supporting information · 25 wt% 35 wt% 50 wt% relative dielectric constant 70 wt% frequency (hz) 6...
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Supporting Information
Wearable high-dielectric-constant polymer with core-shell liquid metal inclusions for
biomechanical energy harvesting and self-powered user interface
Shengjie Gao1, 2, Ruoxing Wang1, 2, Chenxiang Ma1, 2, 3, Zihao Chen4, Yixiu Wang1, 2, Min Wu1, 2, Zhiyuan Tang3, Ning Bao5, Dong Ding6, Wenxuan Wu7*, Fengru Fan8*, Wenzhuo Wu1, 2, 9, 10*
1School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
2Flex Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
3Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
4School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
5School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, China
6Energy & Environment Science and Technology, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, USA
7Shenzhen Broadthink Advanced Materials Technologies Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518117, China
8Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
9Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
10Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
e-mail: Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to W. Z. W ([email protected]), F. R. F ([email protected]), or W. X. W
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry A.This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2019
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Supporting Figure 1 | Illustration of the fabrication of LMI-TENG with ITO electrode.
Dropping Ecoflex Dropping LMEFS
Dropping Ecoflex
Spincoating
Spincoating
Spincoating
Curing
PET-ITO Sheet
3
Supporting Figure 3 | LMI-TENG’s output power measurement. (a) Voltage and Current output
under different external loads. (b)The result of CMEO as a function of different wt% of LMPs in
LMI-TENG.
0 5 15 25 35 50 700
100
200
300
400
500
600O
utp
ut
En
erg
y/c
ycle
(n
J)
Liquid Metal (wt%)
100m 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M100M 1G 10G-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Resistance (Ohm)
Vo
ltag
e (
V)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Cu
rren
t (
A)
a b
10 1k 100k 10M 1G
0
6
12
Po
wer
(mW
/m2)
Resistance (Ohm)
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
-20
-10
0
10
20
Vo
ltag
e (
V)
Chrage (nC)
0%
5%
15%
25%
35%
50%
70%
(i)
(ii)
Z
X
y
Z
X
y
50 wt% 70 wt%
Supplementary Figure 2 | 3D Micro-CT results showing the shape and distribution of LMPs in
two types of LMEFS.
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Supporting Figure 4 | Surface Potential of CL in Different Types of LMI-TENG. (a) The illustration
of KPFM results of Al and different types of SDS. (b) The plot of surface potential of Al and CL as
a function of different wt.% of LMPs.
Al
5 wt% 15 wt% 25 wt%
50 wt%35 wt% 70 wt%
0 wt%
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Supporting Figure 5 | LMI-TENG’s dielectric measurement. (a) Dielectric constant of SDS with
different wt.% of LMPs insides as a function of frequency showing that the dielectric constant is
frequency independent. (b) Dissipation factors of SDS with 50% LM. and 0% Insides as a function
of frequency showing that it was frequency independent.
1k 10k 100k 1M
0.00
0.08
0.16
0.24
Dis
sip
ati
on
Fa
cto
r
Frequency (Hz)
0 wt%
50 wt%
a b
0.0 200.0k 400.0k 600.0k 800.0k 1.0M0
3
6
9
12
15
18 0 wt%
15 wt%
25 wt%
35 wt%
50 wt%
70 wt%
Re
lati
ve
Die
lec
tric
Co
ns
tan
t
Frequency (Hz)
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Supporting Figure 6 | Statistical result of the spatial distribution of LMPs inside LMEFS (a)-(b)
Segmented image of the selected area of LMEFS, scale bar =100 um and its corresponding
distance distribution between two nearest LMPs. (c) The primary radius distribution of LMPs in
different types of LMEFS. (d) The statistical result of the primary radius distribution for different
LMEFS.
c
5% 15% 25% 35% 50% 70%a
b
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Dis
tan
ce (
um
)
Liquid metal (wt%)0 15 30 45 60 75
0
70
140
210
280
Liquid Metal (wt%)
Num
be
r of LM
P
0
10
20
30
40
50
Are
a p
erc
enta
ge (
%)
d
7
Supporting Figure 7 | Illustration of the fabrication of LMI-TENG with Ag NWs electrode.
PET Sheet
Dropping AgNWs solution Dropping Ecoflex Dropping LMEFS
Spincoating Spincoating
Spincoating Curing
Peeling-offBlade-coating
Dropping Ecoflex
CuringCuring
Dropping Ecoflex
5 μm
500nm
Rs= ~30 Ω/sq
AgNWs
PET Sheet
Dropping AgNWs solution Dropping Ecoflex Dropping LMEFS
Spincoating Spincoating
Spincoating Curing
Peeling-offBlade-coating
Dropping Ecoflex
CuringCuring
Dropping Ecoflex
5 μm
500nm
Rs= ~30 Ω/sq
AgNWs
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Supporting Figure 8 | Working performance and mechanical stability of LMI-TENG with Ag
NWs electrode. (a) Open-circuit Voltage. (b) Short-circuit Current density. (c) Short-circuit
transferred charge density. (d) Mechanical Stability test.
0 600 1200 1800
0
40
80
120
160
Vo
lta
ge
(V
)
Time (s)
0
40
80
120
160
50 wt% LM
40302010
Vo
c (
V)
Time (s)
0
0 wt% LM
0 10 20 30 40
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Js
c(m
A/m
2)
Time (s)
50 wt% LM 0 wt% LM
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40-160
-120
-80
-40
0
40
s
c (
C/m
2)
Time (s)
50 wt% LM
0 wt% LM
a b
d c
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Supporting Figure 9 | MCS demonstration (a) Illustration of LMI-TENG based MCS. (b) Pressure
sensitivity of LMI-TENG with Ag NWs as electrode. (c) The diagram of the equivalent circuit of
LMI-TENG based MCS. (d) Serial communication screenshot in LMI-TENG based MCS.