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     REPORTABLE

    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

    CRIMINAL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 184 OF 2014

    SUBRAMANIAN SWAMY …PETITIONER(S)

    VERSUS 

    UNION OF INDIA

    MINISTRY OF LAW ! ORS. …RESPONDENT(S)

    WITH

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 8 OF 2015

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 19 OF 2015

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 56 OF 2015

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 64 OF 2015

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 62 OF 2015

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 63 OF 2015

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 67 OF 2015

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 79 OF 2015

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 73 OF 2015

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     WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 82 OF 2015

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 77 OF 2015

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 91 OF 2015

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 98 OF 2015

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 106 OF 2015

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 96 OF 2015

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 110 OF 2015

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 121 OF 2015

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 120 OF 2015

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 117 OF 2015

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 118 OF 2015

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 116 OF 2015

    WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 119 OF 2015

     TRANSFER PETITION (CRIMINAL) NOS. 102-105 OF 2015

      TRANSFER PETITION (CRIMINAL) NOS. 94-101 OF 2015

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    J U D G M E N T

    D"#$% M"&'$ J.

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    $h+ I,#, P+,#/ C&+ 1860 ('& !h&$ >IPC) #, S+%$&,!

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    1

      (1994) 6 SCC 6322

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    +%$/ & ,+%$/ , $h+ +!$#$&, &' &$h+!/&+! $h+ &#/ & ,$+//+%$#/ %h##%$+ &' $h#$*+!&, & /&+! $h+ %h##%$+ &' $h#$ *+!&, ,+!*+%$ &' h! %#!$+ & &' h! %#//, & /&+! $h+

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    *+/,# $& # $#/ , # C&$ &' D!$%+ ! #C&$ $h, $h+ +#,, &' $h+ #"&+ !+%$&,.

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    &+ $h#$ *+!&, $h +!*+%$ $& $h+ !"

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    '& !%=,+!! & ,'$ ,#"/+ $& #=+ #%&*/#,$ & ! # &#, h& #%%&, $& $h+/&%#/ %!$&! #, #,,+! &h$ ,&$ $& "+%&*+//+ $& #**+# , *"/% !&+ &$h+ *+!&,

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    (") &' $h+ S$#$+ &+,+,$ , $h+ %#!+ &' #, &$h+ *"/% !+#,$ +*/&+ , %&,,+%$&, $h$h+ #''#! &' $h+ S$#$+;

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    &' $h#$ &''+,%+ "+'&+ # M#!$#$+ h#, 

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    A$$&,+ +,+#/ #, $h+ A$&,#/ S&/%$& +,+#/ ,

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    +'##$&, &' #, *+!&, #, &''+,%+. Th#$ #*#$ A$%/+

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    h+/ $& "+ # '#%+$ &' A$%/+ 21 ! "#!%#// !-J-! $h+ S$#$+

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    '++&. Th+ #+ +++,$ &' $h+ #%%!+ h#, $&

    *&+ $h#$ $h+ !$#$++,$ #+ " h #! '& $h+ *"/% &&

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    ! ,##,$+ #, $#+/! "+&, $h+ /$! &' 

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    . Th+ &! /=+ %&*#, #!!&%#$&, & %&//+%$&, &' 

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    $& # +&%#% '& +&%#% ! ',#+,$#// "#!+ &, '++

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    . R+#!&,#"/+ +!$%$&, ! '&,+ &, $h+ *,%*/+ &' 

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    ++,$#/$ #''+%$! $h+ !#%&!#,%$ h$ &' '++& $ ! ultra 

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    #$ $h+ ,$+,#$&,#/ /++/ $h+ +!$%$+ *&!&,! +!++ $&

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    %&//+%$&, &' *+!&,! $& h#+ $h+ "+,+'$ &' +'##$&, , $h+

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    h&,+!$ &*,&, $h + %#+ #, #$$+,$&, #, $h+ %&,%+*$

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    A$%/+ 19(1)(#) #, #/!& ! #, #%%+*$#"/+ *//# '& # '++ #,

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    +*+!!&, h%h !"!++! $h+ *"/% ,$++!$. Th+ /#,#+

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    $h#$ $&& &, $h+ "#!+ &' !"

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    $h+ +!/$#,$ +''+%$ ! $h#$ S+%$&,! 499 #, 500 IPC %#!+

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    11. A':/,*& +, $5 + M'. A',&9$' G#*$

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    *+

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    ,%/+ #// %#$+&+! &' !$#$&,! '& %&,!$$$, &''+,%+

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    #''+%$! $h+ !"!$#,$+ h$.

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    . Th+ +!!+,$#/ ,++,$! &' $h+ &''+,%+ ,+ S+%$&,

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    &+%&+

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    #%%!+ &' #, #**+#/ $& $h+ C&$ &' S+!!&, #, ",! ,

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    "+, *"/!h+ #, #/!& $h+ ,+!$#$,

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    *&!+%$&,! , %#!+! &' &!!/ ,+/+,$ & #/%&!

    +*&$, #+ $h /$+& &$+!.

    PROPONEMENTS IN OPPUGNATION

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    !*++%h ,+ A$%/+ 19(1)(#) ! $!+/' %&,$&,+#/'+ " 

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    . Th+ !$#, $h#$ %,#/ +'##$&, ,+ S+%$&, 499

    IPC !&$h+! $h+ '++& &' !*++%h #, +*+!!&, & ! #

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    +,!h,+ ,+ A$%/+ 19(1)(#) %#,,&$ #//&+ $& "!h ## 

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    %#!+ #, =, &' !%&'&$ $& #, &' $h+ *&!&,! &' $h+

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    #+ ,+%+!!# , # +&%#$% !&%+$ '& $h+*&$+%$&, &' $h+ +*$#$&,! &' &$h+!.

    36. Wh/+ +/"+#$, &, *&!!"/+ "#/#,%+ "+$++, $h+ h$

    $& +*$#$&, #, '++& &' +*+!!&, , 3a-pell v. !GN 

    /td 1:  $ h#! "++, !$#$+@-

    &$h +'/+%$ *&$#,$ %/+ #/+! "$ #!&'$+, h#**+,! ,+$h+ %#, "+ +, +''+%$ , '//+#!+ $h&$ +!$%$, $h+ &$h+ H& #+$h+ $& "+ +%&,%/+ , # *#$%/# %#!+Q Th++ !, + ,& +!$&, &' #$&#$% *&$. N&! $h++ # *+!*$&, , '#& &' &,+ #$h+ $h#,$h+ &$h+. Th+ +!$&, ! #$h+ $h+ +$+,$ $&h%h $ ! ,+%+!!# $& #/' $h+ &,+ h$ ,&+ $& *&$+%$ $h+ ,+/, #/+ h%h !*&$+%$+ " $h+ &$h+. A, $h+ +$+,$ &' $h+#/'%#$&, !$ "+ *&*&$&,#$+ $& $h+ ,++. S++ @ S+/+ LD , 4o$ghlas v. ellol /td . 2001K 967

    @"9 + * C+'*& ", U,"*3 S*$*&

    37. I, 5isconsin v. 3onstantinea$ 1  $ h#! "++, &"!++

    $h#$@-

    Wh++ # *+!&,! && ,#+ +*$#$&, h&,&

    & ,$+$ ! #$ !$#=+ "+%#!+ &' h#$ $h+&+,+,$ ! &, $& h ,&$%+ #, #,

    17

      (2004) L 22 at aa 5518

     400 .S. 433 (1971)

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    &**&$,$ $& "+ h+# #+ +!!+,$#/. P&!$,,+ $h+ W!%&,!, A%$ # $& !&+ "+ ++/ $h+ #= &' //,+!! $& &$h+! $ ! # !$# #,&''%#/ "#,, &' # *+!&,. Th+ /#"+/ ! #

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    38. I, Rosenlatt v. ;aer 1(   M. D!$%+ S$+#$ &"!++

    $h#$@-

     Th+ h$ &' # #, $& $h+ *&$+%$&, &' h! &,+*$#$&, '& ,

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    107 Th+ &$h+ #/+ $& "+ "#/#,%+ , #+'##$&, #%$&, ! $h+ *&$+%$&, &' $h++*$#$&, &' $h+ ,#/. A/$h&h %h h#!+ *&*+/ "++, !# #, $$+, #"&$ $h+

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    "++, #+ $& 3ha$v& and =thers v. 9rance 2%  8eerr& v.

    9rance >dec.?  ,&. 5872900 21 S+*$+"+ 2004; #, 5hite 

    v. S"eden 

    2' 

    .

    43. I, 

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    Th+ h$ $& *&$+%$&, &' +*$#$&, ! # h$h%h ! *&$+%$+ " A$%/+ 8 &' $h+ C&,+,$&, #!*#$ &' $h+ h$ $& +!*+%$ '& *#$+ /'+ I,&+ '& A$%/+ 8 $& %&+ ,$& */# h&++ #,

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    )hag*ad ita  $h +# $& !h&,& & /&!! &' +*$#$&,;

    #, *&%+++ $& &$+@-

    /&irtinchapi bhutani &athaishyanti te+a+vyayam, (ambha+vitasya Cha&irtir maranadatirichyate . (2.34)

    (M+, // +%&,$ $h *+*+$#/ !h&,&#, $& &,+ hh/ +!$+++ !h&,&+%+++$h +#$h.)

      Th++#'$+ $h+ C&$ +'++ $& /#%=!$&,+!

    Commentary of the !a*s of $ngland  &/. I 4$h E,. h++,

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    , # *+!&,! /+#/ #, ,,$+*$+ +,

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    + $ ,&$+ # *#!!#+ '& 4.9. !arion v. 4avis 2(  #!

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    ,!++#"/ #!!&%#$+ $h $h+ ,$ &' #h#, "+, h& ! "#!%#// ,+ ,&$ !+/+.

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    A h#, *+!&,#/$ ! +,&+ $h *&$+,$#/,',$ #, $ "/&!!&! h+, ,$ ! !!$#,+. Th+ !!$+,#,%+ &' !%h ,$ h#! $& "+ $h+!*+/#$+ %&,%+, &' ++ !+,!$+ !&/. Th++!!+,%+ &' ,$ %#, ,++ "+ $+#$+ #! #&+,$# !*#= &' /h$ & '& $h#$ #$$+ #"+' %#,/+ & # h&//& """/+. Th+ !*#= &' /'++$! &+ +!*/+,+,$ h+, #, ! $+#$+ $h

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    48. I, Vish"anath 8gra"al v. Saral Vish"anath 

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    !+%$ #, ! *&$+%$+ " $h+ C&,!$$$&, +#// $h $h+

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    */++ &' #,%+,$ &, #, ,+%+!!# $& h#,!&%+$. R+*$#$&, ! #, +/++,$ &' *+!&,#/!+%$ #, ! *&$+%$+ " $h+ C&,!$$$&,+#// $h $h+ h$ $& +,

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    h%h %#,,&$ "+ #//&+ $& "+ !//+ $h $h+ *#!!#+ &' 

    $+. I$ ! +# $& /'+ #, &, !&+ &%%#!&,! $ ! +#+ $h#,

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    +*$#$&, +,$+ #, $ ! *+%++ #! #, h&,& #$h+

    $h#, *&*/#$.

    51. I, State of G$jarat and another v. onDle igh 

    3o$rt of G$jarat %:  $h+ %&$ &*,+@-

    A, h&,& h%h ! # /&!$ & /'+ h%h ! !,''+&$ %#,,&$ "+ +%&*+,!+

    52. W+ h#+ +//+ *&, $h+ + &' $h! C&$ #! +#!

    #/+ &' +*$#$&, #, *&$#,%+ #$$#%h+ $& $. W+ !h#//

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    #'&++,$&,+ #$h&$+! #, #/!& '& &$h+

    *&,&,%++,$! $& ,+!$#, $h+ C&$! #%%+,$ &,

    +*$#$&, #! #, ,$+,#/ #, %+,$#/ '#%+$ &' h$ $& /'+ #!

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    53. H#, +%&,,&$++ $h+ #!!+!!+,$ &' $h+ #/+ &' 

    +*$#$&, #, !%$,!+ $h+ %&,%+*$#/ +#,, &' $h+

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    C&,!$$$&, #, $h+ ,#$+ &' $h+ +&%#$% *&/$ $h+

    %&,$ h#!.

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    54. T& #**+%#$+ $h+ #,+ #, +*$h &' $h+ !# h$ $ !

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    19. (1) A// %$+,! !h#// h#+ $h+ h$

    (#)T& '++& &' !*++%h #, +*+!!&,;

    55. A$%/+ 19(2) *& $& $h+ #+,+,$ #! %&%h+ , $h+

    '&//&, &!@-

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    N&$h, , !"-%/#!+ (#) &' C/.(1) !h#// #''+%$ $h+&*+#$&, &' #, +!$, /# , !& '# #! $ +/#$+!$& & *++,$! $h+ !$#$+ '& #=, #, /#+/#$, $& /"+/ !/#,+ +'##$&, %&,$+*$ &' 

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    57. L+#,+ %&,!+/ #**+#, '& !&+ &' $h+ *+$$&,+!

    #*#$ '& #+!!, #$ /+,$h &, $h+ %&,%+*$ &' +#!&,#"/+

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    A$%/+ 19(2). I, $h! +# '& #!*+%$! ,#+/ ()

    +'##$&, h&++ +$+,!+/ !$+$%h+ %#, &,/ ,%/+ #

    %/ #%$&, "$ ,&$ # %,#/ *&%++, () ++, ' 

    +'##$&, ! %&,%++ &' $& ,%/+ # %,#/ &''+,%+

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    +# "+, h# $& $! */#%++,$ , A$%/+ 19(2) $ h#! $& "+

    ,+!$&& , #!!&%#$&, &' $h+ &! ,%$++,$ $& #,

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    #**/%#"/+ $h+, &,/ $h+ %h+!h+ #, ,#$#/ h$ &' 

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    "$ ,&$ $& $#=+ , $! #"$ #, #%$&,#"/+ %/# ,+ $h+

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    58. T& #**+%#$+ $h+ !# '#%+$! &' $h+ !"!!&, $ !

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    #,!+ $h+ !# +!$&, + !h#// *&%++ $& #+$ $& $h+

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    #!*+%$ &' +#!&,#"/+ +!$%$&, &, $h+ h$ &' '++& &' 

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    M. R&h$# /+#,+ A$$&,+ +,+#/ '& I,# h#!

    %#,#!!+ $h#$ $& ,+!$#, $h+ #"$ &' $h+ &

    +'##$&, , $h+ %&,$+$ &' $h+ /#,#+ +*/&+ ,

    A$%/+ 19(2) $ ! ,+%+!!# $& +'+ $& $h+ C&,!$$+,$

    A!!+"/ +"#$+!. H+ h#! +'++ $& %+$#, #!*+%$! &' $h+

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    $h++'&+ ,& ''%/$ , $h! #+,+,$ "+,#%%+*$+.

    N& $h +# $& $h+ *&,$ #+ " F+, M.S#,$h#,# $ ! $+ $+ $h#$ !& '# #!',#+,$#/ h$! #+ %&,%+,+ $h+ &S$#$+ ! !+ , # &"/+ !+,!+ ,%/, $h+C+,$+ #! +// #! $h+ P&,%+!. $ I $h,= h+// "+# , , $h#$ ,&$$h!$#,, $h! '#%$ #S$#$+ # #=+ # /# #! +// #! $h+ C+,$+ # #=+ # /# !&+ &' $h+ h+#! +,$&,+ h++!%h #! /"+/ !/#,+ +'##$&, !+%$ &' S$#$+ +$%. #+ #$$+! */#%+ , $h+ C&,%+,$/!$ !& $h#$ ' $h++ #! #, + +#$ ##$&,

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    #! , 1791 #, ' $h+ A+%#, %$+,$#,!+!!+ $h+ /$! #, +,#,++ $h+S$#$+ $h+

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    , $h! C&,!$$$&,. I' #$ # *#$%/# $+ $h+/+!/#$+ $h,=! $h#$ $h+!+ h$! &h$ $& "++/#$+ , # %+$#, #,,+ #, , # *#$%/#+$h& $h++ ! ,&$h, &, , $ ,&$h,

    +!*&$% #"&$ $ ,&$h, +&#$& $& $h+!+',#+,$#/ h$!. I # ,++ /# $h#$ $h!h$ &' +/#$, $h+ ++%!+ &' ',#+,$#/h$! ! +, $& $h+ /+!/#$+ ,!$+# &' $& $h+%&$!.

    59. I, $h! +# +%+*$! '& !*++%h '& P'+.

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    $h+ +#/ ,+ h%h $h! C&,!$$$&, ! "#!+// #/!& %&+ , h%h I h"/ !"$ &/,&$ "+ $h+ %#!+ ' & +*h#!!+ &,/ $h!#$%/+. I' & !# ++/ !"

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      R+/, &, $h+ !# +"#$+! $ ! + " M. R&h#$

    $h#$ $h+ '&,, '#$h+! h# ,& ,$+,$&, $& %&,'+ #

    +!$%$+ +#,, &, $h+ $+ +'##$&,.

    60. A'$+ $h! +"#$+ A$%/+ 19(2) %#+ , $! &,#/ !h#*+.

     Th++#'$+ $h+ F!$ A+,+,$ $& $h+ C&,!$$$&, *#!!+

    , D,+ 1951 h%h +*&++ $h+ S$#$+ $& *&!+

    +#!&,#"/+ +!$%$&,! &, $h+ '++& &' !*++%h #,

    +*+!!&, , $h+ ,$++!$! &' $h+ !+%$ &' $h+ S$#$+38

    '+,/ +/#$&,! $h '&+, S$#$+! *"/% &+ +%+,% &

    &#/$ & , +/#$&, $& %&,$+*$ &' %&$ +'##$&, &

    ,%$++,$ $& #, &''+,%+. Th+ &! /"+/ #, !/#,+ ++

    &**+. I,%$++,$ $& #, &''+,%+ #! #+ #! # +!*&,!+

    $& $h+ /,! , State of ;ihar v. Shailaala 4evi %(   and 

    ;rij ;h$shan v. State of 4elhi '6 . Th+ +!$%$&,! ++

    #/'+ " *+', $h+ & +#!&,#"/+. Th+ 16$h

    38

     R!a%'- t*! +d$ +tends to overthrow the State,.39

     AIR 1952 SC 32940

     1952 SCR 654 AIR 1950 SC 129

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