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7/5/2015 SurakartaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakarta 1/10

SurakartaCity

Clockwise:SkylineofSolo,OmahSinten,PuraMangkunagaran,Sriwedari,WindujenarMarket

Seal

Nickname(s):SoloMotto:TheSpiritofJava

LocationofSurakartainIndonesia

Coordinates:7340S110490E

Country IndonesiaProvince CentralJava

GovernmentSunan(King)

(PakubuwanaXIII)

Adhipati (MangkunegaraIX)

Mayor F.X.HadiRudyatmo

AreaTotal 44.03km2(17.00sqmi)

Population(2009)Total 520,061Density 12,000/km2(31,000/sqmi) [1]

Timezone WIB(UTC+7)Areacode(s)

0271

SurakartaFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Surakarta(Hanacaraka:,oftencalledSoloandlesscommonlySala)isacityin

CentralJava,Indonesiaofmorethan520,061people(2009)[1]withapopulationdensityof11,811.5people/km2.The44km2city[2]adjoinsKaranganyarRegencyandBoyolaliRegencytothenorth,KaranganyarRegencyandSukoharjoRegencytotheeastandwest,andSukoharjoRegencytothesouth.[3]OntheeasternsideofSololiesSoloRiver(BengawanSolo).ThecityistheseatofSurakartaSunanatekraton(palace/court).TogetherwithYogyakarta,SurakartaistheheiroftheMataramKingdomthatwassplitintotwokingdomsin1755.

SurakartaisthebirthplaceofthecurrentpresidentofIndonesia,JokoWidodo.HeledasmayorofSurakartafrom2005to2012.

Contents

1Name2History

2.1Foundationofthedynasty2.2PakubuwonoII2.3PakubuwonoX2.4StruggleforIndependence2.5Independence2.61960stroubles2.71998riot

3Geography3.1Hydrogeology3.2Climate3.3Borders3.4Administrativedivision3.5GreaterSurakarta

4Government4.1Mayor

5Demography5.1Education5.2Economy5.3Publicservices

6Sports7Transportation

7.1Air7.2Train7.3Road

8Tourism9Cuisine10Culture

10.1Localdialect10.2Dances10.3Batik10.4Surakartainpopularculture

11NotablepeoplefromSurakarta12Sistercities13Notes14Furtherreading15Externallinks

Name

Surakartaisalsowidelyknownbythename"Solo"or"Sala"."Surakarta"isusedinformalandofficialcontexts.Thecityhasasimilarnametotheneighboringdistrictof"Kartasura",wherethepreviouscapitalofMataramwaslocated.TheDutchname"Soerakarta"influencedtheIndonesianspelling"Soerakarta"inusebeforethe1948spellingreform.

History

Surakarta

Coordinates:7340S110490E



Website www.surakarta.go.id(http://www.surakarta.go.id/)

TowerandportalofKratonSurakarta

TheWayangOrangperformedattheGedungWayangOrang,Sriwedari

ItsrulingfamilylayclaimtobeingtheheirstotheMataramdynasty.LikeYogyakarta,Solohastworoyalpalaces.

Foundationofthedynasty

AseriesofwarsandclashesbetweentheAdipati(dukes)followedthedeathofthelastSultanofDemakBintoro,thefirstIslamickingdominJava.OneofthesewasJakaTingkir,soninlawofthelatesultan.AfterdefeatingthelastopponentdukeofJipangPanola,JakaTingkir,alsoknownasSultanHadiwijaya,claimedthethroneandmovedthecapitaltothecityofPajang,locatedabout8milesfrompresentdaySurakarta.Hisadoptedson,Sutawijaya,formedaconspiracyandkilledhimwiththehelpofanassassin.ThenheascendedthethroneandonceagainmovedthecapitaltoMataraminthepresentdayprovinceofYogyakarta,andanewdynastywasfounded.

PakubuwonoII

Upuntil1744,Solowaslittlemorethanaquietbackwatervillage,10kmeastofKartasura,thecontemporarycapitaloftheMataramkingdom.ButinthatyeartheMataramsusuhunan(king),PakubuwonoII,backedtheChineseagainsttheDutch,andthecourtatKartasurawassackedasaresult.PakubuwonoIIsearchedforamoreauspiciousspottorebuildhiscapital,andin1745theentirecourtwasdismantledandtransportedinagreatprocessiontoSurakarta,onthebanksoftheKali(River)Solo.February18,1745isregardedastheofficialbirthdayofthecity.Itwassaidthattheplacehechosetobethenewpalacewassituatedonasmalllake.The"babad"orofficialrecordofcourthistoriansstillmentionsthatthelakewasdrainedbythefavorofthemythicalqueenofthesouthernsea,NyiRoroKidul.

However,thedeclinecontinued,andin1757,afterthekingdomofMataramwasdividedintotheSurakartaSultanate(northerncourt)andtheYogyakartaSultanate(southerncourt),anotherrivalroyalhouseofMangkunegorowasestablishedbyRadenMasSaid,alsoknownasPangeranSamberNyowo(TheSlayerPrince),rightinthecentreofSolo.ItmarkedthesuccessoftheDutchpolicyofdivideetimpera(divideandconquer)intheEastIndies.TheMataramheldconsiderablepowerinJava,yetitsubmittedtotheDutch.Thereafter,Solo'sroyalhousesquitfightingandinsteadthrewtheirenergiesintothearts,developingahighlysophisticatedandgracefulcourtculture.Thegamelanpavilionsbecamethenewtheatersofwar,witheachcitycompetingtoproducethemorerefinedcourtculture.WayangKulitandWayangWongaresometheatricalartsstillperformedtoday.

ThePalacecontainsanotablemuseum,whichusedtohouseafemalechastitybeltuntilitwasstolenbythieves.

PakubuwonoX

Perhapsthemostsignificantrulerofthe20thcenturywasPakubuwonoX.HisrelationshipwiththeDutch,hislargefamily,andhispopularitycontributedtoperhapsthelargestfuneralprocessionthateveroccurredinSolo.HehadspentalargeamountofmoneyontheRoyalGraveyardatImogiri,boththemainsectionsofthegraveyardandthenewsectionthathewasburiedin.IntheerajustpriortoindependenceSurakartahadEuropean,Chinese,andArabquarters.

StruggleforIndependence

AfterhearingtheproclamationofIndonesianIndependence,bothMangkunegaraVIIandPakubuwonoXIIdeclaredSurakartaapartoftheRepublicofIndonesia(RI).Becauseofthissupport,PresidentSoekarnodeclaredSurakartatheDaerahIstimewaSurakarta(DIS)/"SurakartaSpecialRegion".

InOctober1945,ananti"swapraja"(antifeudalism/antimonarchy)movementwasestablishedinSurakarta.OneoftheleadersofthismovementwasTanMalaka,amemberoftheIndonesianCommunistParty.ThisorganizationwantedtoabolishallfeudalkingdomsinSurakartaandtheSurakartaspecialregion(DIS)andreplaceallregentsinSurakarta.ThekeyissuewaswhethertheendofDutchruleshouldbringatotalchangeinthegovernment,orwhethertheancientandhistoricinstitutions,givingthepeoplealinktoprecolonialtimes,shouldberetained.

OnOctober17,1945,KRMHSosrodiningrat,thevizierofKasunanankingdom,waskidnappedandmurderedbycommunists.Thenewvizier,KRMTYudonagoro,and9otherofficialsfromKepatihanwerealsokidnappedandmurderedbythesamemovementinMarch1946.

In1946,thecapitaloftheRepublicofIndonesia(RI)wasmovedtothenearbycityofYogyakarta.

OnJune16,1946,theDISwasabolishedandreplacedwiththeregency(kabupaten)ofSurakarta.ThiseventiscommemoratedasthebirthdayofthecityofSurakarta.Thisonlyhasadministrativeandnotcivicsignificance.

OnJune26,1946,PrimeMinisterofIndonesiaSutanSyahrirwaskidnappedbyarebelmovementledbyMajorGeneralSoedarsono,thecommanderofthe3rddivision.PresidentSoekarno(moreoftencalledSukarno)wasangryatthiskidnappingandonJuly1,1946,14civilianleadersofthismovement,includingTanMalaka,werearrestedbyIndonesianpolice.



AstatueofSlametRiyadiinSurakarta

OnJuly2,1946,therebelleaderswerefreedfromWirogunanprisonbyrebeltroops,ledbyMaj.Gen.Soedarsono.PresidentSoekarnoaskedthelocalmilitarycommanderinSurakarta,LieutenantColonelSoeharto(wholaterbecamePresidentSoeharto[oftenspelledSuharto])toarrestMajorGeneralSoedarsonoandtherebelgroup.Lt.Col.SoehartorefusedtofollowthiscommandunlessitwasgivendirectlybytheMilitaryChiefofStaff,GeneralSoedirman.PresidentSoekarnowasangryatthisrejectionofhisauthoritytogivedirectcommandstoalllevelsofthemilitary,andcalledLt.Col.Soehartoastubborn("koppig")officer.

Lt.Col.SoehartopretendedthathesupportedtherebellionandpersuadedMaj.Gen.SoedarsonoandhisgrouptostayathisheadquartersatWiyoro,Surakartafortheirownsafety.LaterthatnighthepersuadedMaj.Gen.SoedarsonotomeetPresidentSoekarnoathispalacethenextmorning.Lt.Col.SoehartosecretlyinformedthepresidentialguardtroopsaboutMaj.Gen.Soedarsono'splanonthenextmorning.

OnJuly3,1946,Maj.Gen.Soedarsonoandhisgroupwerearrestedbythepresidentialguardnearthepalace.PrimeMinisterSyahrirwasreleasedunharmed.Severalmonthslater,Maj.Gen.Soedarsonoandhisgroupwerepardonedandreleasedfromprison.

Laterthisrebellionwascalledthe"failedJuly3,1946coup".ThiseventismentionedinPresidentSoeharto'sautobiographypublishedin1988.

From1945to1948,theDutchreoccupiedvariousregionsinJava.TheremainingareasoftheRepublicofIndonesiawereinYogyakarta,Surakarta,andsurroundingareas.

InDecember1948,theDutchattackedandoccupiedthecitiesofYogyakartaandSurakarta.TheIndonesianarmyledbyGeneralSoedirmanstartedaguerrillawarfromsurroundingareas.TheDutchsaidthattheRepublicwasdestroyedandnolongerexisted.Todisprovethisclaim,theIndonesianarmyconductedlargescaleraidsintothecitiesofJogyakartaandSurakarta,calledSeranganOemoem.TheIndonesiantroopsmanagedtobeattheDutchtroopsandoccupythecityforseveralhours.TheleaderoftheraidtoYogyakartawasLt.Col.Soeharto.TheleaderofasimilarraidonSurakartaonAugust7,1949wasLt.Col.SlametRiyadi.Tocommemoratethisevent,themainstreetofthecityofSurakartawasrenamed"BrigadierGeneralSlametRiyadiStreet".

Independence

By1950Surakartahadapopulationof165,484.[4]In1950Surakarta,orSolo,wasatradecenterforsuchagriculturalproductsasrice,rubber,corn,indigo,cassava,andsugar.Italsohadseenthedevelopmentofsomeindustries.Theseincludedtanning,textiles,andmachinery.Alsobatikmakingwasacommonactivity.

1960stroubles

FromOctober1965to1966,therewaslargescalechaosinCentralJava,followinganabortivecoupandthesubsequentkillingsof196566.

1998riot

InMay1998,therewasalargeriotinSurakarta.Itwasinitiallytriggeredbyrisingoilprices,withanangrymobransackingandsettingmanybuildingsonfire,particularlybanksandofficialgovernmentbuildings.Butthenthesituationbecameuncontrolledasthemobalsotargetedshoppingcentersandothercommercialbuildingsfordestruction,beforeitfinallyturnedintoaracialriotasrioterstargetedhousesandbusinessassetsofthelocalIndonesianChinese,leadingtowidespreaddestructionintheregion.

Geography

DayViewofSurakarta

Surakartaisalowlandlyingonflatterrain105mabovesealevel(inthecitycenterabout95mabovesealevel),withanareaof44.1km2(0.14%oftheareaofCentralJava).Itisapproximately65km(40mi)northeastofYogyakartaand100km(62mi)southeastofSemarang.TheeasternpartofthetownisborderedbyBengawanSoloRiver,thelongestriveronJava.Theriveristheinspirationforthesong"BengawanSolo",a1940scompositionbyGesangMartohartonowhichbecamefamousthroughoutmuchofAsia.Thecity'ssoilisfertilebecauseoftheriveranditstributaries.



SurakartaCityHall

ThecityissurroundedbyMerbabuandMountMerapi(3,151mhigh)tothewestandMountLawu(3265mhigh)totheeast.TheSewuMountainRangeliesfurthersouth.NearbyisalsotheinfamousMountKemukus(alsoknownasSexMountain).

Hydrogeology

ThewatersourcesforSurakartaareinthevalleyofMerapi,atotalof19locations,withacapacityof3,404l/second.Theaveragesourcewaterheightis8001,200mabovesealevel.In18901927therewereonly12wellsinSurakarta.Today,undergroundwaterwellsin23locationsproduceabout45l/second.[5]

InMarch2006,Surakarta'sstatewatercompany(PDAM)hadaproductioncapacityof865.02l/second:fromCokrotulung,Klaten,27kmfromSolo,387l/sandfrom26deepwells,withatotalcapacityof478,02l/second.Thetotalreservoircapacityis9,140m3andcanserve55,22%ofthepopulation.[6]

ThesoilinSoloisfertile,partlybecauseofthevolcanicactivityofMountsMerapiandLawu.Combinedwithabundantwatersource,makesthehinterlandgoodforplantingvegetables,foodandcashcrops.Butinthelast20years,manufacturingindustryandtourismhavebeenboomingandagriculturedeclining.

Climate

UndertheKppenclimateclassification,Surakartafeaturesatropicalmonsoonclimate.ThecityhasalengthywetseasonspanningfromOctoberthroughJune,andarelativelyshortdryseasoncoveringtheremainingthreemonths(JulythroughSeptember).OnaverageSurakartareceivesjustunder2200mmofrainfallannually,withitswettestmonthsbeingDecember,January,andFebruary.Asiscommoninareasfeaturingatropicalmonsoonclimate,temperaturesarerelativelyconsistentthroughouttheyear.Surakarta'saveragetemperatureisroughly30degreesCelsiuseverymonth.

ClimatedataforSurakartaMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

AveragehighC(F) 29(84)29(84)

29(85)

31(87)

30(86)

30(86)

29(85)

30(86)

31(87)

31(88)

30(86)

29(85)

29.8(85.8)

AveragelowC(F) 22(72)22(72)

22(72)

22(72)

22(72)

21(70)

21(69)

21(69)

22(71)

22(72)

22(72)

22(72)

21.8(71.3)

Averageprecipitationmm(inches) 350(13.78)330

(12.99)210(8.27)

210(8.27)

120(4.72)

80(3.15)

40(1.57)

20(0.79)

30(1.18)

90(3.54)

220(8.66)

340(13.39)

2,180(85.83)

Source:Weatherbase[7]

Borders

SurakartaborderstheKaranganyarandBoyolaliRegencyinthewestandnorth,KaranganyarandSukoharjoRegencyintheeast,andSukoharjoRegencyinthesouth.AteachofthecitybordersstandsagapurakratonorJavaneseentrancemonument,erectedin193132duringthereignofPakubuwonoXinKasunananSurakarta.EachofthemservesasaborderandanentrypointtothecapitalofKratonSurakartawiththeneighboringterritories.ThegapuraswerebuiltnotonlyonhighwaysbutalsoontheriversideofBengawanSolo.BengawanSolousedtobeaportandcrossingpoint(inMojo/Silir).

Thegapuraswerebuiltintwosizes,largeandsmall.Largegapuraswerebuiltonmajorroadways.TheycanbeseeninGrogol(south),KertenandJurug(east).SmallgapurascanbeseennearDr.OenHospital(north),ontheroadtoBakiinSoloBaru(south),Makamhaji(west),andinMojo/Silir.Eachofthelargegapurasalsohasastelethatcontainsthenameofthereigningmonarchandtheyearthatitwasbuilt.[8]

Administrativedivision

SurakartaCityanditssurroundingregencies,Karanganyar,Sragen,Wonogiri,Sukoharjo,Klaten,andBoyolali,arecollectivelycalledtheexSurakartaResidency(Dutch:ResidentieSoerakarta).AfterSurakartabecameacity,itwasdividedintofivedistricts(kecamatan),eachledbyacamat,andsubdividedinto51kelurahan,eachledbyalurah.ThedistrictsofSurakartaare:[9]

KecamatanPasarKliwon(Postalcode:57110):9kelurahanKecamatanJebres(Postalcode:57120):11kelurahanKecamatanBanjarsari(Postalcode:57130):13kelurahanKecamatanLaweyan(alsospelledLawiyan,Postalcode:57140):11kelurahanKecamatanSerengan(Postalcode:57150):7kelurahan

GreaterSurakarta

SurakartaasadensecorecityinCentralJava,anditssecondcity,spillsconsiderablyintoneighboringregencies.Thoughatrafficstudyquotesthepopulationas1,158,000asof2008,[10]thisreflectsonlytheverycore,asthecityaffectsentireneighboringregenciesbysignificantlydrivingupoverallpopulationdensitiesinSukoharjoRegencyandKlatenRegencyoverthealreadydensecountryside.Furthermore,thegovernmentofIndonesiaofficiallydefinesabroaderregionasSurakarta'sextendedmetropolitanzone,withtheacronymSubosukawonosratenasthecityand6surrounding



regencies.,[11][12]thoughobviouslynotacoremetropolitanareaassomeofitsregenciesarenotparticularlysuburbanized,itreflectsabroaderplanningregion.BoththemetropolitanareaandextendedareasborderYogyakarta'smetropolitanarea,whileonlytheextendedmetropolitanareabordersKedungsapurorGreaterSemarang.SeealsoListofmetropolitanareasinIndonesia.

Administrativedivision Area(km) Population(2010Census) Populationdensity(/km)SurakartaMunicipality 44.03 499,337 11,340SukoharjoRegency 466.66 824,238 1,766KlatenRegency 655.56 1,130,047 1,723BoyolaliRegency 1,015.1 930,531 916SragenRegency 946.49 858,266 906KaranganyarRegency 800.28 813,196 1,016WonogiriRegency 1,822.37 928,904 509GreaterSurakarta(Subosukawonosraten) 5,750.49 5,984,519 1,040

Government

InthecurrentIndonesiancontext,SurakartaisacitywithintheprovinceofCentralJava.PrevioustotheIndonesiannationbeingformed,itwasanautonomouskingdomruledbytheSunanandaprincipalityruledbytheMangkunegaran.

DuringDutchoccupationYogyakartaandSurakartawereknownastheVorstenlandorprincipalities.Rivalrybetweenthetwohasbeenendemicsincetheirfoundinginthe18thcenturyandwasadeliberateploybytheDutchtodistractattentionfromthepresenceoftheDutchcolonialpower.

ThehereditaryrulerofthekratonormaincourtwithinthecitybearsthetitleofPakubuwono,thepresentkingbeingPakubuwonoXIII.LikeYogyakarta,Soloalsohasajuniorcourt,bornofanothercivilwar:theMangkunegaran,asmallprincipalityinsideKasunanan,ofwhichMangkunegaraIXisthepresentmonarch.NeitherholdsanypoliticalpowerandaccordingtoIndonesianlaw,bothonlyhavecivilianstatus.

Mayor

ThecurrentmayorofSurakarta(until2015)isF.X.HadiRudyatmo,whoreplacedJokoWidodoin2012afterthelatterwaselectedasGovernorofJakartain2012.

UnderJokoWidodo'smayorship,thecityhadexperiencedamarkedimprovement.HerebrandedandpromotedSoloas"TheSpiritofJava,"aJavanesecultureandheritagecenter,batikcapital,andtouristfriendlycity.

Juridically,theCityofSurakartawasformedbasedonGovernmentRegulationNo.16/SD1946,announcedatJuly15,1946.Basedonseveralhistoricalfactors,16June1946issetastheanniversaryoftheGovernmentofSurakarta.Thecityanniversaryitselfiscelebratedevery16February,basedonthedateofthemovingofthepalacefromKartasuratoSurakartain1745.On16February2011,thecitycelebratedits256thanniversary.

Demography

OneoftheearliestcensusesheldinSurakartaResidency(ResidentieSoerakarta)wasin1885.Atthattime,withanareaofabout5,677km,therewere1,053,985peopleinSurakartaResidency,including2,694Europeansand7,543IndonesianChinese.Thearea,130timesthecurrentareaofSurakarta,hadapopulationdensityof186people/km.Thecapitaloftheresidencyitself(roughlythesizeoftheCityofSoloproper)in1880had124,041peoplelivinginit.[13]

Accordingtothe2009census,therewere245,043malesand283,159females(asexratioof86.54)inSurakarta.[14]119,951ofthepopulationwere14yearsoryounger,376,180werebetween15and64,and32,071wereabove65.[15]Thenumberofhouseholdswas142,627andtheaveragenumberofhouseholdmemberswas3.7.[16]Thepopulationgrowthinthelast10yearswasabout0.565%peryear.[17]

ComparedtoothercitiesinIndonesia,SurakartaisthemostdenselypopulatedcityinCentralJava,theeighthmostdenselypopulatedcityinIndonesia,the13thsmallestcityinIndonesia,andthe22ndmostpopulousof93autonomouscitiesand5administrativecitiesinIndonesia.

ThelaborforceofSoloin2009was275,546,ofwhom246,768wereworking,while28,778wereseekingwork.Another148,254peopleaged15andabovewerenotinthelaborforce.[18]Basedonemploymentnumbers,themostcommonworkinSolowasworker/paidemployee(112,336),followedbyselfemployee(56,112),selfemployeeassistedbytemporaryemployee(32,769),unpaidemployee(20,193),selfemployeeassistedbypermanentemployee(14,880),freelanceemployeeinnonagriculturalwork(10,241),andfreelanceemployeeinagriculturalwork(237).[19]Basedontheindustry,mostpeopleinSoloworkedintrade(106,426),services(59,780),manufacturing(42,065),communication(16,815),construction(9,217),financing(9,157),oragriculture(2,608),andtherestinmining,electricity,gas,andwatercompanies(700).[20]

ThemeanworkingweekinSolowas47.04hours(47.74formenand46.13forwomen),[21]and212,262peopleworkedmorethan35hoursperweekcomparedto34,506whoworkedlessthanthat.[22]



PasarKlewerandGapuraKraton(KlewerTextileMarketandKratonGate)

Education

Accordingto2009statistics,242,070peopleabove15inthecityhadfinishedhighschool,while86,890hadonlyfinishedjuniorhighschool,and94,840werestillinschoolorhadonlyfinishedelementaryschool.ThepercentageofhighschoolgraduateswasthehighestofthecitiesandregenciesinCentralJava.[23]

AccordingtothestatisticsofDataPokokPendidikan(Dapodik),inthe2010/2011schoolyear,therewere68,153studentsand853schoolsinSurakarta.[24]Therearetwobiguniversitiespossessingmorethan20.000students:SebelasMaretUniversity(UNS)andMuhammadiyahUniversityofSurakarta(UMS),botharerecognisedasamongIndonesia's50bestuniversitiesaccordingtotheDirectorateofHigherEducation,MinistryofEducationRI.ThereisalsoartsconcentrateduniversityArtInstituteofSurakarta(ISI),religiousstudiesStateIslamicInstitute(IAIN).Therearearound52privateuniversitiesandcollegessuchasSTIKESMuhammadiyah,UniversitasTunasPembangunan,UniversitasSlametRiyadi,UniversitasSurakarta,UniversitasSetiaBudietc.[25]

Economy

TheDomesticbruttoIncomeofSurakartain2009was16,813,058.62IDR,thefourthhighestinCentralJavaafterKudus,Cilacap,andSemarang.[26]Thelivingstandardin2009was723,000IDR.[27]TheConsumerpriceindexinJanuary2011was119.44.[28]

Surakartahasseveraltraditionalmarkets(pasar),includingPasarKlewer,PasarGedhe,PasarLegi,andPasarKembang.PasarKlewerisfamousasthebiggesttextilemarketinIndonesia.TherearealsoantiquesmarketsinPasarTriwinduandinPasarKerisnearthepalaceofSurakarta.EverynightthereistheGalaboOpenFoodCourtneartheCityHall,andeverySaturdaynighttheNgarsopuroNightMarketnearSlametRiyadiRoad.

ThebusinesscentreinSoloislocatedalongthemainarteryroadofSlametRiyadi.Severalbanks,hotels,shoppingcentres,internationalretsaurants,andalsotourismdestinationsarelocatedalongthisroad.EverySundaymorningfrom5amto9am,thisroadisclosedasthecitygovernmentdesignatesthatdaySoloCarFreeDay(SCFD)alongtheSlametRiyadiRoadinacampaigntoreducecarbonemissions.ModernmallsinSoloareSoloSquare,SoloGrandMall,andSoloParagon(underconstruction).

Ontheoutskirtsofthecitythereareseveralindustrialzones,suchasPalur,Grogol,andJetis.LargecorporationsheadquarteredinSoloincludeSritex(textiles),IndoAcidatama(industrialchemicals),andKonimex(pharmaceuticals).ThebatikhomeindustryhasalsobecomeoneofSolo'sspecialtyindustries.

Publicservices

TherearemanyhospitalsinSolosomewith24hourICUfacilitiesarePKUMuhammadiyahHospital,PantiKustatiHospital,IslamicHospitalofSurakarta,KasihIbuHospital,Dr.MoewardiHospital,PantiWaluyoHospital,BrayatMinulyoHosipital,PantiKosala(Dr.OenKandangSapi)Hospital,andDr.OenHospitalinSoloBaru.Publicparksarealsonumerous,especiallysinceJokoWidodobecamemayorofSolo.HerevitalizedseveralparksandnowthepublicofSolocanenjoyBalekambangPark,SekartajiPark,SriwedariPark,andJurugZoo,oneoftheoldestandbiggestzoosinIndonesia.InSriwedariParkthereisalsopublicentertainmentsuchasWayangOrangtheatreGWOSriwedari,andthenightmarketinNgarsopuro,whichonlyopensonSaturdaynights.

TheareacodeofSolois(+62)271.Coinorcardphoneboothsarerare,buttherearemanyphoneshopsandsmallstallssellingprepaidphonecredits.Internetcafesarealsoabundant.SeveralpublicplacessuchasrestaurantsandcafesprovideWiFiaccesstotheircustomerstoo.

Sports

Surakartahasalongsporthistoryandtradition.In1923Soloalreadyhadafootballclub,oneoftheearliestclubsinIndonesia(atthattimestilltheDutchIndies),calledPersisSolo.PersisSolowasagiantclubintheDutchIndiesandstillexists,butispastitsheyday.DuringthePerserikatantournament,Persisbecameseventimechampion.CurrentlyitplaysinthePremierDivision.OtherthanPersis,severalclubshaveexistedinSolo:Arseto,PelitaSolo,PersijatimSoloFC,andlastlySoloFC,thatplaysintheIndonesianPremierLeaguesince2011.Bothclubsthatstillexist,PersisandSoloFC,havemadeManahanStadiumtheirhomeground.ManahanStadiumisoneofthebestsportstadiumsinCentralJava,withmorethan25,000seats,andhasseveraltimeshostednationalandinternationalmatches.ItwasrecentlythevenuefortheAFCChampionsCup2007,thefinalvenueoftheIndonesianCup2010,andtheopeningvenuefortheIndonesianPremiereLeagueonJanuary15,2011.[29]

In1948,SurakartabecamethehostofthefirstNationalGames,whoseopeningdateisstillmarkedastheNationalSportsDayofIndonesia.Atthattournament,SoloasSurakartaResidencycameoutasthechampion.In2011,Surakartaalsobecamethehostcityof2011ASEANParaGames.

Until2009,SurakartawasalsotheonlycityinCentralJavawithaprofessionalbasketballteam,BhinnekaSolo.In2009theteamwasmergedwithStadiumJakartaandmovedtoJakarta.

Transportation

Air



AdiSumarmoInternationalAirport

BatikSoloTrans

AdisumarmoInternationalAirport(IATAcode:SOC)hasdirectflightstoKualaLumpurbyAirAsiaandduringthehajiseason,SaudiArabia,aswellasregularflightstoJakartabyGarudaIndonesia,SriwijayaAir,LionAirandBataviaAir.Theairportislocated14kmnorthofthecity.[30]SinceMay2011,BST(BatikSoloTrans)busesconnecttheairporttothecity.Thereisalsotaxicabservice.In2009Adisumarmohad2,060outbounddomesticflightsand616outboundinternationalflights.[31]

Train

Surakartahasfourtrainstations,SoloBalapan,Purwosari,SoloJebres,andSoloKota(Sangkrah).SoloBalapanisthelargeststationinSurakarta,andisthejunctionbetweenYogyakarta(westward),Semarang(northward),andSurabaya(eastward),whilePurwosariisthejunctionlocatedwestofSoloBalapan,andhasaconnectiontoWonogiri(southward).Thereareseveraldirectlinestoothercities,suchasJakarta,Bandung,Surabaya,Semarang,Madiun,andMalang.Forregionaltraffic,aspecialtrainconnectsSurakartaandYogyakarta,thePrameks(PrambananEkspres)train.

SurakartaisuniquebecauseitistheonlyIndonesiancitytostillhaveastreetparallelrailtrackbetweenPurwosariandSoloKota,alongJalanSlametRiyadi,Solo'smainroad.Aheritagerailway,calledJaladara,alsooperatesbetweenthetwostations.Historically,PurwosarihadthejunctiontoKartasuraandBoyolali(northwestward).

InJuly26,2011theRailbushasbeenlaunchedtoserveSurakarta/SoloWonogiriroute,butforthemomentonlySoloSukoharjotrackagewasreadyduetothereare99bridgesshouldbestrengthenbetweenSukoharjoWonogiri.[32]UntilApril2012,SurakartaWonogirirailbusisstillinabigquestionmarkduetothe12tonsrailbusesareconsideredtooheavyforexistingrailroadtrackthatonlyhasthecapacityofaccommodating10tonvehicles,furthermorePTKAIhaveproposedafarebetweenRp30,000($3.27)andRp40,000($4.36)perpassenger,whileSurakartaadministrationwantsticketstobepricedmuchlowerbetweenRp5,000($0.54)andRp7,000($0,76).[33]

Road

TirtonadiTerminalisthelargestbusterminalinSurakarta.SurakartaissituatedonIndonesianNationalRoute15,whichconnectsittoYogyakartaandWaru(Sidoarjo).ASemarangSoloTollRoadiscurrentlyunderconstruction.In2009thetotalextentofroadwaysinthecitywas705.34km:13.15kmstateroad,16.33kmprovinceroad,and675.86kmlocalroad.[34]Thenumberofbuscompanieswas23,andthetotalnumberofbusesoperatingwas1,115intraprovincialbusesand1,107interprovincial.[35]

In2010,thegovernmentofSurakartalaunchedanewbusroutenamedBatikSoloTrans(BST),whichresemblesTransJakartabusrapidtransitservice.Ithasonlytworoutes,theDepartureRoute(AdisumarmoAirportKartasuraPalur)andtheReturnRoute(PalurKartasuraAdisumarmoAirport).AsingletripcostsRp.3000,Rp.1500forstudents.AspecialticketforthetripfromortotheairportcostsRp.7000.[36]

Tourism

OnemaintouristattractionofSurakartaistheKeratonSurakarta,thepalaceofSusuhunanPakubuwono,alsothePrincelyJavanesecourtofMangkunegaran.PasarGedemarketisoftenvisitedbytourists,mostlyforitsuniquearchitectureandfameasthebiggesttraditionalmarketintheSoloarea.ThePasarKlewerisfamousforitsbatiksinallpricesandqualities,whilethePasarTriwindhulocatednearMangkunegaranpalacespecializesinantiques.TamanSriwedariisapopularlocalentertainmentparkfeaturingachildren'splayground,dangdutmusicperformance,andWayangWongtraditionalJavanesedanceperformancealmosteverynight.NeartheparkisRadyapustakaMuseum,oneoftheoldestmuseumsinIndonesia,withacollectionofJavaneseculturalartifacts.ThetraditionalbatikvillageofLaweyanandKampungBatikKauman,locatedinthesouthwestpartofthecityandthecitycenterrespectively,arefamousforproducingfinequalityJavanesebatik.

Surakartaislocated60kmfromYogyakartaandsharesmanytourismspotswithit.CandiBorobudur,CandiPrambanan,CandiRatuBoko,CandiKalasan,andmanyotherCandiorancienttemplesarehistoricaltouristsights.SurakartaislocatedmuchclosertoCandiCethoandCandiSukuhontheslopesofMountLawu.ThemountainousareaofTawangmangu,featuringGrojoganSewuwaterfallontheslopeofMountLawu,isalsoapopulardestinationfortourists.

AmodernmuseumandvisitorscentreisattheimportantSangiranarcheologysitearound15kmnorthofSurakartanearthemainroadnorthoutofSurakartatoPurwodadi.

WithinSurakartatouristscanalsousetheJaladaraoldsteamtrainwhichwaslaunchedoninSeptember2009for5.6kmconnectingPurwosariStationandCity(Sangkrah)Station.In2011therewere60tripsandin2012willbe80trips.[37]

Accommodationiswidelyavailablefromsmalllodgingstointernationalchainhotels.

Cuisine

FoodassociatedwithSurakartaincludesNasiLiwet,NasiTimlo,Tongseng,Serabi,Satebuntel,Intip,RotiMandarin,andBakpiaBalong.GudegSoloisalsodifferentwithGudegYogyakarta,GudegSoloismoresoupyandrichwiththickcoconutmilk,whilegudegYogyaisdryerandhavereddishcolorfromtheadditionofteakleaf.



TimlokualinearMangkunegaranPalace.

GrebegMauludisatraditionalceremonyheldbytheroyalcourtofKeratonSurakartatocommemoratethebirthofIslam'sholymessenger,Muhammad.ThisceremonywasfirstheldduringthereignoftheDemakDynastydatingbacktothe15thcentury.

JavaneseSurakartabrideindhodotorSolobasahanroyalweddingcostume.

Culture

SurakartatogetherwithYogyakartaiswellknownastheculturalheartlandofJava.AsthecentreofsurvivingJavanesecourt(kraton),Surakartaisfamousforitsrefined,highlypolishedaesthetic,andsophisticatedJavaneseart.TheKratonservedasanimportantcenterdedicatedforthepreservationofJavaneseculture.SeveralimportanttraditionalJavaneseceremoniessuchasSatuSuroandSekatenritualswereobservedinhighimportanceamongitspeople.TheSunan(king)ofSurakarta,althoughtodaynolongerholdsofficialactualpoliticalpower,isstillreveredandholdsimportantpositionasculturalsymbolamongJavanesepeople.

Localdialect

ThemothertongueofSurakartansisalocalvarietyofJavanesethatdiffersinsomerespectsfromthatofotherareas.Forexample,forSurakatanstheJavanesewordfor"cold"isadem,butinSemarangitisatis.TheJavaneselanguageofSurakartaandYogyakartaisusedasthestandardforallJavanesespeakersthroughoutthenation.Indonesia'sofficialnationallanguageisIndonesian.

Dances

AsthecenterofJavanesecourtlyculture,SurakartaisthecenterofroyalJavanesedances.SeveralSurakartadancesarecharacterizedwithitsslow,constrainedandrefinedmovements,astheepitomeofgracefulnesssuchasbedhaya,serimpi,andSurakartastyleWayangwong.WayangwongisroutinelyperformedinawayangwongtheatreinSriwedaripark.

Batik

ThebatikofSolo(Surakarta)isknownasamongtheolderbatiktraditioninJava.ThetypicalstyleofSolobatikisitssogan(darkyellow)color,incontrastwithYogyakartabatikhaswhitishbackground.ThemainproductioncentersoftraditionalSolobatikisinKaumanareaandLaweyan,andPasarKleweristhemainbatikmarketinthecity.

Surakartainpopularculture

InpopularcultureofIndonesia,thetermPutriSolo(SoloPrincess)isawellknownidiomtodescribetheextraordinarybeautyandgraceoftheSurakartaladies.

TheSoloBatikCarnivalheldannually,istheeventthatshowcasedSurakartaasthecenterofJavanesebatikartaswellasthecenterofcreativefashionindustrybaseduponbatik.

SurakartaisalsofamousforstagingsomeinternationalmusicfestivalssuchasKeretaKencanaWorldMusicFestival(formerlySoloInternationalEthnicMusicFestival),SoloKeroncongFestival,andmetalmusicfestivalRockInSolo.

NotablepeoplefromSurakartaAgungSetyabudi,footballplayerBasuki,actorandcomedianDiahPermatasari,actressandmodelF.X.HadiRudyatmo,currentmayorofSurakartaGesang,singersongwriterIcukSugiarto,formerbadmintonplayerJokoSuprianto,formerbadmintonplayerJokoWidodo,FormerMayorofSurakarta,GovernorofJakartaandthecurrentPresidentofIndonesiaRioHaryanto,racingdriverRudyGunawan,formerbadmintonplayerSapardiDjokoDamono,poetSitiHartinah,wifeofthesecondIndonesianpresident,SuhartoSuryoAgungWibowo,sprinterWaldjinah,singerWidjiThukul,poet

Sistercities

Montana,Bulgaria.[38]



Bilbao,Spain[39]Algiers,Algeria

Notes

Furtherreading

Majeed,Rushda."TheCityWithaShortFuse."ForeignPolicy.September2012.Majeed,Rushda."DefusingaVolatileCity,IgnitingReforms:JokoWidodoandSurakarta,Indonesia,20052011."InnovationsforSuccessfulSocieties.PrincetonUniversity.PublishedJuly2012.

1. "JumlahdanPersentasePendudukmenurutKabupaten/KotadanJenisKelamindiProvinsiJawaTengahTahun2009"(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114010201.pdf)(PDF)(inIndonesian).BadanPusatStatistikProvinsiJawaTengah.2009.Retrieved20110319.

2. (Indonesian)BadanPusatStatistik:LuasDaerahmenurutKabupaten/KotadiProvinsiJawaTengahTahun2009(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114010101.pdf)

3. (Indonesian)MapofSurakarta(http://www.surakarta.go.id/id/news/peta.surakarta.html)4. ColumbiaLippencottGazeteer5. PDAMSolo:TheGreaterSurakarta(http://www.pdamsolo.or.id/download/greater_surakarta.ppt)6. (Indonesian)Produksiair(http://www.pdamsolo.or.id/produksi_air.php)7. "Weatherbase:HistoricalWeatherforSurakarta"(http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=54869&refer=wikipedia).Weatherbase.2011.Retrieved

November24,2011.8. (Indonesian)GapuraBatasKota(Keraton)(http://tentangsolo.wordpress.com/tetenger/gapurabataskotakeraton/)9. (Indonesian)KecamatandanDesa/KelurahanmenurutKabupaten/KotadiProvinsiJawaTengahTahun2005,2008dan2009

(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114010104.pdf)10. http://www.cdia.asia/sharedfiles/PFS%20Training%20for%20NPOs%20presentations/Day%203/Surakarta%20Transport%20PFS%20Executive%20Summary.pdf11. http://jurnal.pdii.lipi.go.id/admin/jurnal/131102025_14109409.pdf12. http://www.bappenas.go.id/getfileserver/node/7642/13. (German)SeiteausMeyersKonversationslexikon:SuppeditierenSurate:Surakarta(http://www.retrobibliothek.de/retrobib/seite.html?id=115452#Surakarta)14. PopulationofJawaTengahbyRegency/CityandSex2009(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103010101.htm)15. PopulationofJawaTengahbyRegency/CityandAgeGroup2009(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103010102.htm)16. NumberofHouseholdsandAverageofHouseholdMemberbyRegency/CityinJawaTengah2009

(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_1030102.htm)17. (Indonesian)PDAMSolo:Profil(http://www.pdamsolo.or.id/profil.php)18. PopulationAged15YearsandOverbyRegency/CityandTypeofActivityduringThePreviousWeekandSexinJawaTengah2009

(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030102.htm)19. PopulationAged15YearsandOverwhoWorkedduringforThePreviousWeekbyRegency/CityandEmploymentStatusinJawaTengah2009

(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030105.htm)20. PopulationAged15YearsandOverwhoWorkedbyRegency/CityandMainIndustryinJawaTengah2009

(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030106.htm)21. WorkingHoursRateduringthePreviousWeekbyRegency/CityandbySexinJawaTengah2009

(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_1030302.htm)22. PopulationAged15YearsandOverwhoWorkedduringaWeekbyRegency/CityandTimeofWorkinJawaTengah2009

(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030104.htm)23. PopulationAged15YearsandOverbyRegency/CitybyEducationAttainmentinJawaTengah2009

(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030103.htm)24. http://surakarta.dapodik.org/25. (Indonesian)DaftaruniversitasswastadiSurakarta(http://surakarta.dapodik.org/rekap.php?data=&ref=sekolah&tipe=5&status=3&limit=100&hal=1)26. (Indonesian)PDRBPERKAPITAATASDASARHARGABERLAKUMENURUTKABUPATEN/KOTAJAWATENGAHTAHUN20052009(RUPIAH)

(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114011201.pdf)27. ValueofWorkerProperLifeRequirementandRegency/CityMinimumWagebyRegency/CityinJawaTengah2007209(Rupiahs)

(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_1030307.htm)28. (Indonesian)IndeksHargaKonsumendanInflasiDi66Kota(2007=100)2011(http://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?

tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=03&notab=4)29. TheJakartaPost:WelcomeLPI(http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/01/08/editorialwelcomelpi.html)30. AdisumarmoInternationalAirportSolo(http://www.asiarooms.com/en/travelguide/indonesia/solo/howtogetin/adisumarmointernationalairportsolo.html),

Asiarooms.com,RetrievedJuly25,201031. (Indonesian)ArusLaluLintasPesawatUdaraKomersialMenurutBandarUdaradiJawaTengahTahun2009(Trip)

(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114021109.htm)32. SoloWonogiriRailbus(http://edisicetak.solopos.com/berita.asp?kodehalaman=h01&id=120361)33. "Surakartasrailbusesaretooheavyfortracks:KAI"(http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/04/13/surakartasrailbusesaretooheavytrackskai.html).

April13,2012.34. (Indonesian)PanjangJalanNegara,JalanPropinsidanKabupaten/KotadiJawaTengahTahun2009(Km)

(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114021101.htm)35. (Indonesian)BanyaknyaPerusahaanBusUmumAKDP/AKAPmenurutKabupaten/KotadiJawaTengahTahun2009

(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114021103.htm)36. BatikSoloTrans.PortalInformasiKotaSurakarta(http://www.surakarta.go.id/news/bst.batik.solo.trans.html)37. "AsyiknyaMenikmatiKotaSolodenganKeretaUapJaladara"(http://www.mediaindonesia.com/mediatravelista/index.php/read/2012/04/10/3784/2/Asyiknya

MenikmatiKotaSolodenganKeretaUapJaladara).April10,2012.38. "SurakartadanMontana,BulgariaMenjadiKotaKembar"(http://www.indonesia.go.id/id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3384&Itemid=683).

PortalNasionalRepublikIndonesia.October21,2007.Retrieved20100125.39. "IndonesiaSisterCities"(http://www.skyscrapercity.com/archive/index.php/t632795.html).SkyscraperCity.Retrieved20100916.



WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoSurakarta.

Externalmedia

Images

PicturesofSurakartaonFlickr(http://www.flickr.com/places//Indonesia/Central+Java/Surakarta)

Video

VideoaboutSoloandsurroundingfromarchive.org(http://www.archive.org/details/upennf160085_1955_5_Java)

Miksic,John(generaled.),etal.(2006)KaratonSurakarta.AlookintothecourtofSurakartaHadiningrat,centralJava(Firstpublished:'BythewillofHisSereneHighnessPakuBuwonoXII'.Surakarta:YayasanPawiyatanKabudayanKaratonSurakarta,2004)MarshallCavendishEditionsSingaporeISBN9812612262Soeharto,G.DwipayanadanRamadhanK.H."Ucapan,PikirandanTindakanSaya".1988.PTCitraLamtoroGung.Miksic,John(generaled.),etal.(2006)KaratonSurakarta.AlookintothecourtofSurakartaHadiningrat,centralJava(Firstpublished:'BythewillofHisSereneHighnessPakuBuwonoXII'.Surakarta:YayasanPawiyatanKabudayanKaratonSurakarta,2004)MarshallCavendishEditionsSingaporeISBN9812612262Soeharto,G.DwipayanadanRamadhanK.H."Ucapan,PikirandanTindakanSaya".1988.PTCitraLamtoroGung.PakuBuwonoXII(SunanofSurakarta),A.Mutholi'in,"KratonSurakarta",YayasanPawiyatanKabudayanKaratonSurakarta,2004NancyK.Florida,JavaneseliteratureinSurakartamanuscripts/Vol.1IntroductionandmanuscriptsoftheKaratonSurakarta,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,N.Y.SoutheastAsiaProgram(SEAP),1993.NancyK.Florida,JavaneseliteratureinSurakartamanuscripts/Vol.2ManuscriptsoftheMangkunagaranPalace,CornellUniversityIthaca,NY:SoutheastAsiaProgram(SEAP),2000.NancyK.Florida,"Writingthepast,inscribingthefuture:historyasprophesyincolonialJava",DukeUniversityPress,1995RichardAndersonSutton,"TraditionsofgamelanmusicinJava:musicalpluralismandregionalidentity",CUPArchive,1991ClaraBrakelPapenhuijzen,"ClassicalJavanesedance:theSurakartatraditionanditsterminology",KITLVPress,1995Thedomesticationofdesire:Women,wealth,andmodernityinJava(1998)Brenner,SuzanneApril.Princeton,N.J.:PrincetonUniversityPress.KratonandKumpeni:SurakartaandYogyakarta,18301870(1994)Houben,V.J.H..Leiden:KITLVPress.Preludetorevolution:PalacesandpoliticsinSurakarta,19121942(1987)Larson,GeorgeD..Dordrecht,HollandandProvidence,R.I.,U.S.A.:ForisPublications.Solointheneworder:LanguageandhierarchyinanIndonesiancity(1986)Siegel,JamesT..Princeton,N.J.:PrincetonUniversityPress.Pakubuwono'skratonofSurakarta:ShortguidetoSurakarta'sgrandeur:thepalaceoftheSusuhunansPakubuwono(1980)Nocontributorslisted.Jakarta:ProyekPengembanganSaranaWisataBudayaJakarta.MiftahSanaji,"WisataKulinerMakananDaerahKhasSolo",Gramedia2009,ISBN9789792252095"EkspedisiBengawanSolo",LaporanJurnalistikKompas,Kompas2009,ISBN9789797093907LindaCarolinaBrotodjojo,"JajananKakiLimaKhasSolo",Gramedia2008,ISBN9789792241433IzharryAgusjayaMoenzir,"Gesang",Gramedia2010,ISBN9789792259117

Externallinks

SolotravelguidefromWikivoyage

OfficialwebsiteofthegovernmentofSurakarta(http://www.surakarta.go.id/)SoloCityGeneralForum(http://www.soloaja.com)Visitors'Guideandmanypictures.MilitaryHistoryCentre(http://www.sejarahtni.mil.id/index.php?cid=1948)"SeranganOemoem"(August7,1949).VisitSolo.com(http://www.visitsolo.com)VisitSolotheSpiritofJAVAInteractivemap,informationonplacesofinterestandaccommodations(http://peta.soloaja.com)SoloFlooringCraftIndustry(http://advancesflooring.com)SoloHandcraftFlooringIndustrySoloBusinessDirectory(http://lokanesia.com/?s=&georadius=100&geolat=0&geolng=0&categories=814&locations=879&dirsearch=yes)

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