surat volume 38

8/8/2019 SURAT Volume 38

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/surat-volume-38 1/59

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M B F @ G L Q I B M K L F @ I E M @ I 8

K B [ H L P L A B C D L C T L A L P L / Q B Q L Z I B [ L ^ I B Z L F L

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zb{ibmklcdlc ~bc` v`~rlf alc kralpl iecqbmze{b{& klì ~bnl{l z{liqbi mlrzrc tlnlcl#

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rcqri mbmlglmòbcembcl iemì qb{~bkrq#

b-^r{lq >7mbcdgla`{ilc qrf`~lc‖A`dìemì” rcqri

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{blf`ql~#b-^r{lq ilf` `c` hrdl

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ml~pl{lilq iecqbmze{b{#Mbcplmkrcdilc a`~ir~` mbcdbcl``coe{ml~` alc ~bc` v`~rlf a`ba`~` b-^r{lq plcd flfr& ilf` `c`b-^r{lq >7 mbcr{rcilc nlqlqlcgl~`f ek{eflc qbml qb{~bkrqplcd a`r~rcd alflm ~bkrlg

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^`d`q ebqh`zqe& Iemì Cd`~rz& ‗Alhhlf Lflp‐ 'lql~)& ‗Alhhlf Nr{glq‐ 'kltlg)& ;:<:#



1

^bhli ilzlc gàrz i`qlmbchla` ~b{kl a`d`qlf5^bhl{lg mrcdi`c k`~l

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IF@I-IF@I-IF@I&AL_@A NEZZB[O@BFA&

A@D@IEM@I

Gìmlq Al{mltlc(

(B~l` `c` zb{clg a`~lmzlìlc ~bkldl`mlilflg alflm ^bm`cl{ ‖A`d`qlfO{bbaem”Zbilc Iemì alc Lc`ml~` @caecb~`l _& ;2Hrf` ;::2& a` Ilmzr~ Ml{lclqgl& Klcarcd#^`lzl ~lhl plcd `cd`c mbclcddlz`lqlr mbmkb{` ml~rilc rcqri qrf`~lc`c` fbk`g hlrg& ~`flilc mbcdgrkrcd`zbcrf`~ a` gìmlqal{mltlcJdml`f#nem & lqlr gìmlqal{mltlc#olnbkeei#nem # ^llq `c`& zbcrf`~ ~balcd mbcbf`q`dfeklf`~l~` ~rkirfqr{ mlcdl 'iemìHbzlcd) a` Hbzlcd alc Qgl`flca ~bflml~bqlgrc& alflm z{ed{lm LZ@ 'L~`lc Zrkf`n@cqbffbnqrlf) Obffet~g`z ;:<:#

Gl~`f zb~b{ql TE[I^GEZ IEM@I kb{~lml LILABM@ LMLF@'LILABM@ LMLF@ _~# O@DGQ OE[ [@NB)& @caecb~`lc _`~rlf L{q

L{ng`vb '@_LL)& ^bfl~l& ;? Eiqekb{ ;:<:& Pedplil{ql

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2

klcpli plcd mbmzb{glalzilccplabcdlc lqem& rc~r{ zbmklcdrc~bdlfl kbcal a` lflm# E{lcd

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„mlil qlcdlccpl mbmbdlcdkbcal plcd qb{~r~rc al{` lqem#Fl`c ~elf ilflr i`ql mbmklnlb-keei a` mec`qe{ lqlr zec~bfi`ql „clg& `qr kralpl kb{kl~`~ k`q#

Mlflg& ~bzb{q` C`nefl~C`d{ezecqb alflm Kb`cd A`d`qlf &

lal hrdl plcd mbcdrcddrfilckralpl%biecem`%zb{lalklc k`q a`lql~ kralpl%biecem`%zb{lalklclqem# Cbd{ezecqb mbm`cql i`qlmbmklplcdilc hìl ~bkeqefl`{ mr{c` '~bmlnlm L|rl& flg)a``mze{ al{` Z{lcn`~ ib mbhlcpl#

Zl~q` `qr mbf`klqilc z{e~b~plcd ~lcdlq zlchlcd alc mlglf8zbcdbzlilc& ~g`zmbcq & k`~c`~{bql`f plcd mbmkrqrgilc qeie-qeie alc dralcd-dralcd& alc~bkldl`cpl# ^balcd ilflr `l `cd`cba`~` ie{lc bfbiq{ecì qb{kl{r

'm`~lfcpl plcd a`qb{k`qilc efbgZ{lcn`~ hrdl)& `l nrirz mbmkriliecbi~` `cqb{cbq& alc alflm

~bibhlz lilc qb{~lh`#Qlz` kldl`mlcl ilflr i`ql&

m`~lfcpl a` @caecb~`l `c`& mbmlcdmbcd`cd`cilc l`{ lqlr lcddr{ al{`Z{lcn`~5 Neklflg zì`{ilc& ilflr~bil{lcd e{lcd mbmklplcdilc{rmlg a`d`qlf& ilc `qr krilc

kb{l{q` {rmlg plcd ~bzbcrgcplqb{klcdrc al{` k`q& qlz` {rmlgplcd qb{~r~rc al{` lqem plcdmbcdlcarcd kb{kldl` zb{lcdilqa`d`qlf nlcdd`g5 Fgl& iemzrqb{~bca`{`& ~lcd tlglcl ~bdlflzb{lalklc a`d`qlf i`c`& krilcilg

`qr kbcal plcd qb{~r~rc al{` lqemhrdl5

Qlczl mbml~ri` zb{abklqlcarfr lzlilg zb{lalklc k`q fbk`grcddrf al{`zlal zb{lalklclqem& iemì ~bca`{` mbcdlflm`zb{~elflc-zb{~elflc igl~ alflm

mbcdglalz` arc`l a`d`qlf `c`#Zb{~elflc plcd klgilc mbcpb{dlza` qlglz ab c`~`# Zlf`cd qàli&hìl i`ql mbcp`mli rzlpl ^neqqMnNfera mbcab c`~ìlc iemì#

Alflm krircpl plcdobcembclf& Rcab{~qlca`cd

Nem`n~& ^neqq mbcab c`~ìlciemì ~bkldl`8

Hrwqlze~ba z`nqe{`lfe{ eqgb{ `mldb `c

abf`kb{lqb ~b|rbcnb~ '@mlh` zìqe{`lf lqlr

fl`ccpl plcd a hlhl{ilc

alflm r{rqlc plcda`~bcdlhl#)

Tlflr ~bhli ~bmrfl `l qlimbmklql~` kbcqri ~ì iemì~bkldl`& alflm krircpl `qr ^neqqfbk`g klcpli mbcdrfl~ iemì

alflm kbcqri krir lqlr mlhlflg'iemì ~q{`z zrc flx`mcpl a`mrlqalflm ie{lc lqlr mlhlflg)#Plcd mbmkrlq ab c`~` a` lql~nbcab{rcd qb{qb{lzilc abcdlczlal iemì kb{kbcqri krirlqlr mlhlflg& mbcr{rq gbmlq

~lpl& lalflg ilql ‖r{rqlc plcda`~bcdlhl” „rcdilzlc `c` ml~`gzrcpl l~e~`l~` abcdlc fedìl{rlcd alflm ~bkrlg glflmlckrir%mlhlflg# Zlf`cd qàli&rcdilzlc `c` ml~`g zrcpl l~e~`l~`r{rqlc ib ~lqr l{lg #



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^neqq {rzlcpl krqrg ab c`~`plcd fbk`g nl`{# @l& m`~lfcpl&mbmì`{ilc ibmrcdi`clc

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Nem`n~& ^neqq mbcdlhrilc ab c`~``c`8

Qb{r~ qb{lcd& ab c`~` `c`mbmlcd mbcdldrmilc# Alflm

klcpli glf& ab c`~` mrqlig`{qbcqlcd iemì `c` mbmlcdmbmklcqr i`ql fbk`g fbcqr{ alflmmbmlglm` iemì# Ab c`~` `c`mbmkril klcpli ibmrcdi`clc#Alc mrcdi`c hr~q{r a` ~`c`ml~lflgcpl# Z`cqr ibmrcdi`clc

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Lcbg& mbmlcd8 lal~b~rlqr plcd a`~bmz`qilc a`

~`c`# Plcd a`~bmz`qilc lalflgklgtl zbmlglmlc i`ql qbcqlcdiemì ibmra`lc a`klql~` glcplzlal ml~lflg kbcqri ' oe{m)~lhl# Zlalglf& zb{fr hrdl i`qlmbmlglm`& m`~lfcpl& iemze~`~`v`~rlf alflm iemì& lqlr {bqe{ìl

alc ~r~l~q{l alflm iemì& lqlr~balcd mbcplqlilc lzl ~bkrlgil{pl iemì#

^lpl i`{l& ~bzlchlcd i`qlmbcbmzlqilc ab c`~` ^neqqa` lql~ ~bkldl` q`qì kb{lcdilq~lhl& i`ql lilc lmlc mbchbflhlg

Alflm ab c`~` `c`& ^neqqmbmlglm` klgtl gliìlqcplzlcbf iemì lalflg ~bkrlg

q`mb o{lmb 'k`cdil` tliqr)& a`mlcl ~bq`lz zlcbf ~bkbcl{cpl~balcd mbclcdilz membc& alczb{db{lilc al{` ~lqr zlcbf ibzlcbf fl`ccpl lalflg gliìlqcplzb{db~b{lc al{` ~bkrlg membcib membc fl`ccpl alflm tliqr#

'Nem`n~ `~)

l qbmze{lf mlz#

''Iemì lalflg) ~bkrlg zbql tliqr#)

Gl~`f zb~b{ql TE[I^GEZ IEM@I kb{~lml LILABM@ ^LMLF@ 'LILABM@ ^LMLF@ _~# O@DGQ OE[ [@NB)& @caecb~`lc_`~rlf L{q L{ng`vb '@_LL)& ^bfl~l& ;? Eiqekb{ ;:<:& Pedplil{ql



4

kb{kldl` ibmrcdi`clc alflmiemì#

<# Arc`l Alvà Nezzb{ bfa Clg& ml{` i`ql mbmk`nl{lilc

kb{kldl` ibmrcdi`clc plcda`~ba`lilc alflm arc`l a`d`qlfibzlal iemì#

Arc`l a`d`qlf lalflg arc`la` mlcl ~bmrl ‗zbcararicpl‐

alzlq mbchla` Alvà Nezzb{ bfa#I`ql qlgr zb~rflz ibfl~ arc`l`c` ml~pgr{ il{bcl li~`-li~`~rflzcpl plcd mbcdbhrqilc#@l k`~l mbcdg`flcdilc zb~ltlqqbmzr{& mbcbmkr~ qbmkei N`cl&klgilc qb{klcd# Lal plcd k`flcd&

`qr ~`g`{ alc lql~ klcqrlc h`c#Lal plcd k`flcd& `qr zbcn`zqllc`fr~` plcd nlcdd`g alc nb{al~#Lzlzrc plcd kbcl{& z{`c~`zal~l{cpl kefbg a`k`flcd ~lml8mlc`zrfl~` # Bcqlg h`c mbmklcqrAlvà mbmlc`zrfl~` alc

mbmkbcdieiilc grirm-grirm~ìl alc fedìl9 bcqlg {bilpl~l

clc mlglf a`{lcnlcd Alvà rcqrimbmlc`zrfl~` zb{~bz~` i`ql lilc{blf`ql~ ~bg`cddl ~beflg qb{hlaìblhl`klc# Mlc`zrfl~` lalflg ilqlircn`#

Mlc`zrfl~` hrdl lalflg ~lflg~lqr ilql ircn` alflm arc`la`d`qlf# Qbcdeiflg il{pl [etlf&

Qgb Lff`dlqe{ & plcd a`tl{cl`~bnl{l a`d`qlf efbg ^lc` '~qraèD{lvbpl{a ^gòq )# blilc il{pl qra`tl{cl` efbg nlq l`{# Mlc`zrfl~`tl{cl `c` lql~ klcqrlc z{ed{lm-z{ed{lm d{l ~ plcd klcpliqb{~ba`l alc mr{lg# Aìb{hlilc

a` ZN& alc krilc zb{lcdilqiemzrqb{ Mln plcd mlglf#

êlf mbcdg`flcdilc kbcal-kbcal kb~l{ lqlr ibn`f& arc`la`d`qlf hldecpl# 'Dlmkl{)zb~ltlq& m`~lfcpl& ilc dlmzlcd~lhl a`g`flcdilc „a`glzr~ ' abfbqb )&

lqlr a`~bmkrcpìlc ~bmbcql{l'abcdlc mbcpbmkrcpìlc flpb{ plcd mbcdlcarcd dlmkl{zb~ltlq `qr)# @cdlq ‖mlc`zrfl~`~bhl{lg” alflm fm Oe{b~q Drmz 5'Dlmkl{) Qem Glci~ a`~`~`zilc~bnl{l a`d`qlf zlal aeirmbcql~`

~bhl{lg& ~bg`cddl ~blilc `l~balcd kb{nlilz-nlilz abcdlcFbccec& C`wec& alc ~bkldl`cpl#Mlc`zrfl~` a`d`qlf zrfl plcdmbmrcdi`cilc zbcplcp` Clqlf`bNefb kb{arbq mb~{l abcdlclfml{grm lplgcpl& Clq I`cd

Nefb& ~bqbflg ~lcd lplg mbc`cddlfrcqri tliqr flml#

Iemì hbfl~ k`~l

mbmlcollqilc ibmlmzrlcmlc`zrflqò arc`l a`d`qlf#Necqeg ibn`f& rcqri mbclhlmilcalc mb{lzìlc ~bkrlg il{pl#^lpl zrcpl qbmlc mral plcdkb{klilq# Ilflr a`l mbcddlmkl{a` lql~ ib{ql~& dlmkl{cpl zl~q`

zbcrg ne{bq-me{bq plcd qb{ib~lcieqe{# Flcql~ `l mbc- ~nlcdlmkl{ `qr& alc mbcdeflgcplabcdlc z{ed{lm Zgeqe~gez lqlrO{bbglca & ilalcd mbmkb{` zrfltl{cl ~bnl{l a`d`qlf# Ilalcd&dl{`~-dl{`~ alc kbcqri-kbcqri

Aàeqg Nem`n~& ;::>



7

plcd qli mbmrl~ilc a`krlcd ~lhlabcdlc mralg# Alc ve`fl, & hla`flgil{plcpl n`lmì alc ~balz a`

mlql#Hlcdlcilc ~bilal{ mb{lz`

ilc# Mlc`zrfl~` kbcqri ~bnl{lfbk`g bi~q{`m zrc k`~l a`flirilcabcdlc mralg ~bnl{l a`d`qlf#A`~qe{~`5 Krilc ml~lflg# O`fqb{ 5Lal# Lfqb{l~`5 Dlmzlcd# Mbmkb{`

klplcdlc5 Zbcnlglpllc5 Ib~lcq`dl a`mbc~`5 ^bmrl q`cddlf a{ldalc ifì# Alc abmì`lc klcplicplol~`f`ql~ mlc`zrfl~` plcdqb{~ba`l& g`cddl i`c` zl{l l{q`~qk`~l mbcn`zql kbcqri-kbcqri

dr{lqò 'lqlr kbcqri fl`c plcd

cec{bz{b~bcqlqò) plcd glcpl lalalflm `mlh`cl~` arc`l a`d`qlf#

Necqeg fl`c& ol~`f`ql~nq{f X lqlr ‖ rcae ”# Ol~`f`ql~`c` ~bab{glcl& qlz` alg~plq8 `lmlmzr mbmkbcqri mbcqlf`ql~klgilc mear~ kb{il{pl# Ol~`f`ql~

`c` mbmkrlq zl{l zbd{l ~ lqlriemìr~ mb{l~l fbk`g lmlcmbchbflhlg# Qlz` a` qlcdlc plcd~lflg& ol~`f`ql~ `c` mlflg mbmkrlq~bmk{ece „z{e~b~ i{blqò a`{bari~` qli fbk`g al{` z{e~b~nekl-nekl# Hìl ~ralg kbd`c`&

~lcd ‖mlc`zrflqe{” 'zbcddrclqbicefed` a`d`qlf) qb{mlc`zrfl~`#

;# ^bc` Qlczl Qrkrg5 ^bc`Qlczl H`tl5 Mbmlcd& qbicefed` a`d`qlf

mbmkrlq z{e~b~ z{eari~` iemìfbk`g nbzlq& fbk`g mr{lg& alcfbk`g mralg# ^bnl{l biecem`&`c` kldr~ ~bilf`# Lzlilg ~bnl{l

b~qbqì-l{q`~qì& `c` kldr~ hrdl5^bkb{mrfl& liq`v`ql~

mbcddlmkl{ alc mbfri`~ lalflgliq`v`ql~ plcd mbf`klqilc qrkrg~bnl{l qeqlf# Qbcqr ~lhl& alflmmbcddlmkl{ lqlr mbfri`~& z{liq`~glcpl qlcdlc plcd 'ibf`glqlc)

kbib{hl# Qlz`& ~bzb{q` qb{klnlalflm kbkb{lzl krir qbi~zbflhl{lc mbcddlmkl{& liq`v`ql~qlcdlc `qr gl{r~ aàrircd efbgqrkrg plcd z{`ml# Dr{`~lc alclprclc irl~ lqlr zbcl plcdqb{klì mbf`klqilc a`~`zf`c qrkrg

plcd q`cdd`# Lal ~bkrlg grkrcdlcmb~{l lcql{l il{pl alc qrkrg~lcd ~bc`mlc#

Il{bcl grkrcdlc mb~{l alc`cq`m lcql{l liq`v`ql~ kb{il{plalc qrkrg ~` zbmkrlq il{pl&qb{k`q ~bkrlg qeqlf`ql~ kb{il{pl#

Abcdlc ilql fl`c& a` ~`qrflgi`ql k`~l k`nl{l qbcqlcd ~bkrlgil{pl plcd kb{h`tl lqlr qàli#'Eg& alc hlcdlc i`{l `c` glcplqb{hla` zlal arc`l ~bc` {rzl~lhl# Mr~ì hrdl abmì`lc# Kbd`qrzrfl „plcd lal grkrcdlccpl

abcdlc iemì‑mbcrf`~# ^bzb{q`rcdilz Debcltlc Meglmlaalflm ~bkrlg b~l` a` hr{clf Ilflmqbcqlcd mbcpl`{& alc [bca{lalflm kbkb{lzl qrf`~lccpl&mbcrf`~ lalflg hrdl ~bkrlgqeqlf`ql~ ib{hl qrkrg#)

Il{pl a`d`qlf& il{pl plcda`z{e~b~ qbicefed` a`d`qlf&~b{`cdilf mbmkrpl{ilcgrkrcdlc il{pl alc qrkrg#Qlcdlc a`{bari~` mbchla` ib{hlhl{`& qrkrg a`m`cql arari ~lhl#Mbmlcd& lal qbicefed` a`d`qlf

Ltl~ Zbcdrl~l Q`zr [lipl& Bie Z{l~bqpe alc Qb{{lKlh{ldge~l ;::?



0

zbc plcd mbc`{r liq`v`ql~qlcdlc alflm kb{il{pl ~bnl{lq{la`~èclf# Qlz` zb{lcdilq{`cdi`g `c` mbmb{frilc ibfrclilcqb{qbcqr& alc bcqlg kldl`mlclml~`g qli k`~l mbcdr~`{ hl{lilcql{l qrkrg alc il{pl#

Lzlilg abcdlc kbd`c`& il{pl-il{pl plcd a`gl~`filc alflm arc`la`d`qlf lilc ibg`flcdlc h`tlcpl5

># Dbfemklcd lqlrDbfbmkrcd5 Kldl`mlclzrc& z{e~b~ a`d`qlf

alflm iemì mlrzrc il{pl-il{pld{l ~ mrqlig`{ a`& m`~lfcpl&mba`l ml~~l qbflg mbchlaìbcplqllc kb~l{# @l qbflg mbchla`dbfemklcd#

L~zbi arc`l a`d`qlf~bfl`c z{eari~`& plic` l~zbi

a`~q{`kr~` a`d`qlf „plcd qbcqr~lhl mbcplcdirq l~zbi biecem`~bkrlg il{pl‑mbchla` zb{~elflcfl`c# A` ~lqr ~`~`& `cqb{cbq mbchla`l{qboli b~bc~`lf alflm arc`lkl{r `c`# ^bkldl` necqeg ibn`fqlz` mbcddbmk`{lilc& kbkb{lzl

iemìr~ i`ql kb{gl~`f mbcbmkr~zl~l{ `cqb{cl~èclf& mbchrlfibqb{lmz`flc mb{bil ib cbdb{`-cbdb{` mlhr& lql~ klcqrlc`cqb{cbq `c`# Hìl arfr& zlal <07:-lc& glcpl Qbdrg ^lcqe~l plcdkb{gl~`f mbcbmkr~ Lmb{ìl&

`qrzrc ~bqbflg zbcb{k`q Ml{vbfkb{~bcdlhl kb{kr{r klilq ibL~`l9 i`c`& klcpli iemìr~ mrali`ql bcqbcd ~lhl mbcltl{ilcze{qeoefè ib zbcb{k`q-zbcb{k`ql~`cd mbflfr` hlflc qef arc`lnpkb{#

A` ~`~` fl`c& i`ql `cdlqzb{db~b{lc mlc`l aeqnemmbchla` aeq-kemk lcql{l lig`{<00:-lc g`cddl ltlf ;:::-lc#Qb{cplql& klcpli ~bilf` g`z~bzrql{ aeq-bnecemp qli fbk`gal{` dbfbmkrcd plcd mralg

zbnlg# Kldl`mlclilg i`qlmbcdlcq`~`zl~` `c`5

Fld`zrfl& hìl i`ql qli k`~lkb{lchli al{` glcpl mbcdeflgz{e~b~ z{eari~` a`d`qlf alca`~q{`kr~` a`d`qlf& kldl`mlclabcdlc l~zbi fl`c plcd fbk`g

mbcal~l{ al{` hlch`-hlch` a`d`qlf`c`8 kldl`mlcl zbchbflhlglc i`qllql~ iec~bz a`dìemì 'iemìa`d`qlf)5

Ml{`flg i`ql mbcpbflm` ~elf `càlflm a`~ir~` i`ql ilf` `c`#(((

Tbagl{ [`pla`& Ald`cd Qrmkrg vef< ;:::9 Lh` Z{l~bqpe& Gàrz @qr @calg ;:<:9 ^rl~lcl TE[I^GEZ IEM@I kb{~lml LILABM@ ^LMLF@ 'LILABM@ ^LMLF@ _~# O@DGQ OE[ [@NB)&@caecb~`lc _`~rlf L{q L{ng`vb '@_LL)& ^bfl~l& ;? Eiqekb{ ;:<:& Pedplil{ql



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Ilf` `c` KFEDEÔB[ mbcr{rcilc ~bkld`lcibn`f al{` ~`qr~-~`qr~ @caecb~`l plcd kb{kl-~`~ iemì# Lal ~`qr~ iemrc`ql~ iemì& lal

~`qr~ kb{`ql iemì 'qb{ml~ri a` alflmcpl l{qìbfiemì) alc lal zrfl ~`qr~ plcd cdemì # ^`qr~iemì @caecb~`l hrmflgcpl ~lcdlq klcpli# Lalplcd liqò rzalqb & lal zrfl plcd hl{lcd rzalqb #Lal plcd a`krlq abcdlc ~b{`r~& lal zrfl plcda`krlq kl{r ~bqbcdlg hlflc# Clmrc& mbmkril`~`qr~-~`qr~ iemì `c` qb{l~l ~lcdlq mbcdl~pìilc#

Kb{ldlm àb& v`~rlf`~l~`& alc nb{`ql qb{glm-zl{ ~lcdlq mbcl{ì# ^`qr~-~`qr~ iemì `c` qàli~lhl mbchla` ‖klnllc” plcd zb{fr alc kb{d`x`&mb{bil ~bnl{l qàli flcd~rcd qbflg mbcaeir-mbcql~ìlc ~bilf`dr~ mb{bilm hbhli alc i`~lg~bnr`f zb{hlflclc i`ql ~bkldl` kld`lc al{` tl{dl‖@caecb~`l”# ^`mliflg###

KFEDEÔB[

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Nevb{ iemì ‖Qb{~b~lq a` Kpxlcq`rm”

Nevb{ iemì ‖Feqò”& Kbcd [lgl{a`lc Ne

^r{lq >7 mbcr{rcilc ~bkld`lc ibn`fiefbi~` iemì al{` [li Zb{zr~qlillc@_LL# _l{`l~` hbc`~ iemìcpl ~lcdlq

kb{ldlm# Mrfl` al{` iemì ~bkldl`nb{`ql kb{dlmkl{ g`cddl iemì~bkldl` il{pl ~bc`mlc# Iemì~bkldl` klgl~l zb{hlflclc g`cddliemì ~bkldl` ilh`lc# Iemì ~bkldl`

bi~z{b~` nb{`ql lqlr kèd{l g`cddliemì ~bkldl` mba`l laveil~`#[rzlcpl& lal kbd`qr klcpli hbcabfl{blf`ql~ alc zbcdbqlgrlc plcdqb{kril& plcd mbmrcdi`cilc k`~la`f`glq al{` iemì#Ml{`& ~`flilc kb{irchrcd###



b{ iemì ‖^bil{ Tlcd`”

Nevb{ iemì Ald`cd Qrmkrg

Nevb{ iemì Ald`cd Qrmkrg ‖G`hlr” Nevb{ iemì ‖Gàrz @qr @calg”& Lh` Z{l~bqpe

Nevb{ iemì Ald`cd Qrmkrg



Nevb{ iem`i ‖Lcql{l Gli Ibilpllc @cqbfbiqrlf alc ^bc` Q{la`~`”& Z{eo#A[ Ldr~ ^l{ahece

Nevb{ iem`i Dr~ar{& Pedl La# Lqql{m`x`# aii



Nevb{ iemì ‖Almbc Lcli Zrci”& Aàeqg alc Abm Ceme{olc

Nevb{ iemì ‖Al{i Mlp”

Nevb{ iemì ‖Z{b~àbc v~ Iemì”& Ald`cd Qrmkrg

Nevb{ iemì ‖Ltl~ Zbcdrl~l Q`zr [liplq”& Bie Z{l~bqpe alc Qb{{l Klh{ldge~l



Nevb{ iemì ‖Zb{hlflclc”& NNO

Nevb{ iemì ‖Il{zbq K`{r”

Nevb{ iemì Ibkrq& Iemì @caecb~`l&@ca`Nem`n Glca Keei



Nevb{ iem`i ‖Nem`n~& Nem`w / D{lzg`n Cevbf~”&[edb{ ^lk`c

Nevb{ krir ‖Qgb Nemzfbqb Nem`n q{`z~”&[eaefzgb Qezoob{

Nevb{ krir ‖evb{ 2: pbl{~ eo Lmb{`nlc Nem`n Keei~”



;;

Lzl plcd a`f`glq mlqlmb{rzlilc zbcpbalz{l~l# ^bhli mlcr~`l lal

`l qbflg mbcdbclf alc mb{lnìkrmkr alc klglc-klglc fl`ccplrcqri a`hlaìlc zbcpbalz{l~l# Zbcpbalz {l~l qàli ~lhlmbm{eari~` bobi-bobi {l~libcìmlqlc ' zfbl~r{b )& qbqlz`fbk`g al{` `qr& `l mbm{eari~`bobi-bobi {l~l zlal ~bhl{lgmlcr~`l# Mbflfr` iez`& qbg&

qbmklilr& nlcar& drfl& mb{`nl&zlfl& alc {bmzlg-{bmzlgfl`ccpl& e{lcd-e{lcd a` al{lqlcB{ezl kb{db{li& qb{~q`mrfl~`g`cddl ibmra`lc mbcdlflm`‗~lilr‐ zlal iefec`~l~`# Xlmlc~bil{lcd& zbcpbalz {l~l qb{ircn`

zlal mlql# Mbflfr` mlql& ieql-ieql kl{r a`{bz{eari~`& kl{lcd-kl{lcd aìbml~& alc q`cdilg flira`~lhìlc# Flfr& klcpli e{lcd a`zl~l{ kb{qb{`li8 ‖ Lch{`q& ibq`zrc`g &### qb{cplql {l~lcpl cddli ~bbcli qlmz`flccpl,”

@_LL8

Zbcpbalz [l~l plcd Qb{ircn` Zlal MlqlPe~g` Olhl{ I{b~ce Mr{q`

@fr~q{l~` A{lt`cd efbg Ob{` Z{la`dae



;>

@caecb~`lc _`~rlf L{q L{ng`vb '@_LL) gla`{ alflm iecqbi~xlmlc ‖lzl plcd a`f`glq mlql

mb{rzlilc zbcpbalz {l~l”#Fbk`g hbfl~ fld` alzlq aìlqlilc&ibgla`{lc @_LL kb{lal zlaliecqbi~ zb{ibmklcdlc kralplv`~rlf alc v`~rlf l{q # Ilqlv`~rlf l{q `qrflg plcd mbchla`hbcabfl ~bilf`dr~ oeir~ ib{hlcpl#

Ib{hl mbcaeirmbcql~ìlc alcmbcnb{mlq` qàli ~lhl zlalkldl`mlcl ~bc` v`~rlf mbm{eari~`bobi-bobi ibcìmlqlc 'b~qbqìlalc biecem`)& qbqlz` fbk`g al{``qr& zlal kldl`mlcl ~bc` v`~rlfmbm{eari~` bobi-bobi zlal

kralpl iecqbmze{b{ ml~pl{lilq#Zrc zrfl& @_LL flg`{ ibqìl ~bc`v`~rlf 'plcd kb{l{q` ~bc` {rzl)~bmli`c mbchla` ~lqr kàlcdzbcdbqlgrlc alc z{liqì ~e~`lfqb{~bca`{` a` alflm zb{ibmklcdlcml~pl{lilq# Mb~i`zrc a` alflm

db{li zb{hlflclccpl& ~bc` {rzl'meab{c) ~bkldl` ~lqr kàlcdqbflg mbcrchriilc a`{`cpl flg`{~bkldl` kld`lc al{` ibflg`{lcalc zb{ibmklcdlc clqèc ~qlqb @caecb~`l# ^bhli ibfemzei Zb{~ld`'Zb{~lqrlc Lgf` Dlmkl{ @caecb~`l)

~bkbfrm ibmb{abillc& flfr ^@M'^bc`mlc @caecb~`l Mral) plcdbi~`~ zlal ml~l ibmb{abillc&g`cddl dbcb{l~` ^bc` [rzl Kl{r a`ml~l zbmklcdrclc E{ab Kl{r&~bmrl mbcrchriilc ~bc` {rzla` @caecb~`l qbflg mbm{eari~`

bobi-bobi ~e~`lf kralpl zlalzb{ibmklcdlc ml~pl{lilq# Bobi-bobi plcd hr~q{r ~lcdlq mbcal~l{kld` zb{ibmklcdlc kralpl~bkrlg klcd~l#

^bkldl` fbmkldl aeirmbcql~`~bc` v`~rlf& @_LL `kl{lq hr{r

ml~li plcd mbcdrmzrfilcklglc& mb{lnì krmkr& mbcdeflgalc mbcplhìlccpl ibzlal e{lcd-e{lcd 'mbflfr` gl~`f ib{hl alcz{ed{lm ib{hlcpl)# ^bkldl` hr{rml~li& `l gl{r~ i{blqò rcqrimbcdemze~`~ ilc zbcpbalz {l~l

'alflm glf `c` v`~rlf l{q ) ~rzlplmlmzr mbc~q`mrfl~` bobi-bobi ibcìmlqlc 'alflm glf `c`bcb{d` i{blqò a` ~bi`ql{cpl) alckb{almzli mbfrl~ 'alflm glf `c`zlal zbcdbqlgrlc alc z{liqì~bc` v`~rlf ml~pl{lilq)#

Oeqe Iefbi~` @_LL



;1

^bkldl` fbmkldl aeirmbcql~`~bc` v`~rlf& @_LL k`~l aìlqlilcmbchla` {bz{b~bcql~` zb{ibmklcdlc kralpl& ~bfb{l alc {l~l a`cbdl{l kbil~ hlhlglc plcd qb{r~kb{db{li alc qàli zb{clg i~&~bzb{q` @caecb~`l# bkrlg cbdl{lklcd~l plcd qàli zb{clg k`~lmbcn`zqlilc mr~brmcpl abcdlckbcl{& plcd ~bflfr qb{bcdlg-bcdlg mbcdlk~q{li~ìlc ~bhl{lgzbcdbqlgrlccpl& alc plcd ~bflfrzrcpl ~`l~lq rcqri mbcdlnli-

lnli qlqlclc orcd~`cpl# Clmrc&zlal ~bmrl `qrflg hr~q{r qb{fbqlibcb{d` i{blqò e{lcd-e{lcdcpl8mbmkrlq gàrz 'plcd kb{lq)mbchla` gàrz# ^bkldl` fbmkldl&@_LL ~bzb{q` glfcpl fbmkldl-fbmkldl plcd fl`ccpl& hrdl qàlizb{clg ~bnl{l i~ aàb c`~ìlc#^bkldl` fbmkldl aeirmbcql~`@_LL hrdl mbmklcdrc iemrc`ql~&mbmzrcpl` hl{`cdlc alcmbflirilc mevbmbcq 'db{lilc)#Ilalcd-ilalcd l k`~l mbchla`

mr~brm& mbchla` qbmzlqzbcaàìlc& qbmzlq zlmb{lc&mlrzrc qbmzlq kb{a`~ir~`# Aàlflmcpl lal zb{zr~qlillccpl&k`~l cdbcbq ~bzrl~cpl& laltl{rcd mlilccpl& alc hrdl lalqeie plcd mbchrlf kl{lcd zb{cli-zb{cì# Kbd`qrflg### a` @_LL lalklcpli vl{`l~` {l~l alc zbcpbalz{l~l plcd mrcnrf al{` mlql# Al{`mlql& {l~l `qr k`~l mbc~q`mrfl~`lzl ~lhl& ~bil{lcd alc hrdlibfli& a` ml~l plcd lilc alqlcd#

Oeqe Iefbi~` @_LL



;2

^bqàlicpl lal q`dl glfibclzl e{lcd qb{ql{ì ibzlalml~l flfr8 '<) Mlcabdcplib`cd`cqlgrlc ~bilf`dr~ qb{nbilmzlal zb~ecl qbcqlcd bi~eqìl&';) ^rmkb{ zbcdbqlgrlc alczbcnl{`lc ~efàl{`ql~ lilc‖plcd fl`c”& '>) ^bkldl` ~l{lclrcqri mbcab c`~ìlc àbcq`ql~&mbcbdrgilc klql~-klql~ alcfbd`q`ml~`### Qbqlz`& ~bmrl `qrglcpl `fr~`, ^bklk oliqlcpl& ml~lflfr qàli fl`c ~bkrlg {bz{eari~`#'a``cqb{z{bql~ìlc ibmklfàl{` irq`zlc l{qìbf ‖G`~qe{`nlfCl{{lq`vb~”& Zbqb{ Mrcx)

Zb{nlpl lqlr qàli& zbib{hllc mbcdrmzrfilc aeirmbcmb{rzlilc zbib{hllc plcd qàlililc zb{clg ~bfb~l`# ^bflfr lalibmrcdi`clc glf kl{r a`qbmrilca` ml~l flfr& ~bil{lcd alcml~l abzlc# Abcdlc abmì`lc&~bflfr lal ibmrcdi`clc glf kl{rqb{~bkrq aàeirmbcql~ìlc klìzlal zb{`~q`tl plcd qb{hla` a`ml~l flfr& ~bil{lcd mlrzrc ml~labzlc# Ibmrcdi`clc qli qb{klql~

al{` ml~lflg aeirmbc alcaeirmbcql~` `c` mlr qàli mlrgl{r~ a`klql~` abcdlc al~l{-al~l{iec~bz~` plcd hbfl~# Iec~bz~`qb{~bkrq flg`{ al{` ibqb{f`klqlc~bnl{l `cqbc~ alflm db{li gàrzkb{ml~pl{lilq ~bnl{l qb{r~-mbcb{r~ rcqri ~bmli`c hbfl~ aàlflm mbcdlmk`f ze~`~` a`{` a`~bq`lz iecqbi~ lqlr xlmlc-cpl#

a` @_LL lal klcpli vl{`l~` {l~l alc zbcpbalz{l~l plcd mrcnrf al{` mlql

Ib{hl8 Aeirmbcql~` „ Mbcaàì - Mbchbflhlgal{` kb{kldl` ~rmkb{ aeirmbc @_LL '@caecb~`lc _`~rlf L{q L{ng`vb)

Ibflg`{lc @_LL& plcd a`ltlf`qlgrc <002 g`cddl ;::4 abcdlcclml Plpl~lc ^bc` Nbmbq`&~bkldl` fbmkldl aeirmbcql~`~bc` v`~rlf @caecb~`l& ~bnl{ligr~r~ qbflg mbfbcdilzìbkb{lallc fbmkldl aeirmbcql~`plcd fl`c a` @caecb~`l& ~bzb{q`8Zr~lq Aeirmbcql~` ^l~q{l G# K#Hl~~`c lqlrzrc Zr~lq Zb{ fbmlc

Oeqe Iefbi~` @_LL& Zlmb{lc L{~`z ‖ Iltlc-iltlc [bvefr~`” alflm {lcdil Hedhl K`bcclfb ;::0& Dbarcd Klci@caecb~`l& Pedplil{ql



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Glh` R~ml{ @~ml`f# @_LL ~bnl{l~zb~` i qbflg mbcdlmk`f {lclg~bc` {rzl iecqbmze{b{ ~bkldlàl~l{ aeirmbcql~`cpl# Ibflg`{lc@_LL ~beflg mbchla` qecddligla`{cpl zbcdbfefllc `coe{ml~`&

alql& aeirmbc& mlrzrc krirqbi~ mbcdbcl` tlnlcl alcz{liqì ~bc` {rzl @caecb~`l plcdqb{fbmkldlilc# Zb{ibmklcdlccplibmra`lc& ibkb{lallc @_LLklgilc aàe{ecd mbchla` {rlcdalc qbmzlq zb{~bml`lc dldl~lc-

dldl~lc iecqbmze{b{ alflmibgàrzlc kb{ml~pl{lilq mbflfr`hbcabfl ~bc` v`~rlf# Abcdlcabmì`lc @_LL qàli glcplmbchla` ol~`f`qlqe{ `coe{ml~àlc aeirmbcql~` ~bc` v`~rlf

rcqri ml~pl{lilq& qbqlz` hrdlmbflirilc db{lilc zbcaàìlcalflm gàrz kb{ml~pl{lilq# Glf`c` aèzb{l~ìlc mbflfr` kb{kldl`z{ed{lm ib{hl @_LL& ~bzb{q`8 ~b{`zbcbf`q`lc& zb{qril{lc zbcbf`qàlc {b~àbc~`& zbcb{k`qlc&

ir{~r~ mbcrf`~& zlmb{lc l{~`z&te{i~gez& ~bm`cl{& aff# ^b~rlàbcdlc v`~` @_LL& ~bq`lz z{ed{lmib{hl @_LL ~bflfr mbcdlcarcd> glf& pl`qr8 aenrmbcq`cd&bwzfe{`cd& barnlq`cd #

^lmzl` ~llq `c` @_LL~balcd mbmklcdrc alc qb{r~mbcpbmzr{clilc @_LL A`d`qlfAlqlkl~b lca @coe{mlqècNbcq{b# Mbflfr` ~`qr~cpl a` ttt#`vll-ecf`cb#e{d &@_LL ~bmli`cmbcbdl~ilc a`{`cpl ~bkldl`

Oeqe Iefbi~` @_LL& Zlmb{lc L{~`z ‖ Iltlc-iltlc [bvefr~`” alflm {lcdil HedhlK`bcclfb ;::0& Dbarcd Klci @caecb~`l& Pedplil{ql

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;4

fbmkldl zbcpba`l `coe{ml~` alcalqlkl~b a`d`qlf mbcdbcl` ~bc`v`~rlf @caecb~`l plcd kb{~òlqqb{kril& ~`~qbmlq`~ alc mralga`li~b~# Zlal Krflc Ldr~qr~ ;::0@_LLEcf`cb L{ng`vb a`frcnr{ilca` Hlil{ql& alc mbcalzlqqlcddlzlc alc ib{hl~lml plcdfrl~ „ qàli ~lhl al{` ilflcdlcarc`l ~bc` {rzl& qbqlz` hrdl

lilabm`~` klgilc zbmb{`cqlg#^bfl`c Ecf`cb L{ng`vb& @_LLhrdl qbflg mrfl` mbmklcdrcZb{zr~qlillc Ecf`cb plcd`cqbd{lf# @coe{ml~` zb{zr~qlillc- qàli ~lhl mbcdbcl` `coe{ml~ìefbi~` alc `coe{ml~` ibd`lqlc

zb{zr~qlillc& qbqlz` hrdl tlnlclqb{kl{r mbcdbcl` ~bc` v`~rlfal{` ~rarq zlcalcd {bob{bc~àlc alqlkl~b „ ~bnl{l nbzlq alc~`~qbmlq`~ lilc k`~l a`li~b~ alcqb{~bkl{ ibzlal ~bq`lz e{lcda`mlclzrc `l kb{lal# @_LL hrdl

~balcd mbmklcdrc ~`~qbm feilfEcf`cb _àbe L{ng`vb# Abcdlc~`~qbm `c` @_LL a`gl{lzilc alzlqmbchla` zr~lq alqlkl~b vàbe~bc` v`~rlf plcd k`~l aì{bl~`~bnl{l mlca`{` efbg iemrc`ql~zbcddrclcpl#

Mbflfr` kb{kldl` mba`lib{hlcpl '~b{` zbcbf`q`lc&zbcb{k`qlc& oe{rm a`~ir~`&

zb{zr~qlillc& te{i~gez&tl{rcd& zlmb{lc& qeie& aff)&alc mbflfr` hlf`clc ib{hl~lmlabcdlc kb{kldl` ilflcdlc'~bc`mlc& lilabm`~`& zbmb{`cqlg&liq`v`~& iemrc`ql~-iemrc`ql~lcli mral& aff)& @_LL qbflg

mbm`fì` mealf ~e~`lf-kralplplcd aìbclf frl~ iemzbqbc~`cpla` kàlcd ~bc` v`~rlf& qb{rqlml

a` Ieql Pedplil{ql& Hlil{ql alcKlcarcd# Mbflfr` mba`l {bdrfb{ibfl~ mbcrf`~ i{blqò LI^L[L alcKrffbq`c ^R[LQ plcd ~bnl{l {rq`caìb{hlilc @_LL& qbflg mlmzrmbmklcdrc iemrc`ql~ zl{q`~`zlcalc hl{`cdlc lra`bcnb plcd frl~#

zbib{hllc mbcdrmzrfilc aeirmbc mb{rzlilc zbib{hllc plcd qàli lilc zb{clg ~bfb~l`



aeirmbc ~bc` v`~rlf alflm~bkrlg zb{gbflqlc bvbcq plcdgàrz& plcd mbmkril {rlcd`cqb{li~` abcdlc tlnlclalc dldl~lc lra`bcnb~ plcdalqlcd& mb{rzlilc ib{hl plcdmbclcqlcd# Zlmb{lc l{~`z^lcddl{ Krm` Ql{rcd a` Kbcql{lKralpl Pedplil{ql KrflcEiqekb{ ;::7& Zlmb{lc Nf`ni#

@_LL a` Dlfb{` Cl~èclf a` KrflcLdr~qr~ ;::0& Zlmb{lc L{~`zK`bcclfb Pedpl @-W alc Iltlc-iltlc [bvefr~`8 Pedplil{qln`{nl <01:-?: a` Dbarcd Klci@caecb~`l Pedplil{ql zlal KrflcAb~bmkb{ ;::0& mb{rzlilc

kbkb{lzl z{ed{lm bizfe{l~àlc bi~zb{`mbcql~` zlmb{lcl{~`z @_LL# Abcdlc abmì`lc&ib{hl-ib{hl @_LL klì ~bkldl`fbmkldl aeirmbcql~` mlrzrc~bkldl` fbmkldl {`~bq ~bc` v`~rlf&zlal lig`{cpl kb{mrl{l zlal

~bmlcdlq zbcaàìlc& pl`qrkb{~lml-~lml mbcddrclilc ~bc`v`~rlf ~bkldl` ~l{lcl bi~z{b~`&{b bi~` alc lclf`~l kralpliecqbmze{b{ alflm ml~pl{lilq&kefli-klfì lcql{l ml~l flfr&~bil{lcd alc plcd lilc alqlcd#

Mbflfr` kb{kldl` mlnlm ~lfr{lc&ib{hl alc m`q{l plcd qbflgqb{hlf`c ~bflml ~lqr al~ltl{~lfbk`g& zbcpbkl{frl~lc àb-àb`c~z`{lqò& zbcdbqlgrlc i{`q`~ alcib{hl-ib{hl `cevlqò @_LL plcdkb{kl~`~ zlal ~bc` v`~rlf qbflg

a`hlflcilc ~bflml `c`# Glf `c`qb{f`glq alflm `cevl~`-`cevl~`plcd a`flirilc @_LL m`~lfcpl aàlflm zbcpbfbcddl{llc zlmb{lcl{~`z# Kldl`mlcl mbcplhìlc&mbcdeflg& mbcabilqilc&klgilc mbcdi{`q`~` l{~`z alc

;7

Oeqe Iefbi~` @_LL& Zlmb{lc L{~`z ‖ ^lcddl{ Krm`Ql{rcd”& @caecb~`lc _`~rlf L{q L{ng`vb& Kbcql{l KralplPedplil{ql& Eiqekb{ ;::7



<2 qlgrc fbk`g @_LL qbflg kb{dbfrq abcdlcl{~`z-l{~`z ~bc` v`~rlf8 mbcdrmzrfilc&

mbflnli& mbmbf`gl{l& alc mbmklnlcpl

@c` nb{`ql mbcdbcl` zlmb{lc

l{~`z# ^lflg ~lqr ib{hl @_LLplcd ~rcddrg mbcl{ì# Zlalzlmb{lc l{~`z qb{fbqli l{~`z-l{~`z& z{eari& mlrzrc zb{`~q`tl' bvbcq )# Kldl`mlcl mbcdi{bl~`zlmb{lc l{~`z ~bkldl` z{eari alczb{`~q`tl5

Zlmb{lc L{~`z @_LL8 Mba`l alc Ml~l AbzlcPe~g` Olhl{ I{b~ce Mr{q` al{` `cqb{z{bql~` A`~ir~` Ol{lg Tl{alc`

Zb{qlml-qlml& l{~`z mbmlcd

gl{r~ aìrmzrfilc& a`flnli&a`zbf`gl{l alc a`klnl# Il{pl ~bc`k`~l kb{gl{dl ~bflcd`q& k`~l hrdlqli lilc a`gl{dl`# Clmrc& ibqìlil{pl ~bc` lqlr lzlzrc mbchla`l{~`z& mlil `l lilc ~bflfrkb{gl{dl# Kb{gl{dl rcqri a`kril

ibmklf`# A` klnl rflcd& qlikb{gbcq`# Ib{hl mbcdrmzrfilc&mbflnli alc mbmbf`gl{ll{~`z ~b{ql mbmklnlcplmb{rzlilc ib{hl mbcdi{bl~`l{~`z mbchla` aeirmbcql~`#Lzlfld` aeirmbcql~` ~bc`v`~rlf @caecb~`l& krilcflgib{hl plcd ml`c-ml`c# <2qlgrc fbk`g @_LL qbflg kb{dbfrqabcdlc l{~`z-l{~`z ~bc` v`~rlf8mbcdrmzrfilc& mbflnli&mbmbf`gl{l& alc mbmklnlcpl#I{bl~` aeirmbcql~`cpl k`~la`f`glq& a`klnl& alc a`qbfr~r{` a`zb{zr~qlillccpl mlrzrc qb{~ba`l~bnl{l ecf`cb& ttt#ecf`cb-

l{ng`vb#e{d #^bflchrqcpl& al{` iefbi~àeirmbcql~` @_LL& a`krlqflgzlmb{lc l{~`z# Zlmb{lc k`~la`~bfbcddl{lilc a`mlcl ~lhl# Aìbkrc lqlr glflmlc& a` tl{rcd&a` zb{zr~qlilc& a` dlfb{`& a`

dbarcd ib~bc`lc& {rlcd ibfl~&fe{ecd lqlr dlcd& dbarcd qrl& alcfl`c ~bkldl`cpl# Oe{mlq zlmb{lck`~l ibn`f-ibn`flc& k`~l hrdl ~ilflkb~l{# Ib{hl mbcdi{bl~` zlmb{lc&qàli ~lml abcdlc ib{hlmbca`~zflp l{~`z# Kbal abcdlc

;0

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@fr~q{l~` Iem`i efbg ^rcl{a`



àli ~lhl a`~rdrg` efbgzbcdbqlgrlc plcd a`~r~rc al{`l{~`z-l{~`z& qbqlz` mb{bil hrdla`lhli rcqri kb{iemrcìl~` alc

mbcdi{`q`~`cpl#^bflml `c` @_LL qbflgmbcdi{bl~` kbkb{lzl zlmb{lcl{~`zcpl# A`qr{rcilc al{ìefbi~` aeirmbcql~` @_LL~bflml `c`& ~bkrlg zlmb{lcl{~`z kld` @_LL hrdl mb{rzlilc

~ìfr~ rcqri mbcdrmzrfilc&mbflnli& mbmbf`gl{l alcmbmklnl ibmklf` l{~`z alcaeirmbcql~`cpl# Abcdlcabmì`lc& l{~`z mbchla` gàrz#@l mbchla` mba`l# Mba`l rcqrilzl ~lhl# Alc& ~b~rl` kàlcd plcd

a`dbfrq` @_LL& ~bkrlg zlmb{lcl{~`z hrdl mbchla` membc rcqrimbcdl`qilc z{liqì ~e~`lf ~bc`{rzl abcdlc zb{ibmklcdlc

~e~`lf plcd qb{hla` a` ml~pl{lilq#Kldl`mlcl l{~`z ~bc` {rzlmbchla` {b bi~` zb{ibmklcdlckralpl ml~pl{lilq ~bilf`dr~z{baì~` zb{ibmklcdlcibkralpllccpl#

@qrflg plcd qbflg a`nekl @_LL

alflm mbcdb{hlilc zlmb{lcl{~`zcpl# Kl{lcdilf` a` qlgrc;:2: clcq`& @_LL lilc mbmkrlqzlmb{lc l{~`z al{` zlmb{lc-zlmb{lc l{~`zcpl ~bflml `c` alcplcd lilc alqlcd# Kldl`mlcl `qraì{bl~ìlc alc a`klnl ibmklf`5

mr~brm lqlr zr~lq flplclc l{~`z#Zlmb{lc l{~`z mbcalqlcd` alcmbcdlhli zl{q`~`zl~` zbcdrchrcd#

Alflm mbcdi{bl~` zlmb{lc

l{~`z& klcpli ~`~` alc kàlcdplcd a`zb{glqìlc# M`~lfcpl&`l gl{r~ k`~l mbcdg`kr{ alc{bi{blqò# Qàli meceqec#^bfl`c ~elf zbfb~ql{`lc alc {b-ifl~` il~` gl~`f zbmklnllc l{~`z&zlmb{lc l{~`z alzlq aìlqlilc

mb{rzlilc z{b~bcql~` lraè-v`~rlf# Mlil& a`zb{glqìlc zrfl~elf l{q`~qì& ~bilf`dr~ barilqò#@l hrdl mbclmz`filc zb{~zbiqò alc mbqeab al{` zbcpbfbcddl{lzlmb{lc l{~`z alc a`qltl{ilcibzlal zbcdrchrcd# Zbcdrchrcd

><

Oeqe Iefbi~` @_LL



>;

KLDL@MLCLMB[BIL ALCI@QL MBTL[QL^BC@ _@^RLF5[bv`bt A`~ir~`Zbfrcnr{lc B-^r{lq

Hldla ~bc` v`~rlf a`klcdrc a` lql~ hl{`cdlc# Hl{`cdlc qb{~bkrq a`klcdrcefbg ~bc`mlc& iefbiqe{& zbcdbfefl {rlcdalc ibd`lqlc ~bc`& ir{lqe{& qb{ml~ri

zbcbf q` alc zbcrf`~ ~bc`# A` alflmcpl&mbcdlf`{ l{r~ `coe{ml~`& kb{kldl` ilkl{&alc zbcdbqlgrlc ib~bc`lc# Ilkl{-ilkl{ ib~bc`lc a`~bkl{frl~ilc mbflfr`

kb{mlnlm mba`l alc ~l{lcl& mrfl` al{`mba`l qb{nbqli g`cddl plcd ec-f`cb& klì~l{lcl plcd kb{~òlq zrkfìlqò mlrzrci{blqò# Zbcq`cdcpl mba`l alc `coe{ml~`qbflg ~bmli`c a`~lal{` efbg iemrc`ql~-iemrc`ql~ ~bc` a` Pedplil{ql# Zb{~elflc`c`flg plcd a`lcdilq ~bkldl` qlhria`~ir~` zrkfì zbfrcnr{lc hr{clf B-^r{lq#Kldl`mlcl mbcdbfefl ilk l{-ilkl{

ib~bc`lc& qb{rqlml ~bc` v`~rlf& ~rzlplqb{tl{qlilc ~bnl{l mbfrl~ ~bilf`dr~qbqlz q{lnblkfb <5

<Q{lnblkfb a`z`f`g ~bkldl` `~q`flg plcd{`cdil~ rcqri mbcplqlilc klgtl ilkl{-ilkl{ qb{~bkrq ~bzb{q` mbm`fì` ‖{bilmhbhli” ~bg`cddl alzlq aàeirmbcql~` lqlra`l{~`zilc# Oeqe Iefbi~` @_LL



>>

@caecb~`lc _`~rlf L{q L{ng`vb '@_LL) ‖mb{lplilc” zbfrcnr{lcba`~` bfbiq{ecì al{` hr{clf

^r{lq abcdlc mbcddbfl{ ~bkrlga`~ir~` zrkfì# A`~bfbcddl{lilc a`zb{zr~qlillc @_LL zlal Hrmlq~e{b& <7 Hrc` ;:<: zrirf <?#::T@K& a`~ir~` zrkfì `c` a`kb{`qbml ‖^bc` _`~rlf8 Qbi~qrlf`ql~alc @coe{ml~`”# Qbml qb{~bkrq~lml abcdlc qbml B-^r{lq vefrmb >4 plcd a`frcnr{ilc~e{b `qr# @_LL mbcdrcalcd q`dle{lcd zbmk`nl{l8 Gb{` Zbmla' Gb{` Zbmla L{q Mlcldbmbcq )&Zrqr ^rqlt`hlpl ' ^lcdi{`cd L{q^zlnb )& alc Q`ql{rk` ' @caecb~`lcNecqbmze{l{p L{q Cbqte{i )#^rfrg Z{lq`ql~l{` ' [bdef Mldlx`cb )a`rcalcd zrfl rcqri mbclcddlzàlc mbfbcdilz` r{l`lc ibq`dlzbmk`nl{l# Kb{~lml meab{lqe{Ldrcd Ir{c`ltlc alc zbtl{lOb{`lf L oo& oe{rm mbmklgl~zbmlcollqlc alc zbcdbfefllcmba`l alflm zbtl{qllc ~bc`v`~rlf a` Pedplil{ql#

IEMRC@IL^@ ALC @COE[ML^@Gb{` Zbmla mbcdltlf`

zbmk`nl{llc abcdlc ~gl{`cd

mbcdbcl` ibz{`glq`clccpl#Zlal qlgrc ;::? a` Pedplil{ql&Zbmla mbcalzlq` ibz`cnlcdlcalflm zb{ibmklcdlc hldla~bc` v`~rlf# Hrmflg dlfb{` alcir{lqe{ mbcr{rc& kb{klca`cdqb{klf i abcdlc kb{qlmklgklcplicpl ~bc`mlc plcd mrcnrfa` ieql `c`# Iemrcìl~` lcql{l

~bc`mlc abcdlc dlfb{`& zrcabcdlc ir{lqe{& qàli kbd`qrb{lq# Zbcdbfefl bvbcq ~bc` alcir{lqe{ ~beflg kb{~ìlz qb{qrqrzzlal ~bc`mlc# ^`qrl~` abmì`lcmbmkrlq zbcpbkl{lc ilkl{-ilkl{ib~bc`lc ir{lcd mb{lql#

Ibz{`glq`clc lql~~`qrl~` qb{~bkrq mbmkbcqriibkb{z`glilc Zbmla zlal~bc`mlc# Kld`cpl& ~bc`mlcflgmlql {lcql` rqlml alflm hl{`cdlcplcd mbcpr~rc hldla ib~bc`lc#@l& alflm zbib{hllccpl ~bkldl`l{q mlcldb{ `cabzbcabc&mbmkb{` z{è{`ql~ zlal ~bc`mlc

abcdlc mbm`f`g mbqeabiemrcìl~` ~bnl{l flcd~rcdabcdlc ~bc`mlc-~bc`mlc plcdkb{hbhl{`cd abcdlccpl# Fbtlqiemrcìl~` flcd~rcdflg Zbmlamlmzr mbcdgla`{ilc {rlcd{l~l rcqri mbcdgrkrcdilc

Oeqe Iefbi~` @_LL# Al{` i`{` ib ilclc8 Zrqr ^rqlt`hlpl& Gb{` Zbmla& Ob{`lf L oo



>1

ib{hl mlclhb{`lf Gb{` ZbmlaL{q Mlcldbmbcq abcdlc klcpli~bc`mlc Pedplil{ql# Z{e~b~kb{`cqb{li~` alc kb{a`lfed ~bnl{lflcd~rcd alc cplql ',) mbmkltlZbmla qàli ~lhl zlal ~bmlcdlq&zbcnb{lglc& qbqlz` hrdl mbcdbclfmbcqlf`ql~& dlpl gàrz& dlplkb{il{pl& g`cddl dlpl k`nl{l~bc`mlc# Al{` lcql{l zbcnb{lglcplcd a`zb{efbgcpl& Zbmla ~lmzl`zlal ibpli`clc klgtl ~bmrlib~rf`qlc k`~l qb{hltlk alflm{rlcd iemrcìl~` flcd~rcd& {rlcd{l~l#

Ibqìl iemrcìl~` alczb{qril{lc `coe{ml~` mbmlcda`l{lgilc ibzlal ~bc`mlc'i{blqe{)& iemrcìl~` flcd~rcd~lcdlq àblf a`flirilc#Ib~bmzlqlc rcqri mbcdbclf~bnl{l zb{~eclf alc mbchla` fbk`gmbmlglm` ~bc`mlc kb{~lcdirqlcfbk`g mralg a`{l`g# Qbqlz`& ibqìl~l~l{lc iemrcìl~` a`zb{frl~mbchla` zrkfì ~bc` v`~rlf&m`~lfcpl ~zbiqlqe{ zlmb{lc'{b~bzqe{)& mb~q` a`qbmrilc nl{lalc mba`l plcd fbk`g ~b~rl`#Mbcdrzlplilc z{e~b~ iemrcìl~`~bnl{l flcd~rcd abcdlc ~zbiqlqe{ Nevb{ ^r{lq& Oeqe Iefbi~` @_LL



>2

zlmb{lc& rmzlmlcpl& qàlib ~`bc rcqri a`flirilc mb~i`zrc&k`~l hla`& bobiqò#

^bkldl` ~lflg ~lqr mlql {lcql`hbhl{`cd alflm hldla ~bc` v`~rlf&^lcdi{`cd L{q ^zlnb mbcdlkl{ilcibd`lqlc-ibd`lqlc ib~bc`lccplmbflfr` cbt~fbqqb{ ^lcdi{`cd

L{q [bv`bt # Qb{k`qlc kb{ilfl `c`kb{orcd~` klì ~bkldl` {bv`bt ~bqbflg bvbcq mlrzrc ~bkldlìlqlfed zlmb{lc# Kld` ~zbiqlqe{zlmb{lc& ^lcdi{`cd L{q [bv`bt mbchlflcilc orcd~` zrkfìlqòcpl&plic` mbmkb{`qlilc ^lcdi{`cd

L{q ^zlnb # Kld` {bali~`cpl~bca`{`&^lcdi{`cd L{q [bv`bt lalflg {rlcd alc ib~bmzlqlcrcqri kbflhl{ mb{bilm'mbcaeirmbcql~`) alc mbcpbkl{frl~ilc ilkl{-ilkl{ ~bc` v`~rlfal{` ^lcdi{`cd L{q ^zlnb ibzlalzrkfì# Mbflfr` mba`l qb{nbqli&^lcdi{`cd L{q ^zlnb mbchla`kld`lc al{` zb{zrql{lc `coe{ml~à` arc`l ~bc` v`~rlf#

MBA@LMba`l qb{nbqli qàli ~bflfr

kb{rzl qb{k`qlc kb{ilfl# Krirzrc& ~bzb{q` plcd aìb{hlilc

efbg @caecb~`lc Necqbmze{l{p L{q Cbqte{i ' `Nlc )& lalflgmba`l rcqri q{lc~ob{ `coe{ml~`'klnl8 zbcdbqlgrlc) ~b{qlrzlpl baril~`# Krir-krir plcda`qb{k`qilc `Nlc lalflg krir-krir qb{hbmlglc& a`{lcnlcdkb{~b{` alc kb{rir{lc glcap ~rzlpl ~`lzl zrc qb{db{lircqri mbmklnl krir-krir~bc` v`~rlf abcdlc nl{l plcdmbcpbclcdilc ' orc )# @coe{ml~àlc zbcdbqlgrlc alflm krir-krir qb{~bkrq a`~bkl{frl~ilc`Nlc qàli ~lhl a` ieql-ieql plcdmbchla` zr~lq li~b~ `coe{ml~`

Oeqe Iefbi~` @_LL

Zbmla ~lmzl`

zlal ibpli`clc

klgtl ~bmrl

ib~rf`qlc k`~l

qb{hltlk alflm

{rlcd iemrcìl~`

flcd~rcd&

{rlcd {l~l



>?

ib~bc`lc ~bzb{q` Pedplil{ql&Hlil{ql& Klcarcd& qbqlz` ~lmzlìb q`cdilq alb{lg ~bzb{q` Mlflcd&^rmbcbz& Zr{teib{qe# Zbca`{``Nlc & Q`ql{rk`& mbm`f`g ieql-ieql ibn`f ~bkldl` ~l~l{lc ~bklk`l mbf`glq lalcpl ib~rf`qlca`~q{`kr~` krir alc `coe{ml~`rcqri mbcnlzl` ieql-ieql ibn`f#Ib{hl mbca`d`qlfilc `coe{ml~`-`coe{ml~` ~bc` v`~rlf zrc a`fliec`ldl{ z{e~b~ kb{kld` zbcdbqlgrlckefbg kb{hlcdilrlc ~bfrl~-frl~cpl& klgilc ~lmzl` ib ql{lo `cqb{cl~èclf# Q`ql{rk` mbcdlir`klgtl ~`~qbm `coe{ml~` ec-f`cb

mbmzb{mralg ~b~be{lcd rcqrikb{hbhl{`cd& rcqri mbmklcdrciecbi~`# Mlil& abcdlckb{hbhl{`cd alc mbcb{k`qilckrir-krir ~bc` v`~rlf& `Nlc qbflgmbcae{ecd zbib{hl-zbib{hl ~bc`v`~rlf rcqri mbcnlzl` qlql{lc`cqbfbiqrlf& qàli qb{zlir glcplzlal q`cdilq qbic`~#A` ~lmz`cd mbcb{k`qilc krir&`Nlc kb{db{li a` l{l~ zbcddl{lzlc z{e~b~-z{e~b~ i{blqò plcd&ibcalq` mrfqà`~`zf`c& qbqlzkb{oeir~ zlal ~bc` v`~rlf# Z{e~b~-z{e~b~ i{blqò qb{~bkrq a`tlalgàlflm Te{i `c Z{ed{b~~ ' T`z~ )#

Ib{hlmbca`d`qlfilc

`coe{ml~`-`coe{ml~`~bc` v`~rlf zrc

a`fliec` ldl{ z{e~b~ kb{kld`

zbcdbqlgrlc kefbg

kb{hlcdilrlc~bfrl~-frl~cpl&

klgilc ~lmzl` ibql{lo `cqb{cl~èclf

Nevb{ ^r{lq& Oeqe Iefbi~` @_LL



>4

`Nlc mb{lcdirf ~bc`mlc-~bc`mlcplcd kb{dlkrcd abcdlc T`z~ rcqri z{e~b~ kb{a`~ir~` `cqbc~~b{ql kbib{hl i{blqò# ‖Ilm`mbcltl{ilc ibzlal ~bc`mlc-~bc`mlc& a` qbcdlg zbib{hllcmb{bil& rcqri mbchbfl~ilciec~bz il{pl mb{bil# Ilmìbmra`lc mbca`~ir~ìlccpl#Ilm` mbmklql~` glcpl rcqri<2 e{lcd ~bg`cddl fbk`g `cqbc~rcqri mbmklgl~ zb{~elflckldl`mlcl mbmkrlq iec~bz&kldl`mlcl mb{rmr~ilccpl& alchrdl kldl`mlcl mbcdi{`qìcpl#Mbcdi{`qì a`{` ~bca`{`& mbcdi{`qìqbmlc ~bg`cddl kralpl i{`qìqàli hlqrg zlal mbmr~rg` lqlrmlr mbchlqrgilc&” abmì`lchbfl~ Q`ql{rk` klgtl hbhl{`cdcplabcdlc zl{l ~bc`mlc `cà`l{lgilc rcqri mbcd`cqb{clf`~l~`z{liqì alc kralpl i{`qì plcd~bglq ~bilf`dr~ mbmklcdrc#^bflcdilg abcdlc T`z~ `Nlc &Zrqr ^rqlt`hlpl mbcddldl~~bkrlg z{ehbnq {eem rcqri~bc`mlc# Z{ehbnq {eem kb{~òlqmbcdliemeal~` alc mbmol~`f`ql~ìbd`lqlc ~bc` alc ~bc`mlc plcdkb{il{pl z{ed{b~ò#

T`z~ alc z{ehbnq {eem mbcpba`lilc {rlcd& tliqr&alc ib~bmzlqlc ~bg`cddl~bc`mlc mbmzrcpl` qbmzlqrcqri mbtl{ql# Mbtl{ql qàlimbfrfr zrkfìlqò& krilc ~lhlabcdlc hr{clf& ilqlfed& lqlrzrccbt~fbqqb{ & qbqlz` hrdl ~bnl{li{blqò# Abmì`lcflg z{epbi ~bc`mbclmz`filc ~bc` v`~rlf ~bnl{lkb{kbal# Alc kl i a` qlcdlczbcpbfbcddl{l {rlcd ~bc` mlrzrca` qlcdlc ~bc`mlc ~bca`{`&z{epbi ~bc` mbchla` ~l{lclkb{`cqb{li~`& kb{iemrcìl~`& alcmbcpbkl{frl~ilc `coe{ml~`#

###hbfl~ Q`ql{rk`klgtl hbhl{`cdcplabcdlc zl{l~bc`mlc `cà`l{lgilc rcqrimbcd`cqb{clf`~l~`

z{liqì alc

kralpl i{`qì plcd~bglq ~bilf dr~mbmklcdrc

Oeqe Iefbi~` @_LL& ^rl~lcl Cdek{ef kb{~lml @_LL



Lzl zrc kbcqri alc ~òlq ~l{lclmbtl{ql plcd a`mlcollqilc&fbk`g zbcq`cd fld` mbcbqlzilc~l~l{lc plcd ieci{bq rcqrizbtl{qllc `qr# Hìl qàli& mba`lqb{~bkrq lilc a`klplcd-klplcd`glmklqlc alflm a`~q{`kr~`cpl#@c`flg plcd zlqrq a`zbflhl{` al{`zbcdlflmlc ^rfrg Z{lq`ql~l{`mbcdb{hlilc mba`l# bml~lmbcdb{hlilc mba`l nbqlircqri ~bkrlg zb{r~lgllcqbfbiemrcìl~`& `l mbf`glqklgtl iec~rmbc plcd a`~l~l{efbg zb{r~lgllc qb{~bkrq qbflga`qbqlzilc ~bnl{l hbfl~# A`

~`~` fl`c& ~bkldl` zbm`fì [bdefMldlx`cb & `l mb~q` mbcdglalz`zb{qlcpllc kldl`mlcl ldl{mlhlflgcpl ~lmzl` ib qlcdlczbmklnl plcd `l `cd`cilc#Z{lq`ql~l{` mbcdrcdilzilc&‖Mba`l plcd a`qb{k`qilc efbgnemzlcp nf`bcq ~lpl `qr hbfl~a`~q{`kr~`cpl& plic` ibzlalnr~qemb{ ‑ nr~qemb{ abcdlckbkb{lzl ~bdmbc‑alc ibzlalldbc mb{bil# Bcqlg a`klnlbcqlg qàli& ~b~lmzl`cpl mba`l`qr ib qlcdlc mb{bil& `qr hbfl~zbca`~q{`kr~`lccpl# Clg& ibqìlmbcb{k`qilc mba`l ~bca`{` Y [bdefMldlx`cb ]& ~lpl mb{l~lilcib~rf`qlc mbca`~q{`kr~ìlc~rzlpl Ymlhlflg] `c` k`~l a`klnlefbg plcd ilm` `cd`cilc# Il{bclYmlhlflg] `c` qbcqlcd Pedplil{ql&~bqàlicpl `c` a`klnl efbgYe{lcd-e{lcd] plcd alqlcd ibPedplil{ql# Tliqr `qr& ~lpl~bmzlq kbib{hl ~lml abcdlc~bhrmflg geqbf& ~elf a`~q{`kr~`#”@c` mbclcalilc klgtl rcqrimbtl{ql& hbhl{`cd ~rcddrgzbcq`cd#[bdef Mldlx`cb krilc qàlia`~lmkrq zbmklnl abcdlc

lcqr~`l~# [bali~`cpl zb{clgmbcdglalz` zb{m`cqllc ldl{[bdef qb{k`q abcdlc at`klgl~l&@caecb~`l alc @cdd{`~# Hìlzbcdlflmlc [bdef `c` a`klnl~bnl{l nb{al~ alc mbfrl~&qb{l~lflg kbqlzl ~`dc` ilccplklgl~l alflm zb{zrql{lc`coe{ml~` plcd dfeklf# @c` zrflplcd alzlq mbchla` ~lflg ~lqrhltlklc kld` c`lq Q`ql{rk`ldl{ `Nlc mbchlcdilr arc`l`cqb{cl~èclf# Ibqìl zbm`fì`coe{ml~` mlmzr mbtl{qlalflm klgl~l plcd `cqb{cl~èclf&z`cqr mbcrhr arc`l dfeklf qbflgqb{kril kld`cpl#

MBCHLA@ ECF@CBA` qbcdlg {rzl-{rzl mba`l

~bc` plcd i`c` kbd`qr kb{vl{`l~`&lal klcpli ~bc`mlc plcd {b~lg#Qàli irchrcd lal mba`l nbqliplcd& ~bnl{l qb{zr~lq& mbcdbfeflldbcal ~bfr{rg ibd`lqlc ~bcà` ieql Pedplil{ql# Iemzl~ mbcnekl mbmkb{` zb{glq`lczlal zbcdldbcallc ~bmlnlm`c`# Clmrc& gl~`fcpl ml~`gkbfrm iemz{bgbc~ò ~bklkldbcal Iemzl~ mbfbtlqilc

>7

Oeqe Iefbi~` @_LL& ^rl~lcl Zlmb{lc `Nf`ni @_LL& <0-;? Ldr~qr~;::0& Dlfb{` Cl~èclf @caecb~`l& Hlil{ql#



bvbcq-bvbcq plcd kb{~ilflqàli-kb~l{# Mlr qàli mlr&zrkfì flìcpl a`glalzilczlal qrmzri-mbcrmzri bvbcq ib~bc`lc# Tliqr zbfli~lcllccplkb{~lmllc& qbqlz` feil~` alczbcpbfbcddl{lcpl kb{fl`clc#A` klfì ~`qrl~` a` lql~& qb{cplqlqb{alzlq ibqàlineneilc mbqeabib{hl lcql{l {bali~` mba`l nbqliabcdlc iemrc`ql~ ~bc`# Mba`lnbqli kb{abcprq ~bclcq`l~lalflm clml qbcddlq# A` ~`~`fl`c& ~bkld`lc kb~l{ iemrc`ql~~bc` a` Pedplil{ql nbcab{rcdqàli zl~q` ~elf zb{bcnlcllctliqr zbfli~lcllc bvbcq ~bc`mb{bil# Lfgl~`f& zrkfìl~`bvbcq iemrc`ql~ ~bc` ~bflfribq`cddlflc ab{lz mba`l nbqli#Il{bclcpl& iemrc`ql~ ~bc`mb~q` mbmkb{`qlilc ~bca`{`bvbcq mb{bil mb~i` kl{r ~b~llq~bkbfrm zbcpbfbcddl{llccpl#Zb{rklglc `coe{ml~` ~bnl{lmbcalali ~bflfr mrcdi`c qb{hla`#Zlal ~llq-~llq ~bzb{q` `qr&iemrc`ql~ ~bc` mbmb{frilc~l{lcl iemrcìl~` plcd `c~qlc~bilf`dr~ kb{hlcdilrlc frl~#Mlil `qr& mb{bil mbmlcollqilc

`cqb{cbq# Abcdlc mbchla` ec-f`cb &`coe{ml~` k`~l nbzlq kb{dlcq`#Mba`l nbqli qàli mlmzrmbchla` ~bnbzlq `qr#^bgrkrcdlc abcdlc glf `c`& Gb{`Zbmla mbmzrcpl` zbcalzlqkb{kbal# Mbcr{rqcpl& ibqìliemrcìl~` kb{lf`g ec-f`cb &{rlcd {l~l qb{bari~`# Mbcdlmlq`~bnl{l flcd~rcd ~rlqr il{pl~bc` lilc mbmkb{` mliclplcd hlrg fbk`g abql`f& fbk`gmbcalflm# Zbcdlmlqlc flcd~rcd&~bzb{q` iemrcìl~` flcd~rcd&mbmklcdi`qilc zb{~bz~` alc`mz{b~` plcd kb{kbal a`klca`cdmbf`glq oeqe il{pl& bcqlgqb{nbqli lqlrzrc qb{rcddlg ib~`qr~ `cqb{cbq# A` qbcdlg-qbcdlgiemrc`ql~ ~bc`mlc& iec~`~qbc~`Zbmla rcqri iemrcìl~` flcd~rcdqbcqr mbcbmzlqilccpl zlala`~ze~`~` plcd zlqrq a`gl{dl`#Ibcalq`zrc abmì`lc& mbchlaèc-f`cb qàli kb{l{q` ~b{ql-mb{qlmbchla` zbcrg ibir{lcdlc#^bzb{q` zlal B-^r{lq & n`{` igl~ib{hl mba`l nbqli plcd ~b{`r~&~`~qbmlq`~& alc q{lnblkfb k`~la`zb{qlglcilc# Ibkb{mlicllc`coe{ml~`cpl zrc qàli zb{fr

mbchla` kb{ir{lcd# @_LL~ralg mbmkrlq flcdilg rcqrimbm`c`mlf`~l~` zbcalcdilflczb{~bz~` alc mz{b~` plcdmbmklplcd-klplcd` hr{clfec-f`cb -cpl# Abcdlc mbm`f`gzb{lcdilq frcli qb{qbcqr rcqrili~b~ B-^r{lq & @_LL mbcbqlzilc~`lzl ~l~l{lc zbcb{`ml eflglc`coe{ml~`cpl# ^bkldl` eflglc`qr& kefbg hla` B-^r{lq lilcmbmklcdi`qilc zb{~bz~` alc`mz{b~`cpl ~bca`{` a` lcql{lzbmklnl# Ml{` mb{l~lilccpl,

Nlqlqlc efbg8 [e~l ^bil{ Mlcdlflcarm

>0

Oeqe Iefbi~` @_LL& ^rl~lcl Ezbc Ger~b @_LL



EK[EFLC LG@^QE[@^ ALC

EK[EFLC ^RK_B[^@O@IECED[LO@ ALC IECQBI^ G@^QE[@^ ALFLMKRALPL MBCD-IEZ@

Z[B^BCQL^@-A@^IR^@ NEF@C NLG@FF

Nlqlqlc efbg [e~l ^bil{ Mlcdlflcarm

‖^lpl fbtlq ~bkrlg zl~l{ qb{r~ lal

`kr-`kr zlil` ilr~‖C`{vlcl” Ir{q Nekl`cqb{r~ qrf`~lccpl @ glqb

mp~bfo lca @ tlcqqe a`b# ^lpl mb{l~l&

ibn`f ibmrcdi`clccpl`kr `qr mbmkbcn`

g`arzcpl alc`cd`c mlq` ~llq `qr

hrdl il{bcl a`lkltl kbflchllc#”

Zbcdlflmlc qb{~bkrqa`nb{`qlilc A`cl&

~lflg ~be{lcd zb~b{qla`~ir~`& rcqri

mbclcddlz` z{b~bcql~`Nef`c Nlg`ff zlal

Ilm`~ ~e{b& <2 Hrf`;:<: a` Tl{rcd Mkli

@vl& @_LL#

Oeqe Iefbi~` Nef`c Nlg`ff

Oeqe Iefbi ` @ LL&



1<

Nef`c Nlg`ff mbmzbflhl{`lcq{ezefed` a` Glvb{oe{aRc`vb{~`qp& Zbcc~pfvlc`l&

Lmb{ìl ^b{ìlq# Qlgrc `c`& `lmbchla` Orfk{`dgq [b~bl{ng Obffetrcqri ml~l <: krflc 'g`cddlLdr~qr~ ;:<:)# @l mbcbf`q` a`Pedplil{ql abcdlc Zr~lq ^bhl{lgalc Bqìl Zef`qì 'ZRâBZ)&Rc`vb{~`ql~ ^lclql Agl{ml~bkldl` fenlf ge~q # ^bkbfrmmbcdlig`{` ml~l q`cddlfcpl aìeql `c`& Nlg`ff kbib{hl ~lml @caecb~`lc _`~rlf L{q L{ng`vb '@_LL) mbmz{b~bcql~ìlczbcbf`q`lccpl ib glalzlc zrkfìkb{~lml ~be{lcd zbclcddlz& Lf`qLmkl{l#

A@^Q[E ALC ^BC@ HLFLCLCZ{b~bcql~` plcd a`kltlilc

Nlg`ff mbcrl` qlcddlzlc{lml` al{` lra`bc~# Kb{hrarf‖@neced{lzgp lca _èfbcnb8 qgb_lfrb eo G`~qe{`nlf Necqbwq `cNezp Nrfqr{b” <& z{b~bcql~` Nlg`ffmb{rzlilc ~bkld`lc al{` ~bkrlgzbcbf`q`lc plcd fbk`g frl~& plcdkb{qezì ~bc` hlflclc ' ~q{bbql{q)& iec~bz~` {rlcd zrkfì&alc z{liqì abmei{l~` a` IeqlPedplil{ql# Alflm z{b~bcql~`cpl&plcd a`mrcnrfilc Nlg`ff ~bkldl`zb{ml~lflglc rqlml pl`qrqlmz`fcpl tlhlg Laefo G`qfb{a` lql~ klcpli ilr~ a`~q{e a`Pedplil{ql# Abcdlc mbcarariilc

Oeqe Iefbi~ @_LL&^rl~lcl cdek{ef kb{~lml @_LL

Hlcdlc-hlcdlc

zbcddrcllc

dlmkl{ tlhlg

G`qfb{ a` lql~

ilr~-ilr~

a`~q{e `qr

qbflg mbchla`

lg`~qe{`~#

<‖@ieced{l alc Ibib{l~lc8 C`fl` Iecqbi~

Ib~bhl{lglc alflm Kralpl Mbch`zfli”



1;

obcembcl qb{~bkrq ~bkldl` ~lflg~lqr z{liqì mbch`zfli ' nezp`cd )&Nlg`ff flfr mbmzb{qlcplilcc`fl` ib~bhl{lglc a` klfì ilr~-ilr~ G`qfb{ `qr# Hlcdlc-hlcdlczbcddrcllc dlmkl{ tlhlg G`qfb{a` lql~ ilr~-ilr~ a`~q{e `qr qbflgmbchla` lg`~qe{`~#

Tlflr qàli ~lqr ilf`zrc a`~`cddrcd Nlg`ff ibqìlkb{z{b~bcql~`& ~bc` hlflclc alca`~q{e zrcpl ~bhl{lg# ^bhl{lgltlf ~bc` hlflclc kb{mrfl al{`zbmkb{ecqlilc qb{glalz z{liqì~bc` bf`q`~ plcd a`mlzlcilca` dlfb{` lqlr mr~brm# Zl~l{a`g`cal{` il{bcl nbcdib{lmlccpl~bmli`c irlq mbcdl{lgilc

~bfb{l ~bc` alc k`~l mbm`~i`cilci{blq`v`ql~# Zl{l ~bc`mlc hlflclckb{r~lgl mbcrmkrgilc z{liqì~bc` {rzl plcd fbk`g kbkl~ alcmbcpbmzlf al{` l{r~ rqlml# ;

A` Pedplil{ql& ~bc` hlflclcqbflg mbchla` kld`lc al{` {rlcd-{rlcd ieql# F`glqflg d{l q` a`hbmklqlc Ilf` Neab alc mr{lfa` klfì flzlcdlc ^ML Cbdb{`> Zlamlclkl# Alflm l~lf-mrl~lfcpl rcqri mbmkb{ecqlinbcdib{lmlc zl~l{ alcibm`~i`clc i{blq`v`ql~& a`~q{e~bhlfr{ abcdlc ~bc` hlflclc#Pedplil{ql ‖mbcdlaez~`” a`~q{eal{` Klcarcd# A` Klcarcd& a`~q{ea`flg`{ilc abcdlc ~ìlz ~`c`~ zlal

; @fglm Ige`{`& ‖Mbcnl{` Hlflc Qbcdlg”&{rk{ì ^bc`& Iemzl~ ba`~` M`cddr& ;2 Hrf`;:<:#

Oeqe Iefbi~` @_LL&^rl~lcl Cek{ef kb{~lml @_LL

A` Klcarcd& a`~q{e

a`flg`{ilc abcdlc

~ìlz ~`c`~ zlal

~bdlfl gl~`f ab~l`cplcd qàli i{blqò&

qàli e{`~`clf& qàli

a`krlq efbg qlcdlc

zb{lcnlcdcpl~bca`{`#

a`~q{e a` Pedplil{ql# @l alqlcd a`~q{e alc mb{bil k`flcd& Eg



1>

~bdlfl gl~`f ab~l`c plcd qàlii{blqò& qàli e{`~`clf& qàli a`krlqefbg qlcdlc zb{lcnlcdcpl ~bca`{`#^b~lmzl`cpl a` Pedplil{ql& a`~q{ekb{qlglc abcdlc ab~l`c plcd‖fbk`g kbkl~ alc mbcpbmzlf al{`l{r~ rqlml”& m`~lfcpl l{r~ ab~l`cz{eari zlk{ì iecvbi~` lqlrzr~lq zb{kbflchllc ' abzl{qmbcq~qe{b)# Qbqlz`& plcd a`f`glq Nlg`fflalflg klgtl klì ~bc` hlflclc'plcd il{plcpl mbmlcd a` hlflc-hlflc) mlrzrc a`~q{e ~lml-~lmlmbmlcollqilc ìec# @iec plcdkb{mlnlm-mlnlm#

Nlg`ff mbmlcalcd tlhlgG`qfb{ plcd mrcnrf a` lql~ ilr~~bkldl` ìec plcd a`lcdilq

a ~q{e a Pedplil{ql# @l alqlcdib alc mbcbmrilc klcpli ilr~kb{ìec Laefo G`qfb{‑tlhlg G`qfb{&irm`~cpl plcd igl~& ze~bcpl&~`mkef ~tl~qìl zl{ql`cpl'Zl{ql` Clx`)# Kld` mb{bil&mbf`glq G`qfb{ lal zlal ilr~a`~q{e mbc`mkrfilc zb{l~llcqàli lmlc& mbcd`cdlqilc lilcibhlglqlc dbce~àl plcd a`ml~l flfr aàlflcd` G`qfb{ lql~ilrm Plgra`# ‖Al{` ~bhl{lg& al{`nb{`ql-nb{`ql& al{` fm- fm& ilm`k`~l mbcd`cqb{z{bql~ìlc ìecYG`qfb{]# Hla`& orcd~` ~bhl{lg `qrlalflg mbmkb{` iecqbi~ rcqrimbcd`cqb{z{bql~ìlc dlmkl{lc&”zlzl{ Nlg`ff#

Qbqlz`& ~bhlrg plcd a`qbf`q`Nlg`ff& e{lcd-e{lcd plcd kbib{hla` a`~q{e qàli mbmlglm`zb{l~llc qàli lmlc plcd alqlcdzlal iltlc-iltlc Plgra` Nlg`ff#Mb{bil qàli mbcdbclf G`qfb{alflm iecqbi~ ib~bhl{lglc#‖^lpl ~ralg lal zb{nlilzlcabcdlc e{lcd plcd kbib{hl a`

Oeqe Iefbi~` Nef`c Nlg`ff

a ~q{e alc mb{bil k flcd& ‗Egpl& ~lpl qàli qlgr a`l 'G`qfb{)~`lzl& qlz` a`l m`{`z ~lqr e{lcdiemba` 'zbfltli)# ^lpl mbf`glqa` qbfbv`~`&‐ lqlr& ‗A`l glcpl frnril{bcl mer~qlngb >-cpl lcbg#‐”A` ~`c`& qlmzlicpl zbcdbqlgrlc~bhl{lg zl{l zbib{hl a`~q{e ~ralgfrcqr{ alc Nlg`ff mbcnr{`dl`klgtl kralpl mbch`zfliflgzbcpbklkcpl# Lzlk`fl mbmkrlqh`zflilc ' nezp ) tlhlg G`qfb{ qbflgabmì`lc mralg rcqri a`flirilc&l{q` ib~bhl{lglc q`lz nezp qbflgkb{ir{lcd klcpli ~bilf`# Nlg`ffzrc mb{rmr~ilc zb{qlcpllccpl&‖Lzlilg fbk`g mralg mbmkrlqilr~-ilr~ plcd lal dlmkl{lc‖ib{l~” alflm kralpl oeqeiez`' nezp nrfqr{b )& il{bcl k`~lmbcdlmk`f dlmkl{lc-dlmkl{lcqlczl zì`{lc qbcqlcd iecqbi~lqlr qbcqlcd `~`& qbqlz` glcplqbcqlcd b~qbqìl5”

Kld` Nlg`ff plcd mbmzrcpl`klcpli iltlc kb{ibklcd~llcPlgra`& ilr~ kb{ìec G`qfb{ alc

‗Eg pl& ~lpl qàli qlgr a`l 'G`qfb{) ~`lzl& qlz`

a`l m`{`z ~lqr e{lcd iemba` 'zbfltli)#

Clx` mb{rzlilc ‖ l mlc`lnlf nlff



11

Clx mb{rzlilc ‖ l mlc lnlf nlff oe{ qgb b{la`nlqèc eo qgb Hbt`~g{bf`dèc lca {lnb ”1# Abmì`lc`l mbcdrcdilzilc alflm{`cdil~lc qezì z{b~bcql~`cpl# @lmbcdrmzlmlilc dlmkl{lc plcdlcq`-ZI@ abcdlc plcd lcq`-Plgra`~bkldl` ~lml-~lml mbmkb{`zb{l~llc ml{h`clf kld` ibfemzeim`ce{`ql~ plcd kb{~lcdirqlc#Il{bcl `qr& Nlg`ff mb{l~lzb{fr kb{~ìlz i{`q`~ qb{glalzmbcdìeccpl G`qfb{ zlal ilr~a`~q{e# @l mbmzb{qlcplilckldl`mlcl glfcpl abcdlc ìeczef`~` zlal ~lmzrf Qbmze‖[bibc`cd Dbcarq Zb{t`{l Zef`~`”ba`~` ;7 Hrc`-1 Hrf` ;:<:# A`@caecb~`l& ìec `qr mbcrl` i{`qìal{` z`gli qb{qbcqr& mlil Nlg`fkb{qlcpl& ‖Ibclzl e{lcd ~bzb{q``c` k`~l mbcdi{`qì dlmkl{lclqlr ibclzl mb{bil mb{bilmbcdi{`qì dlmkl{lc alc ibclzle{lcd fl`c qàli k`~l5”

> irm`~1 ‗~b{rlc mlc`li ldl{ klcd~l alc ldlmlPlgra` a`kl~m`‐

IECQBI^ IB^BHL[LGLC ALC



12

Q [ML^LFLG ^RARQ ZLCALCD

^bkbfrm a`drf`{ilc iblcql{l lra`bc~& z{b~bcql~`Nlg`ff a`qlcddlz` algrfr efbgLf`q Lmkl{l# ^b{lcd liq`v`~kralpl alc ~bc`mlc {rzl&Lmkl{l kb{zb{lc ~bkldl`zbclcddlz rcqri lnl{l ~e{b`qr# @l mbcdi{`q`~` ibfbmlglce{lcd @caecb~`l abtl~l `c`&plic` qb{nb{lkrq al{` alc frzlzlal ~bhl{lg# Mlil `qr& ibqìlmbcdbclilc ilr~ kb{ìec bcqlgLaefo G`qfb{ lqlrzrc ibfemzeimr~ì C`{vlcl& e{lcd dldlfmbclcdilz alc mbcdbqlgrìecqbi~ ib~bl{lglc a` klfìdlmkl{ alc qrf`~lc `qr#

Klcpli e{lcd zb{clg mbf`glqtlhlg Laefo G`qfb{ alflm dlmkl{#Lalzrc tlhlg `qr mrcdi`c e{lcdnbzlq mbclcal` ibm`{`zlc irm`~G`qfb{ abcdlc irm`~ zbfltliHehec alc Ngl{f`b Nglzf`c#Mb~i`zrc abmì`lc& fbk`g ~baì`qplcd qlgr qbcqlcd Clx`& zl{ql`~e~`lf`~ cl~èclf plcd a`z`mz`cG`qfb{ zlal {bcqlcd qlgrc <0;<-<012 a` Hb{mlc# Fbk`g ~baì`qzrfl plcd mbcplal{` klgtl

zbcdl{rg ~e~`lf`~mb Hb{mlc~bmzlq mb{lmklg Kbflcal&~bmbcql{l zlal ~llq `qr qb{hla`&Kbflcal mbchlhlg @caecb~`l#Oliql plcd aìbmrililc Lmkl{l`c` mbcrchriilc hbhli ~lflg ~lqr~lfr{lc ml~ricpl tlnlcl alcdb{lilc ~e~`lf`~mb ib @caecb~`lalflm ml~l-ml~l z{l-Zb{lcdArc`l @@# Qb{k`flcd arl abilab~br~l` Zb{lcd Arc`l @@& ~e~`lf`~mbmbchla` ‖lfb{d`” kld` zbcdrl~l a`@caecb~`l# ^brmzlml ~lhl zl{lab~l`cb{& zbaldlcd& alc zbmlilìlr~ a`~q{e kb{dlmkl{ G`qfb{ ìrqmbcp`mli qlcddlzlc Lmkl{l&i`{l-i`{l lzl plcd lilc mb{bilzì`{ilc qbcqlcd ilr~ qb{~bkrq5

Alflm qb{m`c a`~ir~`& arlzeiei zbmklgl~lc plcd mrcnrf

lalflg iblallc lg`~qe{`~ alczbmlil`lc `~q`flg ~rkvb{~ò #êlf iblallc lg`~qe{`~ `c`&a`zb{qlcplilc lzlilg mbmcda` @caecb~`l qeieg G`qfb{qbflg ‖ibg`flcdlc” iecqbi~ib~bhl{lglccpl# Iecqbi~ib~bhl{lglc plcd a`mli~raqbcqrflg plcd kb{~rmkb{ al{`~bhl{lg Kl{lq# Clmrc& kbcl{ilgibg`flcdlc iecqbi~ ib~bhl{lglclqlr hr~q{r mbmzrcpl` ~bhl{lgqb{~bca`{` kld` @caecb~`l5Mbcdbcl` `~q`flg ~rkvb{~ò `qrzrc ir{lcd fbk`g ~lml# Lzlilgqezì Nlg`ff ~rkvb{~ò al{` ~rarqzlcalcd @caecb~`l hrdl lqlrilgglcpl al{` ~rarq zlcalcd Kl{lq5Krilcilg zb{~zbiqò Kl{lq plcdmbcdlcddlz ‖qlkr” G`qfb{5

Oeqe efbg Z{ezgld{lzg`n Mevbmbcq

Mb~i`zrc klcpli e{lcd ~bhl{lgcpl ~bflfr lal# Hla`& qàli



1?

pzbcarircd ibkralpllc a`~q{e'zbcab~l`c ilr~& zbaldlcdcpl&zbmkbf`& alc zbmlil` ilr~-ilr~qb{~bkrq) qàli mbcdbq` iecqbi~g`~qe{`~& ~bzb{q` plcd qb{~`{lqalflm zbcdlflmlc A`cl& a`~q{e`qr ~bca`{` mbmzrcpl` ~bhl{lgibflg`{lc& zb{qrmkrglc& alczb{~bkl{lccpl# ^bhl{lg a`~q{eabcdlc ab~l`c ilr~cpl plcd qàli-ml`c~q{blm `c`flg plcd qàlia`qrf`~ilc Nlg`ff# Il{bcl ~bhl{lga`~q{e qàli a`~`cddrcd& oe{rmzrc qàli ~lmzl` zlal iecqbi~g`~qe{`~ plcd lal a` klfì z{liqìzbcdiez`lc& zlalglf `c` mbchla`kld`lc al{` hrarf z{b~bcql~`#

Fbk`g alflm fld`& Nlg`ff frzrqal{` mbmbqlilc kldl`mlcl~bhl{lg @caecb~`l '~bhliabilab ‗2:-lc& ml~l êbgl{qe)mbmlcalcd Laefo G`qfb{#Lcq{ezefed Ng{`~ K{etc plcd zlal~e{b `qr arari a` lcql{l lra`bc~mbcalzlq` ibfbmlglc qb{~bkrq#Il{bclcpl& `l mbcdi{`qì&‖@~q`flglg`~qe{`~ mrcdi`c ir{lcdqbzlq& Plcd lg`~qe{`~ lalflgz{b~bcql~`cpl& krilc zbcddrcllctlhlg G`qfb{# Y###] Zlal rmrmcpl&

g p qlal plcd lg`~qe{`~# I`ql gl{r~nl{` ~bhl{lgcpl plcd {bfbvlc~lhl#” Zlal gbmlq K{etc&~bdlfl ~b~rlqr plcd kb{il{liqb{irlq mbmlcnl{ilc alpl ql{ìqb{~bca`{ # A` @caecb~`l zlalqlgrc-qlgrc <02:-l& G`qfb{a`zlcalcd ~bkldl` ~e~ei z`mz`clccbdl{l plcd irlq# ebil{cembmrh`cpl il{bcl ~lcddrzmbcplqrilc Hb{mlc plcd zlalml~l `qr a`flcal ibglcnr{lc#Kb{al~l{ilc `qr& qb{zlglm`flgklgtl @caecb~`l ~b~rcddrgcplqàli l~`cd abcdlc G`qfb{ ~bhliarfr# N`q{l G`qfb{ a` @caecb~`lkb{kbal al{` n`q{l G`qfb{ plcdml~`g ~lhl ‖qlkr” alflmilnlmlql ~bhl{lg Kl{lq#

A` ~lmz`cd `qr& ~rkvb{~ò kld`Nlg`ff alc ~rkvb{~ò kld` lra`bc~mb{rzlilc zb{~elflc ~rarqzlcalcd plcd kb{kbal# Mb~i`mbcdlir` klgtl ilql ~rkvb{~ò krilcflg qb{m z`f`glccpl~bca`{`& plcd ~rkvb{~ò kld` Nlg`ff{rzlcpl lalflg hìl e{lcd-e{lcdmbcdbclilc ilr~ kb{dlmkl{G`qfb{# Ibqìl ‖a`qeaecd” abcdlczb{qlcpllc& ‖ Terfa per tbl{ l

Q-~g`{q t`qg G`qfb{‐~ olnb ec `q 5”2&Nlg`ff kb{ilql qàli# Mbcr{rqcpl&mbcdbclilc ilr~ kb{dlmkl{G`qfb{ ~lml ~bzb{q` mbmkb{àrircdlc zlal aìqlqe{ Hb{mlc&zlal zbmklcql`lc qb{glalzklcd~l alc ldlml Plgra`#

^rl{l plcd kb{kbal alqlcdal{` lra`bc~# A` @caecb~`l&plcd a`clmlilc ~rkvb{~ò krilcflg mbcdbclilc ilr~kb{dlmkl{ G`qfb{ lqlr Clx`# Ilr~kb{qrf`~ilc ~`cdilqlc ZI@' Z l{qlÌ lr~ @caecb~`l) lqlr mrcdi`ckb{dlmkl{ A# C# Là`q kl{rflg~rkvb{~ò#

Kb{ilnl zlal {lml`cplqlcddlzlc rcqri z{b~bcql~`



14

‖@neced{lzgp lca _èfbcnb8 qgb_lfrb eo G`~qe{`nlf Necqbwq `cNezp Nrfqr{b ”& zbmklgl~lcNlg`ff kbcl{-kbcl{ mbmkrqrgilczbcdlpllc& qb{rqlml zlal kld`lcmbcrf`~ilc ~bhl{lg plcd {bfbvlcabcdlc qezì zbcbf`q`lccpl#Hìl ~bhl{lgcpl qàli a`qrf`~ilc&kldl`mlcl zb{~elflc lg`~qe{`~alc ~rkvb{~ò `qr lilc qb{hltlkalc qb{zlglm`5 Zlal z{b~bcql~`~e{b `qr& qb{q`cddlf ib~lc ~blilcNlg`ff mbfbmzl{ilc arl {rmr~lczb{qlcpllc plcd kbfrm ~bfb~l``l hltlk ~bca`{`# A`cl ldlicplmbcplal{` glf qb{~bkrq# ‖Lzlilgzbcbf`q`lcmr ~ralg ~bfb~l`5”qlcplcpl ibzlal Nlg`ff#

2 Lzlilg Lcal ~bca`{` mlr mbcdbclilcilr~ kb{dlmkl{ tlhlg G`qfb{5

Oeqe efbg Z{ezgld{lzg`n Mevbmbcq



@_LL [B^BL[NGB[^BWNGLCDBZ[ED[LM;:<:

^bzlchlcd qlgrc ;:<: @_LL qbflg mbchla` ge~q`c~q`qrqèc al{` kbkb{lzl e{lcd zbcbf`q` alc

mbchla` `c~q`qr~` plcd mbflirilc `c`~`l~` z{ed{lm

zb{qril{lc zbcbf`q`# ^bkrlg ib{hl plcd ~bmli`cmbmlcqlzilc @_LL rcqri mbchlaìlc alqlkl~b-

aeirmbcql~` alc a`clmìl zb{ibmklcdlc ~bc`v`~rlf ~bkldl` hbcabfl rcqri mbf`glq zb{ibmklcdlc

ml~pl{lilq#

Trflc A`{dlcqe{e^bhli Hrc` g`cddl Ldr~qr~ ;:<:& @_LL ibalqlcdlc ~be{lcdzbcbf`q` plcd ~llq `c` ~balcd mbcpr~rc a`~b{ql~`cpl



rcqri ^ngeef eo L~`lc Flcdrldb~ lca ^qra`b~& Rc`vb{~`qpeo Ql~mlc`l# Trflc A`{dlcqe{e& ~lflg ~lqr iecq{`krqe{rcqri krir @caecb~`lc Tembc L{q`~q~8 Qgb Nr{ql`c Ezbc~&'kb{~lml Ol{lg Tl{alc` alc Nl{fl K`lczebc)& ilf` `c`mbm{b~bcql~`ilc qbmrlc-qbmrlc ltlf al{` a`~b{ql~`cplmbcdbcl` ‖~q{lqbd` lfqb{clq`o mbmklnl `~r dbcab{ alflm~bc` v`~rlf”

D{lnb ^lmkeg Zbcbf`q` mral qb{z`f`g alflm z{ed{lm zb{qril{lc zbcbf`q`plcd a` ~zec~e{` LCL%L{q Cbqte{i L~`l# Zb{qril{lckb{flcd~rcd lcql{l arl fbmkldl l{~`z8 @_LL%@caecb~`lc_`~rlf L{q L{ng`vb 'Pedplil{ql-@caecb~`l)& abcdlc LLL%L~`l

L{q L{ng`vb 'Gecd Iecd-Zbzefb‐~ [bzrkf`n eo Ng`cl)# ^bkldl`kld`lc z{ed{lm qb{~bkrq& D{lnb mbflirilc zbcbf`q`lc~bflml arl m`cddr '0-;< Ldr~qr~ ;:<:) a` Gecd Iecd abcdlcqbml ‖^bfo L{ng`v`cd L{ng`vb”



Bffp Ibcq^be{lcd ~bc`mlc alc ‗l{q`~qbarnlqe{‐& kbib{hl a` Clqèclf Ze{q{l`q Dlffb{p 'CZD)Lr~q{lf`l# ^bflml q`dl krflc 'Eiqekb{ g`cddl Ab~bmkb{;:<:) Bffp mbcpli~ìlc& qb{f`klq alc mbcaeirmbcql~`

z{ed{lm-z{ed{lm ~bc` kld` lcli-lcli# Mbflfr` qbmlzbcbf`q`lccpl mbcdbcl` z{ed{lm ~bc` alc zbcaàìlc&Bffp ~bnl{l `cqbc~ kb{`cqb{li~`& kb{z{liqì alckb{hl{`cdlc kb{~lml iemrc`ql~-iemrc`ql~ plcdkb{z{liqì lqlr mbcpbfbcddl{lilc z{ed{lm ~bc` alczbcaàìlc lcli-lcli a` Pedplil{ql alc Hltl Qbcdlg#

Ilqb{`cl _lfa`v`l K{rng^be{lcd ir{lqe{ fbzl~ alc zbcl{` plcd q`cddlf a`Kb{f`c& Hb{mlc# Ilqb{`cl mbcalzlqilc ~bmlnlmkbl~`~tl ir{lqe{`lf al{` Debqgb @c~q`qrqb rcqrimbflirilc {`~bq-ir{lqe{`lf {b~àbc~` a` @_LL# Alflm{bcqlcd tliqr al{` Krflc Ab~bmkb{ ;::0 g`cddl

Krflc Ml{bq ;:<: Ilqb{`cl mbmoeir~ilc ib{hlzbcbf`q`lccpl zlal qbml ‖zb{oe{mlq`v`qp `c qgb v`~rlfl{q~ `c @caecb~`l lca ec vàbe l{q o{em @caecb~`l”#



[LCDIL@LC

ZB[HLFLCLC@_LL

;:<:

AGLIL& KLCDFLAB^G



@_LL zlal Krflc Ml{bq ;:<:a`tli`f` efbg Z`q{l Grqeme&

a`rcalcd ~bnl{l igr~r~alflm zb{qbmrlc m`q{l-m`q{l e{dlc`~l~` ~bc` ' l{qe{dlc`xlq`ec~ ) alc iemrc`ql~~bc`mlc al{` Lo{`nl& L~`l& Flq`cLmb{`nl alc Nl{`kkblc& plcda`arircd efbg Z{`cnb Nflr~ Orca&

Kbflcal#

LM^QB[ALM& CBQGB[FLCAZlal Krflc Ab~bmkb{ ;::0& @ LL



Zlal Krflc Ab~bmkb{ ;::0& @_LLa`rcalcd rcqri mbcdgla`{` A`d`qlf^q{lqbd`b~ oe{ Gb{`qldb 'A@^G)#A@^G mb{rzlilc iecob{bc~``cqb{cl~èclf plcd a`qrhrilc kldè{dlc`~l~` ibkralpllc& qb{ml~ria` alflmcpl zl{l mlclhb{~bc`& ir{lqe{& zr~qliltlc alczb{zr~qlillc& ab~l`cb{& a`{biqr{&lilabm`~`& iec~rfqlc& zbcaàì&mr~brm& dlfb{`& ~b{ql zr~lq-zr~lqzbcdbmklcdlc zbcdbqlgrlc alcibl{~`zlc#



NL@[E& MB^@[ Krflc Eiqekb{ @_LL a`tli`fèfbg Ol{lg Tl{alc` mbchla`zbmk`nl{l alflm zb{`~q`tl‖~zbli& mbme{p8 ec l{ng`vb~ lcaeqgb{ ~q{lqbd`b~ eo '{b)lnq`vlqèceo nrfqr{lf mbme{p”# Kb{qbmzlqa` Qetc Ger~b Dlffbp& bvbcq `c`

mb{rzlilc ~bkrlg zb{`~q`tl plcdkb{rzl z{b~bcql~`& a`~ir~` zlcbf&~n{bbc`cd~ alc hrdl l{q`~q~ qlfi~ plcd kb{flcd~rcd ~bflml q`dl gl{`mbmklgl~ alc mbcdbi~zfe{l~`kb{ldlm mbqeaefed` plcd k`~lmbmkrmìlc& mbcdrchrcd` alc

mbcdliqòilc ibmklf` z{liqì-z{liqì l{q`~qì a` ml~l flfr#



HBZLCDOl{lg Tl{alc` a` ~bzlchlcd Krflc Ldr~qr~;:<: qbflg mbchla` zb~b{ql z{ed{lm

HBCB^P^ ' Hlzlc - Bl~q L~`lCbqte{i eo Bwnglcdb oe{ ^qrabcq~ lca Perqg~ ) plcdaàrircd Hlzlc Oercalqèc#Z{ed{lm `c` mbcdrcalcd ;:e{lcd al{` kb{kldl` flql{kbflilcd& ~bzb{q`8 ~bc`mlc&ab~l`cb{& alc e{lcd-e{lcdplcd kbib{hl a` {lclgi{blqò& plcd kb{l~lf al{`kb{kldl` cbdl{l a` L~`lZl~` i '@caecb~`l& Mlflp~`l&

Zg`f`zz`cb~& ^`cdlze{b& Qgl`flca& K{rcb`&_`bqclm& Fle~& Mplcml{& Nlmkea`l&@ca`l& Lr~q{lf`l& Cbt Xblflca)# Mb{bila`rcalcd rcqri mbcdìrq` {b~àbc~`~bflml ~lqr krflc f`cql~ `c~q`qr~` a`~bfr{rg Hbzlcd#



[RMLG ILCQE[ @_LLRCAB[ NEC^Q[RNQ@EC

^llq `c` @_LL ~balcd mbmklcdrc {rmlg-ilcqe{ plcdlilc mbchla` {rlcd zr~lq ib{hl& zb{zr~qlillc alc ~qe{ldbl{~`z ilm` ~bnl{l zb{mlcbc# Feil~` qbmzlqcpl lalflg a`

alb{lg Ibzl{lilc I`arf& A`zet`clqlc& Pedplil{ql#[rmlg-Ilcqe{ @_LL qbflg mrfl` a`klcdrc ~bhli

Ldr~qr~ ;:<: alc a`{bcnlclilc rcqri ~bfb~l` a`klcdrcLz{`f ;:<<& abcdlc l{~`qbi Pe~g` Olhl{ I{b~cl Mr{q`# Ilm`kb{qb{`ml il~`g zlal arircdlc ~bfr{rg Iltlc@_LL ~bflml`c` plcd mbmrcdi`c zbfli~lcllc zbmklcdrclc `c`& alc

ilm` megec ael {b~qr Iltlc@_LL rcqri ibflcnl{lc z{e~b~zbmklcdrclccpl#

surat volume 38

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