supply chain of grapes

Presentation On

Supply Chain of Grapes

ByAbhijit Kamble (1502002)Anand Kumar (1502022)

Grape is a commercially important fruit crop of India.

It is a temperate crop which has got

adapted to sub-tropical climate of peninsular

India

Grapes are a type of fruit that grow in clusters

of 15 to 300

They can be crimson, black,

dark blue, yellow, green, orange, and

pink

Introduction Production Post-HarvestManagement

Market Scenario

Suggestions

Grape?

75,866 square kilometers of the world are dedicated to grapes

Approx 71% of world grape

production is used for wine, 27% as

fresh fruit, and 2% as dried fruit

The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by

about 2% per year


Market Scenario

Suggestions

World Scenario

Introduction

Production

Post-HarvestManagement

China Italy USA France Spain Turkey Chile Argentina Iran India0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Million tonnes

Million tonnes

Top Grape Producers

China is worlds largest grape

Producer

India is the 10 th largest grape

producer

Market Scenario

Suggestions

Introduction

Production


46.3

11.5

10.4

8.7

7

6.5

3.12 2.5 1 1

China

India

European Union

Turkey

Brazil

United States

Russia

South Korea

Ukraine

Peru

Other

World Grape Consumption (USFDA Report)

Market Scenario

Suggestions


Grape VarietiesSingle Species• Wine Grapes• Table Grapes• Wine and Table• Wine Grape rootstock and

hybridisation source• Culinary/dyes

Multi-Species Hybrid • Wine• Table• Table and Wine• Rootstock

Market Scenario

Suggestions


Nearly 30 varieties of grapes are cultivated in India

Fresh fruits, which include grape, have been identified by the Ministry of Commerce, the Government of India, as one

of the extreme focus segments for export from India

Principal commercial varieties are Thompson Seedless and its clones, Tas-e-Ganesh and Sonaka Seedless, Sharad

Seedless (Black Seedless), Flame Seedless (Red Seedless).

Indian Varieties

Market Scenario

Suggestions


Around 25 Lakh tonnes of grapes are produced in India every year. The top Grapes producing states include

Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and

Mizoram

The most grown variety of grapes is Thompson Seedless

and its clones

The grapes varieties which have been given GI protection

are Nashik Grapes and Bangalore Blue Grapes.

Indian Scenario

Market Scenario

Suggestions

Introduction

Production


The contribution of India in foreign trade of grape and its processed products is meagre

Export of fresh grape from India is on the increase.

The share of Indian grape in the imports of the European countries and Asian countries is also

increasing

Seeded varieties that are demanded in USA and Italy markets are not produced in India

To tap this potential, there is a need to increase area under seeded varieties of grapes

The wine trade has enormous potential, with the support of Govt. policies India can make a mark in

wine industry at global level

Indian Scenario

Market Scenario

Suggestions

Introduction

Production


24.08

16.9

6.36

1.92

1.62 2.76

1.17 5.15

Value(crores)

5.04

4.83

1.35

0.62

0.56

0.51

0.28 1.35

Quantity( millionTones)

U.K.

U.A.E.

Netherlands

Saudi Arabia

Sri Lanka

Oman

Germany

Others

Indian Scenario: Exports

Market Scenario

Suggestions

Introduction

Production


• Soil Ph value :6.5 to 7.5• Temperature: 15 to 35 degrees Celsius

Agro-climatiRequiremen

ts• Leveling• Size of plot varies with training system

Land Preparation

• Propagated through hard wood cutting

• Planted in pits of size between 60 to 90 cm

Planting

• Bower, Kniffing, Telephone and HeadTraining Systems

• Single Pruning, Double PruningPruning

• To Regulate growthShoot Pinching

• Depending upon region and training systemsIrrigation

Market Scenario

Suggestions

Introduction

Production


Training Systems

Varieties Distanceof Planting

System of training

No. of canes per vine

No. of buds per cane

Thompson Seedles

2 x 3 Kniffin 16-20 8-10

Beauty Seedles

2 x 2 Head 16-20 3-4

Anab-e-Shahi

3 x 6 Arbour 60-80 5-6

Perlettee 3 x 3 Head,Kniffin 30-40 3-4

In India systems like bower, kniffin, telephone, head and slanting trellis have been tried in the past, but the bower & telephone system are being followed on a large scale

About 80% of the vineyard area in India is on bower system The training system and intensity of pruning recommended for

different varieties is given below

Market Scenario

Suggestions

Introduction

Production


Market Analysis

Training Systems

• Widely used in commercial cultivation of grapes • Used for varieties with high degree of apical

dominance• Only the best shoot growing vertically is allowed to

grow along the stake provided upto the bower height.

Bower

• It is suitable for training moderately vigorous varieties having less degree of apical dominance.

• Close planting of vines within a row at spacing of 1.80 to 2.40 m is followed keeping the row to row distance at 3 meters.

• As in the case of Bower, the vigorous and vertically growing shoot is trained along the vertical support.

Kniffin

Suggestions

Introduction

Production


Market Analysis

Training Systems

• It is a mini discontinuous bower with shoots hanging downwards with three topped wires and T-shaped support

• The trellis looks like a telephone pole and wires• It is as expensive as kniffin system• Suitable for moderately vigorous varieties with

slightly more apical dominance

Telephone

• Least expensive of all the training systems• Suitable for less vigorous varieties with less

degree of apical dominance • The return on investment made is less as

compared to the Bower system.• Size of the berries produced on this system is

larger as compared to that of other systems. • Incidence of diseases is much less on this

system

Head

Suggestions

Introduction

Production

Post-HarvestManagementPruning

Single Pruning-Single

cropping

Prevalent in North India

Grapevines are pruned with the onset of spring

or during late winter (mostly January-

February)

Floral differentiation on the current shoots and the fruit set take place

simultaneously

Double pruning –

Single cropping

Predominantly followed in Maharashtra, north interior Karnataka

After harvest in summer, the vines are forced to

undergo rest for about a month, during which

period water is withheld to help concentrate the reserves in the mature

parts of the vine..

Market Scenario

Suggestions

Introduction

Production


Improvement in Fruit Quality

Pruning time, variations in

climate during the growth

period determine the quality of the

produce

Good variety bunches of

Grapes for eating should be from medium to big sized, seedless

grains

Removal of distal end of the bunch helps in uniform

ripening of berries.

Application of growth

regulators also helps in

improving the fruit quality.

Market Scenario

Suggestions

Introduction

Production


Harvesting and YieldIn North India, plants start fruiting

after two years of planting

Berries start ripening from the end of May in early varieties

most of the varieties are harvested after they have changed colour

near the tip and have become sweet

A day prior to picking, the broken, decayed, deformed, under-sized

berries are removedThe clusters are usually harvested during the early hours of the day

before the temperature rises above 200 C

Yield varies according to variety and climatic conditions etc

Average yield of 20-25 tonnes/ha. is considered good

Market Scenario

Suggestions

Introduction

Production


Grading is mainly done based on the size and colour of the grapes to maintain uniformity of berries in a package

While grading, size of the berry is the criterion but not the size or shape of the bunch

Grading

Pre-Cooling Pre-cooling is done to reduce the field

heat, moisture loss and subsequently increase the storability of grapes.

Fruit needs to be pre-cooled to a temperature below 4.40 C within six hours after harvesting in cold rooms, forced air coolers, refrigerator cars and tunnels.

Cooling of grapes is generally carried out in special rooms attached to the cold storage units.

Market Scenario

Suggestions

Introduction

Production


Storage The shelf life of grapes is only one week at

room temperature The storage life of grapes can be

increased by employing suitable means to reduce desiccation, decay due to growth of fungi

Pre-cooled grapes are packed in corrugated boxes in 4.5/5/9 kgs and kept in cold storage

Boxes are specially designed with perforations to allow cool air to pass through

The boxes are palletized to facilitate easy handling

Market Scenario

Suggestions

Table grapes meant for local market are picked and packed directly in containers in the field

Table grapes meant for long distance markets and those for overseas markets are packed differently in the packing shed

Raisin, juice and wine grapes are subjected to suitable treatments and processed

Different types of containers are used for packing grapes in India

For the European market, bunches of grapes of approx. 300 to 700 gms. are packed in food grade plastic pouches

Introduction

Production


Packaging

Market Scenario

Suggestions

Introduction

Production


Packaging Types

Type Diameter at the Top(cm)

Base(cm) Height(cm)

Capacity(Kg)

Bucket Shaped Box

36 20 25 5

Rectangular Wooden box

40 25 25 5-8

Corrugated Fibre Board

37.5 25.5 11.5 4-6

Market Scenario

Suggestions

Introduction

Production


Market Scenario

Transportation Table grapes are mostly transported

through roadways for local, short distance or long distance markets

About 5 % of the produce is transported by rail and the quality of produce transported through air cargo is almost negligible

The cold chain for grapes is maintained meticulously right from pre-cooling state to selling of the same

The produce for international market is sent through refrigerated vans by road upto the sea port and then again by sea in refrigerated containers in the ships to their respective destination

Suggestions

Introduction

Production


ExportContainer filling

The 40ft. reefer containers are pre-cooled to 2 degrees C and then are filled with the packed produce under supervision of an Central Excise & Customs supervisor

Containers are then sealed at the site by Central Excise & Customs inspector

Dispatch to Destinations

The filled containers are then transported and shipped to various destinations as per the directives

Market Scenario

Suggestions

Introduction

Production


Market Scenario

Suggestions

Introduction

Production


Market Scenario

Training of

packaging

practices

Infrastructure

development can be

supported by

providing soft loans

and subsidies for pre-

cooling and cold

storage facilities

Acquisition of new packagin

g technology such as

MAP bags and

more effective cardboar

d packagin

g

Domestic sale

could significan

tly increase with a

shift from street

sellers to organise

d retailers

coming in the

market

Facilitate production of new varieties through tie-ups with

foreign and

domestic research centres.

R&D required

to improve grapes

Suggestions

Thank You

supply chain of grapes

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