www.advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1/5/e1400253/DC1

Supplementary Materials for

Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction

Gerardo Ceballos, Paul R. Ehrlich, Anthony D. Barnosky, Andrés García, Robert M. Pringle,

Todd M. Palmer

Published 19 June 2015, Sci. Adv. 1, e1400253 (2015) DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1400253

This PDF file includes:

Table S1. Definitions of IUCN categories (17) used to assess modern extinction rates. Table S2. Estimation of modern extinction rates since 1500 and 1900.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

I. DATA ON CONTEMPORARY EXTINCTIONS (1500 TO PRESENT)

We obtained the list of vertebrates species considered Extinct (EX), Extinct in the Wild (EW), and Possibly

Extinct (PE, a subcategory of Critically Endangered, CR) since 1500 from the International Union of

Conservation of Nature (IUCN). We accessed the IUCN webpage (www.iucn.org; version 2014.3) on

December 1, 2014. A first list of “possible extinct” species was kindly provided to us by Dr. Bruce Young,

from Natureserve. We then were able to check the status of those species in the IUCN web page. The list of

all the species included grouped by the IUCN category is included below in sections IV and V.

II. BACKGROUND EXTINCTION RATES

We used the recent mammal background extinction rate determined by Barnosky et al. (6). Most studies

evaluating extinction rates in vertebrates and plants have used background rates assumed to be between 0.1

and 1 species per million species-years (i.e., between 0.1 and 1 species per 100 years per 10,000 species).

Those rates were based on the state of knowledge available from the fossil record until the 1990s (9-13).

Clearly, the lower these estimates, the more dramatic current extinction rates will appear by comparison.

The new mammal background extinction rate was based on an analysis of massive databases of mammal

fossils, subfossils, and modern extinctions. The stratigraphic ranges of thousands of mammal species were

charted, and extinction rates were measured over intervals ranging from single years to millions of years,

and the mean extinction rate and variance was computed for each time interval. The estimates indicate that

the background extinction rate for mammals is closer to 2 extinctions per million species-years (2 E/MSY;

i.e., two extinctions per 100 years per 10,000 species), which doubles the highest previous estimates. See

Barnosky et al. (6) for details.

Table S1. Definitions of IUCN categories (17) used to assess modern extinction rates.

III. COMPARING RECENT AND BACKGROUND EXTINCTION RATES

We used two estimates of modern extinction rates; i.e. a very conservative rate (i.e. including only EX

species) and a conservative rate (i.e. including EX, plus EW and PE species), respectively. Both are defined

in the text of the paper. Table S2 summarizes the calculations to estimate the modern extinction rates.

Table S2. Estimation of modern extinction rates since 1500 and 1900. Highly conservative modern

extinction rates were calculated using exclusively Extinct species as listed in the stringently evaluated IUCN

list. Conservative modern extinction rates were calculated using Extinct species plus Extinct in the wild

(EW) and Possibly extinct species as listed in the IUCN list (2014; see also methods). The 2 E/MY

background extinction rate is equivalent to 2 extinctions per 10000 species per 100 years.

1500 TO 2014

Highly conservative

A B C D E F Elevation

Animal Evaluate

d Evaluate

d Backgroun

d Centuries Backgroun

d Extiction

s

Group Species Species Extinction

per Since Extinctions Expected Observed Rates with

IUCN Divided Century 1500 Expected

over Extinction

s Extinction

s Respect

by

10,000 Expected 514 years Since Since to

Expected

for 10,000 (Since 1500) 1500 1500

Species

(2 E/MSY) (B x C) (A x D) (F / E)

Vertebrates 39223 3.9223 2 5.14 10.28 40.32 338 8

Mammals 5513 0.5513 2 5.14 10.28 5.67 77 14

Birds 10425 1.0425 2 5.14 10.28 10.72 140 13

Reptiles 4414 0.4414 2 5.14 10.28 4.54 21 5

Amphibians 6414 0.6414 2 5.14 10.28 6.59 34 5

Fishes 12457 1.2457 2 5.14 10.28 12.81 66 5

Conservative

A B C D E F Elevation

Animal Evaluate

d Evaluate

d Backgroun

d Centuries Backgroun

d Extiction

s

Group Species Species Extinction

per Since Extinctions Expected Observed Rates with

IUCN Divided Century 1500 Expected

over Extinction

s Extinction

s Respect

by

10,000 Expected 514 years Since Since to

Expected

for 10,000 (Since 1500) 1500 1500

Species

(2 E/MSY) (B x C) (A x D) (F / E)

Vertebrates 39223 3.9223 2 5.14 10.28 40.32 617 15

Mammals 5513 0.5513 2 5.14 10.28 5.67 111 20

Birds 10425 1.0425 2 5.14 10.28 10.72 163 15

Reptiles 4414 0.4414 2 5.14 10.28 4.54 37 8

Amphibians 6414 0.6414 2 5.14 10.28 6.59 148 22

Fishes 12457 1.2457 2 5.14 10.28 12.81 158 12

1900 TO 2014

Highly conservative

A B C D E F Elevation

Animal Evaluate

d Evaluate

d Backgroun

d Centuries Backgroun

d Extiction

s

Group Species Species Extinction

per Since Extinctions Expected Observed Rates with

IUCN Divided Century 1900 Expected

over Extinction

s Extinction

s Respect

by

10,000 Expected 114 years Since Since to

Expected

for 10,000 (Since 1900) 1900 1900

Species

(2 E/MSY) (B x C) (A x D) (F / E)

Vertebrates 39223 3.9223 2 1.14 2.28 8.94 198 22

Mammals 5513 0.5513 2 1.14 2.28 1.26 35 28

Birds 10425 1.0425 2 1.14 2.28 2.38 57 24

Reptiles 4414 0.4414 2 1.14 2.28 1.01 8 8

Amphibians 6414 0.6414 2 1.14 2.28 1.46 32 22

Fishes 12457 1.2457 2 1.14 2.28 2.84 66 23

Conservativ

e

A B C D E F Elevation

Animal Evaluate

d Evaluate

d Backgroun

d Centuries Backgroun

d Extiction

s

Group Species Species Extinction

per Since Extinctions Expected Observed Rates with

IUCN Divided Century 1900 Expected

over Extinction

s Extinction

s Respect

by

10,000 Expected 114 years Since Since to

Expected

for 10,000 (Since 1900) 1900 1900

Species

(2 E/MSY) (B x C) (A x D) (F / E)

Vertebrates 39223 3.9223 2 1.14 2.28 8.94 477 53

Mammals 5513 0.5513 2 1.14 2.28 1.26 69 55

Birds 10425 1.0425 2 1.14 2.28 2.38 80 34

Reptiles 4414 0.4414 2 1.14 2.28 1.01 24 24

Amphibians 6414 0.6414 2 1.14 2.28 1.46 146 100

Fishes 12457 1.2457 2 1.14 2.28 2.84 158 56

IV. EXTINCT VERTEBRATES SINCE 1500 ACCORDING TO IUCN (2014) .

Group Species Common Name

Mammals Bettongia pusilla Nullarbor Dwarf Bettong

Mammals Boromys offella Oriente Cave Rat

Mammals Boromys torrei Torre’s Cave Rat

Mammals Bos primigenius Aurochs

Mammals Brotomys voratus Hispaniolan Edible Rat

Mammals Caloprymnus campestris Desert Rat Kangaroo

Mammals Chaeropus ecaudatus Pig-footed Bandicoot

Mammals Conilurus albipes White-footed Rabbit-rat

Mammals Coryphomys buehleri Buhler’s Coryphomys

Mammals Cryptonanus ignitus Red-bellied Gracile Mouse Opossum

Mammals Cryptoprocta spelea Giant Fossa

Mammals Cuscomys oblativa Mammals Desmodus draculae Giant Vampire Bat

Mammals Dusicyon australis Falkland Island Wolf

Mammals Gazella bilkis Queen Of Sheba's Gazelle

Mammals Gazella saudiya Saudi Gazelle

Mammals Geocapromys columbianus Cuban Coney

Mammals Geocapromys thoracatus Little Swan Island Hutia

Mammals Heteropsomys insulans Insular Cave Rat

Mammals Hexolobodon phenax Imposter Hutia

Mammals Hippopotamus guldbergi Madagascan Dwarf Hippopotamus

Mammals Hippopotamus lemerlei Madagascan Dwarf Hippopotamus

Mammals Hippotragus leucophaeus Bluebuck

Mammals Hydrodamalis gigas Steller's Sea Cow

Mammals Isolobodon montanus Montane Hutia

Mammals Isolobodon portoricensis Puerto Rican Hutia

Mammals Juscelinomys candango Candango Mouse

Mammals Lagorchestes asomatus Central Hare Wallaby

Mammals Lagorchestes leporides Eastern Hare Wallaby

Mammals Lagostomus crassus Mammals Macropus greyi Toolache Wallaby

Mammals Macrotis leucura Lesser Bilby

Mammals Megalomys desmarestii Desmarest’s Pilorie

Mammals Megalomys luciae Santa Lucian Pilorie

Mammals Megaoryzomys curioi Galapágos Giant Rat

Mammals Neomonachus tropicalis Caribbean Monk Seal

Mammals Neotoma anthonyi Anthony's Woodrat

Mammals Neotoma bunkeri Bunkers Woodrat

Mammals Neotoma martinensis San Martin Island Woodrat

Mammals Neovison macrodon Sea Mink

Mammals Nesophontes edithae Puerto Rican Nesophontes

Mammals Nesophontes hypomicrus Atalaye Nesophontes

Mammals Nesophontes major Mammals Nesophontes micrus Western Cuban Nesophontes

Mammals Nesophontes paramicrus St. Michel Nesophontes

Mammals Nesophontes zamicrus Haitian Nesophontes

Mammals Nesoryzomys darwini Darwin's Galapagos Mouse

Mammals Nesoryzomys indefessus Indefatigable Galapagos Mouse

Mammals Noronhomys vespuccii Mammals Notomys amplus Short-tailed Hopping Mouse

Mammals Notomys longicaudatus Long-tailed Hopping Mouse

Mammals Notomys macrotis Big-eared Hopping Mouse

Mammals Notomys mordax Darling Downs Hopping Mouse

Mammals Oligoryzomys victus St. Vincent Pygmy Rice Rat

Mammals Onychogalea lunata Crescent Nailtail Wallaby

Mammals Oryzomys antillarum Jamaican Rice Rat

Mammals Oryzomys nelsoni Tres Marias Island Rice Rat

Mammals Palaeopropithecus ingens Large Sloth Lemur

Mammals Pennatomys nivalis Nevis Rice Rat

Mammals Perameles eremiana Desert Bandicoot

Mammals Peromyscus pembertoni Pemberton's Deer Mouse

Mammals Plagiodontia ipnaeum Samana Hutia

Mammals Potorous platyops Broad-faced Potoroo

Mammals Prolagus sardus Sardinian Pika

Mammals Pseudomys glaucus Blue-grey Mouse

Mammals Pseudomys gouldii Gould's Mouse

Mammals Pteropus brunneus Percy Island Flying Fox

Mammals Pteropus pilosus Large Palau Flying Fox

Mammals Pteropus subniger Lesser Mascarene Flying-fox

Mammals Pteropus tokudae Guam Flying Fox

Mammals Rattus macleari Maclear's Rat

Mammals Rattus nativitatis Bulldog Rat

Mammals Rucervus schomburgki Schomburgk's Deer

Mammals Solenodon marcanoi Marcano's Solenodon

Mammals Thylacinus cynocephalus Thylacine

Mammals Xenothrix mcgregori Jamaican Monkey

Mammals Zalophus japonicus Japanese Sea Lion

Aves Aegolius gradyi Bermuda Saw-whet Owl

Aves Alectroenas nitidissimus Mauritius Blue-pigeon

Aves Alectroenas payandeei Rodrigues Blue-pigeon

Aves Alopecoenas ferrugineus Tanna Ground-dove

Aves Alopecoenas salamonis Thick-billed Ground-dove

Aves Alopochen kervazoi Reunion Shelduck

Aves Alopochen mauritiana Mauritius Shelduck

Aves Amazona martinicana Martinique Amazon

Aves Amazona violacea Guadeloupe Amazon

Aves Anas marecula Amsterdam Duck

Aves Anas theodori Mauritius Duck

Aves Anthornis melanocephala Chatham Bellbird

Aves Aphanapteryx bonasia Red Rail

Aves Aplonis corvina Kosrae Starling

Aves Aplonis fusca Norfolk Island Starling

Aves Aplonis mavornata Mysterious Starling

Aves Ara tricolor Cuban Macaw

Aves Atlantisia podarces St Helena Crake

Aves Bermuteo avivorus Bermuda Hawk

Aves Bowdleria rufescens Chatham Fernbird

Aves Bulweria bifax Small St Helena Petrel

Aves Cabalus modestus Chatham Rail

Aves Caloenas maculata Liverpool Pigeon

Aves Camptorhynchus labradorius Labrador Duck

Aves Caracara lutosa Guadalupe Caracara

Aves Chaetoptila angustipluma Kioea

Aves Chaunoproctus ferreorostris Bonin Grosbeak

Aves Chenonetta finschi Finsch's Duck

Aves Chloridops kona Kona Grosbeak

Aves Chlorostilbon bracei Brace's Emerald

Aves Chlorostilbon elegans Caribbean Emerald

Aves Ciridops anna Ula-ai-hawane

Aves Coenocorypha barrierensis North Island Snipe

Aves Coenocorypha iredalei South Island Snipe

Aves Colaptes oceanicus Bermuda Flicker

Aves Columba jouyi Ryukyu Woodpigeon

Aves Columba thiriouxi Mauritius Woodpigeon

Aves Columba versicolor Bonin Woodpigeon

Aves Conuropsis carolinensis Carolina Parakeet

Aves Coturnix novaezelandiae New Zealand Quail

Aves Coua delalandei Snail-eating Coua

Aves Cyanoramphus ulietanus Raiatea Parakeet

Aves Cyanoramphus zealandicus Black-fronted Parakeet

Aves Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi Hawkins's Rail

Aves Drepanis funerea Black Mamo

Aves Drepanis pacifica Hawaii Mamo

Aves Dromaius baudinianus Kangaroo Island Emu

Aves Dromaius minor King Island Emu

Aves Dryolimnas augusti Reunion Rail

Aves Dysmorodrepanis munroi Lanai Hookbill

Aves Eclectus infectus Oceanic Parrot

Aves Ectopistes migratorius Passenger Pigeon

Aves Erythromachus leguati Rodrigues Rail

Aves Falco duboisi Reunion Kestrel

Aves Fregilupus varius Reunion Starling

Aves Fulica newtonii Mascarene Coot

Aves Gallinula nesiotis Tristan Moorhen

Aves Gerygone insularis Lord Howe Gerygone

Aves Haematopus meadewaldoi Canarian Oystercatcher

Aves Hemignathus ellisianus Greater Akialoa

Aves Hemignathus obscurus Lesser Akialoa

Aves Hemignathus sagittirostris Greater Amakihi

Aves Heteralocha acutirostris Huia

Aves Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii Dieffenbach's Rail

Aves Hypotaenidia pacifica Tahiti Rail

Aves Hypotaenidia poeciloptera Bar-winged Rail

Aves Hypotaenidia wakensis Wake Rail

Aves Ixobrychus novaezelandiae New Zealand Little Bittern

Aves Lophopsittacus bensoni Mauritius Grey Parrot

Aves Lophopsittacus mauritianus Broad-billed Parrot

Aves Mascarenotus grucheti Reunion Owl

Aves Mascarenotus murivorus Rodrigues Owl

Aves Mascarenotus sauzieri Mauritius Owl

Aves Mascarinus mascarin Mascarene Parrot

Aves Mergus australis Auckland Merganser

Aves Microgoura meeki Choiseul Pigeon

Aves Moho apicalis Oahu Oo

Aves Moho bishopi Bishop's Oo

Aves Moho braccatus Kauai Oo

Aves Moho nobilis Hawaii Oo

Aves Mundia elpenor Ascension Crake

Aves Myadestes myadestinus Kamao

Aves Myadestes woahensis Amaui

Aves Myiagra freycineti Guam Flycatcher

Aves Nannococcyx psix St Helena Cuckoo

Aves Necropsar rodericanus Rodrigues Starling

Aves Necropsittacus rodricanus Rodrigues Parrot

Aves Nesillas aldabrana Aldabra Warbler

Aves Nesoenas cicur Mauritius Turtle-dove

Aves Nesoenas duboisi Reunion Pigeon

Aves Nesoenas rodericanus Rodrigues Turtle-dove

Aves Nestor productus Norfolk Kaka

Aves Nyctanassa carcinocatactes Bermuda Night-heron

Aves Nycticorax duboisi Reunion Night-heron

Aves Nycticorax mauritianus Mauritius Night-heron

Aves Nycticorax megacephalus Rodrigues Night-heron

Aves Paroreomyza flammea Kakawahie

Aves Pezophaps solitaria Rodrigues Solitaire

Aves Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Spectacled Cormorant

Aves Pinguinus impennis Great Auk

Aves Podiceps andinus Colombian Grebe

Aves Podilymbus gigas Atitlan Grebe

Aves Pomarea fluxa Eiao Monarch

Aves Pomarea nukuhivae Nuku Hiva Monarch

Aves Pomarea pomarea Maupiti Monarch

Aves Porphyrio albus White Swamphen

Aves Porphyrio caerulescens Reunion Gallinule

Aves Porphyrio kukwiedei New Caledonia Gallinule

Aves Porphyrio mantelli North Island Takahe

Aves Porphyrio paepae Marquesan Swamphen

Aves Prosobonia cancellata Christmas Sandpiper

Aves Prosobonia ellisi Moorea Sandpiper

Aves Prosobonia leucoptera Tahiti Sandpiper

Aves Psephotellus pulcherrimus Paradise Parrot

Aves Psittacara labati Guadeloupe Parakeet

Aves Psittacula exsul Rodrigues Parakeet

Aves Psittacula wardi Seychelles Parakeet

Aves Pterodroma rupinarum Large St Helena Petrel

Aves Ptilinopus mercierii Red-moustached Fruit-dove

Aves Quiscalus palustris Slender-billed Grackle

Aves Raphus cucullatus Dodo

Aves Rhodacanthis flaviceps Lesser Koa-finch

Aves Rhodacanthis palmeri Greater Koa-finch

Aves Sceloglaux albifacies Laughing Owl

Aves Tachybaptus rufolavatus Alaotra Grebe

Aves Threskiornis solitarius Reunion Ibis

Aves Traversia lyalli Stephens Island Wren

Aves Tribonyx hodgenorum Hodgen's Waterhen

Aves Turdus ravidus Grand Cayman Thrush

Aves Turnagra capensis South Island Piopio

Aves Turnagra tanagra North Island Piopio

Aves Upupa antaios St Helena Hoopoe

Aves Xenicus longipes Bush Wren

Aves Zapornia astrictocarpus St Helena Rail

Aves Zapornia monasa Kosrae Crake

Aves Zapornia nigra Miller's Rail

Aves Zapornia palmeri Laysan Rail

Aves Zapornia sandwichensis Hawaiian Rail

Aves Zoothera terrestris Bonin Thrush

Aves Zosterops strenuus Robust White-eye

Reptiles Ameiva cineracea Guadeloupe Ameiva

Reptiles Ameiva major Martinique Giant Ameiva

Reptiles Bolyeria multocarinata Round Island Burrowing Boa

Reptiles Borikenophis sanctaecrucis Saint Croix Racer

Reptiles Celestus occiduus Jamaica Giant Galliwasp

Reptiles Chioninia coctei Cape Verde Giant Skink

Reptiles Cyclura onchiopsis Navassa Rhinoceros Iguana

Reptiles Cylindraspis indica Reptiles Cylindraspis inepta Reptiles Cylindraspis peltastes Reptiles Cylindraspis triserrata Reptiles Cylindraspis vosmaeri Reptiles Hoplodactylus delcourti Reptiles Leiocephalus eremitus Reptiles Leiocephalus herminieri Reptiles Leiolopisma mauritiana Reptiles Pelusios seychellensis Seychelles Black Terrapin

Reptiles Phelsuma gigas Gecko Diurne Géant De Rodrigues

Reptiles Tachygyia microlepis Tonga Ground Skink

Reptiles Tetradactylus eastwoodae Eastwood's Longtailed Seps

Reptiles Typhlops cariei Amphibians Atelopus ignescens Quito Stubfoot Toad

Amphibians Atelopus longirostris Longnose Stubfoot Toad

Amphibians Atelopus vogli Amphibians Craugastor chrysozetetes McCranie's Robber Frog

Amphibians Craugastor escoces Heredia Robber Frog

Amphibians Cynops wolterstorffi Yunnan Lake Newt

Amphibians Incilius periglenes Golden Toad

Amphibians Lithobates fisheri Las Vegas Leopard Frog

Amphibians Nannophrys guentheri Amphibians Phrynomedusa fimbriata Amphibians Plethodon ainsworthi Ainsworth's Salamander

Amphibians Pseudophilautus adspersus Amphibians Pseudophilautus dimbullae Amphibians Pseudophilautus eximius Amphibians Pseudophilautus extirpo Amphibians Pseudophilautus halyi Amphibians Pseudophilautus hypomelas Amphibians Pseudophilautus leucorhinus Amphibians Pseudophilautus maia Amphibians Pseudophilautus malcolmsmithi Amphibians Pseudophilautus nanus Amphibians Pseudophilautus nasutus Amphibians Pseudophilautus oxyrhynchus Amphibians Pseudophilautus pardus Amphibians Pseudophilautus rugatus Amphibians Pseudophilautus stellatus Amphibians Pseudophilautus temporalis Amphibians Pseudophilautus variabilis Amphibians Pseudophilautus zal Amphibians Pseudophilautus zimmeri Amphibians Raorchestes travancoricus Amphibians Rheobatrachus silus Southern Gastric Brooding Frog

Amphibians Rheobatrachus vitellinus Eungella Gastric-brooding Frog

Amphibians Taudactylus diurnus Mount Glorious Torrent Frog

Fishes Alburnus akili Beyşehir Bleak

Fishes Alburnus nicaeensis Iznik Shemaya

Fishes Anabarilius macrolepis Fishes Aphanius splendens Gölçük Toothcarp

Fishes Aplocheilichthys sp. nov. 'Naivasha' Fishes Barbus microbarbis Fishes Characodon garmani Parras Characodon

Fishes Chasmistes muriei Snake River Sucker

Fishes Chondrostoma scodrense Fishes Coregonus alpenae Longjaw Cisco

Fishes Coregonus bezola Fishes Coregonus fera Fishes Coregonus gutturosus

Fishes Coregonus hiemalis Fishes Coregonus johannae Deepwater Cisco

Fishes Coregonus nigripinnis Blackfin Cisco

Fishes Coregonus oxyrinchus Houting

Fishes Coregonus restrictus Fishes Cottus echinatus Utah Lake Sculpin

Fishes Ctenochromis pectoralis Fishes Cyprinodon arcuatus Santa Cruz Pupfish

Fishes Cyprinodon ceciliae Villa Lopez Pupfish

Fishes Cyprinodon inmemoriam Charco Azul Pupfish

Fishes Cyprinodon latifasciatus Parras Pupfish

Fishes Cyprinodon spp. Perritos De Sandia

Fishes Cyprinus yilongensis Fishes Empetrichthys merriami Ash Meadows Poolfish

Fishes Etheostoma sellare Maryland Darter

Fishes Eudontomyzon sp. nov. 'migratory' Fishes Evarra bustamantei Mexican Dace

Fishes Evarra eigenmanni Mexican Dace

Fishes Evarra tlahuacensis Mexican Dace

Fishes Fundulus albolineatus Whiteline Topminnow

Fishes Gambusia amistadensis Amistad Gambusia

Fishes Gambusia georgei San Marcos Gambusia

Fishes Gasterosteus crenobiontus Fishes Gila crassicauda Thicktail Chub

Fishes Lepidomeda altivelis Pahranagat Spinedace

Fishes Mirogrex hulensis Hula Bream

Fishes Moxostoma lacerum Harelip Sucker

Fishes Notropis amecae Ameca Shiner

Fishes Notropis aulidion Durango Shiner

Fishes Notropis orca Phantom Shiner

Fishes Notropis saladonis Salado Shiner

Fishes Noturus trautmani Scioto Madtom

Fishes Pantanodon madagascariensis Fishes Platytropius siamensis Siamese flat-barbelled catfish

Fishes Pogonichthys ciscoides Clear Lake Splittail

Fishes Priapella bonita Graceful Priapella

Fishes Prototroctes oxyrhynchus New Zealand Grayling

Fishes Pseudophoxinus handlirschi Eğirdir Minnow

Fishes Ptychochromis onilahy Fishes Ptychochromoides itasy Fishes Rhinichthys deaconi Las Vegas Dace

Fishes Rhizosomichthys totae pez graso

Fishes Romanogobio antipai Fishes Salmo pallaryi Fishes Salvelinus agassizii Silver Trout

Fishes Salvelinus neocomensis Fishes Salvelinus profundus Fishes Stypodon signifer Stumptooth Minnow

Fishes Telestes ukliva Fishes Tristramella intermedia Fishes Tristramella magdelainae Fishes Tristramella sacra Long Jaw Tristramella

Fishes Xystichromis bayoni

V. EXTINCT IN THE WILD AND POSSIBLY EXTINCT VERTEBRATES SINCE 1500

ACCORDING TO IUCN (2014).

Group Species Common name Category

Mammals Bos sauveli Kouprey CR(PE)

Mammals Crateromys australis Dinagat Crateromys CR(PE)

Mammals Crocidura trichura Christmas Island Shrew CR(PE)

Mammals Crocidura wimmeri Wimmer's Shrew CR(PE)

Mammals Cryptochloris wintoni De Winton's Golden Mole CR(PE)

Mammals Dendrolagus mayri Wondiwoi Tree-kangaroo CR(PE)

Mammals Dipodomys gravipes San Quintin Kangaroo Rat CR(PE)

Mammals Leporillus apicalis Lesser Stick-nest Rat CR(PE)

Mammals Lipotes vexillifer Baiji CR(PE)

Mammals Melanomys zunigae Zuniga's Dark Rice Rat CR(PE)

Mammals Mesocapromys nanus Dwarf Hutia CR(PE)

Mammals Mesocapromys sanfelipensis Little Earth Hutia CR(PE)

Mammals Monodelphis unistriatus Single-striped Opossum CR(PE)

Mammals Murina tenebrosa Gloomy Tube-nosed Bat CR(PE)

Mammals Mysateles garridoi Garrido's Hutia CR(PE)

Mammals Mystacina robusta New Zealand Greater Short-tailed Bat CR(PE)

Mammals Nilopegamys plumbeus Ethiopian Amphibious Rat CR(PE)

Mammals Nyctophilus howensis Lord Howe Long-eared Bat CR(PE)

Mammals Peromyscus guardia Angel Island Mouse CR(PE)

Mammals Peromyscus mekisturus Puebla Deer Mouse CR(PE)

Mammals Phalanger matanim Telefomin Cuscus CR(PE)

Mammals Pharotis imogene Thomas's Big-eared Bat CR(PE)

Mammals Pipistrellus murrayi Christmas Island Pipistrelle CR(PE)

Mammals Pteralopex pulchra Montane Monkey-faced Bat CR(PE)

Mammals Pteropus aruensis Aru Flying Fox CR(PE)

Mammals Pteropus tuberculatus Vanikoro Flying Fox CR(PE)

Mammals Uromys emmae Emma's Giant Rat CR(PE)

Mammals Uromys imperator Emperor Rat CR(PE)

Mammals Uromys porculus Guadalcanal Rat CR(PE)

Mammals Zyzomys pedunculatus Central Rock Rat CR(PE)

Birds Campephilus imperialis Imperial Woodpecker CR(PE)

Birds Cyanopsitta spixii Spix's Macaw CR(PEW)

Birds Eriocnemis godini Turquoise-throated Puffleg CR(PE)

Birds Eurostopodus exul New Caledonian Nightjar CR(PE)

Birds Hemignathus lucidus Nukupuu CR(PE)

Birds Melamprosops phaeosoma Poo-uli CR(PE)

Birds Myadestes lanaiensis Olomao CR(PE)

Birds Numenius borealis Eskimo Curlew CR(PE)

Birds Hydrobates macrodactylus Guadalupe Storm-petrel CR(PE)

Birds Paroreomyza maculata Oahu Alauahio CR(PE)

Birds Pomarea mira Ua Pou Monarch CR(PE)

Birds Psittirostra psittacea Ou CR(PE)

Birds Pterodroma caribbaea Jamaica Petrel CR(PE)

Birds Pyrrhura subandina Sinu Parakeet CR(PE)

Birds Siphonorhis americana Jamaican Pauraque CR(PE)

Birds Sporophila melanops Hooded Seedeater CR(PE)

Birds Turnix novaecaledoniae New Caledonian Buttonquail CR(PE)

Birds Vermivora bachmanii Bachman's Warbler CR(PE)

Reptiles Anolis roosevelti Culebra Giant Anole CR(PE)

Reptiles Calamaria prakkei Prakke's Reed Snake CR(PE)

Reptiles Capitellum parvicruzae Lesser Saint Croix Skink CR(PE)

Reptiles Celestus anelpistus Giant Hispaniolan Galliwasp CR(PE)

Reptiles Contomastix vittata

CR(PE)

Reptiles Cynisca gansi

CR(PE)

Reptiles Gallotia auaritae La Palma Giant Lizard CR(PE)

Reptiles Omoadiphas cannula

CR(PE)

Reptiles Pseudoxyrhopus ankafinaensis

CR(PE)

Reptiles Rhampholeon chapmanorum Chapman's Pygmy Chameleon CR(PE)

Reptiles Spondylurus magnacruzae Greater Saint Croix Skink CR(PE)

Reptiles Spondylurus monitae Monito Skink CR(PE)

Reptiles Spondylurus spilonotus Greater Virgin Islands Skink CR(PE)

Reptiles Stenocercus haenschi Haensch's Whorltail Iguana CR(PE)

Reptiles Trimetopon viquezi Viquez's Tropical Ground Snake CR(PE)

Amphibians Altiphrynoides osgoodi Osgood's Ethiopian Toad CR(PE)

Amphibians Andinobates abditus Collins' Poison Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Andinophryne colomai Carchi Andes Toad CR(PE)

Amphibians Aromobates nocturnus Skunk Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Arthroleptides dutoiti Du Toit's Torrent Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Arthroleptis kutogundua Overlooked Squeaker Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Arthroleptis troglodytes Cave Squeaker CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus ardila

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus balios Rio Pescado Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus carbonerensis La Carbonera Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus chiriquiensis Lewis' Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus chirripoensis

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus chrysocorallus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus eusebiodiazi

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus famelicus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus guanujo

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus halihelos Morona-Santiago Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus lynchi

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus mindoensis Mindo Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus muisca La Arboleda Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus nanay

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus onorei

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus oxyrhynchus Rednose Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus pachydermus Schmidt's Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus pastuso

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus peruensis Peru Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus petersi

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus pinangoi Pinango Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus planispina Flat-spined Atelopus CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus podocarpus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus sernai

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus sorianoi Cloud Forest Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)

Amphibians Bokermannohyla izecksohni

CR(PE)

Amphibians Bradytriton silus Finca Chiblac Salamander CR(PE)

Amphibians Bromeliohyla dendroscarta Greater Bromeliad Treefrog CR(PE)

Amphibians Centrolene heloderma Pichincha Giant Glass Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Charadrahyla altipotens Yellow-bellied Voiceless Treefrog CR(PE)

Amphibians Charadrahyla trux Spine-fingered Treefrog CR(PE)

Amphibians Chiropterotriton magnipes Big-footed Salamander CR(PE)

Amphibians Colostethus jacobuspetersi

CR(PE)

Amphibians Conraua derooi Togo Slippery Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor anciano Corquin Robber Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor angelicus Angel Robber Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor coffeus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor cruzi Cruz Robber Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor emleni

CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor fecundus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor gulosus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor obesus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor olanchano

CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor omoaensis

CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor polymniae Sierra Juarez Robber Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor stadelmani

CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor trachydermus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Cryptobatrachus nicefori

CR(PE)

Amphibians Ecnomiohyla echinata Oaxacan Fringe-limbed Treefrog CR(PE)

Amphibians Eleutherodactylus eneidae Villalba Robber Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Eleutherodactylus glanduliferoides La Visite Robber Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti Karl's Robber Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Eleutherodactylus orcutti Arntully Robber Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Eleutherodactylus schmidti Schmidt's Robber Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Eleutherodactylus semipalmatus Foothill Robber Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Gastrotheca lauzuricae La Siberia Marsupial Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Holoaden bradei Itatiaia Highland Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Hyla heinzsteinitzi

CR(PE)

Amphibians Hyloscirtus chlorosteus Parjacti Treefrog CR(PE)

Amphibians Hyloxalus edwardsi Edwards' Rocket Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Hyloxalus ruizi Ruiz's Rocket Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Hypsiboas cymbalum

CR(PE)

Amphibians Incilius fastidiosus Pico Blanco Toad CR(PE)

Amphibians Isthmohyla debilis Isla Bonita Treefrog CR(PE)

Amphibians Lithobates omiltemanus Guerreran Leopard Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Lithobates pueblae

CR(PE)

Amphibians Lithobates tlaloci Tlaloc's Leopard Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Litoria castanea Yellow-spotted Tree Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Litoria piperata Peppered Tree Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Mannophryne neblina

CR(PE)

Amphibians Melanophryniscus peritus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Oedipina paucidentata El Empalme Worm Salamander CR(PE)

Amphibians Oreobates zongoensis

CR(PE)

Amphibians Parhoplophryne usambarica Amani Forest Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Peltophryne fluviatica Hispaniolan Crestless Toad CR(PE)

Amphibians Philautus jacobsoni

CR(PE)

Amphibians Plectrohyla calvicollina Cerro Pelón Treefrog CR(PE)

Amphibians Plectrohyla celata Oaxaca Treefrog CR(PE)

Amphibians Plectrohyla cembra

CR(PE)

Amphibians Plectrohyla cyanomma Blue-eyed Aquatic Treefrog CR(PE)

Amphibians Plectrohyla ephemera

CR(PE)

Amphibians Plectrohyla hazelae Hazel's Treefrog CR(PE)

Amphibians Plectrohyla siopela Voiceless Treefrog CR(PE)

Amphibians Plectrohyla thorectes Adler's Mottled Treefrog CR(PE)

Amphibians Pristimantis bernali Argelia Robber Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Proceratophrys moratoi Botucatu Escuerzo CR(PE)

Amphibians Prostherapis dunni

CR(PE)

Amphibians Pseudoeurycea ahuitzotl

CR(PE)

Amphibians Pseudoeurycea anitae

CR(PE)

Amphibians Pseudoeurycea aquatica Aquatic Salamander CR(PE)

Amphibians Pseudoeurycea naucampatepetl Cofre de Perote Salamander CR(PE)

Amphibians Pseudoeurycea praecellens

CR(PE)

Amphibians Pseudoeurycea tlahcuiloh

CR(PE)

Amphibians Pseudoeurycea unguidentis

CR(PE)

Amphibians Rhinella rostrata

CR(PE)

Amphibians Rhinoderma rufum

CR(PE)

Amphibians Scutiger maculatus Piebald Alpine Toad CR(PE)

Amphibians Telmatobius cirrhacelis Loja Water Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Telmatobius niger Black Water Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Telmatobius vellardi Vellard's Water Frog CR(PE)

Amphibians Thorius infernalis Atoyac Minute Salamander CR(PE)

Amphibians Thorius minydemus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Thorius munificus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Thorius narismagnus San Martin Pigmy Salamander CR(PE)

Amphibians Vandijkophrynus amatolicus Amatola Toad CR(PE)

Fishes Acanthobrama centisquama Long-spine Bream CR(PE)

Fishes Acanthobrama tricolor Damascus Bream CR(PE)

Fishes Acipenser dabryanus Yangtze Sturgeon CR(PE)

Fishes Acipenser naccarii Adriatic Sturgeon CR(PE)

Fishes Alosa vistonica

CR(PE)

Fishes Anabarilius qiluensis

CR(PE)

Fishes Anabarilius yangzonensis

CR(PE)

Fishes Azurina eupalama Galápagos Damsel CR(PE)

Fishes Balantiocheilos ambusticauda Siamese Bala-shak CR(PE)

Fishes Barbodes bovanicus Bovany Barb CR(PE)

Fishes Caecocypris basimi Haditha Cavefish CR(PE)

Fishes Carcharhinus hemiodon Pondicherry Shark CR(PE)

Fishes Cobitis kellei Diyarbakir Spined Loach CR(PE)

Fishes Coregonus hoferi

CR(PE)

Fishes Coregonus reighardi Shortnose Cisco CR(PE)

Fishes Cyprinus barbatus

CR(PE)

Fishes Cyprinus ilishaestomus

CR(PE)

Fishes Cyprinus micristius Dianchi Carp CR(PE)

Fishes Cyprinus qionghaiensis

CR(PE)

Fishes Cyprinus yunnanensis

CR(PE)

Fishes Fundulopanchax powelli

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis aelocephalus

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis antleter

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis apogonoides

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis argenteus

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis barbarae

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis bareli

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis brownae

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis cassius

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis cinctus

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis cnester

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis coprologus

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis crassilabris

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis crocopeplus

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis dentex

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis dichrourus

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis flavipinnis

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis granti

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis guiarti

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis heusinkveldi

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis hiatus

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis iris

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis ishmaeli

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis katunzii

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis longirostris

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis macrognathus

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis martini

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis michaeli

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis microdon

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis mylergates

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis nanoserranus

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis pancitrinus

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis parvidens

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis percoides

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis perrieri

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis plutonius

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis ptistes

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis pyrrhopteryx

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis sp. nov. 'micro-obesus'

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis sphex

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis sulphureus

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis teegelaari

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis theliodon

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis ushindi

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis victorianus

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis vonlinnei

CR(PE)

Fishes Haplochromis xenostoma

CR(PE)

Fishes Hemibagrus punctatus Nilgiri Mystus CR(PE)

Fishes Hypselobarbus pulchellus

CR(PE)

Fishes Knipowitschia cameliae Danube Delta Dwarf Goby CR(PE)

Fishes Pantanodon sp. nov. 'Manombo'

CR(PE)

Fishes Paraschistura chrysicristinae Diyarbakır Loach CR(PE)

Fishes Parapsilorhynchus prateri Deolali Minnow CR(PE)

Fishes Poropuntius chonglingchungi

CR(PE)

Fishes Psephurus gladius Chinese Paddlefish CR(PE)

Fishes Pseudophoxinus sojuchbulagi Akstafa Spring Roach CR(PE)

Fishes Pseudophoxinus syriacus Barada Spring Minnow CR(PE)

Fishes Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi Syr-darya Shovelnose Sturgeon CR(PE)

Fishes Puntius compressiformis

CR(PE)

Fishes Puntius deccanensis Deccan Barb CR(PE)

Fishes Schistura nasifilis

CR(PE)

Fishes Schistura tenura

CR(PE)

Fishes Sciaena callaensis

CR(PE)

Fishes Stiphodon discotorquatus

CR(PE)

Fishes Urolophus javanicus Java Stingaree CR(PE)

Fishes Xenoclarias eupogon Lake Victoria Deepwater Catfish CR(PE)