.852

Transfera

escort 5.248 endure 8.613 inward 5.445 celery 5.975 inward 5.445 celery 5.975

suburb 7.487 absurd 9.473 admire 9.822 admire 9.822 endure 8.613 govern 7.18tenure 13.07 tenure 13.07 sphere 10.633 empire 15.523 assure 12.748 absorb 10.023hungry 24.78 poetry 28.025 empire 15.523 salary 23.453 ignore 24.69 severe 37.987desert 41.3 afford 42.795 ensure 41.505 expert 44.84 expert 44.84 ensure 41.505camera 90.99 desire 59.22 memory 77.905 theory 94.09 desire 59.22 theory 94.09

aWord lists in the transfer phase were used only for Experiment 3. In Experiment 2, the same word lists were used in the training and transfer phases.

Typing Skill Acquisition 8

Table S6

Word Lists for Target N in Experiments 2 and 3

W X T B Y P

1st Letter

Practice

nebula 5.18 nebula 5.18 nickel 4.883 nephew 6.447 novice 4.595 nebula 5.18

nicely 9.143 neatly 10.14 nebula 5.18 noises 7.098 nephew 6.447 newest 10.008neatly 10.14 namely 11.358 norway 7.715 neatly 10.14 newest 10.008 namely 11.358nurses 20.098 nurses 20.098 namely 11.358 nurses 20.098 nights 35.278 nights 35.278notice 54.372 notice 54.372 nodded 47.29 nights 35.278 narrow 42.905 notice 54.372native 77.065 nobody 89.478 nearby 55.78 normal 81.457 native 77.065 native 77.065

Training

novice 4.595 nephew 6.447 nausea 4.418 novice 4.595 nausea 4.418 nerves 8.953nerves 8.953 nerves 8.953 nephew 6.447 nerves 8.953 nebula 5.18 nicely 9.143needle 11.285 novels 16.047 nicely 9.143 needle 11.285 nerves 8.953 novels 16.047novels 16.047 nights 35.278 novels 16.047 namely 11.358 nurses 20.098 nurses 20.098nearby 55.78 nearby 55.78 nurses 20.098 narrow 42.905 nodded 47.29 nodded 47.29normal 81.457 native 77.065 normal 81.457 native 77.065 normal 81.457 normal 81.457

Transfera

nickel 4.883 noises 7.098 novice 4.595 nickel 4.883 nickel 4.883 noises 7.098

noises 7.098 nicely 9.143 noises 7.098 nicely 9.143 noises 7.098 neatly 10.14namely 11.358 needle 11.285 nerves 8.953 newest 10.008 needle 11.285 needle 11.285nights 35.278 narrow 42.905 needle 11.285 novels 16.047 novels 16.047 narrow 42.905nodded 47.29 nodded 47.29 narrow 42.905 nodded 47.29 notice 54.372 nearby 55.78nobody 89.478 normal 81.457 nobody 89.478 notice 54.372 nature 151.575 nobody 89.478

3rd Letter

Practice

ernest 6.48 bundle 6.47 bunker 5.06 donate 5.728 runoff 5.83 dental 7.08

banker 7.013 runway 8.207 runway 8.207 monkey 8.613 candle 8.287 sunset 9.643finely 10.428 hunger 14.043 jungle 13.13 mentor 10.068 denial 11.81 census 10.508ignore 24.69 random 23.42 ginger 14.415 lonely 17.21 ignore 24.69 danger 46.922honest 34.142 handle 58.362 danger 46.922 mental 63.642 handle 58.362 monday 59.91handle 58.362 cancer 97.665 monday 59.91 cancer 97.665 winter 80.455 mental 63.642

Training

manuel 5.755 donate 5.728 cinema 5.625 cinema 5.625 manuel 5.755 genome 6.57punish 7.648 lineup 9.325 banker 7.013 dental 7.08 lineup 9.325 wander 7.44rental 11.575 pencil 11.958 finely 10.428 hunger 14.043 tenure 13.07 finely 10.428hunger 14.043 lonely 17.21 manage 33.135 ignore 24.69 manage 33.135 singer 27.637gender 56.498 monday 59.91 finger 41.37 winter 80.455 honest 34.142 finish 51.182mental 63.642 sunday 97.945 senior 99.465 sunday 97.945 senior 99.465 sunday 97.945

Transfera render 6.475 banker 7.013 kindly 5.213 manuel 5.755 cancel 6.183 kindly 5.213

candle 8.287 wander 7.44 dancer 9.338 candle 8.287 linear 10.833 dancer 9.338census 10.508 convey 10.348 pencil 11.958 genius 15.67 tender 18.668 denial 11.81

Typing Skill Acquisition 9

manual 17.52 ginger 14.415 random 23.42 random 23.42 hunter 25.295 hunter 25.295manage 33.135 gently 31.918 gender 56.498 monday 59.91 finish 51.182 gender 56.498senior 99.465 winter 80.455 handle 58.362 senate 99.838 cancer 97.665 minute 86.575

5th Letter

Practice

advent 5.72 alumni 5.938 marina 6.747 vacant 7.673 advent 5.72 throne 6.41

shrine 7 vacant 7.673 shrink 7.327 patent 10.71 potent 8.668 shrine 7decent 18.148 decent 18.148 immune 16.817 accent 13.215 timing 18.92 urgent 11.188depend 22.29 string 21.663 depend 22.29 timing 18.92 depend 22.29 timing 18.92silent 43.45 client 38.572 define 26.738 define 26.738 define 26.738 string 21.663

demand 65.278 island 57.055 island 57.055 demand 65.278 extent 55.958 extent 55.958

Training

humane 5.11 humane 5.11 shrine 7 shrine 7 alumni 5.938 felony 5.848boxing 10.753 shrine 7 boxing 10.753 colony 12.445 throne 6.41 cement 8.412boring 12.82 immune 16.817 boring 12.82 decent 18.148 boxing 10.753 accent 13.215timing 18.92 remind 21.608 remind 21.608 depend 22.29 marine 20.79 legend 16.922define 26.738 define 26.738 defend 27.895 expand 27.672 defend 27.895 defend 27.895extent 55.958 parent 51.118 spring 102.018 extent 55.958 parent 51.118 demand 65.278

Transfera

marina 6.747 strand 6.16 alumni 5.938 humane 5.11 humane 5.11 advent 5.72

potent 8.668 shrink 7.327 colony 12.445 urgent 11.188 marina 6.747 vacant 7.673legend 16.922 urgent 11.188 legend 16.922 immune 16.817 immune 16.817 boxing 10.753extend 22.813 depend 22.29 belong 20.637 remind 21.608 remind 21.608 belong 20.637defend 27.895 attend 34.148 expand 27.672 parent 51.118 talent 35.447 client 38.572parent 51.118 demand 65.278 demand 65.278 island 57.055 island 57.055 island 57.055

aWord lists in the transfer phase were used only for Experiment 3. In Experiment 2, the same word lists were used in the training and transfer phases.

Typing Skill Acquisition 10

Table S7

Word Lists for Target S in Experiments 2 and 3

X T B U M O

1st Letter

Practice

scarce 7.148 sailor 6.705 spinal 5.905 shrine 7 scenic 5.697 sketch 7.9

saddle 8.092 siegel 9.662 siegel 9.662 sticky 7.965 sewage 7.61 simmer 9.102stance 14.047 scream 15.543 scream 15.543 stance 14.047 statue 12.823 supper 10.813summit 24.155 signal 31.235 scheme 18.988 soccer 24.615 sacred 23.602 settle 24.833secure 34.502 supply 54.682 sector 37.233 severe 37.987 silent 43.45 select 36.615square 53.852 senior 99.465 slowly 86.493 spread 72.123 supply 54.682 survey 72.303

Training

shrink 7.327 server 5.513 shovel 5.05 shovel 5.05 server 5.513 spider 7.082static 9.765 superb 7.287 static 9.765 spider 7.082 shrink 7.327 savage 8.045

supper 10.813 subway 9.898 script 18.418 scream 15.543 strict 17.372 siegel 9.662shrimp 17.137 salmon 22.988 summit 24.155 strain 17.375 singer 27.637 string 21.663stable 29.887 sudden 43.237 screen 71.007 smooth 37.833 steady 29.058 suffer 27.782spirit 67.882 spread 72.123 senate 99.838 secret 76.428 spirit 67.882 screen 71.007

Transfera

savage 8.045 scrape 5.563 stigma 5.247 shaken 6.9 sorrow 7.295 stride 5.555

simmer 9.102 spiral 8.95 seller 7.29 simmer 9.102 spiral 8.95 sticky 7.965skinny 11.303 supper 10.813 statue 12.823 shrimp 17.137 script 18.418 strain 17.375solely 14.993 singer 27.637 stream 28.005 softly 19.238 switch 27.635 singer 27.637severe 37.987 severe 37.987 silver 52.625 spirit 67.882 secure 34.502 stream 28.005sample 60.982 sunday 97.945 sunday 97.945 senate 99.838 spread 72.123 sunday 97.945

3rd Letter

Practice

unsure 5.702 misery 8.498 pastry 7.023 insert 7.162 insult 6.6 insert 7.162

roster 7.662 gospel 11.82 postal 7.338 cosmic 9.762 absurd 9.473 misery 8.498resume 12.073 casino 12.635 cosmic 9.762 costly 15.03 poster 9.97 easter 9.813wisdom 28.485 muscle 29.413 fisher 13.733 resort 27.523 bishop 20.417 muscle 29.413master 47.632 ensure 41.505 visual 48.005 wisdom 28.485 visual 48.005 ensure 41.505

museum 49.06 easier 59.362 mostly 73.82 mostly 73.82 easier 59.362 desire 59.22

Training

insert 7.162 resign 8.268 pastel 7.228 insect 8.11 unsure 5.702 unsure 5.702resign 8.268 upside 8.748 upside 8.748 easter 9.813 insect 8.11 upside 8.748castle 9.295 resume 12.073 resume 12.073 fisher 13.733 easter 9.813 casual 18.067rescue 28.233 wisdom 28.485 fiscal 21.083 basket 17.118 costly 15.03 rescue 28.233foster 34.283 visual 48.005 desire 59.22 master 47.632 fiscal 21.083 master 47.632listen 89.002 beside 51.775 easier 59.362 beside 51.775 beside 51.775 easier 59.362

Transfera

insult 6.6 fusion 6.803 fusion 6.803 insane 8.342 insert 7.162 insect 8.11

misery 8.498 absurd 9.473 castle 9.295 castle 9.295 insane 8.342 castle 9.295cosmic 9.762 casual 18.067 pistol 10.998 pastor 15.878 gospel 11.82 basket 17.118

Typing Skill Acquisition 11

basket 17.118 bishop 20.417 rescue 28.233 bishop 20.417 fisher 13.733 desert 41.3muscle 29.413 museum 49.06 faster 44.085 desert 41.3 ensure 41.505 visual 48.005desire 59.22 easily 82.785 easily 82.785 vision 75.675 vision 75.675 easily 82.785

5th Letter

Practice

autism 5.73 punish 7.648 coarse 5.487 coarse 5.487 danish 5.955 danish 5.955

uneasy 7.947 advise 8.072 advise 8.072 demise 7.27 robust 8.598 uneasy 7.947praise 17.165 impose 13.887 thrust 12.488 impose 13.887 refuse 17 parish 13.432priest 24.372 praise 17.165 invest 19.958 breast 39.347 arrest 26.188 refuse 17arrest 26.188 phrase 24.38 cheese 44.383 latest 68.873 cheese 44.383 arrest 26.188

choose 69.905 choose 69.905 choose 69.905 artist 75.653 august 62.002 finish 51.182

Training

blouse 7.103 blouse 7.103 grease 5.898 grease 5.898 coarse 5.487 autism 5.73newest 10.008 uneasy 7.947 expose 9.523 expose 9.523 thrust 12.488 advise 8.072parish 13.432 parish 13.432 parish 13.432 parish 13.432 invest 19.958 adjust 16.805invest 19.958 refuse 17 cruise 17.458 modest 25.438 excuse 32.965 praise 17.165honest 34.142 cheese 44.383 phrase 24.38 finish 51.182 finish 51.182 cheese 44.383please 99.977 finish 51.182 forest 73.063 choose 69.905 choose 69.905 artist 75.653

Transfera

corpse 7.245 demise 7.27 autism 5.73 ernest 6.48 ernest 6.48 clause 6.638

punish 7.648 expose 9.523 ernest 6.48 corpse 7.245 advise 8.072 demise 7.27refuse 17 oppose 13.375 praise 17.165 oppose 13.375 parish 13.432 thrust 12.488cruise 17.458 cruise 17.458 priest 24.372 honest 34.142 honest 34.142 priest 24.372august 62.002 excuse 32.965 modest 25.438 cheese 44.383 breast 39.347 excuse 32.965artist 75.653 please 99.977 finish 51.182 please 99.977 artist 75.653 august 62.002

aWord lists in the transfer phase were used only for Experiment 3. In Experiment 2, the same word lists were used in the training and transfer phases.

Typing Skill Acquisition 12

Table S8

Word Lists for Target L in Experiments 2 and 3

W X T B U M

1st Letter

Practice

lumber 7.11 layout 5.673 linger 4.35 litter 5.152 litter 5.152 litter 5.152

linear 10.833 linear 10.833 lineup 9.325 linear 10.833 linear 10.833 liquor 9.838locate 11.79 ladder 12.878 locker 11.265 locate 11.79 latino 11.7 ladder 12.878luxury 19.218 legacy 23.052 luxury 19.218 luxury 19.218 legend 16.922 legend 16.922length 45.885 league 48.697 liquid 26.837 lesson 38.415 lesson 38.415 length 45.885listen 89.002 letter 89.925 leader 100.113 letter 89.925 lawyer 64.498 listen 89.002

Training

litter 5.152 lumber 7.11 lenses 7.103 laptop 8.35 lavish 4.59 layout 5.673liquor 9.838 laptop 8.35 lounge 8.773 lounge 8.773 locker 11.265 lineup 9.325locker 11.265 locate 11.79 linear 10.833 locker 11.265 lesser 11.973 locker 11.265legend 16.922 launch 27.365 legacy 23.052 legend 16.922 ladder 12.878 launch 27.365launch 27.365 length 45.885 lesson 38.415 length 45.885 latter 32.432 league 48.697league 48.697 lawyer 64.498 lawyer 64.498 listen 89.002 listen 89.002 lawyer 64.498

Transfera

layout 5.673 litter 5.152 lumber 7.11 layout 5.673 lenses 7.103 laptop 8.35

laptop 8.35 lineup 9.325 liquor 9.838 lineup 9.325 laptop 8.35 lounge 8.773ladder 12.878 locker 11.265 ladder 12.878 ladder 12.878 locate 11.79 linear 10.833liquid 26.837 legend 16.922 legend 16.922 launch 27.365 legacy 23.052 luxury 19.218lesson 38.415 lesson 38.415 launch 27.365 league 48.697 length 45.885 lesson 38.415letter 89.925 listen 89.002 league 48.697 lawyer 64.498 letter 89.925 letter 89.925

3rd Letter

Practice

folder 5.195 splash 6.205 folder 5.195 splash 6.205 folder 5.195 splash 6.205

melody 7.55 velvet 8.9 melody 7.55 velvet 8.9 melody 7.55 velvet 8.9colony 12.445 palace 13.057 belong 20.637 helmet 12.128 polite 11 galaxy 15.668belong 20.637 column 32.095 salmon 22.988 palace 13.057 relate 17.267 belong 20.637column 32.095 golden 52.413 belief 41.447 silent 43.45 silent 43.45 belief 41.447unless 72.838 online 60.14 unless 72.838 golden 52.413 silver 52.625 silver 52.625

Training

splash 6.205 filthy 5.063 felony 5.848 felony 5.848 inland 6.053 filthy 5.063polite 11 holder 7.103 inland 6.053 melody 7.55 holder 7.103 filter 12.387filter 12.387 salmon 22.988 galaxy 15.668 filter 12.387 colony 12.445 palace 13.057relate 17.267 belief 41.447 asleep 27.868 relate 17.267 salary 23.453 relate 17.267select 36.615 silver 52.625 relief 50.392 volume 35.765 golden 52.413 silent 43.45island 57.055 unless 72.838 island 57.055 unless 72.838 online 60.14 unlike 55.6

Transfera inland 6.053 celery 5.975 celery 5.975 inland 6.053 celery 5.975 inland 6.053

holder 7.103 polite 11 colony 12.445 polite 11 velvet 8.9 polite 11helmet 12.128 helmet 12.128 seldom 12.915 colony 12.445 galaxy 15.668 colony 12.445

Typing Skill Acquisition 13

seldom 12.915 silent 43.45 column 32.095 column 32.095 select 36.615 asleep 27.868salary 23.453 unlike 55.6 silver 52.625 relief 50.392 belief 41.447 relief 50.392relief 50.392 island 57.055 online 60.14 unlike 55.6 island 57.055 island 57.055

5th Letter

Practice

insult 6.6 module 5.407 nebula 5.18 morale 6.372 parole 7.7 nebula 5.18

comply 9.365 humble 9.037 saddle 8.092 castle 9.295 namely 11.358 awhile 6.513cattle 20.078 castle 9.295 finely 10.428 puzzle 12.773 softly 19.238 finely 10.428behalf 21.66 costly 15.03 weekly 25.9 gently 31.918 wheels 19.938 stable 29.887handle 58.362 hardly 53.847 merely 46.75 sample 60.982 widely 41.84 barely 48.672easily 82.785 supply 54.682 hardly 53.847 highly 76.985 female 99.688 hardly 53.847

Training

humble 9.037 bundle 6.47 module 5.407 saddle 8.092 awhile 6.513 yearly 6.075nicely 9.143 parole 7.7 nicely 9.143 neatly 10.14 nicely 9.143 nicely 9.143costly 15.03 needle 11.285 novels 16.047 tackle 16.545 tackle 16.545 enable 16.78stable 29.887 gentle 20.21 wheels 19.938 purple 18.887 gentle 20.21 weekly 25.9bottle 38.898 behalf 21.66 muscle 29.413 hardly 53.847 merely 46.75 bottle 38.898mostly 73.82 female 99.688 highly 76.985 female 99.688 handle 58.362 supply 54.682

Transfera

hubble 6.692 upheld 5.075 kindly 5.213 nicely 9.143 saddle 8.092 bundle 6.47

neatly 10.14 candle 8.287 bundle 6.47 comply 9.365 finely 10.428 insult 6.6triple 11.588 neatly 10.14 viable 12.693 triple 11.588 novels 16.047 softly 19.238subtle 20.95 tackle 16.545 purple 18.887 firmly 18.683 weekly 25.9 surely 36.083unable 41.195 temple 25.25 unable 41.195 merely 46.75 hardly 53.847 unable 41.195double 59.998 double 59.998 sample 60.982 mostly 73.82 battle 73.63 easily 82.785

aWord lists in the transfer phase were used only for Experiment 3. In Experiment 2, the same word lists were used in the training and transfer phases.

Typing Skill Acquisition 14

Table S9

Word Lists for Target R in Experiment 4

3rd Letter 5th LetterV M V M

Practice A

forces 128.588 served 82.202 figure 186.253 afford 42.795agreed 80.115 forced 75.615 nature 151.575 secure 34.502threat 69.36 spread 72.123 secure 34.502 ignore 24.69burned 28.88 screen 71.007 absurd 9.473 endure 8.613thrown 27.67 burned 28.88 endure 8.613 adhere 4.338bureau 18.153 purple 18.887 unborn 2.99 ashore 4.298

A1

screen 71.007 forest 73.063 afford 42.795 figure 186.253surely 36.083 survey 72.303 ignore 24.69 severe 37.987throat 35.15 surely 36.083 mature 16.43 govern 7.18corpus 5.127 throat 35.15 tenure 13.07 absurd 9.473merged 4.1 burden 26.387 sphere 10.633 unsure 5.702hordes 2.015 surged 3.065 intern 3.723 tenure 13.07

A2

forget 67.24 threat 69.36 modern 100.022 nature 151.575merely 46.75 forget 67.24 ensure 41.505 sphere 10.633burden 26.387 serves 35.212 assure 12.748 tavern 4.185purple 18.887 thrown 27.67 accord 8.578 accord 8.578throws 16.488 bureau 18.153 adhere 4.338 assure 12.748scream 15.543 hordes 2.015 ashore 4.298 ensure 41.505

Practice B

afraid 72.02 strike 44.572 theirs 10.823 poetry 28.025garlic 30.625 garlic 30.625 pastry 7.023 theirs 10.823partly 28.983 carbon 29.098 sugars 4.82 sugars 4.82firmly 18.683 strain 17.375 affirm 3.263 spears 3.433

warmth 14.01 parade 16.095 disarm 2.185 swears 1.903lyrics 10.238 strive 5.365 safari 1.965 choirs 1.558

B1

marked 34.07 virtue 15.555 stairs 31.523 stairs 31.523carbon 29.098 lyrics 10.238 poetry 28.025 pantry 3.368string 21.663 stride 5.555 binary 4.643 binary 4.643strain 17.375 straps 4.865 depart 3.835 thwart 2.107strict 17.372 pirate 3.595 spears 3.433 clears 3.362

parade 16.095 strife 3.29 cigars 3.05 paltry 1.593B2 strike 44.572 garage 22.88 chairs 28.503 chairs 28.503

garage 22.88 string 21.663 salary 23.453 pastry 7.023

Typing Skill Acquisition 15

marine 20.79 strict 17.372 pantry 3.368 salary 23.453parked 16.773 strand 6.16 clears 3.362 depart 3.835strips 11.86 births 4.857 thwart 2.107 cigars 3.05

marble 11.57 tyrant 1.918 swears 1.903 sultry 1.65

AB

buried 28.958 period 142.098 memory 77.905 effort 120.73phrase 24.38 worthy 15.217 owners 47.655 luxury 19.218shrimp 17.137 burial 7.675 papers 44.945 export 15.473thrill 7.673 serial 8.707 desert 41.3 escort 5.248purity 4.912 shrink 7.327 luxury 19.218 ulcers 2.3thrift 3.027 aerial 6.255 buyers 18.38 savory 1.843

BA

stress 61.097 direct 78.94 desire 59.22 entire 115.203parent 51.118 parent 51.118 empire 15.523 desire 59.22margin 14.055 streak 11.678 hazard 6.338 square 53.852pardon 7.582 warden 3.828 aspire 2.652 aboard 19.055warden 3.828 harden 2.505 beware 3.285 upward 14.532jargon 2.527 larval 1.178 lizard 3.265 hazard 6.338

Typing Skill Acquisition 16

Table S10

Word Lists for Target N in Experiment 4

3rd Letter 5th LetterW P W P

Practice A

longer 171.7 longer 171.7 friend 163.76 ground 178.055ignore 24.69 owners 47.655 attend 34.148 defend 27.895funded 15.133 length 45.885 defend 27.895 extend 22.813hunger 14.043 ignore 24.69 extend 22.813 abound 4.228tenure 13.07 tended 18.093 legend 16.922 serene 3.765convey 10.348 tenure 13.07 almond 2.947 throng 2.063

A1

monday 59.91 monday 59.91 beyond 145.773 beyond 145.773gender 56.498 gender 56.498 depend 22.29 attend 34.148tongue 26.045 honest 34.142 throne 6.41 belong 20.637lonely 17.21 tongue 26.045 strung 3.71 throne 6.41jungle 13.13 funded 15.133 refund 2.285 strung 3.71pencil 11.958 jungle 13.13 throng 2.063 offend 2.833

A2

sunday 97.945 sunday 97.945 ground 178.055 strong 172.227length 45.885 wonder 74.16 belong 20.637 friend 163.76honest 34.142 hungry 24.78 immune 16.817 legend 16.922hungry 24.78 tender 18.668 abound 4.228 immune 16.817tender 18.668 lonely 17.21 serene 3.765 almond 2.947ounces 11.875 hunger 14.043 offend 2.833 refund 2.285

Practice B

finish 51.182 winter 80.455 begins 67.78 begins 67.78manage 33.135 linked 32.282 organs 10.335 trains 13.782banker 7.013 finals 7.8 vacant 7.673 vacant 7.673cantor 4.178 banker 7.013 oceans 6.4 learns 6.247ornate 3.515 cantor 4.178 quaint 3.585 toxins 3.625sanity 3.265 sanity 3.265 thorny 1.87 thorny 1.87

B1

ranked 15.128 finish 51.182 humans 39.828 chains 12.985danish 5.955 manage 33.135 brains 12.155 oceans 6.4yanked 5.02 yanked 5.02 plains 6.412 stains 4.48vanity 4.735 vanish 3.805 sprint 3.702 drains 2.678binary 4.643 ornate 3.515 tyrant 1.918 grainy 2.007mantle 4.245 hinted 3.475 mutiny 1.44 tyrant 1.918

B2 linked 32.282 ranked 15.128 trains 13.782 brains 12.155finals 7.8 danish 5.955 chains 12.985 organs 10.335

Typing Skill Acquisition 17

finite 4.353 vanity 4.735 grains 7.862 grains 7.862vanish 3.805 binary 4.643 extant 2.092 cabins 4.053hinted 3.475 finite 4.353 grainy 2.007 extant 2.092pantry 3.368 mantle 4.245 mutant 1.853 mutiny 1.44

AB

senate 99.838 mental 63.642 extent 55.958 colony 12.445junior 37.932 junior 37.932 accent 13.215 urgent 11.188gentle 20.21 genius 15.67 aliens 11.635 resent 4.075denial 11.81 menace 4.128 felony 5.848 ardent 3.268donate 5.728 donkey 3.243 latent 3.385 fluent 2.822ponies 1.44 zenith 1.563 assent 1.563 orient 1.567

BA

handle 58.362 handle 58.362 spring 102.018 demand 65.278landed 22.825 danger 46.922 island 57.055 marine 20.79ginger 14.415 random 23.42 remind 21.608 boxing 10.753candle 8.287 ranger 3.293 strand 6.16 humane 5.11diners 4.053 landry 2.053 famine 4.978 refine 2.335tandem 3.002 bandit 1.107 arcane 2.268 errand 1.613

Typing Skill Acquisition 18

Table S11

Word Lists for Target L in Experiment 4

3rd Letter 5th LetterX B X B

Practice A

helped 110.01 helped 110.01 middle 184.925 middle 184.925unless 72.838 column 32.095 sample 60.982 puzzle 12.773column 32.095 seldom 12.915 puzzle 12.773 triple 11.588solved 11.568 molded 3.785 shield 9.982 shield 9.982holder 7.103 unless 72.838 candle 8.287 parole 7.7rulers 5.457 rulers 5.457 parole 7.7 module 5.407

A1

golden 52.413 colors 44.195 couple 170.678 couple 170.678seldom 12.915 solved 11.568 single 161.143 handle 58.362colony 12.445 selves 3.815 circle 47.295 muscle 29.413velvet 8.9 colder 3.748 triple 11.588 purple 18.887

melody 7.55 felony 5.848 needle 11.285 jungle 13.13celery 5.975 select 36.615 saddle 8.092 saddle 8.092

A2

colors 44.195 colony 12.445 handle 58.362 single 161.143select 36.615 wolves 8.215 muscle 29.413 sample 60.982belong 20.637 velvet 8.9 temple 25.25 circle 47.295folded 16.39 golden 52.413 purple 18.887 temple 25.25wolves 8.215 melody 7.55 jungle 13.13 needle 11.285felony 5.848 celery 5.975 bundle 6.47 candle 8.287

Practice B

walked 105.74 talked 96.898 easily 82.785 nearly 169.912island 57.055 island 57.055 fairly 40.66 firmly 18.683salmon 22.988 walker 29.933 behalf 21.66 trails 17.078palace 13.057 galaxy 15.668 firmly 18.683 costly 15.03filthy 5.063 salads 4.835 costly 15.03 metals 6.945milieu 2.95 milieu 2.95 rivals 9.865 totals 4.482

B1

talked 96.898 salmon 22.988 gently 31.918 mostly 73.82salary 23.453 palace 13.057 trials 25.095 partly 28.983tilted 6.3 tilted 6.3 softly 19.238 rivals 9.865

filmed 4.658 filthy 5.063 pupils 8.855 pupils 8.855saliva 3.125 halted 4.96 finals 7.8 pearls 4.232salted 2.598 saliva 3.125 medals 7.303 petals 4.1

B2 walker 29.933 salary 23.453 mostly 73.82 easily 82.785filter 12.387 filter 12.387 partly 28.983 fairly 40.66

Typing Skill Acquisition 19

halted 4.96 filmed 4.658 trails 17.078 gently 31.918salads 4.835 calmed 2.8 ideals 9.488 softly 19.238calmed 2.8 salted 2.598 metals 6.945 finals 7.8malice 2.15 malice 2.15 totals 4.482 medals 7.303

AB

relief 50.392 relief 50.392 hardly 53.847 simply 173.813belief 41.447 relate 17.267 deeply 41.52 supply 54.682relate 17.267 helmet 12.128 deadly 19.61 hardly 53.847polish 14.967 polite 11 comply 9.365 deeply 41.52delays 8.84 relish 3.607 kindly 5.213 comply 9.365relies 8.05 relive 1.148 fondly 2.413 fondly 2.413

BA

silver 52.625 silent 43.45 battle 73.63 female 99.688silent 43.45 talent 35.447 bottle 38.898 settle 24.833pilots 16.555 pilots 16.555 subtle 20.95 gentle 20.21valves 3.857 saloon 2.835 cattle 20.078 awhile 6.513saloon 2.835 milder 1.583 mobile 19.212 rattle 4.652talons 1.002 mildew 1.2 morale 6.372 kettle 3.075