supporting attention for self-regulated learning in ... · supporting attention for self-regulated...

Supporting Attention for Self-Regulated Learning in Children and Adolescents

Aisling MulvihillSpeech and Language Pathologist

PhD Candidate – School of Education (UQ)

[email protected]

2

Background

3

Research Team

Aisling Mulvihill

Dr Deberea Sherlock

Prof Annemaree

Carroll

Prof Jason Mattingly

Prof Paul Dux Dr Natasha Matthews

Anica Newman

Part 1 – Research Informed Intervention Approach• The Attention Network Model• Research Informed Skill Building• A Metacognitive Approach

Part 2 – Investigation Into the Effectiveness of a Meta-Attention Program

Overview

4

Supporting Self-Regulated Learning

5

Sameroff & Fiese (2000)

The Attention Network Model

Attention Network ModelPosner & Rothbart (2007; 2014)

7

Alerting Network Orienting Network

Executive Control Network

Attention Network ModelAlerting Network

8

Function Structures Modulator

Alert Locus coeruleusRight frontalParietal Cortex

Norepinepherine

• A state of attentional readiness

• Important state for learning

• Warning signals and predictability support attentional readiness

(Posner & Rothbart, 2014)

Attention Network ModelAlerting Network – Further Research

9

• SLRC Research led by Prof A. Carroll, Prof J. Mattingley, A/Prof P. Dux & Dr N Matthews

• Neural markers of attentional readiness and the impact on learning

• EEG records brain activity during mathematics task


10

Continuous EEG Signal


11

Alpha Waves

Lower pre-trial alpha amplitude increased attentional readiness increased performance

Higher pre-trial alpha amplitude decreased attentional readiness decreased performance

Monitor alertness

Consider the impact of the environment/physical state

Work for short focused periods

Encourage student awareness and self-monitoring

Use warning signals or cues

Attention Network ModelSupports for the Alerting Network

12

Attention Network ModelOrienting Network

13


Orient Superior parietalTemporal parietal junctionFrontal eye fieldsSuperior colliculus

Acetylcholine

• Aligning attention with sensory signals

• Selective, sustained attention is critical for explicit learning (Erikson et. al, 2015)

• Initially governed by novelty but increasingly controlled and selective (Ruff & Rothbart, 1996; Erikson et. al., 2015)


Attention Network ModelOrienting Network

14

Orienting attention can be influenced by:• Saliency of stimuli (Ruff & Rothbart, 1996)

• Prior knowledge and learning (Kim & Rehder, 2011)

• Motivation and reward (Bourgeois, Chelazzi & Vuilleumier, 2016)

• Emotion (Pine et. al., 2005; Shackman, Shackman, & Pollak, 2007)

15

Attention Network ModelOrienting Network – Further Research

Create interest in the material

Reduce environmental distractors

Make learning goals clear and explicit

Link new learning to prior learning

Single focus where possible – multitasking does not support performance

Attention Network ModelSupports for the Orienting Network

16

Attention Network ModelExecutive Attention Network

17


ExecutiveAttention

Anterior cingulateLateral ventralPrefrontalBasal ganglia

Dopamine

• Control of attention

• Important for goal directed actions

• Control of attention in young children tends to be reactive and becomes more proactive with maturation (Chevalier et. al, 2015)


Attention Network ModelExecutive Attention Network

18

• Typically explored in research that involves conflict towards attainment of a goal

BLUE, RED, YELLOW, GREEN, BROWN, BROWN, BLUE, ORANGE,

GREEN, RED, BLUE, WHITE, BLACK, GREEN, YELLOW, ORANGE

19

• Help students develop goals and prioritise actions Make learning goals explicit Use feedback effectively Use planning tools

• Encourage self-reflection Encourage students to stop and think before they act Provide replacement for impulsive actions Explore outcomes and visualise helpful prior to demanding situations

Attention Network ModelSupports for the Executive Attention Network

Skill Building Resources

The Ant Patrol(Sherlock & Mulvihill, 2013)

The MASTER Focus Program(Sherlock & Mulvihill, 2015)


Meta-attention Intervention

Session 1: Introduction to Impulse and Attention ControlPsycho-education of Attention

Session 2: The Energy NetworkAttentional Readiness

Session 3: Control your EnergyInhibitory Control (Activation and Inhibition)

Session 4: Tune in to Your Thinking Motivation for Effort & Sustained Attention

Session 5: The Energy Network Continued Motivation, Attentional Readiness & Sustained Attention

Session 6: The Focus NetworkSelective Attention

Session 7: The Control NetworkExecutive Control & Motivation for effort

Session 8: The Control Network – Stay FocusedExecutive Control & Motivation for effort

A Metacognitive Intervention Approach

Metacognitive Vs Brain Training Interventions

• Typically laboratory and computer based

• Training effects typically limited with little evidence of transfer

• Lack functional application to traditional education settings

(Redick et al., 2013)

Metacognitive Intervention

• A mental activity that regulates cognition

• Reflects ‘top-down’ regulatory control

• Targets task approach (knowledge and control)

• Potential for translation to applied educational context

(Marulis et al., 2016; Schneider & Lockl, 2008; Kuhn & Dean, 2004)


Awareness

Knowledge

Self-Monitoring

Self-Control

Self-discovery

TeachingModelling

PrimingCueing in Action

Feedback

FeedbackSelf-evaluation

Stage Scaffolding

Research Snapshot:Investigation into the Effectiveness of

Meta-Attention Training

Learning to FocusA Metacognitive Intervention Study

EDUCATION RESEARCH COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE (PSYCHOLOGY)

NEUROSCIENCE

Bringing Researchers Together

Learning to Focus Study – At a Glance

Recruitment


Recruitment

Screening and Pre-Intervention Measures110 Students

15 Schools


Recruitment

Screening and Pre-Intervention Measures

Intervention ConditionMeta-attention Training

No: 32Age: 12.83Gender:18m 14f

Active ConditionMetalinguistic Training


No-Contact Control


Dropped out: 3Poor attendance: 7No-contact controls lost: 8


Recruitment






No-Contact Control



Midway Transfer Measures Midway Transfer Measures


Recruitment






No-Contact Control



Midway Transfer Measures Midway Transfer Measures

Post-Intervention Measures

Learning to Focus Study – Training Programs


Target InterventionMeta-Attention Training

(thinking about attention)

Active Control InterventionMeta-Linguistic Training

(thinking about written expression)


Meta-Attention Training(thinking about attention)

Meta-Linguistic Training(thinking about written expression)

8 weekly sessions

1.5hour session time

Group based instructional format

Targets metacognition

Weekday reflection tasks

Cascade of skill development


Meta-Attention Training(thinking about attention)

Meta-Linguistic Training(thinking about written expression)

• Knowledge of attention

• Strategies for proactive control that target:

- Arousal levels- Inhibition- Selective attention- Motivation- Goal setting and planning

• Knowledge of writing genres and structures

• Strategies for written expression that target:

- Idea generation- Written plans and structures- Use of writing templates- Elaboration- Monitoring and review

Learning to Focus Study – Training ProgramsMeta-Attention Intervention

Session 1: Introduction to Impulse and Attention ControlPsycho-education of Attention

Session 2: The Energy NetworkAttentional Readiness

Session 3: Control your EnergyInhibitory Control (Activation and Inhibition)

Session 4: Tune in to Your Thinking Motivation for Effort & Sustained Attention

Session 5: The Energy Network Continued Motivation, Attentional Readiness & Sustained Attention

Session 6: The Focus NetworkSelective Attention

Session 7: The Control NetworkExecutive Control & Motivation for effort

Session 8: The Control Network – Stay FocusedExecutive Control & Motivation for effort

Meta-Linguistic Intervention

Session 1: Psycho-education of Written ExpressionAwareness of Written Expression

Session 2: Growing Narratives – The Big IdeasGenerating Relevant Content – Flow of Ideas

Session 3: Growing Narratives – Organise IdeasPlanning Written Structures

Session 4: Growing Narratives – Describing IdeasKnowledge and Use of Word Types

Session 5: Recount/AccountSelf-monitoring - Awareness of Specific Writing Genre

Session 6: Procedural TextAwareness of Specific Writing Genre

Session 7: Persuasive TextAwareness of Specific Writing Genre

Session 8: Fictional NarrativeAwareness of Specific Writing Genre

Learning to Focus Study – Measures


ERNN2Pc

Pre-Trial Alpha Pe

Correct vs incorrect

Fig 2: Response-locked responses at Cz

correct-200-198-196-194-192-190-188-186-184-182-180-178-176-174-172-170-168-166-164-162-160-158-156-154-152-150-148-146-144-142-140-138-136-134-132-130-128-126-124-122-120-118-116-114-112-110-108-106-104-102-100-98-96-94-92-90-88-86-84-82-80-78-76-74-72-70-68-66-64-62-60-58-56-54-52-50-48-46-44-42-40-38-36-34-32-30-28-26-24-22-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-202468101214161820222426283032343638404244464850525456586062646668707274767880828486889092949698100102104106108110112114116118120122124126128130132134136138140142144146148150152154156158160162164166168170172174176178180182184186188190192194196198200202204206208210212214216218220222224226228230232234236238240242244246248250252254256258260262264266268270272274276278280282284286288290292294296298300302304306308310312314316318320322324326328330332334336338340342344346348350352354356358360362364366368370372374376378380382384386388390392394396398400402404406408410412414416418420422424426428430432434436438440442444446448450452454456458460462464466468470472474476478480482484486488490492494496498-0.21209-0.27168999999999999-0.31290000000000001-0.33129999999999998-0.32451000000000002-0.29252-0.23812-0.16683000000000001-8.6480000000000001E-2-4.8700000000000002E-37.1709999999999996E-20.139860000000000010.199140000000000010.251680000000000010.300889999999999990.350009999999999990.400849999999999980.453150.504739999999999970.552350000000000010.592879999999999960.624510000000000010.647630000000000040.664789999999999990.679599999999999980.695729999999999960.715860000000000050.741129999999999960.771270000000000010.804960000000000010.839920.872940000000000050.900730000000000030.921100000000000030.933780000000000050.940139999999999980.941890000000000010.940089999999999980.934520000000000020.923669999999999990.905360000000000050.877950000000000010.841940000000000020.800579999999999960.758820000000000050.721149999999999960.690030000000000030.665830000000000030.647830000000000020.634939999999999950.625619999999999950.617319999999999980.606750000000000010.590670000000000030.566599999999999990.533129999999999990.489800000000000010.436979999999999980.375740000000000020.308170.23820.171520000000000010.114377.1239999999999998E-24.36E-23.0790000000000001E-23.1220000000000001E-24.283E-26.2609999999999999E-28.6489999999999997E-20.109909999999999990.128610.139240.139570.129239999999999990.11048.6900000000000005E-26.2710000000000002E-24.0550000000000003E-22.094E-22.5400000000000002E-3-1.7469999999999999E-2-4.1579999999999999E-2-7.0680000000000007E-2-0.10389-0.13889000000000001-0.17269999999999999-0.2034-0.23080999999999999-0.25581999999999999-0.28001999999999999-0.30463000000000001-0.33033000000000001-0.35754000000000002-0.38605-0.41494999999999999-0.44325999999999999-0.46966000000000002-0.49357000000000001-0.51517999999999997-0.53458000000000006-0.55128999999999995-0.56428999999999996-0.5726-0.57670999999999994-0.57811000000000001-0.57872000000000001-0.57901999999999998-0.57813000000000003-0.57323999999999997-0.56184000000000001-0.54315000000000002-0.51885000000000003-0.49286000000000002-0.47047-0.45627000000000001-0.45288-0.45978000000000002-0.47409000000000001-0.49159999999999998-0.50890000000000002-0.52390999999999999-0.53510999999999997-0.54071999999999998-0.53742999999999996-0.52053000000000005-0.48504000000000003-0.42703999999999998-0.34484999999999999-0.23896000000000001-0.112362.963E-20.180590.333890000000000020.483520000000000010.624920000000000030.755220.873399999999999950.979960000000000051.07651999999999991.16477000000000011.245591.31932999999999991.38620999999999991.446521.50052000000000011.54902000000000011.59417000000000011.63962000000000011.68991.749291.82061.90416000000000011.99794999999999992.099312.20602000000000012.31617000000000012.427132.53547000000000012.63816000000000012.73363999999999982.82181000000000022.90297999999999992.97673999999999913.041823.096463.13901999999999993.168053.18197000000000023.178763.15601999999999983.11202999999999993.04721000000000022.96483000000000012.87001000000000022.76786999999999982.66223000000000012.55508999999999992.44662999999999992.33605999999999182.22250000000000012.10564000000000021.98574999999999991.86356000000000011.73991000000000011.614871.487391.355881.21913999999999991.076870.929520000000000010.777970000000000050.623319999999999990.466970.310790000000000010.156849999999999997.0400000000000003E-3-0.13666-0.27277000000000001-0.39996999999999999-0.51707999999999998-0.62229000000000001-0.71318999999999999-0.78610000000000002-0.83799999999999997-0.86841000000000002-0.87961-0.87641999999999998-0.86412999999999995-0.84692999999999996-0.82733999999999996-0.80674000000000001-0.78515000000000001-0.76205999999999996-0.73695999999999995-0.70987-0.68137000000000003-0.65237999999999996-0.62309000000000003-0.59289000000000003-0.56059999999999999-0.52539999999999998-0.48770999999999998-0.44912000000000002-0.41142000000000001-0.37602999999999998-0.34383000000000002-0.31653999999999999-0.29715000000000003-0.28975000000000001-0.29755999999999999-0.32225999999999999-0.36407-0.42208000000000001-0.49387999999999999-0.57569000000000004-0.66239000000000003-0.74860000000000004-0.82930999999999999-0.90020999999999995-0.95831999999999995-1.0019199999999999-1.0309299999999999-1.0461400000000001-1.04884-1.0408500000000001-1.0240499999999999-1.0004599999999999-0.97287000000000001-0.94457000000000002-0.91957999999999995-0.90147999999999995-0.89268999999999998-0.89410000000000001-0.90510000000000002-0.92440999999999995-0.95101000000000002-0.98372000000000004-1.02173-1.06413-1.1104400000000001-1.15944-1.2091499999999999-1.2562599999999999-1.2970600000000001-1.3281700000000001-1.34727-1.35348-1.3468800000000001-1.3290900000000001-1.3045-1.2790999999999999-1.2599100000000001-1.2539100000000001-1.26752-1.3056300000000001-1.3697299999999999-1.4573400000000001-1.5622400000000001-1.6755500000000001-1.78826-1.8917600000000001-1.9791700000000001-2.0450699999999999-2.0860799999999999-2.1013899999999999-2.0929899999999999-2.0653999999999999-2.0236999999999998-1.9713099999999999-1.9091199999999999-1.8364199999999999-1.7524299999999999-1.65743-1.55324-1.44265-1.3290500000000001-1.21496-1.10226-0.99187000000000003-0.88468000000000002-0.78117999999999999-0.68208999999999997-0.58779000000000003-0.49830000000000002-0.41341-0.33300999999999997-0.25781999999999999-0.18872-0.12703-7.3539999999999994E-2-2.894E-26.0499999999999998E-33.1350000000000003E-24.684E-25.323E-25.2429999999999997E-24.802E-24.4319999999999998E-24.6309999999999997E-25.79E-28.14E-20.117690.165789999999999990.223280000000000010.286569999999999990.351169999999999980.412660000000000030.467360.512050000000000010.544549999999999980.564039999999999990.572429999999999990.573430.572620000000000020.575720000000000010.588110000000000020.613559999999999990.653619999999999980.706749999999999990.768469999999999990.832439999999999960.892059999999999960.941779999999999950.978099999999999971.00011.00903000000000011.00760000000000010.999009999999999950.98650000000000004incorrect-200-198-196-194-192-190-188-186-184-182-180-178-176-174-172-170-168-166-164-162-160-158-156-154-152-150-148-146-144-142-140-138-136-134-132-130-128-126-124-122-120-118-116-114-112-110-108-106-104-102-100-98-96-94-92-90-88-86-84-82-80-78-76-74-72-70-68-66-64-62-60-58-56-54-52-50-48-46-44-42-40-38-36-34-32-30-28-26-24-22-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-202468101214161820222426283032343638404244464850525456586062646668707274767880828486889092949698100102104106108110112114116118120122124126128130132134136138140142144146148150152154156158160162164166168170172174176178180182184186188190192194196198200202204206208210212214216218220222224226228230232234236238240242244246248250252254256258260262264266268270272274276278280282284286288290292294296298300302304306308310312314316318320322324326328330332334336338340342344346348350352354356358360362364366368370372374376378380382384386388390392394396398400402404406408410412414416418420422424426428430432434436438440442444446448450452454456458460462464466468470472474476478480482484486488490492494496498-1.2957799999999999-1.2442200000000001-1.1566700000000001-1.03301-0.87724999999999997-0.69899-0.51224000000000003-0.33238000000000001-0.17191999999999999-3.7470000000000003E-26.9389999999999993E-20.153250.224099999999999990.294159999999999980.372720.464069999999999980.567429999999999990.676690000000000010.780950000000000030.866600000000000040.922159999999999980.943019999999999970.933270000000000040.904730000000000030.874190000000000020.858940000000000040.872800000000000020.921359999999999961.001621.104671.22042999999999991.34108999999999991.46127999999999991.57512000000000011.67392999999999991.747521.78658000000000011.78357000000000011.73334000000000011.634791.49228000000000011.314561.11291000000000010.901669999999999970.699729999999999960.527279999999999970.398839999999999970.320199999999999980.292350.316809999999999980.396670000000000020.534229999999999980.726380000000000030.962840000000000031.22890000000000011.509251.791112.06484999999999992.32243999999999812.55447999999999992.74888000000000022.8929599999999922.97746999999999983.00037999999999982.96818999999999992.89353000000000022.79023999999999982.668592.53311000000000022.38446999999999992.222622.04808000000000011.86223999999999991.66867999999999991.47483999999999991.29248999999999991.135651.01791000000000010.949160.933520000000000020.969779999999999981.050031.16019000000000011.27984999999999991.38650999999999991.46066000000000011.49022000000000011.47398000000000011.41982999999999991.34288999999999991.26045000000000011.18670000000000011.128361.083521.044671.001430.942890000000000010.858450000000000050.740.583559999999999970.388919999999999990.15837000000000001-0.10357-0.39011000000000001-0.69206000000000001-0.99960000000000004-1.3040400000000001-1.6005799999999999-1.8897299999999999-2.1779700000000002-2.4759099999999998-2.7949600000000001-3.1415999999999999-3.5145400000000002-3.9036900000000001-4.2946299999999997-4.67197-5.0215099999999966-5.3295599999999999-5.5842999999999998-5.7785399999999987-5.9126899999999996-5.9950299999999999-6.0403700000000002-6.0668199999999999-6.0932599999999999-6.1356000000000002-6.2053500000000001-6.3083900000000002-6.4419300000000002-6.5920699999999997-6.7354200000000004-6.8445599999999907-6.8947999999999956-6.8685499999999946-6.7551899999999998-6.5503299999999998-6.2537799999999999-5.8700200000000002-5.4097600000000003-4.8922999999999996-4.3445499999999946-3.7964899999999999-3.2746300000000002-2.7966799999999998-2.3698199999999998-1.99146-1.6509100000000001-1.32975-1.00529-0.65624000000000005-0.268079999999999980.163479999999999990.632340000000000011.126491.634052.14616000000000012.656723.15955999999999993.64853000000000014.118224.56351999999999964.97860999999999985.35745999999999975.69564999999999975.992546.25210999999999566.48155000000000046.68846999999999976.87849999999999987.05546999999999977.22478999999999967.39697999999999577.58747999999999767.81111999999999988.07460999999999988.37217000000000068.68660000000000038.99431000000000059.27186000000000029.50177000000000059.67548000000000039.79327999999999939.86212000000000099.89134999999999929.88859000000000079.85914999999999969.80864000000000059.74477999999999879.67600000000000029.60856000000000079.54377000000000039.47517000000000039.38740999999999919.25911999999999949.06912999999999958.80301000000000048.45681000000000088.03686000000000087.55639000000000047.032546.48618999999999975.94235000000000025.42752999999999464.96408999999999974.56522999999999974.23252999999999973.9562699999999923.72006000000000013.50810999999999983.309453.117132.925372.72827999999999982.52146999999999992.30494999999999982.08481000000000011.87237999999999991.68124000000000011.52251.40274999999999991.325111.29126999999999991.30112000000000011.35207999999999991.438241.55078999999999991.67694999999999991.79980999999999991.90206999999999991.970821.998981.98354000000000011.922791.817151.670411.49045999999999991.287221.07258000000000010.858230000000000050.652689999999999990.458150.270110000000000027.9159999999999994E-2-0.12478-0.34861999999999999-0.59306999999999999-0.85070999999999997-1.10795-1.3492-1.5616399999999999-1.7374799999999999-1.8727199999999999-1.96587-2.0178099999999999-2.0307499999999998-2.0081000000000002-1.9547399999999999-1.87778-1.78853-1.7006699999999999-1.6288100000000001-1.5849500000000001-1.5758000000000001-1.6007400000000001-1.6531800000000001-1.7242299999999999-1.8055699999999999-1.89141-1.97946-2.0714000000000001-2.1721400000000002-2.28579-2.4136299999999999-2.5558700000000001-2.7129099999999999-2.8839600000000001-3.0642-3.2474400000000001-3.4280900000000001-3.6025299999999998-3.7671700000000001-3.9182199999999998-4.0519600000000002-4.1668999999999956-4.2637400000000003-4.3443899999999998-4.4112299999999998-4.4679699999999984-4.51952-4.5714600000000001-4.6257999999999937-4.67835-4.71889-4.73583-4.7209799999999946-4.6744199999999898-4.60426-4.5221999999999998-4.4383499999999998-4.3572899999999999-4.2786299999999997-4.1981799999999936-4.1103199999999998-4.0105599999999999-3.8965100000000001-3.7682500000000001-3.6274899999999999-3.4752299999999998-3.3125800000000001-3.1410200000000001-2.9608599999999998-2.77121-2.5715499999999998-2.3655900000000001-2.1623399999999999-1.9740800000000001-1.8126199999999999-1.68526-1.59541-1.5426500000000001-1.52339-1.5315399999999999-1.5603800000000001-1.6054200000000001-1.6623699999999999-1.72401-1.7779499999999999-1.8086-1.80304-1.7555799999999999-1.6697200000000001-1.55487-1.4231100000000001-1.2866500000000001-1.1549-1.03464-0.93118000000000001-0.84802999999999995-0.78586999999999996-0.74190999999999996-0.71074999999999999-0.68479999999999996-0.65513999999999994-0.61417999999999995-0.55642999999999998-0.48007-0.38730999999999999-0.28336-0.17330000000000001


Flanker Task Psychological Refractory Period

Learning to Focus Study - Preliminary results

40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

Pre Post40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

Pre Post

Global Executive Composition Meta-cognitive index

*

*

Control Meta-attention Meta-linguistic

Learning to Focus Study – Bringing Researchers Together

NEUROSCIENCE COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE (PSYCHOLOGY)

EDUCATION RESEARCH

CONTACT

Aisling MulvihillSpeech and Language Pathologist

PhD Candidate – School of Education (UQ)

[email protected]

45

Sources:

Bell, M. A. and K. Cuevas (2012). "Using EEG to study cognitive development: Issues and practices." Journal of Cognition and Development 13(3): 281-294.

Bourgeois, A., Chelazzi, L., & Vuilleumier, P. (2016). How motivation and reward learning modulate selective attention. Progress in Brain Research, 229, 325-342.

Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University (2011). Building the Brain’s “Air Traffic Control” System: How Early Experiences Shape the Development of Executive Function: Working Paper No. 11. http://www.developing child.harvard.edu

Chevalier, N., Martis, S. B., Curran, T., & Munakata, Y. (2015). Metacognitive processes in executive control development: The case of reactive and proactive control. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 27(6), 1125. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00782

Erickson, Thiessen, Godwin, Dickerson, & Fisher. (2015). Endogenously and exogenously driven selective sustained attention: Contributions to learning in kindergarten children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,138, 126-134.

Fox, S. E., Levitt, P., & Nelson, C. A., 3rd. (2010). How the timing and quality of early experiences influence the development of brain architecture. Child development, 81(1), 28-40. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01380.x

46

Kim, S., & Rehder, B. (2011). How prior knowledge affects selective attention during category learning: An eyetracking study. Memory & Cognition, 39(4), 649-665. doi:10.3758/s13421-010-0050-3

Kuhn, D., & Dean, Jr., D. (2004). Metacognition: A Bridge Between Cognitive Psychology and Educational Practice. Theory Into Practice, 43(4), 268-273.

Marulis, L. M., Palincsar, A. S., Berhenke, A. L., & Whitebread, D. (2016). Assessing metacognitive knowledge in 3–5 year olds: the development of a metacognitive knowledge interview (McKI). Metacognition and Learning, 11(3), 339-368. doi:10.1007/s11409-016-9157-7

Pine, D.S., Mogg, K., Bradley, B.P., Montgomery, L., Monk, C.S., McClure, E., & Kaufman, J. (2005). Attention bias to threat in maltreated children: Implications for vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 291–296.Posner, M., & Rothbart, M. (2014). Attention to learning of school subjects. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 3(1), 14-17.

Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2014). Attention to learning of school subjects. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 3(1), 14-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2014.02.003

Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 58, 1-23.

47

doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2014.02.003

Ruff, H., & Rothbart, M. (1996). Attention in early development : Themes and variations / Holly Alliger Ruff and Mary Klevjord Rothbart. New York: Oxford University Press.

Rueda, M. R., Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Halparin, J. D., Gruber, D. B., Lercari, L. P., & Posner, M. I. (2004). Development of attentional networks in childhood. Neuropsychologia, 42(8), 1029-1040. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.12.012

Sameroff, A. (2010). A unified theory of development: A dialectic integration of nature and nurture. Child development, 81(1), 6-22. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01378.x

Schneider, W., & Lockl, K. (2008). Procedural metacognition in children: Evidence for developmental trends. In J. Dunlosky & R.A. Bjork (Eds.), A handbook of memory and metamemory (pp. 391–409). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Shackman, J.E., Shackman, A.J., & Pollak, S.D. (2007). Physical abuse amplifies attention to threat and increases anxiety in children. Emotion (Washington, DC), 7, 838–852.

Sherlock, D. & Mulvihill, A. (2013). The ant patrol children’s stories. Brisbane: MASTER Institute Publications.

Sherlock, D. & Mulvihill, A. (2015). MASTER focus program. Brisbane: MASTER Institute Publications.

48

Slide Number 1Slide Number 2Slide Number 3Slide Number 4Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Slide Number 14Slide Number 15Slide Number 16Slide Number 17Slide Number 18Slide Number 19Slide Number 20Slide Number 21Slide Number 22Slide Number 23Slide Number 24Slide Number 25Slide Number 26Slide Number 27Slide Number 28Slide Number 29Slide Number 30Slide Number 31Slide Number 32Slide Number 33Slide Number 34Slide Number 35Slide Number 36Slide Number 37Slide Number 38Slide Number 39Slide Number 40Slide Number 41Slide Number 42Slide Number 43Slide Number 44Slide Number 45Slide Number 46Slide Number 47Slide Number 48

supporting attention for self-regulated learning in ... · supporting attention for self-regulated...

Documents