surface water quality of the gallinas river in and around
TRANSCRIPT
University of New MexicoUNM Digital Repository
Water Resources Professional Project Reports Water Resources
4-10-2010
Surface Water Quality of the Gallinas River in andaround Las Vegas, New MexicoRon Amato
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Recommended CitationAmato, Ron. "Surface Water Quality of the Gallinas River in and around Las Vegas, New Mexico." (2010).https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/wr_sp/130
Surface Water Quality of the Gallinas River in and around Las Vegas, New Mexico
By
Ron Amato
Committee
Dr. Laura Crossey, Chair Dr. Michael Campana
Dr. Cliff Dahm
A Professional Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Water Resources
Hydroscience Option Water Resources Program
The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico
August 2004
Committee Approval
The Master of Water Resources Professional Project Report of Ron Amato is approved the committee:
~111tf/ Date
Dr. fford N. Dahm 7ft /0'1 ~,
. Date
~c1.c0 C C~OM~-Dr. Michael E. Campana
1\ \ \ 7. D04 , bate
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements vii
Abstract viii
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Existing Problems 3
1.2 Purpose 5
1.3 Project Scope 5
1.4 Objectives 6
1.5 Audience 7
2.0 Physical Setting 7
2.1 Location 7
2.2 Vegetation 8
2.3 Climate 8
2.4 Land Use 8
2.5 Demographics 9
3.0 Topography, Geology and Lithology 10
3.1 General 10
3.2 Rock Types and Lithology 10
3.3 Soils 13
3.4 Gallinas River Bed and Pecos Arroyo 15
4.0 Water Resources 16
4.1 Physical Description of the Gallinas River 16
4.2 Inflows to the Gallinas River 17
4.3 Diversions 19
4.4 Groundwater 20
5.0 Sampling Strategy and Design 22
6.0 Field Work 25
11
Table of Contents (continued)
7.0 Evaluation of Currently Listed Impairments 26
7.1 Stream Bottom Deposits 26
7.2 Total Ammonia 29
7.3 Unknown Toxicity 33
8.0 Other Contaminants 35
8.1 Inorganics, excluding metals 35
8.2 Dissolved Oxygen 37
8.3 Heavy Metals 38
8.4 Organics 38
8.5 Radionuclides 39
9.0 Contaminant Sources 39
9.1 Natural Sources 40
9.1.1 Las Vegas Syncline 40
9.1.2 Montezuma Hot Springs 41
9.1.3 Storrie Lake 42
9.1.4 Pecos Arroyo 42
9.2 Anthropogenic Sources 46
9.2.1 Non-Point Sources 46
9.2.2 Point Sources 50
9.2.3 Geochemical Speciation 53
9.3 Summary of Contaminant Sources 55
10.0 Evaluation of Existing Designated Use 56
11.0 Total Maximum Daily Loads 57
iii
Table of Contents (continued)
12.0 Recommendations 60
12.1 Review 60
12.2 Assumptions 61
12.3 Recommendations 62
13.0 Appendices
13.1 Analytical Methods 65
13.2 Ammonia Results 66
13.3 General Water Chemistry
(pH, EC, temperature & dissolved oxygen) 67
13.4 Sulfate Results 70
13.5 Chloride Results 70
13.6 Total Dissolved Solids 71
13.7 Heavy Metals Results 72
13.8 Nutrient (N03/N02, TKI\J, Total P) Results 73
13.9 Geochemical Speciation (PHREEQC) Results 74
14.0 References 125
iv
Maps
2
Figures
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Maps, Figures, and Tables
Gallinas River and Surrounding Area
Local Geology
Annual discharge of the Gallinas River at the USGS Gaging
station near Montezuma, NM
Stiff Diagram for Headwaters
Stiff Diagram for USGS Gage
Stiff Diagram for Montezuma Hot Springs
Stiff Diagram for Storrie Lake
Stiff Diagram for Pecos Arroyo
Stiff Diagram for Gallinas River above WWTP
Stiff Diagram for water 0.25 mi below WWTP
Stiff Diagram for water at San Augustin
Total dissolved solids and sulfate results by station
Chloride results by station
Piper Diagram of all stations
Automated sampler results for hardness (5 hour)
Automated sampler results for metals (5 hour)
Automated sampler results for nutrients (5 hour)
Automated sampler results for nutrients (24 hour)
Ammonia results by station
Nitrite/nitrate, TKN, P and TOC by station
2
11
18
41
41
41
42
42
42
43
43
44
44
45
48
48
49
50
51
51
v
Maps, Figures, and Tables (continued)
Tables
1 Temperature and Precipitation Data 9
2 Sampling Stations 24
3 Stream Bottom Deposits 29
4 Ammonia Results from Las Vegas WWTP monitoring 33
5 Ambient Water Quality Toxicity 35
vi
Acknowledgments
The following people were instrumental in the development of this work; they are
here recognized with sincere appreciation.
1. Dr. Laura Crossey, Dr. Cliff Dahm and Dr. Michael Campana, my project
committee, for their keen input in framing and focusing this project.
2. Dr. James Davis, former NMED-SWQB bureau chief.
3. Gary Schiffmiller, I\IMED/SWQB Fisheries Biologist, for identification of fish
species.
4. Danny Davis, SWQB Chemistry Team Leader, for information on lake dynamics
and assistance with surveys.
5. Barbara Cooney, NMED ISWQB Point Source, for her valuable insights and
access to the Las Vegas Wastewater Treatment Plant monitoring data.
6. Dr. John Meyer, SLD Chemistry Bureau Chief (retired) for allowing me time to
pursue this project.
7. Neal Schaeffer, I\IMED/SWQB for general knowledge and assistance on surveys.
8. Scott Hopkins, NMED/SWQB, who withstood incessant interrogation and still
provided in-depth knowledge of the area; his input was invaluable in this project.
vii
Abstract
The Gallinas River in north central New Mexico is currently listed on the State
303(d) list of impaired waters for unknown toxicity, ammonia, and stream bottom
deposits. Empirical evidence of these problems is manifested as periodic mortality of
aquatic organisms and conspicuous amounts of algae. These listings will result in
development of one or more Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) if the problems cannot
be resolved. To date, research on this river has focused on physical, chemical and
biological characterization of specific issues such as hydraulic conductivity and nutrient
flux. These dynamics are the underpinnings of a complete understanding of river
function and health.
The current regulatory climate focuses on water composition and those
components that can be identified and measured. Water quality criteria are developed
resulting in numerical standards that allow concerned parties to evaluate the water body
in unequivocal terms; either the standard was achieved or it was not. Therefore, an
investigation was undertaken to examine not only the current listings, but examine if
further listings are also necessary. Nutrient, metal, organic and radionuclide
contamination was assessed in order to elucidate water quality from a regulatory
perspective. The central theme was to identify and gauge the magnitude of contaminant
sources. Possible sources included the Las Vegas Wastewater Treatment Plant,
Montezuma Hot Springs and Pecos Arroyo. This investigation was undertaken as
assistance to and with support from the New Mexico Environment Department.
The Gallinas River has no observable impacts in the headwater reach. As the
River passes through the City of Las Vegas, urban irnpacts are more pronounced than
natural contaminants that result from local geology and thermal waters. Those
concerned should focus efforts on this source, including infrastructure improvements and
enforcement of current and anticipated regulations.
viii
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The subject of this project is the water quality of the Gallinas River, a tributary of the
Pecos River, located in San Miguel County, New Mexico. One segment of the Gallinas is
currently listed on the State 303(d) list of impaired water bodies in New Mexico for unknown
toxicity, total ammonia, and stream bottom deposits. Under a 1997 consent decree
between the Forest Guardians and the United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA), this portion of the Gallinas is scheduled for TMDL development for water quality
improvement no later than 2017 (New Mexico Environment Department 1997).
The Gallinas sub-watershed is diverse in both physical attributes of the land and
water, and the purposes for which the water is used. The Gallinas River begins as drainage
from Elk Mountain in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains northeast of Las Vegas, at
approximately 3567 meters above mean sea level (amsl). Land cover is heavily forested
mixed-conifer vegetation in the Santa Fe National Forest (map 1). The river and land
provide wildlife habitat, as human population is very sparse, while water quality is excellent.
In the middle reach, from the Las Vegas municipal reservoir diversion at Montezuma (elev.
2095 m amsl), to San Augustin (elev. 1799 m amsl), there is a much larger human
presence. Land has been developed for farming, ranching, urban and some industrial uses.
River water is used for domestic supply, as well as livestock watering, irrigation, aquatic
wildlife and recreation. In the lowest reach, from San Augustin to the confluence with the
Pecos River above Fort Sumner, the Gallinas flows intermittently, usually only in the
wettest seasons or years. The irrigation districts on the lower Pecos River (Carlsbad and
others) control most of this remaining water. Elevation becomes roughly 1067-1220 m and
the climate is semi-arid.
Through the city of Las Vegas, the Gallinas River often disappears in all but the
wettest years or during episodes of elevated precipitation. Between dense riparian fOliage
that follows the channel through town and a host of irrigation ditches, very little water
remains. Below Las Vegas, the Gallinas is comprised of wastewater effluent, urban runoff
from storm events (there is no stormwater sewer in Las Vegas), and seepage from Storrie
Lake via the Pecos Arroyo. Each of these components returns water to the Gallinas River
channel of a much different quality than what was diverted upstream. By the time the
Gallinas has reached San Augustin, the river has changed from a near-pristine meandering
alpine stream to an incised, low-flow system.
Because of the 303(d) listing, the New Mexico Environment Department conducted
an intensive stream survey of the upper Pecos watershed in 2001, which included the
Gallinas River from its headwaters to San Augustin. Eight monitoring stations were
selected along the Gallinas River with 5 additional stations on tributaries for the collection
of water samples for chemical analyses in the spring, summer and fall of 2001. In addition,
a fish survey was conducted in the river within the city of Las Vegas in the fall of 2001. A
benthic survey was also conducted; unfortunately, these data are still waiting evaluation by
a third party and unavailable at this time.
1.1 Existing Problems
Water bodies that do not meet the water quality objectives (standards) for their
designated uses are listed on the State's 303(d) list. This list is required of each state by
section 303 of the federal Clean Water Act for all impaired waters. The middle reach of the
Gallinas River, from the Las Vegas diversion to San Augustin, is listed on the 303(d) list for
unknown toxicity, ammonia, and stream bottom deposits. These impairments were
discovered from work done previous to the 2001 NMED survey. The unknown toxicity
listing came about from samples analyzed by the USEPA for aquatic toxicity using standard
3
protocols. Several samples displayed secondary toxicity (decreased number of offspring) to
test species. Also, eyewitnesses have reported observing significant numbers of dead
crawfish at various spots above and below the wastewater treatment plant. This would be
consistent with elevated levels of ammonia, which could possibly be the causative agent in
the unknown toxicity test results.
Stream bottom deposits are fine « 2 mm) particles that usually indicate increased
sediment loads. These fines cause bank erosion, change benthic habitat, and may alter
redox chemistry, especially at the water/sediment interface.
In addition to the presumed problems of toxicity, ammonia and stream bottom
deposits, it is apparent that the Gallinas River at San Augustin presents other problems.
Dense, floating mats of filamentous algae were observed on numerous occasions in the
late spring and summer of 2001, in addition to other brown algae covering rocks and
sediments. The obvious interpretation of this observation is nutrient loading, which is highly
plausible as the surrounding land is used for livestock grazing and watering. Additionally,
the water shows large diurnal swings in dissolved oxygen content, presumably a result of
the alternating patterns of photosynthesis and respiration from the algae. The large
changes in dissolved oxygen could be anecdotal evidence supporting reported crawfish
die-offs in the area. Fish populations are low in diversity and modest in number. The only
examples observed were Rio Grande suckers and chub, suggesting highly adapted
species to a stressed environment.
The current designated uses for the Gallinas River from the Las Vegas diversion to
San Augustin are irrigation, livestock watering, wildlife habitat, marginal coldwater fishery
and secondary contact (New Mexico Water Quality Control Commission 2000). Criteria for
water quality have been developed to protect the water for such uses. Visual observation
suggests that the water near San Augustin may not be meeting all of these standards at all
4
times (e.g., periodic crawfish mortality and dense algae mats). Nutrient loading may be
present only intermittently, making documentation difficult. If this proves correct, it could be
a consequence of temporally discrete events such as stormwater runoff from the city of Las
Vegas, process control errors at the municipal wastewater treatment plant, or a
combination of both. In addition, the stream at San Augustin is nearly devoid of riparian
vegetation, causing an increase in water temperature. Through the construction of irrigation
levees, the river has been channelized, causing an increase in sedimentation. The river is
wide, shallow and non-sinuous at this point.
1.2 Purpose
In my capacity with the NM Department of Health's Scientific Laboratory Division, I
became aware of this survey while providing laboratory support to NMED personnel for
their samples. I discussed the possibility of assisting NMED personnel on this survey, in the
form of sample collection, in return for permission to use the investigation as the basis for a
professional project. NMED personnel were agreeable to this.
It is the purpose of this research to review the available water quality data for the
Gallinas River. Results of samples collected in 2001 have not yet been synthesized into a
final report. I propose to evaluate water quality for the existing designated uses versus
regulatory requirements for those designated uses.
1.3 Project Scope
I have limited the scope of this project to that reach of the Gallinas from the Las
Vegas municipal reservoir diversion to San Augustin, a small farming community
approximately 8 kilometers (5 miles) south of Interstate-25 from Romeroville. This
delineation is consistent with the New Mexico Water Quality Control Commission's
Standards for Interstate and Intrastate Surface Waters.
5
Within this reach, the Gallinas River is the receiving water for geothermal waters,
urban runoff, and wastewater effluent from the Las Vegas wastewater treatment plant.
Diversions from the Gallinas include domestic supply for the city of Las Vegas and
irrigation water to Storrie Lake and others. Interestingly, water stored at Storrie Lake seeps
throUgh the earthen dam then returns to the Gallinas channel via a swale called the Pecos
Arroyo, which is composed of outcrop pings of the Graneros and/or Carlisle shales, which
contribute high dissolved solids and other contaminants to the water.
1.4 Objectives
By reviewing existing data, I seek to evaluate whether the standards for water
quality, specific to the designated uses, are being met. Specifically, the following are my
research objectives:
1. Determine if the current listings for unknown toxicity, total ammonia, and stream
bottom deposits are appropriate.
2. Determine if additional contaminants are present, and if so, quantify these to
evaluate whether they warrant inclusion on the 303(d) list. Specifically, nutrients
(nitrogen in the form of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia, and total phosphorous),
temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TOS), organic
nitrogen (total Kjeldahl nitrogen, TKN), total organic carbon (TOC), turbidity, pH,
sulfate and metals will be investigated.
3. Identify sources of contamination, both specific (point source) and diffuse (non
point source). Specifically, the following sources will be evaluated: Las Vegas
WWTP, Montezuma Hot Springs, Las Vegas syncline, and urban runoff from
the city of Las Vegas.
4. Pending the outcomes of objective 3, determine whether the current designated
uses seem appropriate. If they are not, a Use Attainability Analysis for re
classifying the designated uses is indicated.
6
5. Examine the current regulatory status of the TMDL and its potential applicability
for improving water quality, without specifically developing one (or more) for this
river segment.
6. Explore other remediation strategies, if available.
7. Make recommendations for improvements to water quality, which may include
changes in land use, effluent discharges, infrastructure improvements and
regulations (designated uses and standards).
1.5 Audience
It is hoped that this project will be of benefit to water managers, land use planners,
regulators and especially local citizens. Since current data either are old and limited in
scope, or new and limited in availability, a synthesis of known data may assist all interested
parties develop a more accurate understanding of water quality of the Gallinas River, as
well as develop strategies that suit users' needs while restoring and maintaining a viable
perennial river.
2.0 PHYSICAL SElTING
2.1 Location
The Gallinas River is located primarily in San Miguel County, in and around the city
of Las Vegas, in north central New Mexico. Las Vegas is approximately 198 kilometers
(km) northeast of Albuquerque, the largest city in New Mexico, and 109 km northeast of
Santa Fe, the state capitol. Near Las Vegas, the southern Rocky Mountains end in two
prong-like ridges separated by the upper Pecos Valley. The headwaters of the Gallinas
River begin at Elk Mountain, which rises to an elevation of approximately 3567 meters on
the eastern ridge, west and northwest of Las Vegas. Landform is rugged mountainous;
slopes can be up to 65 percent. Coming out of the mountains the terrain changes to high
elevation plateau in and around Las Vegas, with gentle hills (slope less than 25 percent) to
7
nearly level ground. Elevation is approximately 2134 m AMSL. Below Las Vegas, the
Gallinas River cuts through steep canyon walls into Apache Canyon and past San Augustin
to the confluence with the Pecos River near Colonias, I\IM.
2.2 Vegetation
In the headwater reach, the Gallinas is montane coniferous forest, primarily spruce,
at higher elevations to Montezuma. In and around Las Vegas, vegetation is largely
grassland of blue grama and western wheat grass. Ponderosa pine grows in higher
elevations of the plateau, while pinon-juniper is scattered throughout, although more often
along dry arroyos. Some oak is present, with (usually) an understory of native grasses.
This vegetation type dominates from Las Vegas to just south of Apache Canyon. Beyond
the canyon to the south, elevation decreases into high plains where wet season grasses,
forbs, and scrub (chamisa and mesquite) dominate.
2.3 Climate
Climate is semi-arid (table 2.1). The mountains receive much more precipitation,
both in seasonal rainfall and snow. Precipitation is highly variable, both in amount and
seasonal distribution. Most rainfall occurs in the summer monsoon season, with July and
August generally receiving the highest amounts. Average annual snowfall on the Sangre de
Cristo foothills is 91 cm. Annual average relative humidity is 65% in the early morning
hours and 30% in the warmest daytime hours.
2.4 Land Use
Of the 15000 sq uare kilometers (km2) in San Miguel County, roughly 12,750 (85%)
are private ranches and small farms. Rangeland vegetation is mostly grasses, forbs, and
shrubs. The main irrigated crops are alfalfa, oats, wheat and grain sorghum. About 14%
(1376 km2) of San Miguel County is woodlands in the Santa Fe National Forest and Pecos
8
Wilderness. Two forest types predominate: ponderosa pine and pinon-juniper. There are a
few privately owned subsistence farms in the high-altitude valleys along the Gallinas River,
but further development is basically non-existent. Surrounding the municipality of Las
Vegas, there is some industrial development but land remains mostly rangeland. Ranching
dominates below (south of) town through Apache Canyon in and around San Augustin.
A verage Daily A verage Daily Average Maximum Minimum Precipitation (cm.)
Temperature (DC) Temperature (DC)
January 7.2 -7.8 0.76 February 8.9 -6.7 0.76 March 11.7 -4.4 1.02 April 16.7 0 1.27 May 21.7 5.0 3.56 June 26.7 10.0 4.06 July 28.3 12.2 7.87 August 27.0 11.1 9.65 September 23.9 7.8 3.30 October 19.4 2.2 2.54 November 12.8 -3.9 1.02 December 8.3 -7.2 1.02 Annual Average 17.8 5.0 36.83 (total) Table 2.1: Temperature & Precipitation Data Measured at Las Vegas Airport (elev. 2090 m) 1949-1968 (From Soil Survey of San Miguel Area, 1981).
2.5 Demographics
Las Vegas is the seat of San Miguel County. Local government is a mayor-council
format with eight councilors. The city manager is the chief administrative officer. The 1997
population of Las Vegas was approximately 16,500 people, and has experienced minimal
growth over the last few decades. Land area in the city limits is approximately 19.2 km2.
1989 per capita income was $7515 (USA Cities Online, 2004).
9
3.0 TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY AND LrrHOLOGY
3.1 General
The Gallinas River lies in the western portions of San Miguel County, from northern
to southern county lines. San Miguel County includes four physiographic provinces: the
plains, the Las Vegas Plateau, Glorieta Mesa, and the Sange de Cristo Mountains. Both
Glorieta Mesa, at the far southwest end of the county, and the plains, which encompass
most of the eastern portions of the county, are outside the study area and thus are not of
relevance to this investigation. The study area is comprised of portions of both the Sangre
de Cristo Mountains and the Las Vegas Plateau. The mountains, east of Las Vegas, run
north to south throughout the entire county; elevation above sea level ranges from 1829 to
more than 3354 meters. The mountains end in the east at the hogback ridges of upturned
strata in the foothills. The hogbacks trend north to south, from beyond the county line in the
north to where they grade into the Canadian escarpment southeast of Los Montoyas (Los
Montoyas is approximately 18 km south of Las Vegas on Highway 84). The city of Las
Vegas lies in the Las Vegas Plateau, which begins at the eastern termination of the
hogback ridges and extends east to the Canadian escarpment near the Conchas River.
Topography of the plateau is broad, gently rolling terrain; elevation above sea level ranges
from 1372 to 2073 meters.
3.2 Rock Types and Lithology
The southern Rocky Mountains end in two ridges of Pre-Cambrian rocks. The
western ridge crest lies just west of the county line, although the ridge crest extends into
San Miguel County just north of the village of Pecos. The eastern ridge trends almost due
south, entering from the north at the county line and continuing to Bernal, where it is
overlain by sediments. Rocks are gneiss, schist, quartzite, granitic rocks, and pegmatite.
The city of Las Vegas is approximately 16 km east of this eastern prong.
10
Rock Types IIII NER A L RE S O U RCES
EXPl.AHATION
I
I
-;- :~,: · : "Ti :·: iI' .. t: t _ IO:~ : ·-.lI
Map 2: Local Geology (from Griggs and Hendrickson, plate 1). Dashed red lines indicate approximate location of the Las Vegas Syncline; Gallinas River in blue.
These Pre-Cambrian cores are exposed in the mountains only. From the mountains
through the hogback ridges east of Las Vegas many old rocks are exposed in upturned
strata. Most are Carboniferous and Permian age dominated by limestone, but also include
some sandstone and shale. Some Triassic age rocks (predominantly Chinle Formation
and some Santa Rosa Sandstone) are also exposed in the hogback ridges. The Entrada
Sandstone (Jurassic) is conspicuously exposed in the Canadian escarpment south of
Romeroville. A detailed account of lithology in the study area and all of San Miguel County
can be found elsewhere (Griggs and Henderson 1951).
Rocks of Cretaceous age are the most relevant in the study area, as the Gallinas
River cuts across these exposed beds (section 3.4). Most of the cap rock found in the Las
Vegas Plateau is probably Dakota Sandstone, though fauna fossils have yet to be found to
11
~,~ ---
confirm this. The sequence from top to bottom consists of fine-grained quartzitic
sandstone, sandstone with interbedded shale, another sandstone member, and a lower
member of sandstone interbedded with bluish-gray shale. The upper sandstone member is
identical in lithology to the Dakota found in more northern parts of New Mexico and
southeastern Colorado. Together, both members are anywhere from more than 76 m thick
to locally vanishing in areas of high erosion, but function as one hydrologic unit. At Las
Vegas, the sequence is approximately 61 m thick. This sequence forms the walls of
Apache Canyon, below Las Vegas.
Lying conformably on the Dakota Sandstone is the Graneros Shale, a
predominantly black fissile shale. There are several thin beds of bentonite (up to 30 cm
thick) on top of the Graneros. The Graneros is exposed east of Romeroville, trending
northeast approximately 4.6 meters along both the west and east sides of the Las Vegas
syncline. Approximately 0.3-1.0 m of Graneros Shale is exposed on the west side of the
syncline, while inconspicuous on the east side. The surface thickness is unknown, but a
well log from roughly 4.8-km northeast of Las Vegas indicates a thickness of 65.5 m.
On top of the Graneros is the Greenhorn Limestone, a thin bed of limestone and
interbedded shale. The limestone is fine-grained, while the shale is dark gray and
calcareous, transitioning into the Graneros. Thickness is roughly 14 m, with outcroppings in
the same general region as the Graneros. The Greenhorn is modest on the west side of
the syncline, while approximately 2.5 meters wide on the east side just north of Las Vegas.
Immediately overlying the Greenhorn Limestone is the Carlisle Shale, also a dark
gray calcareous shale. Outcrops are from Las Vegas northward within the same area as
the Greenhorn limestone. Thickness is unknown.
12
Above the Carlisle is the Niobrara Formation, although no fossil evidence is known.
The Niobrara outcrops in all directions from Storrie Lake, north of Las Vegas, and beds run
along the same axes of the syncline.
Younger rocks are not conspicuous in the study area. The Ogallala Formation
(Tertiary) is nearly vanished in all areas of San Miguel County due to erosion. Quaternary
alluvium and pediment gravels exist along some stream banks and in other areas.
To the east of Las Vegas, all beds lie nearly flat with some warping and faulting.
Immediately east of Las Vegas westward to the Sangre de Cristo Mountains is the
northward-plunging Las Vegas syncline. The depression forms from the abutment of the
Greenhorn Limestone to the east and the Niobrara Formation/Carlisle Shale to the west.
Beds dip slightly westward on the east aspect of the syncline while on the west aspect the
beds dip steeply, and form the hogback ridges. The hogback ridges begin approximately
4.8 km south of Los Montoyas, where they have a gentle dip. Trending north, the dip
becomes steeper or slightly overturned, extending beyond the northern county line. Where
the Gallinas flows through canyons, the hogback ridges are terminated on the west by a
thrust fault, bringing Pre-Cambrian rocks to the surface.
3.3 Soils
In general, soils contribute little to the geochemistry of the Gallinas River, as the
river is contained in alluvium derived from parent lithology or in bedrock canyons. However,
when surface runoff flows over soils, these materials can be transported to the river. This is
especially true during seasonal monsoon rains, where water volume and velocity can be
significant.
13
There is little soil development in the highest mountain elevations of the Gallinas
headwaters. Soils in the area from about 2805 m elevation to approximately Montezuma
(2195 m) are the Moreno-Brycan (MG) association along the streambeds of Gallinas and
Porvenir creeks, and Roccio-Stout series moving away from the water. The MG association
is formed in alluvium from material derived from shale and sandstone. Permeability is
moderate to low.
From Montezuma through Las Vegas to near Romeroville, soils are the Colmor
Vermejo-Mion series. Soils in this area (uplands and valley floors, hilly to nearly level) are
shallow to deep, moderately well drained, and formed in material weathered from shale.
They are usually deep, well drained soils. The amount of fine «2-mm) clay is
approximately 20-40%. Soil pH is in the range 7.4-8.4. Of particular interest in the Vermejo
soils, which are present in Pecos Arroyo. Vermejo soils are deep (up to 24 cm) and
moderately well drained, formed in alluvium derived from weathered shale. Permeability is
very low; fine clay is 30-50% or more; pH range is 7.9-9.0. Depth to visible salt crystals in
the Vermejo series is 0-9.5 cm; salinity is > 2 Mmhos/cm. These soils likely contribute high
dissolved solids to water in Pecos Arroyo.
From just above the wastewater treatment plant, and the riverbed to Apache
Canyon just north of San Al.lgustin, the soils are dominated by the Partri-Carnero series,
which are moderately deep to deep well-drained soils formed in residuum and mixed
alluvium from sandstone and limestone.
In Apache Canyon, from above to below San Augustin (the remainder of the study
area), the Gallinas is contained in a rock outcrop area of ridges and escarpments. The soils
are very shallow to deep, very steep well-drained soils formed from weathered sandstone,
limestone and shale (Dakota and Purgatoire). Soil characteristics are variable.
14
Information in this section was taken from the county soil survey (Soil Survey of San
Miguel Area, 1981); more detailed information can be found there.
3.4 Gallinas River Bed and Pecos Arroyo
The Gallinas River bed is generally composed of alluvium derived from crystalline
material (granite and gneiss), especially at higher elevations. Materials are poorly sorted
and composed of boulders, cobbles, gravel and sand. Hydraulic conductivity of this
material is usually high. Another headwater stream in New Mexico, similar to the Gallinas
River, was measured at 4 x 10-3cm/s (Morrice et al. 1997). Near the city of Las Vegas,
alluvium is derived from shale. Organic matter in the headwater stream sediments is most
likely very low; Fellows et al. (2001) measured stream sediment in the Gallina Creek (no
connection to the study area) at approximately 1 % organic matter.
At the headwaters of the Gallinas River, Elk Mountain is composed of Pre
Cambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks. Very little recharge occurs in these low
permeability rocks, and little water is contained within them. What does infiltrate moves
along fractures and is discharged through seeps. These ancient rocks form the streambed
to near EI Porvenir, approximately 21 km northeast of Las Vegas along Highway 65.
Where valleys cut into the Magdalena Group (Sandia and Madera Formations),
discharge occurs through numerous springs and seeps. Approximately 6.7 x 105 acre-feet
of precipitation fall on the exposed area of the Magdalena group in San Miguel County
(Griggs and Henderson, 1951). At EI Porvenir, the Gallinas River is exposed primarily to
the Madera Limestone. The limestone discharges water to the Gallinas, as the exposed
stratum is at lower elevation than in the recharge area. The Magdalena Group forms the
streambed until the river again flows over Pre-Cambrian rocks near Hot Springs.
15
From Hot Springs to Montezuma, the Gallinas River crosses the Las Vegas
syncline, a trough-shaped feature that dips to the north and exposes the river to several
geological units. As the river flows mostly east it crosses a narrow zone of undifferentiated
Greenhorn Limestone and Graneros Shale. It is in this area that part of the river is diverted
to flow into Storrie Lake. Past this narrow band, the remaining portion of the Storrie Lake
inlet canal, Storrie Lake in its entirety and the remaining flow of the Gallinas River lie over
the Niobrara Formation and Carlisle Shale. The river now trends mostly southeasterly, and
as it nears the northwestern boundary of Las Vegas, the riverbed is mostly Greenhorn
Limestone. Just below city limits, the riverbed changes to Graneros Shale. Moving out of
the Graneros, the river tums mostly south, and the riverbed becomes Dakota and
Purgatoire. There is evidence that the Dakota and Purgatoire sequence loses water to the
Gallinas near San Augustin (Griggs and Henderson p. 52). Approximately 2.4 km
southeast of Romeroville, and throughout its course past San Augustin, the Gallinas River
bed is undifferentiated Morrison Formation and Entrada Sandstone.
Pecos Arroyo, the north-south trending depression east of Storrie Lake, also lies in
the Las Vegas syncline. Pecos Arroyo is dry above (north of) Storrie Lake, and becomes
perennial below (south of) the lake, from seepage through the earthen dam. Salt crystals
are sometimes visible in the soils, depending on amounts of recent runoff. This is
consistent with the high salinity of the Vermejo soils.
4.0 WATER RESOURCES
4.1 Physical Description of the Gallinas River
The Gallinas River and its tributaries drain approximately 1580 km2 of the Sangre
de Cristo Mountains in the Santa Fe National Forest. Rain and snowmelt contribute the
majority of water to the Gallinas River. From its headwaters to the confluence with the
Pecos River (approximately 9.7 km upstream from Colonias) the Gallinas is 137 km long.
16
The Gallinas is generally a wide and shallow river. Typical dimensions in the headwater
reach is no more than a few meters wide and <10 cm deep.
Discharge has been measured on the Gallinas since 1926 (see Fig. 1), but rarely
does the river run at the historical annual flow. Most years river flow is below the long-term
average, with a few exceptionally wet years in between. There is also significant seasonal
variability in discharge, with spring snowmelt providing the highest discharge and water
velocity, followed in order of decreasing discharge and velocity by winter, summer, and fall.
The only active gaging station on the Gallinas River is located near Montezuma (USGS
Gage 08380500).
4.2 Inflows to the Gallinas River
The main tributaries to the Gallinas River, Beaver and Porvenir Creeks, join the
Gallinas approximately 18.5 and 8 km, respectively, above the town of Montezuma. These
small ephemeral creeks drain other eastern slopes of the Sangre de Cristos in the Pecos
Wilderness and/or Santa Fe National Forest. Some of the recharge to the Magdalena
Group, which is primarily exposed in Pecos Canyon, is lost as discharge to the Gallinas
where the river cuts through this formation around EI Porvenir, since it is at lower elevation
than the recharge area.
At Montezuma, the Gallinas River receives geothermal water from a natural spring
near the Armand Hammer World College. This is the Montezuma Hot Spring
(17N.15E.36.440, elev. 2063-m amsl) and is the only thermal spring in the Pecos River
Basin. Some water that is diverted to Storrie Lake (see section below) is actually returned
to the Gallinas below Las Vegas via the Pecos Arroyo.
17
~---- --------- ---- -----------,
I
Discharge at USGS Gage 08380500
I g o 80
100 ,-----------------------,
I ~ 60 Q.
I ~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-I I ~ 0 CD ..- CD .,..... CD ..- CD .,..... co ..- CD .,..... CD
N M ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ co CD ~ ~ ro ro l__ ~ ~ ~ (J) ~ ~ (J) ~Ye:r ~ ~ ~ ~
Fig. 1: Annual discharge of the Gallinas River at the USGS Gaging station near Montezuma, NM. Teal line is the historical average (19.4 CFS) for the period of record. (From USGS NWIS database).
This return happens unintentionally, as the earthen impoundment that forms Storrie Lake
leaks water to Pecos Arroyo above town. Pecos Arroyo trends in a mostly southern
direction until it rejoins the Gallinas below Las Vegas but above the wastewater treatment
plant.
Below the Storrie Lake inlet canal, the remaining river flow continues to town, often
going dry (submerging as baseflow) in the city during summer irrigation and drought
periods. Contributing factors include significant riparian vegetation growing along the
stream through town and irrigation ditches (acequias). Since Las Vegas itself has no
stormwater sewer system, precipitation runs off directly to the Gallinas. While no
systematic investigation has been made to date of this non-point source runoff, it is likely to
contain grease and oil from automobiles, lawn fertilizers and pesticides. Except for
stormwater runoff, very little water, if any, remains in the Gallinas River channel until Pecos
Arroyo joins the river below town.
18
A few small ephemeral creeks drain into the Gallinas River below Las Vegas (Agua
Olympia and Agua Zarca). A small data set is available for Agua Olympia, however, no
sampling has been done on Agua Zarca.
As the majority of the Gallinas is diverted into Storrie Lake and for Las Vegas
municipal supply, the river is essentially dry through town. Inflow to the municipal
wastewater treatment plant below town is almost exclusively Pecos Arroyo water. The Las
Vegas Wastewater Treatment (WWTP) plant is located approximately 1 km below the
confluence of the Gallinas River and Pecos Arroyo. Treated effluent from the municipal
sanitary sewer is returned to the river.
4.2 Diversions
The most Significant diversion of the Gallinas occurs just above the town of
Montezuma, approximately 5.6 km northwest of Las Vegas on SR 65. Here the river lies in
a steep bedrock canyon, which affords the water little shade. Approximately 3000 acre-feet
(AF) of Gallinas water is diverted for the city of Las Vegas. Most is stored in Peterson and
Bradner Reservoirs, with some storage in Storrie Lake.
Another diversion is located below Montezuma, where the Gallinas is diverted to
Storrie Lake. An open channel conveys water from the Gallinas to Storrie Lake,
approximately 3.2 km, as the crow flies, to the east. The diversion works are capable of
diverting 1052 cfs, however, the amount of the actual diversion varies (New Mexico Office
of the State Engineer, 1991). The original application to divert water to Storrie Lake was
received at the Territorial Engineer's office in 1909. The Storrie Lake Project, as it became
known, stored irrigation water for small farms growing corn and other vegetables, alfalfa,
and hay. Though little farming continues in the area today, Storrie Project water is also
19
used to keep wet McAllister Lake and the Las Vegas National Wildlife Refuge via a canal
roughly 24 km long. Water at Storrie Lake is impounded via an earthen dam that abuts the
west side of Highway 65. Storrie Lake has a maximum capacity of 23,262.4 AF that
includes 371 AF of dead storage (New Mexico Office of the State Engineer, 1991). Water
seeps through this earthen dam, traveling east and southeast, following local topography. It
collects in the otherwise dry Pecos Arroyo, flowing south along the eastern side of Las
Vegas. Pecos Arroyo is generally wet, marshy land, with little water flowing above ground.
Instead, it infiltrates the soil (Graneros and Carlisle Shales) but travels horizontally
following local topography rather than percolating downward. Pecos Arroyo meets the
Gallinas River above the wastewater treatment plant south of town.
There are a number of acequias in the Las Vegas area that divert Gallinas River
water (Citizens Committee 2004). The Office of the State Engineer 1991 report identified
42 ditch diversions from the Gallinas, not including the Storrie Lake diversion. The total
amount of water diverted from the Gallinas River by the acequias is unknown.
4.4 Groundwater
Due to the highly permeable alluvium, there is considerable mixing between
groundwater and surface water in the study area. Near EI Porvenir, the Magdalena Group
discharges water to the Gallinas River. At the Armand Hammer World College near
Montezuma, geothermal waters are discharged to the river. Generally, the Gallinas loses
water to the underlying soils and rocks. This is likely the result of the high hydraulic
permeability of the alluvium.
Groundwater is not plentiful in San Miguel County. In the Las Vegas Plateau, most
wells produce fewer than 20 gallons per minute. All communities except Mosquero, in the
20
northeast corner of the county, use surface water for domestic supply. Small wells are used
for domestic supply and livestock watering. There is little irrigated agriculture from
groundwater. Crystalline Pre-Cambrian rocks receive little recharge due to their low
permeability, but water quality is good. Water quality from the Madera Limestone, the
majority of the Magdalena Group, is fairly good; the majority of wells have less than 500
mg/L-dissolved solids. In the deeper limestone members, water is generally calcium
bicarbonate, and the water can be moderately hard. Moving upward, the group becomes
more arkosic sandstone. Calcium bicarbonate decreases while sodium and potassium
bicarbonates increase.
Most groundwater in the Las Vegas plateau comes from the Dakota and Purgatoire
Formations. Water quality is fairly good. Depth to groundwater throughout the plateau is
generally less than 61 m. The Dakota appears to lose water to the Gallinas above San
Augustin.
Some water is obtained from the Graneros Shale and Greenhorn Limestone, but
quality is usually only good enough for livestock watering. While it does not appear that
either the Graneros or Greenhorn discharge water to the Gallinas River, the river does
cross these units north of Las Vegas. It is possible weathering - either chemical (leaching)
and/or physical (erosion) - brings contaminants from the rocks into the river. Groundwater
taken from one well in the Greenhorn, and several from the Graneros, shows poor quality.
Dissolved solids are high (>850 to> 1250 mg/L) and some water has the smell of hydrogen
sulfide (Griggs and Hendrickson, 1951).
21
5.0 SAMPLING STRATEGY AND DESIGN
Potential locations for sample collection must be carefully considered. A general
strategy is to locate sampling stations above and below point sources, in and around areas
of wildlife habitat and other areas of concern. For example, though not done in this study,
sampling locations could have been selected above and at the geothermal springs near
Montezuma to assess this natural source of contaminants. In addition, it is highly desirable
to have an undisturbed river segment for use as a reference point. The reference segment
should match the study area as close as possible in such characteristics as elevation,
geology, hydrology, hydraulics, watershed size, in-stream habitat, and riparian vegetation.
In this way, the area of investigation can be compared to the reference segment and
evaluated for degree of impairment. However, finding an undisturbed reference segment is
exceedingly difficult, as most rivers have some to significant human presence and
development. Because there is as yet no identified reference segment for the Gallinas
River from the Las Vegas diversion to San Augustin (the study area). the upper reach from
the headwaters on Elk Mountain to the Las Vegas diversion will be used as a reference
segment in this investigation when applicable.
By way of review, the Gallinas River begins as drainage on Elk Mountain in the
Santa Fe National Forest. Two small ephemeral creeks, Burro and Porvenir, are the main
tributaries to the Gallinas in the upper reach. Burro Creek lies wholly within the national
forest boundaries. Porvenir Creek begins in the Pecos Wilderness, passes through some
national forest land, but joins the Gallinas on private land. Within the national forest and
wilderness boundaries, the upper Gallinas is minimally disturbed; hence, sampling stations
in these areas would provide useful background levels for contaminant levels found lower
in the river. Three sampling stations were selected within the national forest lands to
provide a water quality baseline for downstream locations. The Gallinas headwaters station
22
(2-01) is located at the end of forest road 263. Burro Creek above the Gallinas (station 2-
02), and the Gallinas at the Forest Boundary (station 2-05) are the other two. See table 2
for a listing of all sampling stations in this study. Two additional stations were sited on
Porvenir Creek outside the National ForestlWilderness boundaries (stations 2-03 and 2-
04). Station 2-03 is at a campground, where there are some small impacts suspected from
recreational use. Station 2-04 has suspected problems with land management (cattle
grazing impacts). Data from these last two stations will be included in this investigation, but
no evaluation of the suspected impacts (camping and cattle grazing) will be undertaken.
As the Gallinas enters the Las Vegas Plateau near Montezuma, another sampling
site was selected at the USGS gaging station (2-06). This restricted access site is
immediately above the domestic water supply diversion for Las Vegas and is obviously
important to determine if water meets standards for domestic supply. One sampling site
(2-07) was selected within Las Vegas city limits, at the intersection of County Road A-11 C
and Cinder Road. This is an attempt to isolate urban impacts from rural impacts, and is
usually the last place with access within the city where the Gallinas still has water. The next
sampling stations are below the city of Las Vegas, when there is again water in the
channel. Sampling stations were selected above the Las Vegas Wastewater Treatment
plant (2-08, which is mostly Pecos Arroyo water but will contain urban runoff following
storm events), at the outfall pipe (2-09) and below the WWTP (2-10). The last sampling
site on the Gallinas is at San Augustin (2-13).
Pecos Arroyo was sampled in two locations. The first (2-11) is at Harris Lake within
city limits. The "lake" is fed by Pecos Arroyo water and from Spring Arroyo, a very small
ephemeral spring-fed tributary to Pecos Arroyo. Harris Lake is used for recreational use.
23
Station Number 2-01
2-02
2-03
2-04
2-05
2-06
2-07
2-08
2-09
2-10
2-11
2-12
2-13
Agua Olympia
Description
Gallinas @ end of Forest Road 263 (Headwaters) Burro Creek above Gallinas
EI Porvenir Creek at Campground
EI Porvenir above Gallinas @ SR 65
Gallinas at Forest Boundary
Gallinas at USGS Gage 08380500 (near Montezuma) Gallinas at County Road A-11C and Cinder Road (Las Vegas) Gallinas above Las Vegas WWTP
Las Vegas WWTP Outfall Pipe
Gallinas 0.25 mile below Las Vegas WWTP
Pecos Arroyo above Harris Lake
Pecos Arroyo at County Road 23 above Gallinas Gallinas at San Augustin
Agua Olympia
Table 2: Sampling Stations.
Location
Lat: 35° 72.21 "N Long: 1 05° 49.7"W Elevation: 8435 feet AMSL Lat: 35° 72.61"N Long: 105° 49.5"W Elevation: 8504 feet AMSL Lat: 35° 71.08"N Long: 1 05° 41.6"W Elevation: 7559 feet AMSL Lat: 35° 65.00"N Long: 105° 32.0"W Elevation: 7450 feet AMSL Lat: 35° 68.97"N Long: 105° 37.6"W Elevation: 7254 feet AMSL Lat: 35° 65.19"N Long: 105° 31.8"W Elevation: 6867 feet AMSL Lat: 35° 62.16"N Long: 105° 24.6"W Elevation: 6540 feet AMSL Lat: 35° 56.66"N Long: 105° 21.1"W Elevation: 6427 feet AMSL Lat: 35° 56.64"N Long: 1 05° 21.2"W Elevation: 6382 feet AMSL Lat: 35° 56.50"N Long: 1 05° 21.2"W Elevation: 6417 feet AMSL Lat: 35° 63.00"N Long: 105° 21.0"W Elevation: 6466 feet AMSL Lat: 35° 70.75"N Long: 105° 20.6"W Elevation: 6427 feet AMSL Lat: 35° 46.47"N Long: 105° 1S.7"W Elevation: 5945 feet AMSL Lat: 35° 56.61"N Long: 105° 20.6"W Elevation: 6397 feet AMSL
Justification
Reference Point
Reference Point
Reference Point; assess recreational impacts
Reference Point; assess land management (cattle grazing)
Last point on federal land; above urbanization
Drinking Water Diversion for City of Las Vegas
Last point in urban area where river is wet
Impacts from Pecos Arroyo; reference point forWWTP
Impacts from WWTP
Impacts from WWTP
Assess Pecos Arroyo Water; above most urban impacts
Assess Pecos Arroyo Water; assess urban impacts
End of river reach; reference point for water quality evaluation
Inputs from tributary
24
This site is important for monitoring water quality for secondary contact (recreational use).
The other sampling location on Pecos Arroyo (2-12) is where the arroyo crosses County
Road 23 above the confluence with the Gallinas. This station provides a baseline for what
is added by the WWTP a short distance to the south.
Unless otherwise noted, all sample analyses were performed by the Scientific
Laboratory Division (SLD) of the New Mexico Department of Health using EPA-approved
methodologies. These approved methodologies are listed in Appendix 13.1.
6.0 FIELD WORK
Much of the data presented in this investigation was determined from samples
collected by NMED personnel in 2001 and before, though I personally made several trips
with NMED personnel (May 29-31, October 16 and 18,2001; April 26 and November 14
and 17,2002; September 23,2003). Fieldwork at a minimum always involves taking
general water chemistry measurements of temperature, pH, turbidity, specific conductance,
and dissolved oxygen concentration and percent saturation. This is accomplished using a
multi-parameter probe called a "Sonde" (Yellow Springs Instruments, Yellow Springs, OH).
Often water samples are collected and sent for laboratory analysis.
On May 31,2001, using the Sonde, dissolved oxygen (DO) at San Augustin was 8.3
mglL at 9:30 am. At this hour the sun had risen above the canyon walls for a very short
time, and DO was still low for the area. Significant amounts of floating algae were present.
On October 16-18, 2001, water temperature was 14.47 DC, DO was 12.56 mg/L
(123.3% saturation), turbidity was unavailable, and pH was 8.60 (10/16/2001). No floating
algae were observed; however, it is believed that the presence of brown colored algae on
rock surfaces and perhaps phytoplankton were causing the high DO. On October 17, 2001
25
the following measurements were recorded at 1 :30 pm: water temperature was 14.41 ec,
DO was 13.11 mg/L (128.4% saturation), specific conductance was 926 ).LS, turbidity was
11.4 NTU, and pH was 8.61. The next day, again using the Sonde, water temperature was
9.10 ec, DO was 9.46 mg/L (81.7% saturation), specific conductance was 986 ).LS, turbidity
was 12.6 NTU, and pH was found to be 8.42. Readings were taken at approximately 8:30
am. The lack of floating algae was presumed to be from seasonal monsoon rains that
increase water velocity and dislodge the mats. By this time of the year, the mats had grown
quite large and heavy. A few relatively large fish were observed, likely to be Rio Grande
Chub; a few suckers (species unidentified) were also seen.
7.0 EVALUATION OF CURRENTLY LISTED IMPAIRMENTS
7.1 Stream Bottom Deposits
Stream bottom deposits are fine particles, usually sand and silt, less than 2-rnm in
diameter. Fines can get into a river any number of ways: as river water physically erodes
streambed rock or soil, as chemicals in the water chemically dissolve (weather) rocks, as
the river re-suspends existing sand and silt on the bottom, as eroded topsoil is carried to
the river by runoff, or from a combination of these factors. In an undisturbed system, a river
often has a deep and meandering channel that will lose sediments in bends and oxbows. In
these turns the water is sufficiently slowed to allow the sediments to drop out. When rivers
are straight, usually because of river modification, the water moves at greater overall
velocity, and it is less likely the stream deposits sediments. Fines fill the spaces between
cobbles and gravels. This leads to a cascade of undesirable events. Physically, there is
less space for benthic organisms (macro-invertebrates) to live. There will also be less
oxygen in those spaces, which results in poorer quality habitat. These factors lead to a
decrease in benthic populations, which in turn will lead to a reduction in food sources for
fish. The overall diversity of aquatic organisms generally decreases, and only highly
26
adapted (specialized) species remain. Often their numbers are low. The build up of fines in
the cobble/gravel interstices also smooth out the surface of the river bottom, which makes
the water move faster. In turn, this will lead to more erosion (scouring) of stream banks.
This destabilizes the banks, leading to a straightening of the channel and a loss of riparian
vegetation. Channel straightening will further increase water velocity, which can lead to a
higher gradient, and a wider, shallower channel. Again water velocity increases. The
shallow water and loss of riparian cover result in increased water temperature. This
cascade results in a reduction of habitat diversity (both aquatic and riparian) and increases
environmental stress.
In bedrock riverbeds, fewer fines should be present. However, some streams form
in sand beds naturally, and it would be expected the river bottom to be sand almost
exclusively. The middle Rio Grande of New Mexico is such a river. (It is believed that at its
headwaters in the San Juan valley of southwestern Colorado, the Upper Rio Grande River
looks much different. This is an important distinction; the same river can look and act much
differently in different reaches and still be healthy). In such cases, there would be little
harm from the fines. At the present time, the NMED has no protocol developed for either
detecting or evaluating fines present in a sandy-bottomed river.
The current standard for stream bottom deposits reads: "Surface waters of the
State shall be free of water contaminants from other than natural causes that will settle and
damage or impair the normal growth, function, or reproduction of aquatic life or significantly
alter the physical or chemical properties of the bottom" (New Mexico Water Quality Control
Commission, 2000).
This standard for stream bottom deposits is a descriptive (so called narrative)
standard. It must be evaluated in terms of a quantifiable physical component
(geomorphology), measured using either a pebble count or degree of cobble
27
embededness, and a biological component (community structure: number of species,
distribution in life stages, and population sizes). The physical components are only
indicators, and do not determine the overall health of the system. The physical and
biological components may also yield differing results as to any impairment. For example, a
pebble count may indicate the river fully supports its designated use(s), while the bio
assessment may show that impairment exists. Generally this will be due to the presence of
one or more chemical contaminants that are harmful to biota. While the overall evaluation
is a result of both the physical indicators and biological assessment, it is the presence of
strong and varied community structure that will provide the strongest evidence of good
health.
NMED personnel evaluated the Gallinas River for stream bottom deposits during
the period 1998-2001. Three locations were evaluated: Near the headwaters at the end of
Forest Road 263; at the USGS gage near Montezuma; and at San Augustin. Results are
presented in table 3.
While the stream bottom deposit standard cannot be evaluated only in terms of the
presence or absence of fines, greater than 30% fines is strong evidence that a river will be
listed for stream bottom deposits. All data in table 3 are evaluated to determine if a stream
bottom listing is warranted. The reader will notice that many parameters at the gaging
28
Embededness .
13 16 Velocity/Depth Regi~e
. 16 16
Sediment Deposition. 13 13 Channel Flow Status 19 16 Channel Alteration
. 16 20
Riffle Frequen.~y· 20 18 Bank Stability 10 10 Vegetative Protection
.. 10 10
Riparian Vegetative Zone ..
9.5 10 nlndex B4 B46
Table 3: Stream Bottom Deposits (Protocol, 2002).
* = Scored on a scale of 1-20, with 20 being ideal and 1 being worst ** = Scored on a scale of 1-10, with 10 being ideal and 1 being worst
13
8 11 16 13 5 5 5
C4
station indicate a better river substrate and flow regime than even at the headwaters. This
occurs because the river channel is formed in bedrock canyons with little unconsolidated
bank material that can erode. There is certainly a degradation of bank stability, vegetative
protection and size of riparian zone by the time the Gallinas River has reached San
Augustin.
7.2 Total Ammonia
Ammonia, NH3 , is a gas at room temperature and pressure (b.p = -33.4 °C). The
ammonia molecule has an unshared pair of electrons, creating a large dipole moment
(positive and negative ends of the molecule). Because of its large dipole moment,
ammonia is quite soluble in water (51.8 g. ammoniaf100 g. water at 20°C). The solubility of
dissolved gasses is also governed by their partial pressure in the atmosphere (Henry's
Law).
Ammonia is an irritant to humans that can be fatal at sufficiently high concentration.
It is also lethal to fish at much lower concentrations. Unionized ammonia (NH3) is more
toxic to fish than ionized (NH/) since the neutral molecule can readily cross (diffuse) the
epithelial membranes more easily than the charged ion.
29
Ammonia is also a waste product that fish excrete most often by passive diffusion of
unionized ammonia across their gills. Increased concentrations of unionized ammonia in
water block or reverse this mechanism. From this information, it is obvious that the form of
ammonia (unionized versus ionized) will be a major consideration in determining toxicity.
When ammonia gas is dissolved in water, it will accept a proton from water (due to
the unshared electron pair's affinity for protons) to produced ammonium ion and hydroxide
ion:
Ammonia is a weak base, meaning that only a fraction of whatever ammonia is present will
ionize. This is evidenced by its relatively small base ionization constant (Kb):
[NH4 +) [OH-) = 1.8 x 10-5 at 25°C
[NH3J
The increase in hydroxide ions accounts for the increase in pH as ammonia is added to
water.
Temperature and especially pH greatly affect the degree of ionization. At constant
pH, the higher the temperature the more unionized ammonia is present. Similarly, at
constant temperature, as pH increases so does the amount of unionized ammonia. The
partitioning of ammonia between ionized and unionized forms is largely determined by pH
and temperature, and to a lesser degree by the ionic strength of the water. Since the
effects of ionic strength are low compared to temperature and pH effects, this factor will be
ignored here. To determine the relative amounts of ionized versus unionized ammonia
present, temperature and pH must be measured first. From these values, pK (-log of the
equilibrium constant, K) must be determined:
pK = 0.09018 + 2729.92JT (OK) (USEPA 1999)
30
The pK is the pH at which half the ammonia is ionized and half is unionized. Next, the
partitioning can be estimated using the following equations:
fNH3 = 1 -1-+-1':""0"""'p17""K-::rpH
fNH/ = 1 -1-+-1':""0"""'p17""K-::rpH'
It is important to note that at the circumneutral pH found in the Gallinas River, the
dominant form is ionized ammonia, NH/. This is illustrated in Appendix 13.2 as the ratio of
NH3/NH/. While on one occasion the ratio of unionized to ionized (NH3/NH/) ammonia
slightly exceeded 15%, it is largely in the single percent range. This means that of the total
ammonia present (ionized plus unionized forms), never was the unionized ammonia
present in greater amounts than ionized ammonia. Stated another way, ionized ammonia is
nearly 100 times more prevalent than unionized ammonia in the conditions found on the
Gallinas River. Most measurements of ammonia in water are really measurements of
ammonium ion, unless the pH is significantly high. At approximately pH ?:: 10, ammonia is
and remains 100% unionized (NH3)'
How does ammonia get into the water? Ammonia has many commercial and
industrial applications, including use in or making fertilizers, textiles, plastics, household
cleaning agents and refrigerants. Soil bacteria, decaying plants and animals, and animal
wastes also produce ammonia naturally. As such, it is not uncommon to find sources of
ammonia, both natural and anthropogenic, in the environment. It is thought that ammonia
enters the Gallinas River by several different mechanisms. Urban runoff contributes lawn
fertilizers (both ammonium and nitrate forms of nitrogen). Process control errors at the
WWTP introduce ammonia with effluent. The amount and condition of the receiving water,
which is almost exclusively from Pecos Arroyo, can affect the effluent even when no
discharge violation is incurred. For example, in times of unusually pronounced drought,
31
lower water levels in Storrie Lake result in less seepage to Pecos Arroyo. This will leave
less receiving water available to dilute the effluent. Proteins from decaying fish and animals
can also contribute ammonia and organic forms of nitrogen. The fully oxidized form of
nitrogen, nitrate (N03·) can be reduced at the sediment water interface by bacteria, tho~gh
most often this is not the case. Hydraulic permeability of alluvium is expected to be high,
allowing surface water to readily mix ground water, and aerobic processes should
dominate. Valett et aL, 1999 found relatively large dissolved oxygen concentrations (>4
mg/L) in interstitial pore waters in a similar headwater creek. This has impacts for the
forms of available nutrients and any associated toxicity (in the case of ammonia) or
regulatory standards.
Samples were routinely collected during the 2001 intensive survey using standard
protocols: one liter of water is collected into a plastic ammonia-free container, and
immediately preserved with sulfuric acid to prevent microbial transformation. Samples were
stored at 4 DC in picnic coolers, then transported to the Scientific Laboratory Division (SLD)
of the NM Department of Health within 48 hours. Samples were analyzed using EPA
Method 350.1. Of the 72 samples collected in 2001, six samples were at or above the
chronic ammonia standard (Appendix 13.2). All six samples were collected at or
immediately below the Las Vegas WWTP. Two results were indeterminate as temperature
and pH data are not available. No results met or exceeded the acute toxicity standard for
ammonia. It is noted that the above results are from samples collected by NMED
personnel. All treatment plants are required to monitor for certain effluent parameters. At
larger plants, this monitoring is conducted in an on-site laboratory. Such is the case at the
Las Vegas WWTP. Often these are coliform bacteria, chlorine and ammonia amongst
others. Results from the Las Vegas plant from 2001-2003 show an especially large number
of elevated ammonia (ammonium) values. These results are presented in table 4.
32
Date Monthly average Maximum Jan 2001 18.59 19.87 Feb 2001 15.19 16.8 March 2001 14.6 15.9 AQril2001 8.77 12.3 May 2001 1.65 4.5 June 2001 9.3 13.5 July 2001 5.78 11.1 August 2001 5.84 9.23 September 2001 0.49 0.87 October 2001 2.69 9.93 November 2001 0.85 3.95 December 2001 1.67 2.57 January 2002 0.83 1.6 February 2002 3.16 4.73 March 2002 3.02 6.56 April 2002 6.23 12.17 May_2002 3.24 5.13 June 2002 3.49 6.53 July 2002 10.39 16.73 August 2002 4.8 8.13 September 2002 9.03 18.53 October 2002 19.21 21.47 November 2002 7.23 13.53 December 2002 15.45 19.07 January 2003 6.42 8.6 February 2003 16.6 19.46 March 2003 3.83 5.13
Table 4: Ammonia results from Las Vegas WWTP monitoring. From NMEO-SWQ8 Internal document, LV WWTP Reports File.
7.3 Unknown Toxicity
Waters and sediments can contain materials that are harmful to aquatic wildlife,
either to benthic (bottom dwelling) organisms or fish, or both. Contaminants in water can
harm fish and benthic organisms by direct exposure, which may result in rapid, acute
toxicity. Sediments may release their contaminants to the water slowly over time, resulting
in a slower but chronic toxicity, or if conditions (e.g. oxidation-reduction potential,
temperature, pH) change rapidly, a sudden acute toxicity. Because the effect of one
contaminant may be affected by others in the water (additive or antagonistic effects), the
33
Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) test was established to assess the overall effect of the water
and all contaminants to biota.
Both water and sediments can be assessed (using separate tests) for toxicity to
aquatic wildlife by allowing observation of toxic effects on laboratory test species selected
as surrogates for indigenous species (USEPA Region 6, 2004). In controlled environments,
test organisms (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas [fathead minnow]) are
exposed to the sample (water or sediment), while a control group of the same organisms is
exposed to well-characterized water or sediment (proven to be non-toxic).
C. dubia is the more sensitive species to various pollutants, while P. promelas is
more sensitive to ammonia (the unionized form of arnmonia is more toxic than the ionized
form). The degree to which organisms in the test samples are affected beyond those of the
control group gives the measure of toxicity. Toxicity is measured in two ways: as primary
toxicity (mortality) and secondary toxicity (reduced number of offspring). The secondary
toxicity is an important measure for possible reproductive and/or teratogenic anomalies.
Toxicity to either species more than 10% above the control group indicates the presence of
toxicants. Water and sediment samples were collected in September 1990 and again in
November 2001 and sent to the U.S. EPA Region 6 lab in Houston, TX. Results of these
tests are summarized in table 5.
34
Station Sample Test Primary Percent Secondary YPF Type Species Toxicity? Affected Toxicity? (test/control)
Sept 2-10 Water C. dubia 1990 Water P. promelas Sept 2-08 Water C. dubia 1990 Water P. promelas Sept 2-12 Water C. dubia 1990 Water P. promelas Sept Spring Water C. dubia 1990 Arroyo@ Water P. promelas
Airport Rd'
Sept 2-11 Water C. dubia 1990 Water P. promelas Sept Gallinas Water C. dubia 1990 @ Water P. promelas
Grand" Nov 2001 2-07 Water C. dubia
Water P. promelas Sediment C. dubia Sediment P. promelas
Nov 2001 2-08 Water C. dubia Water P. promelas
Sediment C. dubia Sediment P. promelas
Nov 2001 2-10 Water C. dubia Water P. promelas
Sediment C. dubia Sediment P. promelas
Nov 2001 2-11 Water C. dubia Water P. promelas
Sediment C. dubia Sediment P. promelas
Nov 2001 2-12 Water C. dubia Water P. promelas
Sediment C. dubia Sediment P. promelas
Nov 2001 2-13 Water C. dubia Water P. promelas
Sediment C. dubia Sediment P. promelas
N N N N N N Y Y
N N Y N
N N N N N N N N N N N Y N N N N N N N N N N N N
(test/control) 0/10 7/3 0/10 10/3 0/10 0/3
100/10 3013
20/10 313
60/10 13/3
010 017 0/0 017 0/0 3/7 0/0 717 0/0 3/7 OlD
10017 010 77 0/0 3/7 010 3/7 0/0 3/7 OlD 017 010 717
N
N
N
Data not available
N
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
18.5/17.2
16.3/17.2
16.0/17.2
NA
15.4/17.2
0.0/17.2
16.0/16.7
16.4/18.5
16.6/16.7
16.2/18.5
17.9/16.7
19.6/18.5
17.9/16.7
17.2/18.5
17.2/16.7
16.4/18.5
17.6/16.7
18.5/18.5
* These two stations were not part of the 2001 intensive stream survey and do not have station numbers
Table 5: Ambient Water Quality Toxicity (USEPA Ambient Water Toxicity 1989-2003).
8.0 OTHER CONTAMINANTS
8.1 Inorganics, excluding metals
The following inorganic parameters, excluding metals, were investigated: nutrients
(nitrogen in the form of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia, and total phosphorous), temperature,
35
dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), organic nitrogen (total Kjeldahl
nitrogen, TKN), total organic carbon (TOC), turbidity, pH, and sulfate.
pH, specific conductance, temperature, dissolved oxygen and turbidity data are
presented in Appendix 13.3. All results for pH and temperature are within the standards
established for the existing designated uses. There is an overall trend of increasing
temperature from higher to lower elevations. Some increase is expected as elevation
decreases, however, the amount of water temperature increase due to hydromodification
(decreased channel depth, loss of riparian cover) is unknown. Dissolved oxygen only
dropped below the established standard of 6 mg/L (for marginal cold water fishery) on
three occasions. See section 8.2 for a more detailed discussion of dissolved oxygen.
Sulfate data are presented in Appendix 13.4. All results above the city of Las Vegas
(stations 2-01 through 2-06) are below 25 mg/L. At station 2-7 (County Road A11-C and
Cinder road in town) sulfate rises dramatically, and remains elevated throughout the rest of
the Gallinas River in the study area.
Results for chloride are presented in Appendix 13.5. As with sulfate, the results are
below the standard, 5 mg/L, when flows are at least 10 cfs from the headwaters to above
the city. At the same station in town (2-07), there is a marked increase in chloride levels
that persist above the standard for the established designated uses throughout the river
through San Augustin.
TDS results are presented in Appendix 13.6. Results are less than the 250 mg/L
standard for all samples collected above the city of Las Vegas. At station 2-07, results
mirror that of chloride and sulfate. There is a significant increase in solids that persist along
the river all the way to San Augustin.
36
8.2 Dissolved Oxygen
A well-oxygenated river is generally taken to be an indicator that favorable
conditions exist for aquatic wildlife. It implies that water is well aerated, non-stagnant, and
there is a low level of dissolved organic matter. The amount of oxygen a waterbody is
capable of dissolving also depends on atmospheric pressure (altitude, an indirect measure
of the atmospheric partial pressure of O2) and temperature. All other factors being equal,
colder water at lower elevations (higher atmospheric pressure) will dissolve more oxygen
that warmer water at higher elevation. When measured dissolved oxygen is compared to
the theoretical amount the water is capable of dissolving based on altitude, a percent of
saturation can be computed. This allows for fast interpretation of dissolved oxygen content.
While dissolved oxygen (DO) levels are high (greater than 8 mg/L) in the upper
reaches of the Gallinas River, the percent saturation is around 80%. However, on many
occasions at San Al,1gustin (2-13) DO was super-saturated. Not only was DO occasionally
near 150% saturation, there are large diurnal swings in the amount of DO. Early morning
hours are generally the lowest DO concentrations, with the highest levels beginning in the
late morning and persisting throughout daylight hours. On cloudy days and on early
morning sampling, the DO levels were much lower. The presence of dense mats of
filamentous algae strongly suggests the underlying causes of the alternating cycles of
supersaturated DO and DO levels below saturation are from photosynthesis exceeding
respiration during daylight hours followed by respiration with the cessation of
photosynthesis during the dark.
There were only three occasions when dissolved oxygen fell below 6 mg/L. Low DO
concentrations in water lead to oxygen starvation in tissues (hypoxia), which can be lethal
to fish. Conversely, supersaturation can also be problematic to fish and other aquatic
organisms, leading to a rare condition known as gas bubble disease (GBD). Effects of GBD
37
can be increased morbidity and mortality, emboli and scar tissue in and around the gills.
Gas supersaturation in water may interfere with proper diffusion of oxygen across gills
and/or trauma associated with gas bubbles in the vascular system. Gas solubility increases
with depth, resulting in a lower percentage of saturation, so increased depth provides
mitigation to the effects of GBD. Research in the Lower Clark Fork River has demonstrated
that supersaturation is rarely a concern in deep rivers (Weitkamp 2003). However, the
Gallinas River is shallow and wide, providing little relief via depth. Crawdad mortality and
low numbers of fish may provide circumstantial evidence of GBD as a stressor, however,
the actual presence or absence of GBD was not evaluated in this investigation.
Furthermore, while there is evidence that both continued low DO (hypoxia) and high DO
levels are harmful, the effect of large diurnal swings to aquatic wildlife is unknown, though
it is thought to be a stressor.
8.3 Heavy Metals
An extensive suite of metals has been analyzed on a large number of samples.
While standards for the designated uses are established for dissolved metals only, with the
exception of total mercury and total recoverable selenium, total metals analyses were
performed on a large number of samples. Results are presented in Appendix 13.7. Specific
information on human health effects and environmental fate of contaminants is available
elsewhere (ATSDR, 2004).
8.4 Organics
For the existing designated uses, standards are established only for total chlordane
(acute and chronic standards for fisheries), total PCBs, and total DDT and their metabolites
for wildlife habitat. To date, approximately six samples have been collected, due primarily
to the significant laboratory costs associated with analyzing organic compounds. However,
38
those samples were analyzed for a large suite of compounds including organo-chlorine
pesticides, acid herbicides, glyphosate, carbamates, pharmaceutical residues, PCBs
(arachlor congeners only) and a large suite of semi-volatile compounds. All results were
less than detection limits, which are in the low to sub parts-per-billion (ppb) range. Specific
information on human health effects and environmental fate of contaminants is available
elsewhere (ATSDR, 2004).
8.5 Radionuclides
Standards for radionuclides exist only for livestock watering. As is the case with
organic compounds, very limited sampling (n =1) has been done to date. Again the reason
is the significant laboratory costs associated with radiochemical testing. Results for gross
alpha and gross beta radiation were each both less than 10 pCilL. (One pico-Curie is 10-12
Curie; 1 pCi = 0.037 nuclear disintegrations per second, an extremely small number).
Gamma radiation was not detected. Radium 226 and 228 were each less than 1 pCilL
(above detection limits, but well below standards). While no laboratory in New Mexico is
certified for the analysis of tritium, a regulated radionuclide, results show no concerns at
the present timed for radionuclide contamination. Specific information on human health
effects and environmental fate of contaminants is available elsewhere (ATSDR, 2004).
9.0 CONTAMINANT SOURCES
All water quality standards were achieved 100% of the time for all samples collected
on the Gallinas River from the headwaters to the diversion at Montezuma. Water quality is
therefore fully supporting in this reach for the list of designated uses. It can be said with a
high degree of confidence that there are no significant sources of contaminants in the
upper reach of the Gallinas (headwaters to Las Vegas diversion) that flow into the study
area (Las Vegas diversion to San Augustin).
39
9.1 Natural Sources
Natural sources may include local flora and fauna, geologic mineralized areas,
volcanoes, and thermal waters. Snowmelt and precipitation can move these inputs to the
river as a result of surface runoff. These inputs come about without any influence by
humans. The river provides wildlife habitat and it is reasonable that some animal excreta
makes it into the water. Decay of plants and animals would also add nutrients (nitrogen and
phosphorous) and organic matter to the water. However, nutrients (ammonia, TKN,
nitrate/nitrite, phosphorous, TOC) are basically non-existent in the upper reach and only
increase (noticeably) at the WWTP outfall pipe (station 2-09). Therefore, biota does not
compromise water quality.
9.1.1 LAS VEGAS SYNCLINE
There are no volcanoes in the area. However, there are examples where the local
geology (rock outcroppings) contributes minerals to the water. At the headwaters, the
Gallinas River is a calcium bicarbonate water. From Montezuma to Hot Springs,
approximately 1.6 km to the west, a portion of the Greenhorn limestone is exposed in the
Las Vegas Syncline. The river crosses this natural outcropping and picks up calcium,
magnesium, and carbonate/bicarbonate. The water is still predominantly a calcium
bicarbonate type, only now there are more dissolved constituents. This is apparent by
comparing Stiff diagrams for each location (Figures 2 and 3).
As the river crosses the syncline there is a marked increase in hardness
parameters, which is evident at the next station (2-07). Hardness parameters stay elevated
until the WWTP adds non-carbonate water to the river below town. The increase in
hardness is amplified by the loss of dilution as water is diverted for domestic supply and
irrigation just above the Hot Springs.
40
Fig 2: Stiff diagram for Headwaters.
9.1.2 MONTEZUMA HOT SPRINGS
Fig 3: Stiff diagram for USGS Gage above Hot Springs.
The Montezuma Hot Spring is actually a collection of 20-30 seeps. Water
temperature varies among the springs, from 27-60 °C. Discharge is highly variable among
the springs as well, from less than 1 gallon per minute (GPM) to around 6. A 1966
streamflow investigation done by the USGS estimated the total discharge to the Gallinas
River from all the springs to be 325 GPM.
The source of the water discharged at the springs is from fractures in Precambrian
granite. Some fractures dip up to 80 degrees. There are also some small faults in the area.
There is granite of various compositions, from quartz-plagioclase pseudogranite to potash-
rich granite containing hornblende (uranium). Total dissolved solids average 250-500 parts
per million; water type is predominantly sodium chloride (Witcher 1995 and Figure 4).
Fig 4: Stiff diagram for Montezuma Hot Springs.
41
9.1.3 STORRIE LAKE
Storrie Lake is the "source" water for water that enters Pecos Arroyo. Water
is a calcium bicarbonate type with moderate dissolved solids (212 mg/L). Water
chemistry does not vary greatly from that in the headwaters and below the
Montezuma Hot Springs (Figure 5).
Fig 5: Stiff diagram for Storrie Lake.
9.1.4 PECOS ARROYO
The soils of Pecos Arroyo are derived from shale, a rock of marine origin. It might
be reasonable to expect water in contact with such soils to pick up contaminants. This is
just the case, as stations 2-08,2-11 and 2-12 show sharp increases in chloride, dissolved
solids (TOS), suspended solids (TSS) and sulfate (Figures 6 and 7).
Fig 6: Stiff diagram for Pecos Arroyo. Fig 7: Stiff diagram for Gallinas River above WWTP.
42
Station 2-11 is in the Pecos Arroyo above the confluence with the Gallinas and
station 2-08 is actually further down the Gallinas River. Pecos Arroyo water (2-11) is a
calcium sulfate water, consistent with contact with shale. Recall that the Gallinas River
below Las Vegas but above the treatment plant is still predominantly Pecos Arroyo water,
as the river is largely baseflow through town. There is a modest decrease in sulfate below
town (2-08), which may simply be the result of dilution by urban runoff.
Below the WWTP, water is still dominantly calcium sulfate, but the sulfate is further
diluted by effluent. Bicarbonates have been diluted from effluent by the time the Gallinas
River reaches San Augustin, but the water is still calcium sulfate rich.
Fig 8: Stiff diagram for water 0.25 mi below WWTP.
Fig 9: Stiff diagram for water at San Augustin.
Plotting their concentration along the flow path of the Gallinas River, that is, by
sampling station, one can better see contaminants from natural sources. Figure 10 gives
results for total dissolved solids (TDS) and sulfate (S04). Both parameters show a marked
increase at station 2-07, where the Gallinas River first arrives in Las Vegas. Since this
sampling did not occur during or immediately after a storm event, it is evidence that
Montezuma Hot Springs is the contributor. (Note: sulfate result for station 2-08 in figure 10
is suspect and thought to be an outlier). This is confirmed by the Stiff diagram for the hot
43
springs (figure 4). Figure 11 shows results for chloride, which again show a large increase
at station 2-07. Sampling was conducted at the same location and time as TDS and
sulfate.
Sulfate & TOS
- 1200 -I -C'l 1000 -E -I: 800 0
:.;:; 600 ('IS '-- 400 I: 1-·' Q,) (.) 200 I: 0
U 0 ..- ("\J C0 0 C? 0 , I
[ S04 - TDS ~ ~ w ~ ro m 0 ..- C0
9 9 ~ 9 9 9 ~ ~ ~ ("\J ("\J ("\J N ("\J N ("\J N ("\J N ("\J ("\J
Sampling Station
Fig 10: Total dissolved solids and sulfate results by station.
Chloride
120 --I - 100 -C'l E - 80 I: 0 - 60 c Gi l ('IS '--I: 40 Q,) (,J I: 20 -0
l~ ..- N C0 ~ ~ w ~ ro m 0 C0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ..- T-
N N I N I N I I I I N I ("\J ("\J ("\J ("\J ("\J ("\J ("\J
Sampling Station
Fig 11: Chloride results by station.
44
A general overview of the water chemistry is given by plotting parameters in a Piper
Diagram (Figure 12); values represent one sample per station,
Legend
A 2-01
0 2-05 H Hot Springs
0 2-06
H
c\c c\c c\c c\c <f ~ ~ c§
+- Ca- -CI~
Fig 12: Piper Diagram of all stations.
M 2-07 K 2-08 C 2-10
2-11
I
L Agua, 0 2-13 J Storrie
It can be seen from figure 12 that calcium bicarbonate-type water dominates in the
upper reaches, stations 2-01,2-05 and 2-06, which are all located upstream from
Montezuma Hot Springs. Storrie Lake is also a calcium bicarbonate-type water. These
waters plot in the lower left corner in both the cation (bottom left) and anion (bottom right)
triangles. Montezuma Hot Springs is a significant excursion, being sodium chloride-type but
with sulfate present. Pecos Arroyo stations (2-10 and 2-11) are calcium sulfate-type waters.
Calcium is the dominant cation in all waters except Montezuma Hot Springs. Anion water
chemistry changes from bicarbonate to chloride, then to sulfate when following the flow
path of the Gallinas River from headwaters to San Augustin.
45
9.2 Anthropogenic Sources
9.2.1 NON-POINT SOURCES
Non-point source (NPS) pollution occurs when rainfall, snowmelt, or irrigation runs
over land or through the grounGl, picks up pollutants, and deposits them into rivers, lakes
and coastal waters, or introduces them into ground water. Examples of NPS include
agriculture, forestry, grazing, septic tanks, and urban runoff. Nationally, agricultural
pollution is the leading non-point source of water quality impacts (USEPA Office of Water
Fact Sheet, 1996). However, in the study area, agriculture is present but not prevalent.
Urban runoff is the most significant NPS, but with existing data, it is not possible to allocate
the relative amount of contaminants to either source.
At the first urban sampling point (station 2-07, in Las Vegas), water quality does not
support all designated uses at all times. From appendices 13.2-5, it can be seen that
sulfate, chloride, and TDS are above their respective standards, assuming that the flow is
greater than 10 cubic feet per second (cfs). This assumption would have to be tested on a
case-by-case basis. There is much deviation from the historical average flow of 19.4 cfs,
and the flow measurement is taken upstream at the USGS gage. Following the path of the \
river from headwaters to below the city, this is the first location where these standards have
been exceeded. These parameters are consistent with the water chemistry found in
Montezuma Hot Springs, a strong argument that the natural geology is the source.
However, urban sources - sulfates and dissolved solids from combustion and chloride from
road deicing - may contribute.
Manganese increases significantly in the river at Las Vegas (2-07). Though there is
no standard for the existing designated uses, there is a secondary standard for manganese
in drinking water for aesthetic quality. Reduced forms (Mn 2+) are soluble in water and can
impart black stains to laundry when present. Though manganese is widely distributed in
46
many minerals as oxides, silicates or carbonates, it is thought to be another urban artifact.
Manganese is used in paints, to both add and remove color during glass manufacturing,
and in many alloys. Also appearing in trace amounts are the metals nickel and strontium,
though as is the case with manganese, there are no standards established for these
contaminants in the existing designated uses. Most primary nickel is used in alloys, the
most important of which is stainless steel. Other uses include electroplating, foundries,
catalysts, batteries, welding rods, coinage, and other miscellaneous applications. Nickel
appears in nature as oxide, silicate and/or sulfide minerals. Strontium is never found as a
pure element in nature and behaves similarly to calcium, its neighbor in group IIA of the
periodic chart. It is used for coloring glass and fireworks, zinc refining, and optical
materials. Unlike manganese and nickel, there is no known biological function of strontium
in humans.
Urban runoff from storm events was also investigated. An automated sampler
(ISCO Corporation) was deployed at San Augustin in 2001. As the water level increases in
the stream following a storm event, an internal float mechanism in the sampler rises in
response to this change, which in turn triggers the sampler to begin. The sampler was
configured to sample for a few hours following the storm.
It appears that storm water runoff actually helps dilute hardness in the stream (fig.
13). This is reasonable if hardness parameters are indeed coming predominantly from the
hot springs and syncline. Heavy metals show an increase for aluminum, iron and silicon,
both in total and dissolved forms (fig. 14). As expected, total (unfiltered) forms of all metals
measured were higher concentrations than filtered. Particulate matter and other solids are
likely swept into the river from city streets and other areas adjacent to the river. It is
interesting to note that sodium is actually diluted by increased discharge.
47
r--~ver Response at San Augustin to Storm Eve-;- i
8/15/2001 Hardness Parameters
300 ~ - Alkalinity
200 J --I __ ---~ I --- = -o +-, ~~~~~~~~
- Bicarbonate I - Calcium
- Hardness
- Magnesium
....J en E 100
18:41 19:40 20:40 21:40 22:40 23:40
Time
Fig. 13: Automated sampler (ISCO) results for hardness following storm event of 8/15/2001.
,------ -----River Response at San Augustin to Storm Event
8/15/2001 Metals
I 1- AI (total)
50 - AI (diss)
I- Iron (total) II 40 ....J 30 -- - - - Iron (diss) en
, - Mn (total) II E 20 - - - ------ -10 == - Mn (diss)
0 - Si (total) 1841 1940 2040 21 :40 2240 23:40
Time - Si (diss)
I - Na ~ Fig. 14: Automated sampler (ISCO) results for metals following storm event
of 8/15/2001.
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and total phosphorous concentrations increased
slightly in response to the storm, while other nutrients remained relatively unchanged (fig.
15).
48
I River Response at San Augustin to Storm Event 8/15/2001
I 100
..J 10 --Cl E
1
0.1
Nutrients
-----~
18:41 19:40 20:40 21:40 22:40 23:40
I- N03IN02 I j - Phosphorous
I- TOC I
- TKN
Ammonia
I
l Time I -------------------~
Fig. 15: Automated sampler (ISCO) results for nutrients following storm event of 8/15/2001 .
A second storm event of longer duration was also captured (9/16-17, 2001). Results
for nutrients are plotted in figure 16. As the main storm pulse moved through the area
around 6 pm on September 16, most nutrient concentrations dropped, and then recovered
as the stream subsided. The exception to this is organic nitrogen (TKN). This evidence
suggests that either there is no significant amount of urban runoff (less likely) or that the
magnitude of runoff from the storm events dwarfs the amount of extra contaminants
contained in the urban runoff (more likely).
49
...J -0)
E
I River Response at San Augustin to Storm Event
9/16-17, 2001 I I Nutrients
10 ,..,.---------------,
1 ---'
0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C') (") (") C') C0 <:'l C') C0
t'- 0 C0 CD 6i N <i ~ ~ ~ ~ N
Time
r-1- - N-03-/N-O-2 - j 1- Phosphorous
- TOe I l - TKN
I I I
Fig 16: Automated sampler (lseQ) results for nutrients following storm event of 9/16-17, 2001
9.2.2 POINT SOURCES
There is a noticeable increase in nutrients (nitrate, ammonia, TKN and
phosphorous) at, and immediately below, the Las Vegas Wastewater Treatment Plant
(appendices 13.2 and 13.8, and figures 17 and 18). Figure 17 shows ammonia results by
sampling station along the Gallinas River. Ammonia results are below detection limit until
station 2-09, the WWTP outfall. Ammonia spikes precipitously at the treatment plant, then
returns to baseline conditions at station 2-13 (San Augustin). Dilution from water added to
the Gallinas River below the treatment plant by the ephemeral streams Agua Olympia and
Agua Zarca and uptake up by algae are likely causes of ammonia attenuation. It does not
appear that ammonia is oxidized to nitrite (N02-) and nitrate (N03·), as these species are
not elevated at San Augustin (see fig. 16).
50
Ammonia
:J 6 ~--------------------------. 0, 5 E -s:::: 4 o ~ 3 -~
a; 2 - -s:::: g 1 o u 0
N M ~ ~ w ~ ro mOM 0000000 0 0 ~ ~ ~
N N N N N N N N N N N N Sampling Station
Fig 17: Ammonia results by station_
I - Ammonia I
A similar pattern is demonstrated by nitrate/nitrite (N03-IN02-), organic forms of
nitrogen (TKI\l), total phosphorous (P), and total organic carbon (TOC) in figure 18. Values
are again very low at all stations before the treatment plant, and then rise dramatically at
the plant outfall. Nutrient levels subside by the time the Gallinas River reaches San
Augustin.
I I
I
15
....J 10 -0, E 5
LO o N
Nutrients
Q)
o N
Sampling Station
Fig 18: Nitrite/nitrate, TKN, P, and TOC by station.
"
- N03/N02 /'
- TKN I I- p I - TOC J
51
Values for all these parameters are very low or below detection from the
headwaters to above the treatment plant. Values spike precipitously at the plant (station 2-
09) and immediately below (station 2-10) and then dissipate. Results from the plant's
discharge monitoring requirements (OMR's) corroborate this effect at station 2-09 (plant
outfall). Oddly, there are no standards established for any nutrients neither in the
designated uses nor in the plant's discharge permit.
Built in the early 1980's to treat up to 2.5 million gallons per day (MGO) of effluent,
the plant is classified as a major discharger according to section 402 of the federal Clean
Water Act. The plant releases approximately 1.5-1.8 MGO of effluent, treated to secondary
standards, each day to the already impaired river. The definition of secondary treatment
standards is available elsewhere (Code of Federal Regulations, 2003). Solids are trucked
to a surface disposal site located near the Las Vegas Airport where they are buried into the
subsurface.
The Las Vegas Wastewater Treatment Plant's discharge permit (NM000287) details
the level of contaminants that can be released. The volume of receiving water already in
the channel largely governs those amounts. For the plant's permit, the volume flow rate of
water was measured once on June 13, 1980, and calculated to be 0.5 cfs. That value was
input into the USGS 4Q3 model (USGS 2004), which calculates the four lowest flows over
a three-year period. These worst-case scenarios become the concentration of pollutants
discharged to the river. While there have been occasional process upsets resulting in
higher than permitted BOD, TOS and fecal coliform bacteria released into the Gallinas,
nitrogen continues to be the most persistent offender. l\Jitrogen is measured and reported
monthly as ammonia and TKN, presumably by a private lab. There have been repeated
instances when ammonia nitrogen is greater than 10 mg/L (table 3). While there is no
maximum nitrogen value in effluent established in the plant's discharge permit, this value
52
exceeds the national primary drinking water regulation (NPDWR) for nitrogen, and is a
significant issue for downstream eutrophication.
9.2.3 GEOCHEMICAL SPECIATION
Further analysis of the Gallinas waters is accomplished by investigating the
presence of minerals in the water, the forms in which they exist if present, and their
likeliness to either stay dissolved in solution or precipitate out. This analysis is limited to
inorganic (mineral) species in the water; this is justified as earlier analyses of organic
constituents shows no organic compounds present.
Mineral speciation is accomplished using PHREEQC geochemical speciation code
(PHREEQC Interactive v 2.8, downloadable from USGS). General water chemistry
measurements (temperature, pH, alkalinity and elements of interest) are input into the
program. The code then returns the solution composition in molarity, concentration and
distribution of mineral forms of each element, and saturation indices (SI) for each mineral
form. Saturation indices are useful to assess the relative likeliness that the mineral will
remain soluble (SI < 0, meaning the water is undersaturated for that mineral at the current
chemistry), will precipitate out of solution (SI > 0) or is in equilibrium with the water (SI = 0).
Data integrity is evaluated based on ion balance and presented in the 'description of
solution' section. All results yield reasonable ion balances «10%), indicating no major
discrepancies in laboratory results.
Water samples were collected in the spring, summer and fall of 2001 as both
dissolved metals (sample passed through a 0.45-)lm filter then acidified with nitric acid to
pH<2) and total metals (acid preservation only with no filtration). Of these, filtered samples
are appropriate for speciation analysis. Ideally, samples collected for total metals will have
no particulates or colloidal material to which elements may adsorb. In reality this is very
53
difficult to accomplish, and usually there are varying amounts of solids in the samples.
These materials provide surfaces to which metals sorb. Acid in the sample will leach the
metals off their surfaces and bring them into solution. The longer the sample sits before
analysis, the more elements may be extracted. This condition does not reflect the true
dynamics of the river, and results of geochemical speciation on total metals results must be
interpreted carefully.
Samples collected in the spring may reflect chemical events associated with a large
amount of water rushing through the river system during snowmelt. This is a temporary
condition and not reflective of the conditions most of the time. Likewise, fall samples are
taken when water levels in the river are generally very low after the summer irrigation
season. This too is a transient condition. Middle summer may best approximate winter
baseflow conditions. Samples are not collected in the winter due to the difficulty of access
to the river due to snow.
Several PHREEQC iterations are presented in appendix 13.9. All output reflect
values based on dissolved metals results except one output for total metals collected at
station 2-01 (headwaters) on 5/29/2001. This iteration is included to illustrate the strong
chance that sample collection for total metals almost always includes particulate and/or
colloidal material that normally sequesters metals. Refer to pages 75-79 (dissolved) and
pp. 80-84 (total) in Appendix 13.9 for comparison. Note the large aluminum result (0.15
ppm, p. 80) that is suspicious in a headwater stream. Other iterations show the speciation
along the flow path at a given point in time (7/24/2001, pp. 85-109, Appendix 13.9), and
temporal changes at the headwaters station (changes from spring to summer to fall, pp.
110-124).
54
In general, mineral forms of aluminum, iron, and manganese are the only ones of
interest; calcium and magnesium are most often dissolved in solution as 2+ ions. At the
headwaters, aluminum is present mostly as the oxyanion AI(OHk, a relatively soluble form.
Iron, sodium, potassium and chloride were all below their respective detection limits when
analyzed in the lab; the values inputs into PHREEQC (0.1, 5, 10, respectively) are the
detection limits. In general terms, the headwaters are under saturated (no minerals are
likely to precipitate) because minerals are present in sparingly small amounts. There were
no significant temporal (seasonal) changes in water chemistry at the headwaters station.
When moving along the flow path of the Gallinas, there is an increase of hardness
metals (Ca and Mg) at station 2-06. This is below Montezuma Hot Spring, and the increase
in hardness was obvious from the Stiff diagram. Calcite at 2-06 has become slightly super
saturated. Mica minerals, though they show a saturation index> 1, will not precipitate at
ambient temperatures. The river remains under saturated with respect to its mineral
constituents. The next iteration comes from station 2-08, above the WWTP comprised
dominantly of water from Pecos Arroyo. Manganese concentration has increased
significantly, but remains divided evenly between carbonate mineral and soluble 2+ forms.
Calcite, dolomite and rhodochrosite are super-saturated. At station 2-10 (below the
WWTP), the treatment plant has provided dilution to the minerals. Calcite, dolomite and
rhodochrosite saturation indices are still positive, must attenuated significantly.
9.3 Summary of Contaminant Sources
There is a combination of both naturally occurring and man-made sources of
contamination in the Gallinas River and Pecos Arroyo. The local geology above Las Vegas
(outcrops in the syncline and hot springs) contributes minerals and hardness to the water.
Pecos Arroyo water has higher mineral concentrations than water that has been in contact
with the syncline or water from the hot springs. Whether Pecos Arroyo water contributes
55
more mineral load to the water than either the syncline or hot springs could be tested using
a mixing model but was not done in this work. Additionally, the high sulfate found in Pecos
Arroyo water is undesirable. Sulfate is not tolerated well by human ingestion, which leads to
adverse health effects. Sulfate is also used by various microbes as a terminal electron
acceptor to gain energy from organic matter depending on current conditions. Microbial
transformations can alter water pH (corrosivity), solubility of minerals, and evolve toxic
hydrogen sulfide gas.
The only significant point source in the watershed is the Las Vegas Wastewater
Treatment plant. Nutrient contamination is a more significant issue than mineral
contamination. The plant has had process upsets resulting in periodic releases of fecal
coliform bacteria and ammonia. Non-point pollutant sources include urban runoff from Las
Vegas and agricultural by-products such as fertilizers. With the existing data, it is not
possible to assign the relative amounts of these pollutants to urban versus agricultural
sources.
10,0 EVALUATION OF EXISTING DESIGNATED USES
The existing designated uses, and the water quality criteria that support those uses,
are available elsewhere (I\lew Mexico Water Quality Control Commission 2000).
Assignment of specific designated uses to any waterbody is a sociopolitical decision. That
is, the assignment should not be made solely on the existing or potential water quality
alone. Rather, the deSignated uses should reflect the values of the community. From the
observed mix of both urban and rural characteristics of the area, the assigned designated
uses in this middle reach seem consistent with the lifestyles of the residents. That being
said, the assumption is hereby made that the existing deSignated uses for the middle reach
of the Gallinas River, from the Las Vegas municipal diversion to San Augustin, reflects the
values of local residents. Water quality data presented in this report can and do support
56
these designated uses on most occasions. While there are specific impairments that need
addressing, it does not appear that this river segment requires re-classification.
11.0 TMDL
Under the consent order Forest Guardians v. Browner, the state of New Mexico
must have a Total Maximum Daily Load implemented by 2017 for the Gallinas River. The
TMDL is both a planning document and a source of regulations for managing the river. A
closer look at the TMDL program is in order (USEPA TMDL, 2004).
A Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) is a calculation of the maximum amount of a
pollutant that a waterbody can receive and still meet water quality standards, and an
allocation of that amount to the pollutant's sources. Total Maximum Daily Loads are not
new. In 1972 the U.S. Congress intended to restore the nation's fishable and navigable
waters by passing the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (Clean
Water Act). Section 303d of the Act stipulated the formation of TMDLs for watersheds that
failed to meet state water quality standards. However, this obscure section of the Clean
Water Act was little known or used until several environmental groups began suing the
U.s. EPA for their failure to clean the nation's waterways or require TMDL development
(TMDL Lawsuits, 2004).
The underlying philosophy of the TMDL program is relatively straightforward; states
establish designated uses for each water body, then develop water quality criteria to
achieve that use or uses. If monitoring shows that criteria are not being met, then the state
lists the waterbody for TMDL development on a prioritized list (the 303d list); this listed
must be updated every two years. Listing must occur even if controls have been put in
place to clean up contaminants. The TMDL program represents a departure from historical
water resource management. Previous regulations focused on the amount of pollutants
57
that any given point source could discharge to a waterway through the National Pollution
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting program. Instead, the TMDL program is
a pollution budget for an entire waterbody (a watershed approach) that establishes the
maximum amount of all pollutants that can exist while still maintaining water quality
standards. This budget must account for all sources, both specific and discrete. Discrete
sources are interpreted to be both non-point sources and atmospheric deposition (Saltman
2001 ).
A TMDL is comprised of three variables: the waste load allowance (WLA), the load
allowance (LA), and a margin of safety (MOS).
WLA + LA + MOS = TMDL
The WLA is the total of all contaminants from point sources; the LA is load from all
non-point sources. The TMDL develops these allowances for a specific flow. A TMDL is
required regardless if the water quality criteria are violated for physical, chemical or
biological contaminants. In New Mexico, a conceptual framework for TMDL development
and implementation may include the following elements: public outreach and involvement,
establishing milestones, securing funding, implementation of best management measures
(BMPs), continued monitoring of BMPs and determining their effectiveness, and a re
evaluation of milestones (NMED Surface Water Quality Bureau, 2004).
While noble in its intention, the TMDL program has several ambiguities and
shortcomings that have led to a multitude of lawsuits filed against implementation. First, the
criteria for designating the uses of a waterbody are social decisions, yet the TMDL program
has no guidance for what constitutes an acceptable analysis for setting that use. Next, the
TMDL program requires that all sources, including non-point and atmospheric sources, be
58
managed in the pollution budget, but Congress gave no new authority to states to regulate
these sources (currently there are no federal regulations for managing non-point source
pollution). In New Mexico and many other states, limited grant money (federal) and
technical expertise (state) are offered to implement best management practices (BMPs) as
an incentive to voluntary compliance. These federal 319 grants (so called because of their
creation in part 319 of the Clean Water Act) attempt to achieve water quality standards
through land management practices. Third, each state has their own process for
developing a TMDL. The states, not EPA, decide how to allocate the pollution load, but
EPA retains authority for the approval of all TMDLs. EPA can also add waterbodies to the
states' lists. TMDLs are often developed from limited data and understanding of the
watershed, and computer models must include a margin of safety to account for both the
limited data/knowledge and model uncertainty. However, the margin of safety is often
arbitrarily set (Shabman, 2002). Fourth, the TMDL program makes no accounting of
stressors such as low flow (or a change in the flow regime) and temperature that have
profound impacts on water quality criteria. Finally, the TMDL program makes no exceptions
for waters that fail to meet water quality criteria due to naturally occurring pollutants,
whether from such sources as mineral weathering, volcanism, geothermal waters, low
flows, high oxygen demand (microbial activity) and habitat alteration. If the designated use
was established in spite of these factors or a lack of knowledge is irrelevant; a TMDL must
be implemented.
Whether TMDLs will work in a cost and time effective manner is the subject of much
debate. Some states have expressed concern that the rule provides no reasonable
deadlines for completion, and many states lack sufficient data or the resources to gather
additional data to formulate their TMDLs. EPA issued a new TMDL rule in 2000 to address
the concerns raised in previous lawsuits, but Congress attached a rider to the EPA's
funding that monies allocated for TMDL programs not be spent until 2001. Also, when
59
Congress adopted the Clean Water Act in 1972, point sources were much larger sources
of pollution than today. Most experts now recognize non-point sources as the number one
pollution source facing the country. The issue is not a trivial one. A draft EPA cost analysis
estimated the TMDL rule to run between $900 million and 4.3 billion annually. The
estimated cost of TMDL implementation in New Mexico is unknown.
12.0 RECOMENDATIONS
12.1 Review
The Gallinas sub-watershed is diverse in physical attributes and human influences.
Like most rivers in /'Jew Mexico, demand exceeds both the supply and desired dilution
effects for pollutants.
The upper reach (headwaters to diversion) of the Gallinas is healthy. Water quality
is excellent while flora and fauna are diverse and abundant. This section benefits from very
little human influences due to high elevation (unfavorable winter climate, rugged
topography) and US Forest Service stewardship. Development must continue to be limited
for the lower reaches to survive.
The middle reach from the diversion to San Augustin, the focus of this study, is
impacted but can be rehabilitated. Natural contaminant sources are the exposed
Greenhorn Limestone and Graneros Shale in the Las Vegas syncline, the Montezuma Hot
Springs, and Pecos Arroyo. All are areas where local geology exposes the Gallinas River
(or in the case of Pecos Arroyo, a tributary) to heavily mineralized rocks. Physical and
chemical weathering of the rocks results in water with high dissolved solids. Human
(anthropogenic) sources of pollution include urban runoff from Las Vegas and nutrient
loading from the wastewater treatment plant. In both situations, the byproducts of people
60
engaged in everyday living are stressing the river. The lack of significant flow exacerbates
the problems.
12.2 Assumptions
While average yearly flow of the Gallinas is established from a long period of
record, the actual flow is most likely different from the average in any given year. This
makes water resource planning more challenging. That fact notwithstanding, the following
assumptions are made for future planning efforts.
1. Land management in the upper reach will continue under present circumstances.
Forest Service and wilderness boundaries will remain unchanged indefinitely. This
will help limit development and associated human influences. It can also help to
bring federal resources to bear in case of fire or other crises.
2. The city of Las Vegas will continue to experience very modest growth. An upcoming
case before the U.S. Supreme Court may limit the amount of the city's water rights
and curtail future growth. Las Vegas has held the city has a Pueblo Right, giving it
unlimited diversion of the Gallinas River water to accommodate all future growth of
the city in perpetuity.
3. The overall demographic will remain unchanged. A largely rural lifestyle will
continue for the majoritt of residents. It follows that existing deSignated uses will
remain the same, though the water quality standards may need revising.
61
12.3 Recommendations
Based on these assumptions, the following recommendations are proposed, in
prioritized order.
Recommendation 1: Conduct a river nutrient study.
A nutrient study of the middle reach (diversion to San Augustin) is needed. It is
believed that urban runoff and the wastewater treatment plant allow unhealthy levels of
nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) into the river. However, little historical data are
available, and no standards exist for nutrients. Excess nutrients wi" cause excessive algal
growth (eutrophication), which in turn causes large diurnal swings in dissolved oxygen.
Ammonia can also cause morbidity to aquatic organisms. Benthic invertebrate populations
need study, along with biological (microbial) transformations in the hyporheic zone.
Nutrient concentrations are very low in the headwaters, and consistent with other
headwater streams in New Mexico (Morrice et al. 2000, Webster et a!. 2003, Earl and Blinn
2003). Advective flow, solute movement with water dispersion, and uptake govern the flux
of nutrients. However, mixing and storage in the hyporheic zone slow nutrient flux. In
autumn, a combination of factors (low discharge and velocity, long stream residence time,
short hydraulic uptake length and increased storage zone residence time) converges to
produce conditions most favorable to nutrient uptake in the streambed. Nutrient enrichment
occurs at and especially below Las Vegas, in immediate proximity of the WWTP. This
leads to increased algal biomass and productivity, most noticeably at San Augustin where
water velocity is low, no riparian cover exists, and light levels are high. Along with
measuring existing nutrient levels above, at, and below the WWTP, the flow regime needs
better measurement. The only gage on the river is near Montezuma above the city's
diversion. The flow regime is much different at and below the treatment plant.
62
Recommendation 2: Upgrade the Wastewater Treatment plant.
The treatment plant has an unusual amount of process upsets, possibly from the
large amount of septic wastewater brought to the plant by septage haulers. This waste is
high in grease, debris, settleable solids, organic matter and ammonia. A detailed
investigation of the plant is available from New Mexico State University (WUTAR, 2002).
The plant is old and would benefit from upgrades to the structure, equipment and increased
technical staff. The city has expressed intentions of upgrading the treatment plant, but
needs to find funding sources. Possible sources include federal 319 grant monies, capital
project monies from state funds, and increased monthly fees for residents and users.
Recommendation 3: Construct a pipeline from Storrie Lake to the Ga/linas River.
This would replace the conduit that Pecos Arroyo is now. A pipeline would
Significantly decrease the water picking up undesirable amounts of dissolved salts and
solids that now occur. Chemical analyses of Storrie Lake water show that the high
dissolved solids and sulfate comes not from Storrie Lake but from Pecos Arroyo. However,
it is not prudent to replace the earthen works of Storrie Lake with impervious materials
such as concrete. Seepage from Storrie Lake is returned to the Gallinas River channel
where it constitutes the major portion of receiving water at the treatment plant. To totally
eliminate the seepage would have dire consequences for the plant.
Recommendation 4: Address the City's stormwater runoff.
There are demonstrable impacts from urban runoff (chloride, sulfate and dissolved
solids) that exceed water quality standards. Financially, it is not feasible to retrofit the city
with a stormwater sewer system. However, the city should investigate retaining ponds and
lagoons or other engineering controls to treat stormwater runoff before it makes it to the
river. The runoff cannot be intercepted and withheld from the river, as downstream users
require this water source. Instead, the city could construct sand filters and other low cost
63
treatment technologies to remove major pollutants from urban runoff before entering the
river.
Recommendation 5: Rehabilitate the riparian zone in and around San Augustin.
At San Augustin, the river has been denuded of vegetation, perhaps to reduce
evapotranspiration losses. However, this has had adverse effects on the river. Riparian
vegetation stabilizes stream banks, thus decreasing erosion. Riparian cover will also shade
the water, keeping temperatures down (a water quality criterion on its own) and perhaps
invigorate benthic habitat. Area ranchers should petition the NMED for federal 319 grant
monies to revegetate the area.
Recommendation 6: Do not expect a TMDL to be an easy fix to solve water quality
problems.
As presented earlier, the TMDL process is still contentious and expensive. Often
the courts are used to implement TMDLs. Instead, federal money is available through
section 319 of the Clean Water Act for best available technologies. Water quality should be
improved through incentives rather than by regulation. Currently NMED-SWQ8 is engaging
private landowners to apply for these monies and implement river restoration strategies.
Such strategies include streambank stabilization using riparian vegetation and limiting
livestock watering. This will in turn decrease sediments (stream bottom deposits) and
provide shade (lower water temperatures). This strategy is also engages landowners to buy
in to the process, and hopefully take some responsibility for existing problems.
64
Appendix 13.1
Analytical Methods
Results that appear in this report were determined by the following below; these methods are
approved at Code of Federal Regulation, Title 40, part 136.
1. Ammonia: EPA 350.1 - Determination of Ammonia Nitrogen by Semi-Automated
Colorimetry, Revision 2.0, August 1993.
2. Metals, except mercury and selenium: EPA 200.8 - Determination of Trace Elements in
Waters and Wastewaters by Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry, Revision
5.4
3. Mercury: EPA 245.1 - Determination of Mercury in Water by Cold Vapor Atomic
Absorption Spectrometry, Revision 3.0.
4. Nitrate/Nitrite: EPA 353.2 - Determination of Nitrate/Nitrite by Automated Colorimetry.
5. Phosphorous (total): EPA 365.1 - Determination of Phosphorous by Automated
Colorimetry.
6. Selenium: EPA 270.2 - Atomic Absorption, Furnace Technique, Issued 1978.
7. Sulfate: EPA 300.0 - Determination of Inorganic Anions by Ion Chromatography,
Revision 2.1, August 1993.
8. Total Dissolved Solids: EPA 160.1 - Filterable Residue (Gravimetric)
9. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN): EPA 351.2 - Determination of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
by Semi-Automated Colorimetry, Revision 2.0, August 1993.
10. Total Suspended Solids: EPA 160.2 - Non-filterable Residue (Gravimetric)
65
Stati on 2-01 2-02 2-03 2-04 2-05 Date 5/29 5/29 5/29 5/29 5/29 Temp 7.32 9.38 NA 16.3 13.7
pH 7.9 7. 8 NA 8.1 7.8
NH3 NO NO NA 0.16 NO NH3/NH4 NA NA NA .038 NA
Date 5/30 5/30 5/30 5/30 5/30
Tem2. 8.22 9.93 12.3 15.3 14.1
pH 8.1 8.3 8.1 8.1 8.1
NH3 0. 12 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.13
NH3/NH4 .020 .037 .028 .035 .032
Date 5/31 5/31 5/31 5/31 5/31
Temp 14.0 12.9 13.6 17.1 15.0
pH 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.2 8.1
NH3 NO NA NA NA NA NH3/NH4+ NA NA NA NA NA
Date 7/24 7/24 7/24 7/24 7/24
Temp 12.2 14.2 17.3 19.4 17.3
pH 7.6 7.9 8.0 8.2 7.7
NH3 NO NO NO NO NO NH3/NH4 NA NA NA NA NA
Date 7/25 7/25 7/25 7/25 7/25
Temp 10.9 12.5 15.5 17.4 15.6
pH 8.0 7.9 8.2 8.3 7.9
NH3 NO NO NO NO NO NH3/NH4 NA NA NA NA NA
Date 101 16 10/16 10/16 10/16 10/1 6 Temp 1.97 NA 3.69 4.18 3.48
pH 7.9 NA 7.8 7.7 7.9
NH3 NO NO NO NO NO NH3/NH4 NA NA NA NA NA
Date 10/1 7 10/17 10/17 10/17 10/1 7
Temp NA 4.67 6.66 8.68 5.31
pH NA 8.3 8.3 8.2 8.4
NH3 NO NO 0.10 NO NO NH~NH4 NA NA NA NA NA
Date 10/18 10/18 10/18 10/18 10/1 8
Tem p_ 3.95 4.40 5.22 5 17 4 .90
pH 8.3 8.3 8.1 8.2 8.1
NH3 NO NO NO NO NO
NH3/NH4 NA NA NA NA NA
Appendix 13.2 Ammonia Results All values in mg/L
2-06 2-07 2-08 5/29 5/29 5/29 19.1 20.4 23 .1 8.7 8.1 8.1
0.1 1 0. 12 0.13 0.186 0.052 .063
5/30 5/30 5/30 19.5 18.0 23.1 8.7 8.2 8.1
0.13 0.1 5 NO 0.190 .055 NA
5/31 5/31 5/31 19.5 18.7 15.8 8.7 8.1 7.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA
7/24 7/24 7/24 22 .4 21.7 21.3 8.7 7.9 7.3 NO NO NO NA NA NA
7/25 7/25 7/25 20 .3 22.4 24.0 8.6 8.0 7.8 NO NO NO NA NA NA
10/16 10/16 10/16 5.81 9.43 10.1 8.2 7.8 7.6 NO NO NO NA NA NA
10/17 10/17 10/17 9.35 12.5 7.58 8.4 7.9 7.6 NO NO NO NA NA NA
10/18 10/18 10/18 7.30 10.7 10.9 8.3 7.9 7.9 NO NO NO
NA NA NA
2-09 2-10 2-11 2-12 5/29 5/29 5/29 5/29 NA 20.8 23.9 23.2 NA 7.8 8.0 7.7
3.79 2.04 0.12 0.12 NA .027 .053 .026
5/30 5/30 5/30 5/30 NA 19.8 NA 21.4 NA 7.6 NA 7.7
5.47 2.8 NO NO NA .015 NA NA
5/31 5/31 5/31 5/3 1 NA 16.8 19.6 18.5 NA 7.7 7.9 7.8 NA 1.09 NA NA NA .016 NA NA
7/24 7/24 7/24 7/24 22.1 19.0 22.4 NA 7.4 7.6 8.7 NA
5.68 3.3 0.27 NA .012 .015 .012 NA
7/25 7/25 7/25 7/25 21.3 22.5 17.6 NA 7.3 7.5 7.7 NA
5.36 2.14 NO NA .01 1 .015 NA NA
10/16 10/16 10/16 10/16 17.6 NA 6.47 NA 7.4 NA 7.8 NA
0.11 NA NO NO .008 NA NA NA
10/17 10/17 10/17 10/17 17.2 11.4 7.52 8.23 7.4 7.5 7.7 7.4 NO 0.10 NO NO NA .007 NA NA
10/18 10/18 10/18 10/18 18.0 15.7 14.2 14.1 7.6 7.8 7.6 7.5
0.11 NO NO NO
.014 NA NA NA Values highlighted In yellow exceed the ammonia standard for the given temperature and pH
ND = Not Detected (analyte < 0.10 mg/L)
66
2-13 5/29 25.5 9.0 NO NA
5/30 22.4 8.8 NO NA
5/31 16.3 8.1 NA NA
7/24 26.1 8.6 NO NA
7/25 25.4 8.4 NO NA
10/16 14.5 8.6 NO NA
10/17 14.4 8.6 NO NA
10/18 9.1 8.4 NO
NA
Appendix 13.3 G I W t Ch . t enera a er emlSU)
I Sample site
2-01 GALLINAS RIVER HEADWATERS
2-01 GALLINAS RIVER HEADWATERS
2-01 GALLINAS RIVER HEADWATERS
2-01 GALLINAS RIVER HEADWATERS
2-01 GALLINAS RIVER HEADWATERS
2-01 GALLINAS RIVER HEADWATERS
2-01 GALLINAS RIVER HEADWATERS
2-02 BURRO CR. ABOVE GALLINAS CR.
2-02 BURRO CR. ABOVE GALLINAS CR.
2-02 BURRO CR. ABOVE GALLINAS CR.
2-02 BURRO CR. ABOVE GALLINAS CR.
2-02 BURRO CR. ABOVE GALLINAS CR.
2-02 BURRO CR. ABOVE GALLINAS CR.
2-02 BURRO CR. ABOVE GALUNAS CR.
2-03 PORVENIR CANYON NR EL PORVEN.
2-03 PORVENIR CANYON NR EL PORVEN.
2-03 PORVENIR CANYON NR EL PORVEN.
2-03 PORVENIR CANYON NR EL PORVEN.
Collection date/time
5/29/2001 10: 1 0
5/31/2001 15:00
7/24/2001 10:00
7/25/2001 9:15
10/16/2001 8:00
10/17/2001 9:45
10/18/20018:10
5/2912001 10:55
5/30/2001 11 :10
5/31/2001 14:00
DO pH EC Temp (mg/L)
7.86 109 7.32 9.68
8.16 101 13.97 8.10
7.59 143 12.20 8.80
7.96 139 10.88 9.81
7.93 130 1.97 9.90
8.35 130
8.29 131
7.81 102
8.27 93
8.27 94
3.78 9.50
3.95 9.69
9.38 9.37
9.93 8.54
12.94 8.06
7/24/2001 10:50 7.86 146 14.16 8.29
7/25/2001 9:40 7.92 135 12.54 9.80
10/17/2001 10:30 8.34 142 4.67 9.53
10/18/2001 8:45 8.30 139 4.40 9.76
5/30/2001 12:30 8.06 98 12.33 8.21
5/31/2001 16:10
7/24/2001 12:15
7/25/2001 10:40
8.13 100 13.57 8.49
7.99 161 17.28 8.46
8.17 162 15.48 10.11
DO (% sat)
80.4
78.5
82.1
88.7
71.2
72
73.8
81.8
75.6
76.4
80.4
90.5
73.6
75.2
76.8
81.6
88.5
101.9
Turbidity
2.9
2.6
6.5
13.5
0.7
0.001
0.001
2.7
2.6
1.8
2.5
5.2
0.7
0.001
1.8
1.8
0.7
0.0001
2-03 PORVENIR CANYON NR EL PORVEN. 10/16/2001 9:15 7.83 169 3.69 9.80 74 0.001
2-03 PORVENIR CANYON NR EL PORVEN. 10/16/20019:25 7.74 189 4.18 9.50 72.6 2.1
2-03 PORVENIR CANYON NR EL PORVEN. 10/17/2001 11:40 8.29 169 6.66 9.25 75.5 0.001
2-03 PORVENIR CANYON NR EL PORVEN. 10/18/20019:40 8.08 171 5.22 9.49 74.8 0.001
2-04 PORVENIR CR. AT HWY 65 BRIDGE 5/29/2001 12:30 8.08 113 16.28 8.36 85.2 4.2
2-04 PORVENIR CR. AT HWY 65 BRIDGE
2-04 PORVENIR CR. AT HWY 65 BRIDGE
2-04 PORVENIR CR. AT HWY 65 BRIDGE
2-04 PORVENIR CR. AT HWY 65 BRIDGE
2-04 PORVENIR CR. AT HWY 65 BRIDGE
2-04 PORVENIR CR. AT HWY 65 BRIDGE
2-04 PORVENIR CR. AT HWY 65 BRIDGE
2-05 GALLINAS AT FOREST BOUNDARY
2-05 GALLINAS AT FOREST BOUNDARY
2-05 GALLINAS AT FOREST BOUNDARY
2-05 GALLINAS AT FOREST BOUNDARY
2-05 GALLINAS AT FOREST BOUNDARY
2-05 GALLINAS AT FOREST BOUNDARY
2-05 GALLINAS AT FOREST BOUNDARY
2-05 GALLINAS AT FOREST BOUNDARY
2-06 GALLINAS RIVER AT USGS GAGE
2-06 GALLINAS RIVER AT USGS GAGE
2-06 GALLINAS RIVER AT USGS GAGE
2-06 GALLINAS RIVER AT USGS GAGE
2-06 GALLINAS RIVER AT USGS GAGE
2-06 GALLINAS RIVER AT USGS GAGE
5/30/2001 13:00 8.14 104 15.27 7.78 77.7
5/31/2001 16:40 8.20 107 17.14 7.84 81.4
7/24/2001 12:30 8.18 180 19.43 8.29 89.8
7/25/200111:10 8.26 171 17.36 9.97 103.9
10/16/20019:25 7.74 189 4.18 9.50 72.6
10/17/2001 11:50 8.17 189 8.68 8.85 75.9
10/18/20019:55 8.20 193 5.17 9.35 73.7
5/2912001 11:30 7.78 121 13.66 8.85 89.4
5/30/200112:05 8.07 110 14.09 7.38 76.1
5/31/200115:40 8.12 112 15.04 8.16 81
7/24/2001 12:00 7.73 166 17.31 7.86 82.7
7125/200110:20 7.94 144 15.56 9.57 95.7
10/16/20018:45 7.90 150 3.48 9.85 74.2
10/17/200111:00 8.40 155 5.31 8.87 70.9
10/18/20019:20 8.13 153 4.90 9.43 73.6
5/2912001 13:25 8.69 179 19.05 8.14 87.8
5/30/2001 14:50 8.74 164 19.51 7.97 86.8
5/31/200117:30 8.68 176 19.48 7.67 83.6
10/16/2001 9:55 8.21 282 5.81 9.95 80 10/17/200112:15 8.44 281 9.35 9.38 81.1
10/18/2001 10:30 8.28 288 7.30 9.10 76
5.7
1.7
3.5
2.1
0.001
0.001
4.5
9.3
2.5
12.4
19
6
2.5
1
3.6
2.5
3.1
0.001 0.001
0.001 67
Appendix 13.3 General Water Chemistry (continued)
DO DO Sample site Collection date/time pH EC Temp (mg/L) (% sat) Turbidity
2-07GALLINASRIVER@COUNTYROADA-11C 5/29/200117:25 8.11 418 20.39 7.61 8404 1.6 2-07GALLINASRIVER@COUNTYROADA-11C 5/30/200118:30 8.15 596 18.00 7.66 80.6 0.9
2-07GALLINASRIVER@COUNTYROADA-11C 5/31/200118:10 8.10 639 18.70 7.67 82.3 0.1
2-07GALLINASRIVER@COUNTYROADA-11C 7/24/200116:25 7.90 860 21.74 8.21 9304 1
2-07GALLINASRIVER@COUNTYROADA-11C 7/25/200113:20 7.99 848 22.35 9.36 107.8 0.001
2-07GALLINASRIVER@COUNTYROADA-11C 10/16/200110:50 7.76 922 9043 8.55 75 8
2-07GALLINASRIVER@COUNTYROADA-11C 10/17/200112:45 7.93 922 12.54 8.55 80.6 0.001
2-07GALLINASRIVER@COUNTYROADA-11C 10/18/200111:15 7.89 918 10.65 8041 75.9 0.001
2-08 GALLINAS ABOVE LAS VEGAS WWTP 5/29/2001 14:45 8.09 1170 23.06 9.72 113.7 6.1
2-08 GALLINAS ABOVE LAS VEGAS WWTP 5/30/2001 16:00 8.07 1137 23.08 9.29 108.9 3.5
2-08 GALLINAS ABOVE LAS VEGAS WWTP 5/31/2001 9:35 7.92 1119 15.82 8.99 91 5.6
2-08 GALLINAS ABOVE LAS VEGAS WWTP 5/31/2001 9:50 7.70 973 16.78 7.99 82.5 3
2-08GALLINASABOVELASVEGASWWTP 7/16/200112:207.82137123.548.09 95 12.8
2-08 GALLINAS ABOVE LAS VEGAS WWTP 7/24/2001 14:20 7.75 1334 23.92 8.64 102.7 12.6
2-08 GALLINAS ABOVE LAS VEGAS WWTP 7/25/2001 14:15 7.82 1353 24.02 7.36 87.5 10.6
2-08GALLINASABOVELASVEGASWWTP 8/13/200114:45 7.71110522.90 7.72 89.5 18.1
2-08GALLINASABOVELASVEGASWWTP 10/16/200112:00 7.64 1340 10.12 9.71 86.2 4.2
2-08 GALLINAS ABOVE LAS VEGAS WWTP 10/17/2001 7:30 7.60 1368 7.58 8.90 7404 7.1 2-08GALLINASABOVELASVEGASWWTP 10/18/200112:05 7.90 1377 10.86 9040 85.1 6.2
2-09 CITY OF LAS VEGAS WWTP OUTFALL 7/1612001 12:30 7.34 722 21.21 5.83 66.8 94
2-09 CITY OF LAS VEGAS WWTP OUTFALL 7/24/2001 14:30 7.28 776 21.34 6.84 78.3
2-09 CITY OF LAS VEGAS WWTP OUTFALL 7/25/2001 15:00 7.30 781 21.31 6.35 70.7
2-09 CITY OF LAS VEGAS WWTP OUTFALL 10/16/2001 12:15 7041 640 17.63 6.29
2-09CITYOFLASVEGASWWTPOUTFALL 10/17/20017:45 7040 550 17.18 6.05
2-09 CITY OF LAS VEGAS WWTP OUTFALL 10/18/200112:15 7.58 655 17.97 6.05
2-09 CITY OF LAS VEGAS WWTP OUTFALL 5/2912001 15:25 7.80 1022 20.83 8047
2-10GALLINASR. 1/4 MI. BELOW LV WWTP 5/30/200116:40 7.62 953 19.77 7.16
6504 6204 64
94.8
7804 82.5 2-10 GALLINAS R. 1/4 MI. BELOW LV WWTP
2-10 GALLINAS R. 1/4 MI. BELOW LV WWTP
2-10 GALLINAS R. 1/4 MI. BELOW LV WWTP
2-10 GALLINAS R. 1/4 MI. BELOW LV WWTP
2-10 GALLINAS R. 1/4 MI. BELOW LV WWTP
2-10 GALLINAS R. 1/4 MI. BELOW LV WWTP
2-10 GALLINAS R. 1/4 MI. BELOW LV WWTP
2-10 GALLINAS R. 1/4 MI. BELOW LV WWTP
2-11 Pecos Arroyo @ Harris Lake
2-11 Pecos Arroyo @ Harris Lake
2-11 Pecos Arroyo @ Harris Lake
2-11 Pecos Arroyo @ Harris Lake
2-11 Pecos Arroyo @ Harris Lake
2-11 Pecos Arroyo @ Harris Lake
2-11 Pecos Arroyo @ Harris Lake
2-11 Pecos Arroyo @ Harris Lake
2-12 PECOS ARROYO ABOVE GALLINAS R.
5/31/2001 9:50 7.70 973 16.78 7.99
7/16/200112:40 7.52 919 22.19 7.35 84.5
7/24/2001 14:40 7.39 980 22.12 7.26 83.3
7/25/200115:20 7045 1053 22045 6.82 78.8
8/13/2001 15:00 7046 902 21.86 6.06
10/16/2001 12:30 7.56 959 15.29 8.08 80
10/17/2001 8:00 7049 1088 11.37 7.65 69.9
10/18/2001 12:25 7.82 958 15.66 7.97 81
5/291200116:50 7.98 1723 23.89 7041 88.1 5/30/200117:55 8.01 1567 21.19 7047 84.5 5/31/200111:30 7.94 1596 19.61 7.13 78.2
7/24/2001 9:30 7.63 1492 18.97 5.74 62
7/25/2001 8:20 7.66 1461 17.64 5.10 53.8
10/16/2001 8:40 7.78 1337 6047 9.64 78.8
10/17/2001 9:00 7.70 1332 7.52 9.00 75.6
10/18/200114:00 7.64 1360 14.18 9.21 9004 5/2912001 16:20 7.70 1285 23.21 9.03 106
68
18
22.5
16.9
9.1
1.9
3 12.8
23.6
1204 24.6
88.3
30.3
5
5504 55.7
3904
187
37.2
26.2
13.7
Appendix 13.3 General Water Chemistry (continued)
DO DO Sample site Collection date/time pH EC Temp (mg/L) (% sat) Turbidity
2-12 PECOS ARROYO ABOVE GALLINAS R. 5/30/2001 17:20 7.74 1140 21.42 8.73 98.6 19.9
2-12 PECOS ARROYO ABOVE GALLINAS R. 5/31/200111:05 7.75 1154 18.54 6.45 69.1 29.1
2-12 PECOS ARROYO ABOVE GALLINAS R. 8/13/2001 15:45 7.28 1194 23.25 7.43 87.6 27.7
2-12 PECOS ARROYO ABOVE GALLINAS R. 10/17/2001 8:45 7.41 1444 8.23 8.35 71 31.2
2-12 PECOS ARROYO ABOVE GALLINAS R. 10/18/2001 13:20 7.52 1428 14.13 8.99 87.7 20.6
2-13 GALLINAS RIVER @ SAN AUGUSTIN 5/29/2001 0:00 9.00 794 25.50 16.13 3.3
2-13 GALLINAS RIVER @ SAN AUGUSTIN 5/30/2001 14: 1 0 8.82 936 22.35 13.05 8.2
2-13 GALLINAS RIVER @ SAN AUGUSTIN 5/31/2001 9:30 8.10 1016 16.33 7.92 81 8.3
2-13 GALLINAS RIVER @ SAN AUGUSTIN 7/16/2001 9:50 8.16 1059 21.70 7.26 77.7
2-13 GALLINAS RIVER@ SAN AUGUSTIN 7/24/2001 15:15 8.60 504 26.08 8.51 105 66.3
2-13 GALLINAS RIVER @ SAN AUGUSTIN 7/25/2001 12:25 8.39 866 25.38 9.21 112.4 67.3
2-13 GALLINAS RIVER@ SAN AUGUSTIN 8/13/2001 13:00 7.98 1096 23.33 9.19 108 63.6
2-13 GALLINAS RIVER @ SAN AUGUSTIN 10/16/2001 14:00 8.60 1056 14.47 12.56 123.3
2-13 GALLINAS RIVER @ SAN AUGUSTIN 10/17/2001 13:30 8.61 926 14.41 13.11 128.4 11.4
2-13 GALLINAS RIVER @ SAN AUGUSTIN 10/18/2001 8:30 8.42 986 9.10 9.46 81.9 12.6
69
Station 5129/2001 2-01 <10 2-02 <10 2-03 NA 2-04 <10 2-05 <10 2-06 <10 2-07 116 2-08 346 2-09 120 2-10 243 2-11 623 2-12 392 2-13 297
Appendix 13.4
Sulfate Results All values in mg/L
7/24/2001 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 190 396 95
233 447 NA 191
10/16/2001 -~
<10 NA --<10 <10 <10 <10 217 441 69 .2 242 --365 NA 326
Values in red exceed the established standard of 25 mg/L when minimum flow is ~ 10 CFS
Station 5/2912001 2-01 <10 2-02 <10 2-03 NA 2-04 <10 2-05 <10 2-06 <10 2-07 13.4 2-08 51 .5 2-09 55.2 2-10 54.5 2-11 73 2-12 52 .2 2-13 54.7
Appendix 13.5
Chloride Results All values in mg/L
7/24/2001 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 16.6 41 .4 55.1 52.3 105 NA
36.8
10/16/2001 <10 --NA <10 <10 <10 <10 18.6 39 .4 53.8 50.3 83.2 NA
50 .3
Values in red exceed the established standard of 5 mg/L when minimum flow is ~ 10 CFS
70
Station 2-01 2-02 2-03 2-04 2-05 2-06 2-07 2-08 2-09 2-1 0 2-11 2-12 2-13
Appendix 13.6
Total Dissolved Solids All values in mg/L
5129/2001 7124/2001 132 <10* 138 144 NA 152 118 152 128 166 140 176 474 568 838 174 472 906 674 682 1260 1150 922 NA 604 510
10/16/2001 --138 NA 138 134 124 180 640 996 450 666 924
1030 748
Values in red exceed the established standard of 250 mg/L when minimum flow is 2 10 CFS)
* Result for station 2-01 on 7/24/2001 is an outlier
7l
Appendix 13.7
Heavy Metals All values in mg/L
I Element
I
Number of Detection Limit I Number of I No. Results;:: I Comments
results ~ Results < DL standard Aluminum 102 0.01 34 8 4 at 2-08;
1 at 2-09; 2at2-12; Max value = 0.14 mg/L
I Antimony 106 0.001 106 0 Arsenic 108 0.001 69 0 No results> DL until
I I
station 2-07; no result> 0.002 mg/L
Barium 104 0.1 104 01
Beryllium 104 0.001 104 0 Boron 105 0.1 79 0 No results> DL until
station 2-08; 20/26 positives from 2-08 and 2-09; No result> 0.2 mg/L
Cadmium 104 0.001 104 0 Chromium 104 I 0.001 83 0 No result> 0.004 mg/L Copper 104 I 0.01 104 0 Iron 105 0.1 86 NA I Max value = 1 .6 mg/L (at
station 2-07) Lead 104 0.001 91 0 No result> 0.002 Manganese 105 0.001 0 NA Max value 1 .0 mg/L;
I overall highest at 2-08 Mercul}' 80 0.0002 80 0 Molybdenum 104 0.001
I
16 0 Max value 0.005 mg/L (at 2-09)
I Nickel 104 0.01 58 0 Max value = 0.06 mg/L (at 2-08)
f Selenium 159 0.005 159 0
I Silicon 105 I
0.1 0 NA Range 1.4 - 10.0 mg/L; overall highest at 2-08
Silver 104 0.001 0 0 Strontium 107 0.1 23 NA Range 0.1 - 2.7 mg/L;
overall highest at 2-11 Thallium 104 0.001 104 01
Tin 104 0.1 104 NA Uranium" 104 0.001 34 NA No result> 0.004 Vanadium 104 0.001 73 0 Zinc 104 0.01
I 66 I 0 No result> 0.05
Results for metals reflect a nearly even distribution of samples collected for total and dissolved forms.
1. No standard for this metal except domestic supply, which is not a designated use in this area; data provided for information only.
2. Uranium measured by mass (238) only
72
I I
I
I
I j
i
I
5129/2001 N031 TKN Total N02 p
2-01 0.12 <0.10 <0.03 2-02 <0.10 0.11 <0.03 2-03 NA NA NA 2-04 <0.10 0.19 <0.03 2-05 0.10 0.20 <0.03 2-06 0.10 0.18 <0.03 2-07 <0.10 0.30 <0.03 2-08 <0.10 0.39 <0.03 2-09 4.70 5.00 1.47 2-10 2.10 2.79 0.78 2-11 <0.10 0.33 <0.03 2-12 <0.10 0.29 <0.03 2-13 <0.10 0.36 0.10
Appendix 13.8
Nutrients, excluding ammonia All results in mg/L
7/24/2001 TOe N031 TKN Total TOe N031
N02 P N02 12.5 0.19 0.19 <0.03 <3.0 <0.10 8.1 <0.10 0.16 NA <3.0 NA NA <0.10 0.11 <0.03 <3.0 <0.10 3.2 <0.10 0.16 <0.03 <3.0 <0.10 3.2 <0.10 0.18 <0.03 3.4 <0.10 5.5 <0.10 0.23 <0.03 <3.0 <0.10 3.8 <0.10 .196 <0.03 <3.0 <0.10 5.9 <0.10 0.24 <0.03 4.5 <0.10 11.3 5.00 8.21 2.02 13.4 15 8.5 3.00 4.48 1.41 9.8 8.60 5.3 <0.10 0.43 0.047 4.3 <0.10 4.0 NA NA NA NA <0.10 3.0 0.52 0.59 0.23 6.6 0.99
10/16/2001 TKN Total TOe
P <0.10 0.06 <3.0
I NA NA NA <0.10 <0.03 <3.0 <0.10 0.037 <3.0 0.12 0.16 <3.0
<0.10 0.12 <3.0 0.14 0.12 <3.0 0.18 <0.03 3.3 1.52 1.99 9.6 1.05 1.07 7.3 0.34 0.069 3.6 0.22 <0.03 3.1 0.53 0.21 5.8
73
Appendix 13.9
PHREEQC Results
74
Gallinas Headwaters (2-01) 5/29/2001 Dissolved Metals. Database file: C:\Program Files\USGS\Phreegc Interactive 2.B\phreegc.dat
Reading database.
SOLUTION MASTER SPECIES SOLUTION SPECIES PHASES EXCHANGE MASTER SPECIES EXCHANGE SPECIES SURFACE MASTER SPECIES SURFACE SPECIES RATES END
Reading input data for simulation 1.
TITLE
DATABASE C:\Program Files\USGS\Phreegc Interactive 2.B\phreegc.dat TITLE Class Example: Speciate Water Analysis. SOLUTION 1 units ppm
END
temp 7.32 pH 7.9 Al 0.02 Ca 1B Mg 1 Na K Fe Mn Si CI Alkalinity S (6)
5 5
0.1 0.003 4 as Si02 10 47.2 as HC03 10
Class Example: Speciate Water Analysis.
Beginning of initial solution calculations.
Initial solution 1: Gallinas Headwaters (2-01) 5/29/2001 Dissolved Metals.
-----------------------------Solution composition--------------------------
Elements Molality Moles
Al 7.413e-007 7.413e-007 Alkalinity 7.736e-004 7.736e-004 Ca 4.491e-004 4.491e-004 CI 2.B21e-004 2.B21e-004 Fe 1. 791e-006 1.791e-006 K 1.27ge-004 1.27ge-004
75
Mg 4.114e-005 4.ll4e-005 Mn 5.461e-00S 5.461e-00S Na 2.175e-004 2.175e-004 S (6) 1.041e-004 1.041e-004 Si 6.65Se-005 6.65Se-005
----------------------------Description of solution------------------------
pH 7.900 pe 4.000
Activity of water Ionic strength
Mass of water (kg) Total carbon (mol/kg)
Total C02 (mol/kg) Temperature (deg C)
Electrical balance (eq) Percent error, 100*(Cat-IAnl)/(Cat+IAnl)
Iterations Total H Total 0
1.000 1.S61e-003 1.000e+000 7.942e-004 7.942e-004
7.320 6.660e-005
2.61 9
1.110l35e+002 5.550926e+001
----------------------------Distribution of species------------------------
Al
C(4)
Ca
Species
OH-H+ H2O
Al(OH)4-Al (OH) 3 Al (OH) 2+ A1OH+2 Al+3 A1S04+ Al(S04)2-A1HS04+2
HC03-CO2 CaHC03+ C03-2 CaC03 MgHC03+ NaHC03 MgC03 FeHC03+ FeC03 MnC03 NaC03-MnHC03+
Ca+2 CaS04 CaHC03+
Molality
1.912e-007 1. 315e-00S 5.551e+001
7.413e-007 7.33Se-007 5.401e-009 2.105e-009 2.16ge-Oll 1.117e-0l3 1.605e-014 3.B12e-017 1.B42e-023
7.942e-004 7.601e-004 2.B2Be-005 2.394e-006 2.07ge-006 B.56ge-007 2.B70e-007 B.470e-00B 4.240e-00B 2.434e-00B 1. 32Se-00B 5.301e-009 2.716e-009 2.614e-009
4.491e-004 4.40ge-004 5.034e-006 2.394e-006
Activity
l.S25e-007 1.25ge-00S 1. OOOe+OOO
7.004e-007 5.404e-009 2.00ge-009 1. BOOe-Oll 7.53ge-014 1.532e-014 3.63Be-017 1.52ge-023
7.261e-004 2.B2ge-005 2.2B7e-006 1. 731e-006 B.573e-007 2.73ge-007 S.473e-00B 4.242e-00S 2.323e-00B 1.32ge-00B 5.303e-009 2.593e-009 2.496e-009
3.670e-004 5.036e-006 2.2S7e-006
Log Molality
-6.71S -7.BB1 1.744
-6.134 -B.26B -B.677
-10.664 -12.952 -l3.795 -16.419 -22.735
-3.119 -4.549 -5.621 -5.6B2 -6.067 -6.542 -7.072 -7.373 -7.614 -7.B77 -B.276 -B.566 -S.5B3
-3.356 -5.29S -5.621
Log Activity
-6.739 -7.900 -0.000
-6.155 -B.267 -B.697
-10.745 -13.123 -13.B15 -16.439 -22.S16
-3.l39 -4.54B -5.641 -5.762 -6.067 -6.562 -7.072 -7.372 -7.634 -7.B77 -B.275 -S.5S6 -S.603
-3.435 -5.29S -5.641
Log Gamma
-0.020 -0.019 0.000
-0.020 0.000
-0.020 -0.OB1 -0.171 -0.020 -0.020 -0.OB1
-0.020 0.000
-0.020 -0.079 0.000
-0.020 0.000 0.000
-0.020 0.000 0.000
-0.020 -0.020
-O.OSO 0.000
-0.020
76
CaC03 B.56ge-007 B.573e-007 -6.067 -6.067 0.000 CaOH+ 5.06ge-009 4.B3Be-009 -B.295 -B.315 -0.020 CaHS04+ 3.250e-013 3.102e-013 -12.4BB -12.50B -0.020
Cl 2.B21e-004 Cl- 2.B21e-004 2.692e-004 -3.550 -3.570 -0.020 FeCl+ 1.245e-010 1.18ge-010 -9.905 -9.925 -0.020 MnCl+ 4.430e-Oll 4.22ge-Oll -10.354 -10.374 -0.020 MnC12 4.967e-015 4.96ge-015 -14.304 -14.304 0.000 FeCl+2 5.BBBe-019 4.BB7e-019 -lB.230 -lB.311 -0.OB1 MnC13- 3.B5ge-019 3.6B4e-019 -lB.414 -lB.434 -0.020 FeC12+ 1.117e-021 1.066e-021 -20.952 -20.972 -0.020 FeC13 2.B6ge-026 2.B70e-026 -25.542 -25.542 0.000
Fe (2) 4.26Be-007 Fe+2 3.B37e-007 3.19ge-007 -6.416 -6.495 -0.079 FeHC03+ 2.434e-00B 2.323e-00B -7.614 -7.634 -0.020 FeC03 1. 32 Be-OOB 1.32ge-00B -7.B77 -7.B77 0.000 FeS04 3.306e-009 3.307e-009 -B.4B1 -B.4B1 0.000 FeOH+ 2.067e-009 1. 973e-009 -B.6B5 -B.705 -0.020 FeCl+ 1.245e-010 1.18ge-010 -9.905 -9.925 -0.020 FeHS04+ 2.B33e-016 2.704e-016 -15.54B -15.56B -0.020
Fe (3) 1.364e-006 Fe(OH)3 1.076e-006 1. 076e-006 -5.96B -5.96B 0.000 Fe(OH)2+ 2.500e-007 2.3B6e-007 -6.602 -6.622 -0.020 Fe(OH)4- 3.B37e-00B 3.663e-00B -7.416 -7.436 -0.020 FeOH+2 2.22 ge-Oll 1.B50e-Oll -10.652 -10.733 -0.OB1 Fe+3 1.617e-016 1.091e-016 -15.791 -15.962 -0.171 FeS04+ 6.776e-017 6.46Be-017 -16.169 -16.1B9 -0.020 FeCl+2 5.BBBe-019 4.BB7e-019 -lB.230 -lB.311 -0.OB1 Fe(S04)2- 1.12ge-019 1.07Be-019 -lB.947 -lB.96B -0.020 Fe2(OH)2+4 4.220e-020 2.003e-020 -19.375 -19.69B -0.324 FeC12+ 1.117e-021 1.066e-021 -20.952 -20.972 -0.020 Fe3(OH)4+5 1.B12e-023 5.657e-024 -22.742 -23.247 -0.506 FeHS04+2 2.790e-024 2.316e-024 -23.554 -23.635 -0.OB1 FeC13 2.B6ge-026 2.B70e-026 -25.542 -25.542 0.000
H(O) 2.705e-027 H2 1.352e-027 1.353e-027 -26.B69 -26.B69 0.000
K 1.27ge-004 K+ 1.27Be-004 1.220e-004 -3.B93 -3.914 -0.020 KS04- 5.302e-00B 5.061e-00B -7.276 -7.296 -0.020 KOH 3.35Be-Oll 3.35ge-Oll -10.474 -10.474 0.000
Mg 4.114e-005 Mg+2 4.041e-005 3.36Be-005 -4.394 -4.473 -0.079 MgS04 3.9B7e-007 3.9Bge-007 -6.399 -6.399 0.000 MgHC03+ 2.B70e-007 2.73ge-007 -6.542 -6.562 -0.020 MgC03 4.240e-00B 4.242e-00B -7.373 -7.372 0.000 MgOH+ 1.B65e-009 1.7BOe-009 -B.729 -B.750 -0.020
Mn(2) 5.461e-00B Mn+2 4.624e-00B 3.B56e-00B -7.335 -7.414 -0.079 MnC03 5.301e-009 5.303e-009 -B.276 -B.275 0.000 MnHC03+ 2.614e-009 2.496e-009 -B.5B3 -B.603 -0.020 MnS04 3.925e-010 3.927e-010 -9.406 -9.406 0.000 MnCl+ 4.430e-Oll 4.22ge-011 -10.354 -10.374 -0.020 MnOH+ 1.7B2e-Oll 1.701e-Oll -10.749 -10.769 -0.020 MnC12 4.967e-015 4.96ge-015 -14.304 -14.304 0.000 MnC13 - 3.B5ge-019 3.6B4e-019 -lB.414 -lB.434 -0.020
Mn(3) 1.164e-030 Mn+3 1.164e-030 7.657e-031 -29.934 -30.116 -0.lB2
77
Na 2.175e-004 Na+ 2.173e-004 2.075e-004 -3.663 -3.683 -0.020 NaHC03 8.470e-008 8.473e-008 -7.072 -7.072 0.000 NaS04- 7.927e-008 7.567e-008 -7.101 -7.121 -0.020 NaC03- 2.716e-009 2.593e-009 -8.566 -8.586 -0.020 NaOH 1.08ge-010 1.08ge-010 -9.963 -9.963 0.000
0(0) O.OOOe+OOO 02 O.OOOe+OOO O.OOOe+OOO -44.708 -44.708 0.000
S (6) 1.041e-004 S04-2 9.854e-005 8.196e-005 -4.006 -4.086 -0.080 CaS04 5.034e-006 5.036e-006 -5.298 -5.298 0.000 MgS04 3.987e-007 3.98ge-007 -6.399 -6.399 0.000 NaS04- 7.927e-008 7.567e-008 -7.101 -7.121 -0.020 KS04- 5.302e-008 5.061e-008 -7.276 -7.296 -0.020 FeS04 3.306e-009 3.307e-009 -8.481 -8.481 0.000 MnS04 3.925e-010 3.927e-010 -9.406 -9.406 0.000 HS04- 7.365e-Oll 7.030e-Oll -10.l33 -10.153 -0.020 CaHS04+ 3.250e-0l3 3.102e-0l3 -12.488 -12.508 -0.020 A1S04+ 1.605e-014 1.532e-014 -l3.795 -l3.815 -0.020 FeHS04+ 2.833e-016 2.704e-016 -15.548 -15.568 -0.020 FeS04+ 6.776e-017 6.468e-017 -16.169 -16.189 -0.020 Al(S04)2- 3.812e-017 3.638e-017 -16.419 -16.439 -0.020 Fe(S04)2- 1.12ge-019 1.078e-019 -18.947 -18.968 -0.020 A1HS04+2 1. 842e-023 1. 52 ge-023 -22.735 -22.816 -0.081 FeHS04+2 2.790e-024 2.316e-024 -23.554 -23.635 -0.081
Si 6.658e-005 H4Si04 6.617e-005 6.620e-005 -4.179 -4.179 0.000 H3Si04- 4.064e-007 3.87ge-007 -6.391 -6.411 -0.020 H2Si04-2 7.01ge-013 5.826e-0l3 -12.154 -12.235 -0.081
------------------------------Saturation indices---------------------------
Phase SI log lAP log KT
Al(OH)3(a) -1.45 10.58 12.02 Al(OH)3 Albite -3.18 2.26 5.43 NaA1Si308 Alunite -4.98 -4.05 0.92 KA13 (S04) 2 (OH) 6 Anhydrite -3.18 -7.52 -4.34 CaS04 Anorthite -3.85 25.16 29.01 CaA12Si208 Aragonite -0.95 -9.20 -8.24 CaC03 Ca-Montmorillonite 1. 68 11. 35 9.67
CaO.165A12.33Si3.67010(OH)2 Calcite -0.80 -9.20 -8.40 CaC03 Chalcedony -0.41 -4.18 -3.77 Si02 Chlori te (l4A) -10. l3 65.25 75.38 Mg5A12Si3010(OH)8 Chrysotile -8.90 25.62 34.53 Mg3Si205(OH)4 C02 (g) -3.32 -21.56 -18.24 CO2 Dolomite -2.78 -19.43 -16.65 CaMg(C03)2 Fe (OH) 3 (a) 2.85 21. 21 18.36 Fe(OH)3 Gibbsite 1. 41 10.58 9.16 Al(OH)3 Goethite 8.07 21. 21 l3 .14 FeOOH Gypsum -2.93 -7.52 -4.60 CaS04:2H20 H2 (g) -23.80 -23.80 0.00 H2 H20(g) -2.00 -0.00 2.00 H2O Halite -8.79 -7.25 1. 54 NaCl Hausmannite -16.72 48.96 65.68 Mn304 Hematite 18.06 42.41 24.35 Fe203 Illite 1. 06 14.92 13.86 KO.6MgO.25A12.3Si3.5010(OH)2 Jarosite-K -4.81 27.83 32.64 KFe3(S04)2(OH)6
78
K-feldspar -0.61 2.03 2.63 KAlSi308 K-mica 7.73 23.18 15.45 KA13Si3010(OH)2 Kaolinite 3.73 12.80 9.07 A12Si205(OH)4 Manganite -5.05 20.29 25.34 MnOOH Melanterite -8.l3 -10.58 -2.45 FeS04:7H20 02 (g) -41.83 47.60 89.43 02 pyrochroite -6.81 8.39 15.20 Mn(OH)2 Pyrolusite -12.20 32.19 44.39 Mn02 Quartz 0.08 -4.18 -4.26 Si02 Rhodochrosite -2.11 -l3.18 -11.06 MnC03 Sepiolite -6.14 10.12 16.25 Mg2Si307.50H:3H20 Sepiolite (d) -8.54 10.12 18.66 Mg2Si307.50H:3H20 Siderite -1. 48 -12.26 -10.78 FeC03 Si02 (a) -1.31 -4.18 -2.87 Si02 Talc -6.27 17.27 23.54 Mg3Si4010(OH)2
------------------
End of simulation. ------------------
Reading input data for simulation 2.
End of run.
79
Gallinas Headwaters (2-01) 5/29/2001 Total Metals. Database file: C:\Program Files\USGS\Phreeqc Interactive 2.B\phreeqc.dat
Reading database.
SOLUTION MASTER SPECIES SOLUTION SPECIES PHASES EXCHANGE MASTER SPECIES EXCHANGE SPECIES SURFACE MASTER SPECIES SURFACE SPECIES RATES END
Reading input data for simulation 1.
TITLE
DATABASE C:\Program Files\USGS\Phreeqc Interactive 2.B\phreeqc.dat TITLE Class Example: Speciate Water Analysis. SOLUTION 1
units ppm temp 7.32 pH 7.9 Al 0.15 Ca 1B Mg 1 Na 5 K 5 Fe 0.1 Mn 0.014 Si 4.3 as Si02 Cl 10 Alkalinity 47.2 as HC03 S (6) 10
END
Class Example: Speciate Water Analysis.
Beginning of initial solution calculations.
Initial solution 1. Gallinas Headwaters (2-01) 5/29/2001 Total metals.
-----------------------------Solution composition----------------------
Elements Molality Moles
Al 5.560e-006 5.560e-006 Alkalinity 7.736e-004 7.736e-004 Ca 4.491e-004 4.491e-004 Cl 2.B21e-004 2.B21e-004 Fe 1. 791e-006 1.791e-006
80
K 1. 27ge-004 1.27ge-004 Mg 4.114e-005 4.114e-005 Mn 2.54ge-007 2.S4ge-007 Na 2.175e-004 2.175e-004 8 (6) 1.041e-004 1.041e-004 8i 7.157e-005 7.157e-005
----------------------------Description of solution------------------------
pH 7.900 pe 4.000
Activity of water Ionic strength
Mass of water (kg) Total carbon (mol/kg)
Total C02 (mol/kg) Temperature (deg C)
Electrical balance (eq) Percent error, 100*(Cat-IAnl)/(Cat+IAnl)
Iterations Total H Total 0
1. 000 1.854e-003 1.000e+000 7.743e-004 7.743e-004
7.320 8.145e-005 3.20 9
1.110135e+002 5.550924e+001
----------------------------Distribution of species------------------------
Log Log Log Species Molality Activity Molality Activity Gamma
OH- 1.912e-007 1.825e-007 -6.718 -6.739 -0.020 H+ 1.315e-008 1. 25ge-008 -7.881 -7.900 -0.019 H2O 5.551e+001 1.000e+000 1.744 -0.000 0.000
Al 5.560e-006 Al(OH)4- 5.503e-006 5.254e-006 -5.259 -5.280 -0.020 Al(OH)3 4.051e-008 4.053e-008 -7.392 -7.392 0.000 Al(OH)2+ 1. 578e- 008 1.507e-008 -7.802 -7.822 -0.020 AIOH+2 1.626e-010 1. 350e-010 -9.789 -9.870 -0.081 Al+3 8.375e-0l3 5.655e-0l3 -12.077 -12.248 -0.171 AlS04+ 1.204e-013 1.14ge-0l3 -12.919 -12.940 -0.020 Al(S04)2- 2.860e-016 2.730e-016 -15.544 -15.564 -0.020 AIHS04+2 1.381e-022 1.147e-022 -21. 860 -21.940 -0.081
C(4) 7.743e-004 HC03- 7.410e-004 7.07ge-004 -3.l30 -3.150 -0.020 CO2 2.757e-005 2.75Se-005 -4.560 -4.559 0.000 CaHC03+ 2.335e-006 2.231e-006 -5.632 -5.651 -0.020 C03-2 2.026e-006 1.6SSe-006 -5.693 -5.773 -0.079 CaC03 S.35ge-007 S.362e-007 -6.078 -6.07S 0.000 MgHC03+ 2.79ge-007 2.672e-007 -6.553 -6.573 -0.020 NaHC03 S.25Se-00S S.262e-00S -7.0S3 -7.0S3 0.000 MgC03 4.136e-00S 4.l3Se-008 -7.383 -7.383 0.000 MnC03 2.421e-00S 2.422e-008 -7.616 -7.616 0.000 FeHC03+ 2.374e-008 2.266e-00S -7.624 -7.645 -0.020 FeC03 1.296e-008 1. 296e- 008 -7.887 -7.S87 0.000 MnHC03+ 1.194e-008 1.140e-008 -7.923 -7.943 - 0 . 020 NaC03- 2.648e-009 2.528e-009 -8.577 -S.597 -0.020
Ca 4.491e-004 Ca+2 4.40ge-004 3.672e-004 -3.356 -3.435 -0.079 CaS04 5.037e-006 5.040e-006 -5.298 -5.29S 0.000 CaHC03+ 2.335e-006 2.231e-006 -5.632 -5.651 -0.020 CaC03 8.35ge-007 8.362e-007 -6.078 -6.078 0.000
81
CaOH+ 5.071e-009 4.840e-009 -8.295 -8.315 -0.020 CaHS04+ 3.252e-013 3.104e-013 -12.488 -12.508 -0.020
Cl 2.821e-004 Cl- 2.821e-004 2.692e-004 -3.550 -3.570 -0.020 MnCl+ 2.075e-010 1.981e-010 -9.683 -9.703 -0.020 FeCl+ 1.246e-010 1.190e-010 -9.904 -9.925 -0.020 MnC12 2.327e-014 2.328e-014 -13.633 -13.633 0.000 MnC13- 1.808e-018 1.726e-018 -17.743 -17.763 -0.020 FeCl+2 5.890e-019 4.891e-019 -18.230 -18.311 -0.081 FeC12+ 1.118e-021 1.067e-021 -20.952 -20.972 -0.020 FeC13 2.871e-026 2.873e-026 -25.542 -25.542 0.000
Fe(2) 4.260e-007 Fe+2 3.838e-007 3.201e-007 -6.416 -6.495 -0.079 FeHC03+ 2.374e-008 2.266e-008 -7.624 -7.645 -0.020 FeC03 1.296e-008 1.296e-008 -7.887 -7.887 0.000 FeS04 3.308e-009 3.310e-009 -8.480 -8.480 0.000 FeOH+ 2.068e-009 1.974e-009 -8.684 -8.705 -0.020 FeCl+ 1.246e-010 1.190e-010 -9.904 -9.925 -0.020 FeHS04+ 2.835e-016 2.706e-016 -15.547 -15.568 -0.020
Fe (3) 1.365e-006 Fe(OH)3 1.076e-006 1.077e-006 -5.968 -5.968 0.000 Fe(OH)2+ 2.501e-007 2.387e-007 -6.602 -6.622 -0.020 Fe(OH)4- 3.83ge-008 3.665e-008 -7.416 -7.436 -0.020 FeOH+2 2.230e-011 1.851e-011 -10.652 -10.732 -0.081 Fe+3 1. 617e-016 1.092e-016 -15.791 -15.962 -0.171 FeS04+ 6.781e-017 6.473e-017 -16.169 -16.189 -0.020 FeCl+2 5.890e-019 4.891e-019 -18.230 -18.311 -0.081 Fe(S04)2- 1.130e-019 1.07ge-019 -18.947 -18.967 -0.020 Fe2(OH)2+4 4.220e-020 2.006e-020 -19.375 -19.698 -0.323 FeC12+ 1.118e-021 1.067e-021 -20.952 -20.972 -0.020 Fe3(OH)4+5 1.811e-023 5.667e-024 -22.742 -23.247 -0.505 FeHS04+2 2.792e-024 2.318e-024 -23.554 -23.635 -0.081 FeCl3 2.871e-026 2.873e-026 -25.542 -25.542 0.000
H(O) 2.705e-027 H2 1. 3 52e- 027 1.353e-027 -26.869 -26.869 0.000
K 1.27ge-004 K+ 1.278e-004 1.220e-004 -3.893 -3.914 -0.020 KS04- 5.303e-008 5.063e-008 -7.275 -7.296 -0.020 KOH 3.358e-Oll 3.360e-011 -10.474 -10.474 0.000
Mg 4.114e-005 Mg+2 4.041e-005 3.370e-005 -4.393 -4.472 -0.079 MgS04 3.990e-007 3.992e-007 -6.399 -6.399 0.000 MgHC03+ 2.79ge-007 2.672e-007 -6.553 -6.573 -0.020 MgC03 4.136e-008 4.138e-008 -7.383 -7.383 0.000 MgOH+ 1.865e-009 1.781e-009 -8.729 -8.749 -0.020
Mn (2) 2.54ge-007 Mn+2 2.166e-007 1.807e-007 -6.664 -6.743 -0.079
MnC03 2.421e-008 2.422e-008 -7.616 -7.616 0.000 MnHC03+ 1.194e-008 1.140e-008 -7.923 -7.943 -0.020 MnS04 1.83ge-009 1.840e-009 -8.735 -8.735 0.000 MnCl+ 2.075e-010 1.981e-010 -9.683 -9.703 -0.020 MnOH+ 8.350e-011 7.971e-Ol1 -10.078 -10.099 -0.020 MnC12 2.327e-014 2.328e-014 -13.633 -13.633 0.000 MnC13- 1.808e-018 1.726e-018 -17.743 -17.763 -0.020
Mn (3) 5.451e-030 Mn+3 5.451e-030 3.587e-030 -29.264 -29.445 -0.182
82
Na 2.175e-004 Na+ 2.173e-004 2.075e-004 -3.663 -3.683 -0.020 NaHC03 8.258e-008 8.262e-008 -7.083 -7.083 0.000 Na804- 7.930e-008 7.56ge-008 -7.101 -7.121 -0.020 NaC03- 2.648e-009 2.528e-009 -8.577 -8.597 -0.020 NaOH 1.08ge-010 1.08ge-010 -9.963 -9.963 0.000
0(0) O.OOOe+OOO 02 O.OOOe+OOO O.OOOe+OOO -44.708 -44.708 0.000
8(6) 1.041e-004 804-2 9.853e-005 8.198e-005 -4.006 -4.086 -0.080 CaS04 5.037e-006 5.040e-006 -5.298 -5.298 0.000 Mg804 3.990e-007 3.992e-007 -6.399 -6.399 0.000 NaS04- 7.930e-008 7.56ge-008 -7.101 -7.121 -0.020 KS04- 5.303e-008 5.063e-008 -7.275 -7.296 -0.020 Fe804 3.308e-009 3.310e-009 -8.480 -8.480 0.000 MnS04 1.83ge-009 1.840e-009 -8.735 -8.735 0.000 HS04- 7.367e-011 7.032e-011 -10.133 -10.153 -0.020 CaHS04+ 3.252e-013 3.104e-013 -12.488 -12.508 -0.020 A1S04+ 1.204e-013 1.14ge-013 -12.919 -12.940 -0.020 Al(S04)2- 2.860e-016 2.730e-016 -15.544 -15.564 -0.020 FeHS04+ 2.835e-016 2.706e-016 -15.547 -15.568 -0.020 Fe804+ 6.781e-017 6.473e-017 -16.169 -16.189 -0.020 Fe(S04)2- 1.13 Oe-019 1.07ge-019 -18.947 -18.967 -0.020 AIH804+2 1.381e-022 1.147e-022 -21.860 -21.940 -0.081 FeHS04+2 2.792e-024 2.318e-024 -23.554 -23.635 -0.081
8i 7.157e-005 H48i04 7.114e-005 7.117e-005 -4.148 -4.148 0.000 H3Si04- 4.368e-007 4.170e-007 -6.360 -6.380 -0.020 H2Si04-2 7.543e-013 6.263e-013 -12.122 -12.203 -0.081
------------------------------Saturation indices---------------------------
Phase 81 log lAP log KT
Al (OH) 3 (a) -0.57 11.45 12.02 Al (OH) 3 Albite -2.21 3.23 5.43 NaA18i308 Alunite -2.35 -1. 43 0.92 KA13(804)2(OH)6 Anhydrite -3.18 -7.52 -4.34 Ca804 Anorthite -2.04 26.97 29.01 CaA12Si208 Aragonite -0.96 -9.21 -8.24 CaC03 Ca-Montmorillonite 3.83 13 .50 9.67
CaO.165A12.33Si3.67010(OH)2 Calcite -0.81 -9.21 -8.40 CaC03 Chalcedony -0.38 -4.15 -3.77 Si02 Chlorite (14A) -8.28 67.10 75.38 Mg5A128i3010(OH)8 Chrysotile -8.84 25.69 34.53 Mg38i205(OH)4 C02 (g) -3.33 -21.57 -18.24 CO2 Dolomite -2.80 -19.45 -16.65 CaMg(C03)2 Fe (OH) 3 (a) 2.85 21.21 18.36 Fe(OH)3 Gibbsite 2.29 11. 45 9.16 Al (OH) 3 Goethite 8.07 21. 21 13 .14 FeOOH Gypsum -2.92 -7.52 -4.60 Ca804:2H20 H2 (g) -23.80 -23.80 0.00 H2 H20 (g) -2.00 -0.00 2.00 H2O Halite -8.79 -7.25 1. 54 NaCl Hausmannite -14.71 50.97 65.68 Mn304 Hematite 18.06 42.41 24.35 Fe203 Illite 3.19 17.05 13.86 KO.6MgO.25A12.38i3.5010(OH)2 Jarosite-K -4.81 27.83 32.64 KFe3(S04)2(OH)6
83
K-feldspar 0.36 3.00 2.63 KA1Si308 K-mica 10.45 25.90 15.45 KA13Si3010 (OH) 2 Kaolinite 5.54 14.61 9.07 A12Si205(OH)4 Manganite -4.38 20.96 25.34 MnOOH Melanterite -8.13 -10.58 -2.45 FeS04:7H20 02 (g) -41.83 47.60 89.43 02 pyrochroite -6.14 9.06 15.20 Mn(OH)2 Pyrolusite -11.53 32.86 44.39 Mn02 Quartz 0.11 -4.15 -4.26 Si02 Rhodochrosite -1. 45 -12.52 -11.06 MnC03 Sepiolite -6.04 10.21 16.25 Mg2Si307.50H:3H20 Sepiolite (d) -8.45 10.21 18.66 Mg2Si307.50H:3H20 Siderite -1. 49 -12.27 -10.78 FeC03 Si02 (a) -1. 28 -4.15 -2.87 Si02 Talc -6.15 17.39 23.54 Mg3Si4010(OH)2
------------------
End of simulation. ------------------
Reading input data for simulation 2.
End of run.
84
Gallinas Headwaters (2-01) 7/24/2001 Dissolved Metals. Database file: C:\Program Files\USGS\Phreeqc Interactive 2.8\phreeqc.dat
Reading database.
SOLUTION MASTER SPECIES SOLUTION SPECIES PHASES EXCHANGE MASTER SPECIES EXCHANGE SPECIES SURFACE MASTER SPECIES SURFACE SPECIES RATES END
Reading input data for simulation 1.
TITLE
DATABASE C:\Program Files\USGS\Phreeqc Interactive 2.8\phreeqc.dat TITLE Class Example: Speciate Water Analysis. SOLUTION 1
units ppm temp 12.2 pH 7.6 Al 0.16 Ca 23 Mg 2 Na 5 K 5 Fe 0.1 Mn 0.026 Si 4.9 as Si02 CI 10 Alkalinity 67.2 as HC03 S(6) 10
END
Class Example: Speciate Water Analysis.
Beginning of initial solution calculations.
Initial solution 1: Gallinas Headwaters (2-01) 7/24/2001 Dissolved Metals.
-----------------------------Solution composition--------------------------
Elements Molality Moles
Al 5.931e-006 5.931e-006 Alkalinity 1.101e-003 1.101e-003 Ca 5.73ge-004 5.73ge-004 CI 2.821e-004 2.821e-004 Fe 1.791e-006 1.791e-006
85
K 1. 27ge-004 1. 27ge-004 Mg B.227e-005 B.227e-005 Mn 4.733e-007 4.733e-007 Na 2.175e-004 2.175e-004 S (6) 1.041e-004 1.041e-004 si B.156e-005 B.156e-005
----------------------------Description of solution------------------------
pH 7.600 pe 4.000
Activity of water Ionic strength
Mass of water (kg) Total carbon (mol/kg)
Total C02 (mol/kg) Temperature (deg C)
Electrical balance (eq) Percent error, 100*(Cat-IAnl)/(Cat+IAnI)
Iterations Total H Total 0
1. 000 2.337e-003 1.000e+000 1.144e-003 1.144e-003 12.200 B.73Be-005 2.74 9
1.11013ge+002 5.551035e+001
----------------------------Distribution of species------------------------
Log Log Log Species Molality Activity Molality Activity Gamma
OH- 1.4Bge-007 1.413e-007 -6.B27 -6.B50 -0.023 H+ 2.637e-00B 2.512e-00B -7.579 -7.600 -0.021 H2O 5.551e+001 1.000e+000 1. 744 -0.000 0.000
Al 5.931e-006 AI(OH)4- 5.B05e-006 5.510e-006 -5.236 -5.259 -0.023 Al (OH) 3 B.316e-00B B.320e-00B -7.0BO -7.0BO 0.000 AI(OH)2+ 4.1B1e-00B 3.96Be-00B -7.379 -7.401 -0.023 AIOH+2 5.241e-010 4.254e-010 -9.2B1 -9.371 -0.091 AI+3 3.923e-012 2.532e-012 -11.406 -11.597 -0.190 AIS04+ 5.5B5e-013 5.301e-013 -12.253 -12.276 -0.023 AI(S04)2- 1.307e-015 1.240e-015 -14.BB4 -14.906 -0.023 AIHS04+2 1.32ge-021 1.07ge-021 -20.B77 -20.967 -0.091
C(4) 1.144e-003 HC03- 1.065e-003 1.012e-003 -2.972 -2.995 -0.022 CO2 7.044e-005 7.04Be-005 -4.152 -4.152 0.000 CaHC03+ 4.BOBe-006 4.56Be-006 -5.31B -5.340 -0.022 C03-2 1.711e-006 1.394e-006 -5.767 -5.B56 -0.OB9 CaC03 B.B64e-007 B.B6ge-007 -6.052 -6.052 0.000 MgHC03+ 7.BBBe-007 7.4B7e-007 -6.103 - 6.126 -0.023 NaHC03 1.174e-007 1.175e-007 -6.930 -6.930 0.000 MgC03 7.181e-008 7.185e-008 -7.144 -7.144 0.000 FeHC03+ 6.20Be-00B 5.B92e-00B -7.207 - 7.230 -0.023 MnC03 3.631e-00B 3.633e-00B -7.440 -7.440 0.000 MnHC03+ 3.117e-00B 2.95ge-00B -7.506 -7.529 -0.023 FeC03 1.946e-00B 1.947e-008 -7.711 -7.711 0.000 NaC03- 2.B75e-009 2.72ge-009 -B.541 -B.564 -0.023
Ca 5.73ge-004 Ca+2 5.61ge-004 4.577e-004 -3.250 -3.339 -0.OB9 CaS04 6.343e-006 6.346e-006 -5.19B -5.197 0.000 CaHC03+ 4.BOBe-006 4.56Be-006 -5.318 -5.340 -0.022 CaC03 B.B64e-007 B.B6ge-007 -6.052 -6.052 0.000
86
CaOH+ 3.186e-009 3.024e-009 -8.497 -8.519 -0.023 CaHS04+ 8.563e-013 8.127e-013 -12.067 -12.090 -0.023
Cl 2.821e-004 Cl- 2.821e-004 2.677e-004 -3.550 -3.572 -0.023 MnCl+ 3.768e-010 3.576e-010 -9.424 -9.447 -0.023 FeCl+ 2.266e-010 2.151e-010 - 9.645 -9.667 -0.023 MnC12 4.176e-014 4.178e-014 -13.379 -13.379 0.000 MnC13- 3.245e-018 3.080e-018 -17.489 -17.511 -0.023 FeCl+2 1.741e-018 1.413e-018 -17.759 -17.850 -0.091 FeC12+ 2.720e-021 2.581e-021 -20.565 -20.588 -0.023 FeCl3 6.905e-026 6.90ge-026 -25.161 -25.161 0.000
Fe(2) 8.041e-007 Fe+2 7.131e-007 5.821e-007 -6.147 -6.235 -0.088 FeHC03+ 6.208e-008 5.892e-008 -7.207 -7.230 -0.023 FeC03 1.946e-008 1.947e-008 -7.711 -7.711 0.000 FeS04 6.37ge-009 6.382e-009 -8.195 -8.195 0.000 FeOH+ 2.842e-009 2.697e-009 -8.546 -8.569 -0.023 FeCl+ 2.266e-010 2.151e-010 -9.645 -9.667 -0.023 FeHS04+ 1.08ge-015 1. 034e-015 -14.963 -14.986 -0.023
Fe(3) 9.868e-007 Fe(OH)3 7.096e-007 7.100e-007 -6.149 -6.149 0.000 Fe(OH)2+ 2.613e-007 2.480e-007 -6.583 -6.606 -0.023 Fe(OH)4- 1.586e-008 1.506e-008 -7.800 -7.822 -0.023 FeOH+2 3.84ge-011 3 .124e-011 -10.415 -10.505 - 0.091 Fe+3 4.13ge-016 2.671e-016 -15.383 -15.573 -0.190 FeS04+ 1. 807e-016 1.715e-016 -15.743 -15.766 -0.023 FeCl+2 1.741e-018 1.413e-018 -17.759 -17.850 -0.091 Fe(S04)2- 2.954e-019 2.804e-019 -18.530 -18.552 -0.023 Fe2(OH)2+4 1.052e-019 4.566e-020 -18.978 -19.340 -0.363 FeC12+ 2.720e-021 2.581e-021 -20.565 -20.588 -0.023 Fe3(OH)4+5 2.995e-023 8.126e-024 -22.524 -23.090 -0.567 FeHS04+2 1.468e-023 1.191e-023 -22.833 -22.924 -0.091 FeCl3 6.905e-026 6.90ge-026 -25.161 -25.161 0.000
H (0) 1.020e-026 H2 5.100e-027 5.103e-027 -26.292 -26.292 0.000
K 1.27ge-004 K+ 1.278e-004 1.213e-004 -3.893 -3.916 -0.023 KS04- 5.598e-008 5.313e-008 -7.252 -7.275 -0.023 KOH 1.673e-011 1.674e-011 -10.776 -10.776 0.000
Mg 8.227e-005 Mg+2 8.055e-005 6.573e-005 -4.094 -4.182 -0.088 MgS04 8.592e-007 8.596e-007 -6.066 -6.066 0.000 MgHC03+ 7.888e-007 7.487e-007 -6.103 -6.126 -0.023 MgC03 7.181e-008 7.185e-008 -7.144 -7.144 0.000 MgOH+ 2.992e-009 2.83ge-009 -8.524 - 8 . 547 -0.023
Mn(2) 4.733e-007 Mn+2 4.018e-007 3.280e-007 -6.396 -6.484 -0.088 MnC03 3.631e-008 3.633e-008 -7.440 -7.440 0.000 MnHC03+ 3.117e-008 2.95ge-008 -7.506 -7.529 -0.023 MnS04 3.556e-009 3.558e-009 -8.449 -8.449 0.000 MnCl+ 3.768e-010 3.576e-010 -9.424 - 9.447 -0.023 MnOH+ 1.18ge-010 1.128e-010 -9.925 -9.948 -0.023 MnC12 4.176e-014 4.178e-014 -13.379 -13.379 0.000 MnC13- 3.245e-018 3.080e-018 -17.489 -17.511 -0.023
Mn(3) 2.29ge-029 Mn+3 2.29ge-029 1.437e-029 -28.638 -28.842 -0.204
87
Na 2.175e-004 Na+ 2.173e-004 2.063e-004 -3.663 -3.685 -0.023 NaHC03 1.174e-007 1.175e-007 -6.930 -6.930 0.000 NaS04- 7.881e-008 7.480e-008 -7.103 -7.126 -0.023 NaC03- 2.875e-009 2.72ge-009 -8.541 -8.564 -0.023 NaOH 5.424e-Oll 5.427e-Oll -10.266 -10.265 0.000
0(0) O.OOOe+OOO 02 O.OOOe+OOO O.OOOe+OOO -44.112 -44.112 0.000
S (6) 1.041e-004 S04-2 9.676e-005 7.874e-005 -4.014 -4.104 -0.090 CaS04 6.343e-006 6.346e-006 -5.198 -5.197 0.000 MgS04 8.592e-007 8.596e-007 -6.066 -6.066 0.000 NaS04- 7.881e-008 7.480e-008 -7.103 -7.126 -0.023 KS04- 5.598e-008 5.313e-008 -7.252 -7.275 -0.023 FeS04 6.37ge-009 6.382e-009 -8.195 -8.195 0.000 MnS04 3.556e-009 3.558e-009 -8.449 -8.449 0.000 HS04- 1.556e-Ol0 1.477e-Ol0 -9.808 -9.831 -0.023 CaHS04+ 8.563e-013 8.127e-013 -12.067 -12.090 -0.023 A1S04+ 5.585e-013 5.301e-013 -12.253 -12.276 -0.023 Al(S04)2- 1.307e-015 1.240e-015 -14.884 -14.906 -0.023 FeHS04+ 1.08ge-015 1.034e-015 -14.963 -14.986 -0.023 FeS04+ 1.807e-016 1.715e-016 -15.743 -15.766 -0.023 Fe(S04)2- 2.954e-019 2.804e-019 -18.530 -18.552 -0.023 A1HS04+2 1.32ge-021 1.07ge-021 -20.877 -20.967 -0.091 FeHS04+2 1.468e-023 1.191e-023 -22.833 -22.924 -0.091
Si 8.156e-005 H4Si04 8.125e-005 8.130e-005 -4.090 -4.090 0.000 H3Si04- 3.096e-007 2.93ge-007 -6.509 -6.532 -0.023 H2Si04-2 3.987e-013 3.236e-013 -12.399 -12.490 -0.091
------------------------------Saturation indices---------------------------
Phase SI log lAP log KT
Al(OH)3(a) -0.47 11.20 11.67 Al(OH)3 Albite -2.36 2.85 5.21 NaA1Si308 Alunite -1. 57 -1. 31 0.25 KA13(S04)2(OH)6 Anhydrite -3.11 -7.44 -4.33 CaS04 Anorthite -1. 94 26.09 28.03 CaA12Si208 Aragonite -0.93 -9.19 -8.27 CaC03 Ca-Montmorillonite 3.93 13.05 9.12
CaO.165A12.33Si3.67010(OH)2 Calcite -0.78 -9.19 -8.42 CaC03 Chalcedony -0.38 -4.09 -3.71 Si02 Chlorite (14A) -8.14 65.23 73.36 Mg5A12Si3010(OH)8 Chrysotile -8.98 24.87 33.86 Mg3Si205(OH)4 C02 (g) -2.85 -21.06 -18.21 CO2 Dolomite -2.45 -19.23 -16.78 CaMg(C03)2 Fe(OH)3(a) 2.34 20.56 18.23 Fe(OH)3 Gibbsite 2.34 11. 20 8.86 Al(OH)3 Goethite 7.75 20.56 12.81 FeOOH Gypsum -2.86 -7.44 -4.59 CaS04:2H20 H2 (g) -23.20 -23.20 0.00 H2 H20(g) -1. 86 -0.00 1. 86 H2O Halite -8.81 -7.26 1. 55 NaCl Hausmannite -14.99 49.35 64.34 Mn304 Hematite 17.45 41.13 23.68 Fe203 Illite 3.14 16.42 13.28 KO.6MgO.25A12.3Si3.5010(OH)2 Jarosite-K -5.06 26.77 31. 83 KFe3(S04)2 (OH)6
88
K-feldspar 0.14 2.62 2.48 KAlSi308 K-mica 10.37 25.02 14.66 KA13Si3010(OH)2 Kaolinite 5.63 14.23 8.60 A12Si205(OH)4 Manganite -5.02 20.32 25.34 MnOOH Melanterite -7.96 -10.34 -2.38 FeS04:7H20 02 (g) -41.21 46.40 87.61 02 pyrochroite -6.48 8.72 15.20 Mn(OH)2 Pyrolusite -11.60 31. 92 43.52 Mn02 Quartz 0.09 -4.09 -4.1B Si02 Rhodochrosite -1. 26 -12.34 -11.0B MnC03 Sepiolite -6.35 9.77 16.11 Mg2Si307.50H:3H20 Sepiolite (d) -8.B9 9.77 1B.66 Mg2Si307.50H:3H20 Siderite -1. 2 8 -12.09 -10.81 FeC03 Si02(a) -1. 27 -4.09 -2.82 Si02 Talc -6.23 16.69 22.92 Mg3Si4010(OH)2
------------------
End of simulation. ------------------
Reading input data for simulation 2.
End of run.
89
Gallinas at USGS Gage (2-06) 7/24/2001 Dissolved Metals Database file: C:\Program Files\USGS\Phreeqc Interactive 2.8\phreeqc.dat
Reading database.
SOLUTION MASTER SPECIES SOLUTION SPECIES PHASES EXCHANGE MASTER SPECIES EXCHANGE SPECIES SURFACE MASTER SPECIES SURFACE SPECIES RATES END
Reading input data for simulation 1.
TITLE
DATABASE C:\program Files\USGS\Phreeqc Interactive 2.8\phreeqc.dat TITLE Class Example: Speciate Water Analysis. SOLUTION 1 units ppm
temp 22.4 pH 8.7 Al 0.01 Ca 42 Mg 4 Na 5 K 5 Fe 0.1 Mn 0.006 si 4.7 as Si02 Cl 10 Alkalinity 112 as HC03 S (6) 10
END
Class Example: Speciate Water Analysis.
Beginning of initial solution calculations.
Initial solution 1: Gallinas at USGS Gage (2-06) 7/24/2001 Diss. Metals
-----------------------------Solution composition----------------------
Elements Molality Moles
Al 3.707e-007 3.707e-007 Alkalinity 1.836e-003 1.836e-003 Ca 1.048e-003 1.048e-003 Cl 2.821e-004 2.821e-004 Fe 1.791e-006 1.791e-006 K 1.27ge-004 1.27ge-004
90
Mg 1.646e-004 1. 646e-004 Mn 1.092e-007 1.092e-007 Na 2.17Se-004 2.17Se-004 S (6) 1.041e-004 1.041e-004 Si 7.824e-00S 7.824e-00S
----------------------------Description of solution------------------------
pH 8.700 pe
Activity of water Ionic strength
Mass of water (kg) Total carbon (mol/kg)
Total C02 (mol/kg) Temperature (deg C)
Electrical balance (eq) Percent error, 100*(Cat-IAnl)/(Cat+IAnl)
Iterations Total H Total 0
4.000 1.000
3.688e-003 1.000e+000 1.740e-003 1.740e-003 22.400 4.477e-004
9.27 7
1.110144e+002 S.SS1217e+001
----------------------------Distribution of species------------------------
Log Log Log Species Molality Activity Molality Activity Gamma
OH- 4.392e-006 4.110e-006 -S.3S7 -S.386 -0.029 H+ 2.11ge-009 1.99Se-009 -8.674 -8.700 -0.026 H2O 5.551e+001 9.99ge-001 1.744 -0.000 0.000
Al 3.707e-007 AI(OH)4- 3.703e-007 3.468e-007 -6.431 -6.460 -0.028 AI(OH)3 3.794e-010 3.797e-010 -9.421 -9.421 0.000 AI(OH)2+ 6.670e-012 6.246e-012 -11.176 -11.204 -0.028 AIOH+2 2.603e-01S 2.002e-01S -14.S8S -14.698 -0.114 AI+3 8.192e-019 4.768e-019 -18.087 -18.322 -0.23S AIS04+ 1.102e-019 1.032e-019 -18.9S8 -18.986 -0.028 AI(S04)2- 2.436e-022 2.281e-022 -21.613 -21.642 -0.028 AIHS04+2 2.320e-029 1.78Se-029 -28.634 -28.748 -0.114
C(4) 1. 740e-003 HC03- 1.627e-003 1.526e-003 -2.789 -2.817 -0.028 C03-2 4.388e-00S 3.397e-00S -4.3S8 -4.469 -0.111 CaC03 4.11ge-00S 4.122e-00S -4.38S -4.38S 0.000 CaHC03+ 1. Sl1e-OOS 1.417e-00S -4.821 -4.849 -0.028 CO2 7.07Se-006 7.082e-006 -S.lS0 -S.150 0.000 MgC03 3.776e-006 3.77ge-006 -S.423 -S.423 0.000 MgHC03+ 2.288e-006 2.143e-006 -S.641 -S.669 -0.028 NaHC03 1.744e-007 1.746e-007 -6.7S8 -6.7S8 0.000 NaC03- 1.204e-007 1.128e-007 -6.919 -6.948 -0.028 MnC03 7.090e-008 7.096e-008 -7.149 -7.149 0.000 MnHC03+ 3.818e-009 3.S76e-009 -8.418 -8.447 -0.028 FeC03 S.043e-011 S.048e-011 -10.297 -10.297 0.000 FeHC03+ 1.00ge-011 9.4S1e-012 -10.996 -11.02S -0.028
Ca 1. 048e-003 Ca+2 9.813e-004 7.593e-004 -3.008 -3.120 -0.111 CaC03 4.11ge-00S 4.122e-00S -4.38S -4.385 0.000 CaHC03+ 1.S11e-00S 1.417e-00S -4.821 -4.849 -0.028 CaS04 1.04Se-00S 1.046e-00S -4.981 -4.980 0.000 CaOH+ 6.743e-008 6.31Se-008 -7.171 -7.200 -0.028
91
CaHS04+ 1.265e-013 1.185e-013 -12.898 -12.926 -0.028 Cl 2.821e-004
Cl- 2.821e-004 2.641e-004 -3.550 -3.578 -0.029 MnCl+ 3.021e-011 2.82ge-011 -10.520 -10.548 -0.028 FeCl+ 2.411e-014 2.258e-014 -13.618 -13.646 -0.028 MnC12 3.258e-015 3.261e-015 -14.487 -14.487 0.000 MnCl3 - 2.532e-019 2.372e-019 -18.596 -18.625 -0.028 FeCl+2 4.887e-022 3.760e-022 -21.311 -21.425 -0.114 FeC12+ 5.146e-025 4.820e-025 -24.289 -24.317 -0.028 FeCl3 1.272e-029 1.273e-029 -28.896 -28.895 0.000
Fe (2) 1.497e-010 Fe+2 7.981e-011 6.195e-011 -10.098 -10.208 -0.110 FeC03 5.043e-011 5.048e-011 -10.297 -10.297 0.000 FeHC03+ 1. 00ge-011 9.451e-012 -10.996 -11.025 -0.028 FeOH+ 8.617e-012 8.070e-012 -11.065 -11.093 -0.028 FeS04 7.426e-013 7.433e-013 -12.129 -12.129 0.000 FeCl+ 2.411e-014 2.258e-014 -13.618 -13.646 -0.028 FeHS04+ 1.032e-020 9.66ge-021 -19.986 -20.015 -0.028
Fe(3) 1.791e-006 Fe(OH)3 1. 22 8e-006 1.22ge-006 -5.911 -5.910 0.000 Fe(OH)4- 5.39ge-007 5.056e-007 -6.268 -6.296 -0.028 Fe(OH)2+ 2.27ge-008 2 .135e-008 -7.642 -7.671 -0.028 FeOH+2 1. 847e-013 1.421e-013 -12.734 -12.847 -0.114 Fe+3 8.803e-020 5.124e-020 -19.055 -19.290 -0.235 FeS04+ 4.007e-020 3.753e-020 -19.397 -19.426 -0.028 FeCl+2 4.887e-022 3.760e-022 -21.311 -21.425 -0.114 Fe(S04)2- 6.142e-023 5.752e-023 -22.212 -22.240 -0.028 Fe2(OH)2+4 1.728e-024 6.055e-025 -23.762 -24.218 -0.456 FeC12+ 5.146e-025 4.820e-025 -24.289 -24.317 -0.028 FeHS04+2 2.611e-028 2.00ge-028 -27.583 -27.697 -0.114 Fe3(OH)4+5 1. 771e-029 3.440e-030 -28.752 -29.463 -0.712 FeCl3 1.272e-029 1.273e-029 -28.896 -28.895 0.000
H (0) 5.781e-029 H2 2.891e-029 2.893e-029 -28.539 -28.539 0.000
K 1.27ge-004 K+ 1.278e-004 1.197e-004 -3.893 -3.922 -0.029 KS04- 6.070e-008 5.685e-008 -7.217 -7.245 -0.028 KOH 2.077e-010 2.07ge-010 -9.682 -9.682 0.000
Mg 1.646e-004 Mg+2 1.564e-004 1.214e-004 -3.806 -3.916 -0.110 MgC03 3.776e-006 3.77ge-006 -5.423 -5.423 0.000 MgHC03+ 2.288e-006 2.143e-006 -5.641 -5.669 -0.028 MgS04 1. 881e-006 1.882e-006 -5.726 -5.725 0.000 MgOH+ 1.860e-007 1.742e-007 -6.730 -6.759 -0.028
Mn(2) 1.092e-007 MnC03 7.090e-008 7.096e-008 -7.149 -7.149 0.000 Mn+2 3.388e-008 2.630e-008 -7.470 -7.580 -0.110 MnHC03+ 3.818e-009 3.576e-009 -8.418 -8.447 -0.028 MnS04 3.146e-010 3.14ge-010 -9.502 -9.502 0.000 MnOH+ 2.921e-010 2.736e-010 -9.534 -9.563 -0.028 MnCl+ 3.021e-011 2.82ge-011 -10.520 -10.548 -0.028 MnC12 3.258e-015 3.261e-015 -14.487 -14.487 0.000 MnC13- 2.532e-019 2.372e-019 -18.596 -18.625 -0.028
Mn(3) 9.996e-030 Mn+3 9.996e-030 5.541e-030 -29.000 -29.256 -0.256
92
Na 2.175e-004 Na+ 2.172e-004 2.035e-004 -3.663 -3.691 -0.028 NaHC03 1.744e-007 1.746e-007 -6.758 -6.758 0.000 NaC03- 1.204e-007 1.128e-007 -6.919 -6.948 -0.028 NaS04- 7.581e-008 7.100e-008 -7.120 -7.149 -0.028 NaOH 6.732e-010 6.738e-010 -9.172 -9.171 0.000
0(0) 1.417e-036 02 7.086e-037 7.092e-037 -36.150 -36.149 0.000
S (6) 1.041e-004 S04-2 9.165e-005 7.07ge-005 -4.038 -4.150 -0.112 CaS04 1.045e-005 1.046e-005 -4.981 -4.980 0.000 MgS04 1.881e-006 1.882e-006 -5.726 -5.725 0.000 NaS04 - 7.581e-008 7.100e-008 -7.120 -7.149 -0.028 KS04- 6.070e-008 5.685e-008 -7.217 -7.245 -0.028 MnS04 3.146e-010 3.14ge-010 -9.502 -9.502 0.000 HS04- l.386e-011 l.298e-011 -10.858 -10.887 -0.028 FeS04 7.426e-013 7.433e-013 -12.129 -12.129 0.000 CaHS04+ 1.265e-013 1.185e-013 -12.898 -12.926 -0.028 A1S04+ 1.102e-019 1.032e-019 -18.958 -18.986 -0.028 FeS04+ 4.007e-020 3.753e-020 -19.397 -19.426 -0.028 FeHS04+ 1.032e-020 9.66ge-021 -19.986 -20.015 -0.028 Al(S04)2- 2.436e-022 2.281e-022 -21.613 -21.642 -0.028 Fe(S04)2- 6.142e-023 5.752e-023 -22.212 -22.240 -0.028 FeHS04+2 2.611e-028 2.00ge-028 -27.583 -27.697 -0.114 AIHS04+2 2.320e-029 1.785e-029 -28.634 -28.748 -0.114
Si 7.824e-005 H4Si04 7.298e-005 7.304e-005 -4.137 -4.136 0.000 H3Si04- 5.257e-006 4.924e-006 -5.279 -5.308 -0.028 H2Si04-2 1.837e-010 l.413e-010 -9.736 -9.850 -0.114
------------------------------Saturation indices---------------------------
Phase SI log lAP log KT
Al(OH)3(a) -3.19 7.78 10.97 Al(OH)3 Albite -4.39 0.38 4.77 NaA1Si308 Alunite -13.91 -14.99 -1.08 KA13(S04)2(OH)6 Anhydrite -2.92 -7.27 -4.35 CaS04 Anorthite -4.52 21.56 26.09 CaA12Si208 Aragonite 0.73 -7.59 -8.32 CaC03 Ca-Montmorillonite -2.74 5.30 8.04
CaO.165A12.33Si3.67010(OH)2 Calcite 0.88 -7.59 -8.47 CaC03 Chalcedony -0.55 -4.14 -3.58 Si02 Chlor i te (14A) l. 21 70.57 69.36 Mg5A12Si3010(OH)8 Chrysotile -0.35 32.18 32.53 Mg3Si205(OH)4 C02 (g) -3.71 -21.87 -18.16 CO2 Dolomite l. 06 -15.97 -17.03 CaMg(C03)2 Fe(OH)3(a) l. 92 19.89 17.97 Fe(OH)3 Gibbsite -0.48 7.78 8.26 Al(OH)3 Goethite 7.72 19.89 12.18 FeOOH Gypsum -2.69 -7.27 -4.58 CaS04:2H20 H2 (g) -25.40 -25.40 0.00 H2 H20(g) -1.58 -0.00 l. 58 H2O Halite -8.85 -7.27 l. 58 NaCl Hausmannite -6.82 54.86 6l. 68 Mn304 Hematite 17.43 39.78 22.36 Fe203 Illite -2.49 9.65 12.14 KO.6MgO.25A12.3Si3.5010(OH)2 Jarosite-K -8.89 2l. 35 30.24 KFe3(S04)2(OH)6
93
K-feldspar -2.02 0.15 2.17 KAlSi308 K-mica 2.62 15.70 13.09 KA13Si3010 (OH) 2 Kaolinite -0.38 7.28 7.66 A12Si205(OH)4 Manganite -2.82 22.52 25.34 MnOOH Melanterite -12.12 -14.36 -2.24 FeS04:7H20 02 (g) -33.20 50.80 84.00 02 pyrochroite -5.38 9.82 15.20 Mn(OH)2 pyrolusite -6.58 35.22 41. 80 Mn02 Quartz -0.12 -4.14 -4.02 Si02 Rhodochrosite -0.93 -12.05 -11.12 MnC03 Sepiolite -1. 27 14.56 15.83 Mg2Si307.50H:3H20 Sepiolite (d) -4.10 14.56 18.66 Mg2Si307.50H:3H20 Siderite -3.80 -14.68 -10.87 FeC03 Si02(a) -1.40 -4.14 -2.73 Si02 Talc 2.21 23.91 21.70 Mg3Si4010(OH)2
------------------
End of simulation. ------------------
Reading input data for simulation 2.
End of run.
94
Gallinas above WWTP (2-08) 7/24/2001 Dissolved Metals Database file: C:\Program Files\USGS\Phreeqc Interactive 2.B\phreeqc.dat
Reading data base.
SOLUTION MASTER SPECIES SOLUTION SPECIES PHASES EXCHANGE MASTER SPECIES EXCHANGE SPECIES SURFACE MASTER SPECIES SURFACE SPECIES RATES END
Reading input data for simulation 1.
TITLE
DATABASE C:\Program Files\USGS\Phreeqc Interactive 2.B\phreeqc.dat TITLE Class Example: Speciate Water Analysis. SOLUTION 1
units ppm temp 22.7 pH B.7 Al 0.11 Ca 160 Mg 44 Na 71.2 K 5 Fe 0.1 Mn O.BO Si 5.B as Si02 Cl 41.4 Alkalinity 20B as HC03 S (6) 396
END
Class Example: Speciate Water Analysis.
Beginning of initial solution calculations.
Initial solution 1: Gallinas above WWTP (2-0B) 7/24/2001 Dissolved metals
-----------------------------Solution composition-------------------------
Elements Molality Moles
Al 4.0B1e-006 4.0B1e-006 Alkalinity 3.412e-003 3.412e-003 Ca 3.996e-003 3.996e-003 Cl 1.16ge-003 1.16ge-003 Fe 1.792e-006 1.792e-006
95
K 1. 280e-004 1.280e-004 Mg 1.811e-003 1.811e-003 Mn 1.4S8e-00S 1.4S8e-00S Na 3.100e-003 3.100e-003 S (6) 4.126e-003 4.126e-003 Si 9.662e-00S 9.662e-00S
----------------------------Description of solution-----------------------
pH 8.700 pe
Activity of water Ionic strength
Mass of water (kg) Total carbon (mol/kg)
Total C02 (mol/kg) Temperature (deg C)
Electrical balance (eq) Percent error, 100*(Cat-IAnI)/(Cat+IAnI)
Iterations Total H Total 0
4.000 1.000
1.901e-002 1.000e+000 3.091e-003 3.091e-003 22.700 2.0S3e-003
9.08 7
1.1101S6e+002 S.SS3240e+001
----------------------------Distribution of species-----------------------
Log Log Log Species Molality Activity Molality Activity Gamma
OH- 4.834e-006 4.206e-006 -S.316 -S.376 -0.060 H+ 2.237e-009 1. 99Se-009 -8.6S0 -8.700 -O.OSO H2O S.SSle+001 9.997e-001 1.744 -0.000 0.000
Al 4.081e-006 AI(OH)4- 4.077e-006 3.S62e-006 -S.390 -S.448 -0.OS9 AI(OH)3 3.86ge-009 3.886e-009 -8.412 -8.410 0.002 AI(OH)2+ 7.1S4e-011 6.2S1e-011 -10.14S -10.204 -0.OS9 AIOH+2 3.347e-014 1.9S1e-014 -l3.47S -13.710 -0.234 AIS04+ 2.92Se-017 2.SS6e-017 -16.S34 -16.S93 -0.OS9 AI+3 1.277e-017 4.SS6e-018 -16.894 -17.341 -0.447 AI(S04)2- 1.672e-018 1.461e-018 -17.777 -17.83S -0.OS9 AIHS04+2 7.604e-027 4.433e-027 -26.119 -26.3S3 -0.234
C(4) 3.091e-003 HC03- 2.68ge-003 2.363e-003 -2.S70 -2.627 -0.OS6 CaC03 1.S73e-004 1.S80e-004 -3.803 -3.801 0.002 C03-2 8.886e-00S S.294e-00S -4.0S1 -4.276 -0.22S CaHC03+ 6.l3ge-00S S.393e-00S -4.212 -4.268 -0.OS6 MgC03 4.102e-00S 4.120e-00S -4.387 -4.38S 0.002 MgHC03+ 2.647e-00S 2.313e-00S -4.S77 -4.636 -0.OS9 CO2 1.088e-00S 1.092e-00S -4.964 -4.962 0.002 MnC03 9.S14e-006 9.SSSe-006 -S.022 -S.020 0.002 NaHC03 3.SS0e-006 3.S66e-006 -S.4S0 -S.448 0.002 NaC03- 2.694e-006 2.3S4e-006 -S.S70 -S.628 -0.OS9 MnHC03+ S.476e-007 4.78Se-007 -6.262 -6.320 -0.OS9 FeC03 7.218e-011 7.24ge-011 -10.142 -10.140 0.002 FeHC03+ 1.S43e-011 1.34ge-011 -10.812 -10.870 -0.OS9
Ca 3.996e-003 Ca+2 3.117e-003 1.8S6e-003 -2.S06 -2.731 -0.22S CaS04 6.S97e-004 6.626e-004 -3.181 -3.179 0.002 CaC03 1.S73e-004 1.S80e-004 -3.803 -3.801 0.002 CaHC03+ 6.13ge-00S S.393e-00S -4.212 -4.268 -0.OS6
96
CaOH+ 1.767e-007 1.544e-007 -6.753 -6.811 -0.059 CaHS04+ 8.618e-012 7.530e-012 -11.065 -11.123 -0.059
Cl 1.16ge-003 Cl- 1.16ge-003 1.018e-003 -2.932 -2.992 -0.060 MnCl+ 1. 078e-008 9.421e-009 -7.967 -8.026 -0.059 MnC12 4.167e-012 4.185e-012 -11.380 -11.378 0.002 FeCl+ 9.178e-014 8.020e-014 -13.037 -13.096 -0.059 MnCl3 - 1.343e-015 1.173e-015 -14.872 -14.931 -0.059 FeCl+2 2.352e-021 1.371e-021 -20.629 -20.863 -0.234 FeC12+ 7.677e-024 6.70ge-024 -23.115 -23.173 -0.059 FeCl3 6.798e-028 6.828e-028 -27.168 -27.166 0.002
Fe(2) 2.08ge-010 Fe+2 9.476e-011 5.708e-011 -10.023 -10.243 -0.220 FeC03 7.218e-011 7.24ge-011 -10.142 -10.140 0.002 FeS04 1.771e-011 1. 778e-011 -10.752 -10.750 0.002 FeHC03+ 1.543e-011 1.34ge-011 -10.812 -10.870 -0.059 FeOH+ 8.705e-012 7.606e-012 -11.060 -11.119 -0.059 FeCl+ 9.178e-014 8.020e-014 -13.037 -13.096 -0.059 FeHS04+ 2.650e-019 2.315e-019 -18.577 -18.635 -0.059
Fe (3) 1. 792e-006 Fe(OH)3 1.196e-006 1.201e-006 -5.922 -5.920 0.002 Fe(OH)4- 5.724e-007 5.001e-007 -6.242 -6.301 -0.059 Fe(OH)2+ 2.356e-008 2.05ge-008 -7.628 -7.686 -0.059 FeOH+2 2.324e-013 1.355e-013 -12.634 -12.868 -0.234 FeS04+ 1. 046e-018 9.141e-019 -17.980 -18.039 -0.059 Fe+3 1.345e-019 4.801e-020 -18.871 -19.319 -0.447 Fe(S04)2- 4.146e-020 3.623e-020 -19.382 -19.441 -0.059 FeCl+2 2.352e-021 1.371e-021 -20.629 -20.863 -0.234 FeC12+ 7.677e-024 6.70ge-024 -23.115 -23.173 -0.059 Fe2(OH)2+4 4.70ge-024 5.43ge-025 -23.327 -24.264 -0.937 FeHS04+2 8.391e-027 4.892e-027 -26.076 -26.311 -0.234 FeCl3 6.798e-028 6.828e-028 -27.168 -27.166 0.002 Fe3(OH)4+5 8.448e-029 2.898e-030 -28.073 -29.538 -1.465
H(O) 5.743e-029 H2 2.872e-029 2.884e-029 -28.542 -28.540 0.002
K 1.280e-004 K+ 1.264e-004 1.101e-004 -3.898 -3.958 -0.060 KS04- 1.554e-006 1.358e-006 -5.809 -5.867 -0.059 KOH 1.904e-010 1.913e-010 -9.720 -9.718 0.002
Mg 1.811e-003 Mg+2 1.403e-003 8.448e-004 -2.853 -3.073 -0.220 MgS04 3.395e-004 3.410e-004 -3.469 -3.467 0.002 MgC03 4.102e-005 4.120e-005 -4.387 -4.385 0.002 MgHC03+ 2.647e-005 2.313e-005 -4.577 -4.636 -0.059 MgOH+ 1.427e-006 1.247e-006 -5.846 -5.904 -0.059
Mn(2) 1.458e-005 MnC03 9.514e-006 9.555e-006 -5.022 -5.020 0.002 Mn+2 3.772e-006 2.272e-006 -5.423 -5.644 -0.220 MnS04 7.036e-007 7.067e-007 -6.153 -6.151 0.002 MnHC03+ 5.476e-007 4.785e-007 -6.262 -6.320 -0.059 MnOH+ 2.773e-008 2.423e-008 -7.557 -7.616 -0.059 MnCl+ 1.078e-008 9.421e-009 -7.967 -8.026 -0.059 MnC12 4.167e-012 4.185e-012 -11.380 -11.378 0.002 MnCl3- 1.343e-015 1.173e-015 -14.872 -14.931 -0.059
Mn (3) 1.685e-027 Mn+3 1.685e-027 5.006e-028 -26.773 -27.301 -0.527
97
Na 3.100e-003 Na+ 3.066e-003 2.684e-003 -2.513 -2.571 -0.058 NaS04- 2.773e-005 2.423e-005 -4.557 -4.616 -0.059 NaHC03 3.550e-006 3.566e-006 -5.450 -5.448 0.002 NaC03- 2.694e-006 2.354e-006 -5.570 -5.628 -0.059 NaOH 8.846e-009 8.884e-009 -8.053 -8.051 0.002
0(0) 1.782e-036 02 8.908e-037 8.947e-037 -36.050 -36.048 0.002
S (6) 4.126e-003 S04-2 3.097e-003 1.828e-003 -2.509 -2.738 -0.229 CaS04 6.597e-004 6.626e-004 -3.181 -3.179 0.002 MgS04 3.395e-004 3.410e-004 -3.469 -3.467 0.002 NaS04- 2.773e-005 2.423e-005 -4.557 -4.616 -0.059 KS04- 1.554e-006 1.358e-006 -5.809 -5.867 -0.059 MnS04 7.036e-007 7.067e-007 -6.153 -6.151 0.002 HS04- 3.861e-010 3.374e-010 -9.413 -9.472 -0.059 FeS04 1.771e-011 1.778e-011 -10.752 -10.750 0.002 CaHS04+ 8.618e-012 7.530e-012 -11.065 -11.123 -0.059 A1S04+ 2.925e-017 2.556e-017 -16.534 -16.593 -0.059 Al(S04)2- 1.672e-018 1.461e-018 -17.777 -17.835 -0.059 FeS04+ 1.046e-018 9.141e-019 -17.980 -18.039 -0.059 FeHS04+ 2.650e-019 2.315e-019 -18.577 -18.635 -0.059 Fe(S04)2- 4.146e-020 3.623e-020 -19.382 -19.441 -0.059 FeHS04+2 8.391e-027 4.892e-027 -26.076 -26.311 -0.234 A1HS04+2 7.604e-027 4.433e-027 -26.119 -26.353 -0.234
Si 9.662e-005 H4Si04 8.960e-005 9.000e-005 -4.048 -4.046 0.002 H3Si04- 7.018e-006 6.132e-006 -5.154 - 5.212 -0.059 H2Si04-2 3.081e-010 1.796e-010 -9.511 -9.746 -0.234
------------------------------Saturation indices---------------------------
Phase Sl log lAP log KT
Al(OH)3(a) -2.19 8.76 10.95 Al (OH) 3 Albite -2.01 2.75 4.76 NaA1Si308 Alunite -8.15 -9.26 -loll KA13(S04)2(OH)6 Anhydrite -1. 12 -5.47 -4.35 CaS04 Anorthite -1. 94 24.09 26.03 CaA12Si208 Aragonite 1. 31 -7.01 -8.32 CaC03 Ca-Montmorillonite -0.03 7.98 8.01
CaO.165A12.33Si3.67010(OH)2 Calcite 1.46 -7.01 -8.47 CaC03 Chalcedony -0.47 -4.05 -3.58 Si02 Chlorite (14A) 7.77 77.01 69.24 Mg5A12Si3010(OH)8 Chrysotile 2.40 34.89 32.49 Mg3Si205(OH)4 C02 (g) -3.52 -21.68 -18.15 CO2 Dolomite 2.68 -14.36 -17.04 CaMg(C03)2 Fe(OH)3(a) 1. 89 19.86 17.97 Fe(OH)3 Gibbsite 0.52 8.76 8.24 Al(OH)3 Goethite 7.70 19.86 12.16 FeOOH Gypsum -0.89 -5.47 -4.58 CaS04:2H20 H2 (g) -25.40 -25.40 0.00 H2 H20(g) -1. 57 -0.00 1. 57 H2O Halite -7.14 -5.56 1. 58 NaCl Hausmannite -0.93 60.67 61. 60 Mn304 Hematite 17.39 39.71 22.32 Fe203 Illite 0.31 12.41 12.11 KO.6MgO.25A12.3Si3.5010(OH)2 Jarosite-K -6.16 24.03 30.19 KFe3(S04)2(OH)6
98
K-feldspar -0.79 1. 36 2.16 KAlSi308 K-mica 5.84 18.88 13.04 KA13Si3010(OH)2 Kaolinite 1. 79 9.43 7.64 A12Si205(OH)4 Manganite -0.88 24.46 25.34 MnOOH Melanterite -10.74 -12.98 -2.24 FeS04:7H20 02(g) -33.10 50.80 83.90 02 pyrochroite -3.44 11.76 15.20 Mn(OH)2 Pyrolusite -4.59 37.16 41. 75 Mn02 Quartz -0.03 -4.05 -4.01 Si02 Rhodochrosite 1. 20 -9.92 -11.12 MnC03 Sepiolite 0.70 16.52 15.82 Mg2Si307.50H:3H20 Sepiolite (d) -2.14 16.52 18.66 Mg2Si307.50H:3H20 Siderite -3.64 -14.52 -10.88 FeC03 Si02 (a) -1. 31 -4.05 -2.73 Si02 Talc 5.13 26.80 21. 66 Mg3Si4010(OH)2
------------------
End of simulation. ------------------
Reading input data for simulation 2.
End of run.
99
Gallinas below WWTP (2-10) 7/24/2001 Dissolved Metals Database file: C:\program Files\USGS\Phreeqc Interactive 2.8\phreeqc.dat
Reading data base.
SOLUTION MASTER SPECIES SOLUTION SPECIES PHASES EXCHANGE MASTER SPECIES EXCHANGE SPECIES SURFACE MASTER SPECIES SURFACE SPECIES RATES END
Reading input data for simulation 1.
DATABASE C:\Program Files\USGS\Phreeqc Interactive 2.8\phreeqc.dat TITLE Class Example: Speciate Water Analysis. SOLUTION 1 units ppm
temp 23.9 pH 7.8 Al 0.04 Ca 110 Mg 24 Na 66.2 K 6.8 Fe 0.1 Mn 0.36 Si 6.7 as Si02 CI 52.3 Alkalinity 161 as HC03 S (6) 233
END
TITLE
Class Example: Speciate Water Analysis.
Beginning of initial solution calculations.
Initial solution 1: Gallinas below WWTP (2-10) 7/24/2001 Dissolved Metals
-----------------------------Solution composition--------------------------
Elements Molality Moles
Al 1.483e-006 1. 4 83e- 006 Alkalinity 2.640e-003 2.640e-003 Ca 2.746e-003 2.746e-003 CI 1.476e-003 1. 476e- 003 Fe 1.792e-006 1.792e-006 K 1. 740e-004 1.740e-004
100
Mg 9.878e-004 9.878e-004 Mn 6.557e-006 6.557e-006 Na 2.881e-003 2.881e-003 S (6) 2.427e-003 2.427e-003 Si 1.116e-004 1.116e-004
----------------------------Description of solution------------------------
pH 7.800 pe 4.000
Activity of water Ionic strength
Mass of water (kg) Total carbon (mol/kg)
Total C02 (mol/kg) Temperature (deg C)
Electrical balance (eg) Percent error, 100*(cat-iAni)/(Cat+iAni)
Iterations Total H Total 0
1. 000 1.372e-002 1.000e+000 2.681e-003 2.681e-003 23.900 1.573e-003
9.11 9
1.110155e+002 5.552434e+001
----------------------------Distribution of species------------------------
Log Log Log Species Molality Activity Molality Activity Gamma
OH- 6.554e-007 5.808e-007 -6.183 -6.236 -0.052 H+ 1.755e-008 1.585e-008 -7.756 -7.800 -0.044 H2O 5.551e+001 9.998e-001 1.744 -0.000 0.000
Al 1.483e-006 AI(OH)4- 1.471e-006 1.307e-006 -5.832 -5.884 -0.051 AI(OH)3 1.112e-008 1.116e-008 -7.954 -7.952 0.001 AI(OH)2+ 1.465e-009 1.302e-009 -8.834 -8.885 -0.051 AIOH+2 4.650e-012 2.901e-012 -11.333 -11. 537 -0.205 AIS04+ 2.103e-014 1.870e-014 -13.677 -13.728 -0.051 AI+3 1.244e-014 4.975e-015 -13.905 -14.303 -0.398 Al(S04)2- 7.978e-016 7.091e-016 -15.098 -15.149 -0.051 AIHS04+2 4.170e-023 2.602e-023 -22.380 -22.585 -0.205
C(4) 2.681e-003 HC03- 2.504e-003 2.235e-003 -2.601 -2.651 -0.049 CO2 8.052e-005 8.077e-005 -4.094 -4.093 0.001 CaHC03+ 4.648e-005 4.14ge-005 -4.333 -4.382 -0.049 CaC03 1.56ge-005 1.574e-005 -4.804 -4.803 0.001 MgHC03+ 1.545e-005 1.373e-005 -4.811 -4.862 -0.051 C03-2 1.018e-005 6.466e-006 -4.992 -5.189 -0.197 MgC03 3.191e-006 3.201e-006 -5.496 -5.495 0.001 NaHC03 3.190e-006 3.200e-006 -5.496 -5.495 0.001 MnC03 1.335e-006 1.33ge-006 -5.874 -5.873 0.001 MnHC03+ 5.844e-007 5.194e-007 -6.233 -6.284 -0.051 NaC03- 3.263e-007 2.900e-007 -6.486 -6.538 -0.051 FeHC03+ 6.797e-009 6.041e-009 -8.168 -8.219 -0.051 FeC03 4.180e-009 4.193e-009 -8.379 -8.377 0.001
Ca 2.746e-003 Ca+2 2.333e-003 1.480e-003 -2.632 -2.830 -0.198 CaS04 3.513e-004 3.524e-004 -3.454 -3.453 0.001 CaHC03+ 4.648e-005 4.14ge-005 -4.333 -4.382 -0.049 CaC03 1.56ge-005 1.574e-005 -4.804 -4.803 0.001 CaOH+ 1.744e-008 1.550e-008 -7.759 -7.810 -0.051
101
CaHS04+ 3.632e-011 3.228e-011 -10.440 -10.491 -0.051 CI 1.476e-003
CI- 1.476e-003 1.30ge-003 -2.831 -2.883 -0.052 MnCI+ 1.564e-008 1.390e-008 -7.806 -7.857 -0.051 FeCI+ 5.494e-011 4.883e-011 -10.260 -10.311 -0.051 MnCl2 7.918e-012 7.943e-012 -11.101 -11.100 0.001 MnCI3- 3.221e-015 2.863e-015 -14.492 -14.543 -0.051 FeCI+2 1.486e-018 9.273e-019 -17.828 -18.033 -0.205 FeCI2+ 6.317e-021 5.614e-021 -20.199 -20.251 -0.051 FeCl3 7.325e-025 7.348e-025 -24.135 -24.134 0.001
Fe (2) 5.946e-008 Fe+2 4.221e-008 2.703e-008 -7.375 -7.568 -0.194 FeHC03+ 6.797e-009 6.041e-009 -8.168 -8.219 -0.051 FeS04 5.661e-009 5.67ge-009 -8.247 -8.246 0.001 FeC03 4.180e-009 4.193e-009 -8.379 -8.377 0.001 FeOH+ 5.586e-010 4.965e-010 -9.253 -9.304 -0.051 FeCI+ 5.494e-011 4.883e-011 -10.260 -10.311 -0.051 FeHS04+ 6.632e-016 5.895e-016 -15.178 -15.230 -0.051
Fe(3) 1.732e-006 Fe(OH)3 1.434e-006 1.43ge-006 -5.843 -5.842 0.001 Fe(OH)2+ 2.090e-007 1.858e-007 -6.680 -6.731 -0.051 Fe(OH)4- 8.90ge-008 7.918e-008 -7.050 -7.101 -0.051 FeOH+2 1.486e-011 9.274e-012 -10.828 -11.033 -0.205 FeS04+ 3.527e-016 3.134e-016 -15.453 -15.504 -0.051 Fe+3 6.077e-017 2.430e-017 -16.216 -16.614 -0.398 Fe(S04)2- 9.262e-018 8.232e-018 -17.033 -17.085 -0.051 FeCI+2 1.486e-018 9.273e-019 -17.828 -18.033 -0.205 Fe2 (OH)2+4 1.598e-020 2.423e-021 -19.796 -20.616 -0.819 FeCI2+ 6.317e-021 5.614e-021 -20.199 -20.251 -0.051 FeHS04+2 2.133e-023 1.331e-023 -22.671 -22.876 -0.205 Fe3(OH)4+5 1.985e-024 1.041e-025 -23.702 -24.982 -1.280 FeCl3 7.325e-025 7.348e-025 -24.135 -24.134 0.001
H (0) 3.585e-027 H2 1.792e-027 1.798e-027 -26.747 -26.745 0.001
K 1.740e-004 K+ 1. 726e-004 1. 530e-004 -3.763 -3.815 -0.052 KS04- 1.431e-006 1.271e-006 -5.844 -5.896 -0.051 KOH 3.336e-011 3.347e-011 -10.477 -10.475 0.001
Mg 9.878e-004 Mg+2 8.246e-004 5.277e-004 -3.084 -3.278 -0.194 MgS04 1.445e-004 1.44ge-004 -3.840 -3.839 0.001 MgHC03+ 1.545e-005 1. 373e-005 -4.811 -4.862 -0.051 MgC03 3.191e-006 3.201e-006 -5.496 -5.495 0.001 MgOH+ 1.231e-007 1.094e-007 -6.910 -6.961 -0.051
Mn(2) 6.557e-006 Mn+2 4.072e-006 2.608e-006 -5.390 -5.584 -0.194 MnC03 1.335e-006 1.33ge-006 -5.874 -5.873 0.001 MnHC03+ 5.844e-007 5.194e-007 -6.233 -6.284 -0.051 MnS04 5.457e-007 5.474e-007 -6.263 -6.262 0.001 MnCI+ 1.564e-008 1.390e-008 -7.806 -7.857 -0.051 MnOH+ 4.348e-009 3.864e-009 -8.362 -8.413 -0.051 MnCl2 7.918e-012 7.943e-012 -11. 101 -11.100 0.001 MnCI3- 3.221e-015 2.863e-015 -14.492 -14.543 -0.051
Mn(3) 1.982e-027 Mn+3 1.982e-027 6.85ge-028 -26.703 -27.164 -0.461
102
Na 2.881e-003 Na+ 2.861e-003 2.546e-003 -2.544 -2.594 -0.051 NaS04- 1.71ge-005 1.528e-005 -4.765 -4.816 -0.051 NaHC03 3.190e-006 3.200e-006 -5.496 -5.495 0.001 NaC03- 3.263e-007 2.900e-007 -6.486 -6.538 -0.051 NaOH 1.058e-009 1.061e-009 -8.976 -8.974 0.001
0(0) 1.131e-039 02 5.657e-040 5.675e-040 -39.247 -39.246 0.001
S(6) 2.427e-003 804-2 1.912e-003 1.206e-003 -2.718 -2.919 -0.200 Ca804 3.513e-004 3.524e-004 -3.454 -3.453 0.001 MgS04 1. 445e- 004 1.44ge-004 -3.840 -3.839 0.001 Na804- 1.71ge-005 1.528e-005 -4.765 -4.816 -0.051 K804- 1.431e-006 1.271e-006 -5.844 -5.896 -0.051 MnS04 5.457e-007 5.474e-007 -6.263 -6.262 0.001 FeS04 5.661e-009 5.67ge-009 -8.247 -8.246 0.001 HS04- 2.041e-009 1. 814e- 009 -8.690 -8.741 -0.051 CaH804+ 3.632e-011 3.228e-011 -10.440 -10.491 -0.051 A1S04+ 2.103e-014 1. 870e-014 -13 .677 -13.728 -0.051 Al(S04)2- 7.978e-016 7.091e-016 -15.098 -15.149 -0.051 FeH804+ 6.632e-016 5.895e-016 -15.178 -15.230 -0.051 FeS04+ 3.527e-016 3.134e-016 -15.453 -15.504 -0.051 Fe(804)2- 9.262e-018 8.232e-018 -17.033 -17.085 -0.051 AIHS04+2 4.170e-023 2.602e-023 -22.380 -22.585 -0.205 FeHS04+2 2.133e-023 1.331e-023 -22.671 -22.876 -0.205
Si 1.116e-004 H4Si04 1.105e-004 1.108e-004 -3.957 -3.955 0.001 H38i04- 1.116e-006 9.920e-007 -5.952 -6.003 -0.051 H2Si04-2 6.34ge-012 3.962e-012 -11.197 -11.402 -0.205
------------------------------8aturation indices---------------------------
Phase 81 log lAP log KT
Al(OH)3(a) Albite Alunite Anhydrite Anorthite
-1. 78 -2.27 -4.50 -1. 39 -2.76
Aragonite 0.31
9.10 10.87 2.44 4.71
-5.76 -1. 26 -5.75 -4.36 23.05 25.81 -8.02 -8.33
Al(OH)3 NaA18i308 KA13(804)2(OH)6 CaS04 CaA128i208 CaC03
Ca-Montmorillonite 0.89 CaO.165A12.33Si3.67010(OH)2
8.79 7.89
Calcite 0.45 -8.02 -8.47 CaC03 Chalcedony -0.39 -3.96 -3.56 8i02 Chlorite (14A) -0.85 67.94 68.79 Mg5A12Si3010(OH)8 Chrysotile -3.28 29.06 32.34 Mg38i205(OH)4 C02 (g) -2.64 -20.79 -18.15 CO2 Dolomite 0.58 -16.49 -17.06 CaMg(C03)2 Fe(OH)3(a) 1. 89 19.83 17.94 Fe(OH)3 Gibbsite 0.92 9.10 8.17 Al (OH)3 Goethite 7.75 19.83 12.09 FeOOH Gypsum -1.17 -5.75 -4.58 Ca804:2H20 H2 (g) -23.60 -23.60 0.00 H2 H20(g) -1.54 -0.00 1. 54 H2O Halite -7.06 -5.48 1. 58 NaCl Hausmannite -7.65 53.65 61. 30 Mn304 Hematite 17.50 39.66 22.17 Fe203 Illite 0.57 12.55 11.98 KO.6MgO.25A12.3Si3.5010(OH)2 Jarosite-K -3.57 26.44 30.01 KFe3(S04)2(OH)6
103
K-feldspar -0.91 1. 22 2.12 KAlSi308 K-mica 6.54 19.41 12.86 KA13Si3010(OH)2 Kaolinite 2.75 10.28 7.53 A12Si205(OH)4 Manganite -3.52 21.82 25.34 MnOOH Melanterite -8.26 -10.49 -2.22 FeS04:7H20 02 (g) -36.29 47.20 83.49 02 pyrochroite -5.18 10.02 15.20 Mn(OH)2 Pyrolusite -7.94 33.62 41. 56 Mn02 Quartz 0.04 -3.96 -4.00 Si02 Rhodochrosite 0.35 -10.77 -11. 13 MnC03 Sepiolite -3.01 12.78 15.79 Mg2Si307.50H:3H20 Sepiolite (d) -5.88 12.78 18.66 Mg2Si307.50H:3H20 Siderite -1.87 -12.76 -10.88 FeC03 Si02(a) -1. 23 -3.96 -2.72 Si02 Talc -0.38 21.15 21. 52 Mg3Si4010(OH)2
------------------
End of simulation. ------------------
Reading input data for simulation 2.
End of run.
104
Gallinas @ San Augustin (2-13) 7/24/2001 Dissolved Metals Database file: C:\Program Files\USGS\Phreeqc Interactive 2.8\phreeqc.dat
Reading database.
SOLUTION MASTER SPECIES SOLUTION SPECIES PHASES EXCHANGE MASTER SPECIES EXCHANGE SPECIES SURFACE MASTER SPECIES SURFACE SPECIES RATES END
Reading input data for simulation 1.
TITLE
DATABASE C:\Program Files\USGS\Phreeqc Interactive 2.8\phreeqc.dat TITLE Class Example: Speciate Water Analysis. SOLUTION 1 units ppm
END
temp 26.1 pH 8.6 Al 0.01 Ca 89 Mg 18 Na K Fe Mn Si CI Alkalinity S (6)
50.4 5.1S 0.1 0.044 4.5 as Si02 36.8 141 as HC03 191
Class Example: Speciate Water Analysis.
Beginning of initial solution calculations.
Initial solution 1: Gallinas @ San Augustin (2-13) 7/24/2001 Diss. Metals
-----------------------------Solution composition--------------------------Elements Molality Moles
Al 3.708e-007 3.708e-007 Alkalinity 2.312e-003 2.312e-003 Ca 2.222e-003 2.222e-003 CI 1.03ge-003 1.03ge-003 Fe 1.792e-006 1.792e-006 K 1.325e-004 1.325e-004 Mg 7.40Se-004 7.408e-004
105
Mn Na S (6)
si
8.013e-007 8.013e-007 2.193e-003 2.193e-003 1.98ge-003 1.98ge-003 7.493e-005 7.493e-005
----------------------------Description of solution------------------------
pH 8.600 pe 4.000
Activity of water Ionic strength
Mass of water (kg) Total carbon (mol/kg)
Total C02 (mol/kg) Temperature (deg C)
Electrical balance (eq) Percent error, 100*(Cat-IAnI)/(Cat+IAni)
Iterations Total H Total 0
1.000 1.097e-002 1.000e+000 2.16ge-003 2.16ge-003 26.100 9.264e-004 6.78 7
1.110148e+002 5.552098e+001
----------------------------Distribution of species------------------------
Log Log Log Species Molality Activity Molality Activity Gamma
OH- 4.831e-006 4.328e-006 -5.316 -5.364 -0.048 H+ 2.75ge-009 2.512e-009 -8.559 -8.600 -0.041 H2O 5.551e+001 9.998e-001 1.744 -0.000 0.000
Al 3.708e-007 Al(OH)4- 3.704e-007 3.326e-007 -6.431 -6.478 -0.047 Al(OH)3 4.355e-010 4.366e-010 -9.361 -9.360 0.001 Al(OH)2+ 7.651e-012 6.871e-012 -11.116 -11.163 -0.047 AIOH+2 3.078e-015 2.002e-015 -14.512 -14.699 -0.187 AlS04+ 1.782e-018 1.600e-018 -17.749 -17.796 -0.047 Al+3 1.098e-018 4.715e-019 -17.959 -18.327 -0.367 Al(S04)2- 5.994e-020 5.383e-020 -19.222 -19.269 -0.047 AIHS04+2 5.534e-028 3.600e-028 -27.257 -27.444 -0.187
C(4) 2.16ge-003 HC03- 1.978e-003 1.783e-003 -2.704 -2.749 -0.045 CaC03 7.14ge-00S 7.167e-00S -4.146 -4.145 0.001 C03-2 5.1S3e-00S 3.403e-005 -4.288 -4.468 -0.180 CaHC03+ 3.145e-00S 2.83Se-005 -4.S02 -4.S47 -0.04S MgC03 1.342e-00S 1.346e-00S -4.872 -4.871 0.001 CO2 9.91Se-006 9.940e-006 -S.004 -S.003 0.001 MgHC03+ 9.S16e-006 8.S46e-006 -S.022 -S.068 -0.047 NaHC03 1.9Sge-006 1.964e-006 -S.708 -S.707 0.001 NaC03- 1.460e-006 1.312e-006 -S.835 -S.882 -0.047 MnC03 4.712e-007 4.724e-007 -6.327 -6.326 0.001 MnHC03+ 3.093e-008 2.777e-008 -7.S10 -7.SS6 -0.047 FeC03 4.928e-011 4.941e-011 -10.307 -10.306 0.001 FeHC03+ 1.202e-011 1.07ge-011 -10.920 -10.967 -0.047
Ca 2.222e-003 Ca+2 1.8S8e-003 1.226e-003 -2.731 -2.912 -0.181 CaS04 2.608e-004 2.61Se-004 -3.584 -3.S83 0.001 CaC03 7.14ge-00S 7.167e-00S -4.146 -4.145 0.001 CaHC03+ 3.14Se-00S 2.83Se-005 -4.502 -4.S47 -0.04S CaOH+ 9.017e-008 8.098e-008 -7.04S -7.092 -0.047 CaHS04+ 4.34Se-012 3.902e-012 -11.362 -11.409 -0.047
106
Cl 1.03ge-003 Cl- 1.03ge-003 9.30ge-004 -2.984 -3.031 -0.048 MnCl+ 7.380e-010 6.628e-010 -9.132 -9.179 -0.047 MnC12 2.686e-013 2.693e-013 -12.571 -12.570 0.001 FeCl+ 8.661e-014 7.778e-014 -13.062 -13.109 -0.047 MnC13- 7.68ge-017 6.905e-017 -16.114 -16.161 -0.047 FeCl+2 2.747e-021 1.787e-021 -20.561 -20.748 -0.187 FeC12+ 7.990e-024 7.175e-024 -23.097 -23.144 -0.047 FeC13 6.663e-028 6.680e-028 -27.176 -27.175 0.001
Fe(2) 1.732e-010 Fe+2 9 .102e-0 11 6.053e-011 -10.041 -10.218 -0.177 FeC03 4.928e-011 4.941e-011 -10.307 -10.306 0.001 FeHC03+ 1.202e-011 1.07ge-011 -10.920 -10.967 -0.047 FeS04 1.15ge-011 1.162e-011 -10.936 -10.935 0.001 FeOH+ 9.208e-012 8.26ge-012 -11.036 -11.083 -0.047 FeCl+ 8.661e-014 7.778e-014 -13.062 -13.109 -0.047 FeHS04+ 2.145e-019 1. 927e-019 -18.669 -18.7l5 -0.047
Fe(3) 1.791e-006 Fe(OH)3 1.240e-006 1.244e-006 -5.906 -5.905 0.001 Fe(OH)4- 5.253e-007 4.717e-007 -6.280 -6.326 -0.047 Fe(OH)2+ 2.574e-008 2.312e-008 -7.589 -7.636 -0.047 FeOH+2 2.587e-013 1.683e-013 -12.587 -12.774 -0.187 FeS04+ 8.125e-019 7.297e-019 -18.090 -18.137 -0.047 Fe+3 1.430e-019 6.138e-020 -18.845 -19.212 -0.367 Fe(S04)2- 1.88ge-020 1. 697e-020 -19.724 -19.770 -0.047 FeCl+2 2.747e-021 1.787e-021 -20.561 -20.748 -0.187 FeC12+ 7.990e-024 7.175e-024 -23.097 -23.144 -0.047 Fe2(OH)2+4 4.068e-024 7.283e-025 -23.391 -24.138 -0.747 FeHS04+2 7.545e-027 4.908e-027 -26.122 -26.309 -0.187 FeC13 6.663e-028 6.680e-028 -27.176 -27.175 0.001 Fe3(OH)4+5 4.674e-029 3.180e-030 -28.330 -29.498 -1.167
H(O) 8.814e-029 H2 4.407e-029 4.418e-029 -28.356 -28.355 0.001
K 1.325e-004 K+ 1. 315e-004 1.17ge-004 -3.881 -3.928 -0.048 KS04- 9.951e-007 8.937e-007 -6.002 -6.049 -0.047
KOH 1.623e-010 1.627e-010 -9.790 -9.789 0.001
Mg 7.408e-004 Mg+2 6.134e-004 4.076e-004 -3.212 -3.390 -0.178
MgS04 1.037e-004 1.040e-004 -3.984 -3.983 0.001
MgC03 1.342e-005 1. 346e-005 -4.872 -4.871 0.001 MgHC03+ 9.516e-006 8.546e-006 -5.022 -5.068 -0.047
MgOH+ 7.241e-007 6.503e-007 -6.140 -6.187 -0.047 Mn(2) 8.013e-007
MnC03 4.712e-007 4.724e-007 -6.327 -6.326 0.001 Mn+2 2.628e-007 1.748e-007 -6.580 -6.758 -0.177 MnS04 3.350e-008 3.358e-008 -7.475 -7.474 0.001 MnHC03+ 3.093e-008 2.777e-008 -7.510 -7.556 -0.047 MnOH+ 2.177e-009 1.955e-009 -8.662 -8.709 -0.047
MnCl+ 7.380e-010 6.628e-010 -9.132 -9.179 -0.047 MnC12 2.686e-013 2.693e-013 -12.571 -12.570 0.001 MnC13 - 7.68ge-017 6.905e-017 -16.114 -16.161 -0.047
Mn(3) 1.668e-028 Mn+3 1.668e-028 6.338e-029 -27.778 -28.198 -0.420
107
Na 2.193e-003 Na+ 2.178e-003 1.95ge-003 -2.662 -2.708 -0.046 NaS04- 1.165e-005 1.046e-005 -4.934 -4.980 -0.047 NaHC03 1.95ge-006 1. 964e-006 -5.708 -5.707 0.001 NaC03- 1.460e-006 1. 312e-006 -5.835 -5.882 -0.047 NaOH 5.138e-009 5.151e-009 -8.289 -8.288 0.001
0(0) 9.615e-036 02 4.808e-036 4.820e-036 -35.318 -35.317 0.001
S(6) 1.98ge-003 S04-2 1. 612e-003 1. 058e-003 -2.793 -2.975 -0.183 CaS04 2.608e-004 2.615e-004 -3.584 -3.583 0.001 MgS04 1. 037e-004 1.040e-004 -3.984 -3.983 0.001 NaS04- 1.165e-005 1. 046e-005 -4.934 -4.980 -0.047 KS04- 9.951e-007 8.937e-007 -6.002 -6.049 -0.047 MnS04 3.350e-008 3.358e-008 -7.475 -7.474 0.001 HS04- 2.948e-010 2.647e-010 -9.530 -9.577 -0.047 FeS04 1.15ge-011 1. 162e-011 -10.936 -10.935 0.001 CaHS04+ 4.345e-012 3.902e-012 -11.362 -11.409 -0.047 A1S04+ 1.782e-018 1.600e-018 -17.749 -17.796 -0.047 FeS04+ 8.125e-019 7.297e-019 -18.090 -18.137 -0.047 FeHS04+ 2.145e-019 1.927e-019 -18.669 -18.715 -0.047 Al(S04)2- 5.994e-020 5.383e-020 -19.222 -19.269 -0.047 Fe(S04)2- 1.88ge-020 1.697e-020 -19.724 -19.770 -0.047 FeHS04+2 7.545e-027 4.908e-027 -26.122 -26.309 -0.187 AIHS04+2 5.534e-028 3.600e-028 -27.257 -27.444 -0.187
Si 7.493e-005 H4Si04 7.016e-005 7.034e-005 -4.154 -4.153 0.001 H3Si04- 4.775e-006 4.28ge-006 -5.321 -5.368 -0.047 H2Si04-2 1.917e-010 1.247e-010 -9.717 -9.904 -0.187
------------------------------8aturation indices---------------------------
Phase 8I log lAP log KT
Al(OH)3(a) -3.26 7.47 10.73 Al(OH)3 Albite -3.71 0.91 4.62 NaA18i308 Alunite -11.72 -13.26 -1. 54 KA13 (804) 2 (OH) 6 Anhydrite -1.52 -5.89 -4.37 Ca804 Anorthite -4.49 20.93 25.42 CaA12Si208 Aragonite 0.96 -7.38 -8.34 CaC03 Ca-Montmorillonite -3.14 4.53 7.67
CaO.165A12.33Si3.67010(OH)2 Calcite 1.11 -7.38 -8.49 CaC03 Chalcedony -0.61 -4.15 -3.54 Si02 Chlori te (14A) 3.57 71. 54 67.97 Mg5A12Si3010(OH)8 Chrysotile 1. 06 33.12 32.07 Mg3Si205(OH)4 C02 (g) -3.52 -21.67 -18.15 CO2 Dolomite 1. 88 -15.24 -17.12 CaMg(C03)2 Fe(OH)3(a) 1. 70 19.58 17.88 Fe(OH)3 Gibbsite -0.58 7.47 8.05 Al(OH)3 Goethite 7.63 19.58 11.95 FeOOH Gypsum -1.31 -5.89 -4.58 CaS04:2H20 H2 (g) -25.20 -25.20 0.00 H2 H20(g) -1. 48 -0.00 1. 48 H2O Halite -7.32 -5.74 1. 58 NaCl Hausmannite -4.23 56.53 60.76 Mn304 Hematite 17.27 39.16 21. 90 Fe203 Illite -2.84 8.91 11. 75 KO.6MgO.25A12.3Si3.5010(OH)2 Jarosite-K -6.62 23.07 29.69 KFe3(S04)2(OH)6
108
K-feldspar -2.37 -0.31 2.06 KA1Si308 K-mica 2.09 14.63 12.54 KA13Si3010(OH)2 Kaolinite -0.70 6.64 7.34 A12Si205(OH)4 Manganite -2.30 23.04 25.34 MnOOH Melanterite -11.00 -13.19 -2.20 FeS04:7H20 02 (g) -32.35 50.40 82.75 02 pyrochroite -4.76 10.44 15.20 Mn(OH)2 Pyrolusite -5.56 35.64 41. 20 Mn02 Quartz -0.19 -4.15 -3.96 Si02 Rhodochrosite -0.09 -11.23 -11.13 MnC03 Sepiolite -0.57 15.16 15.73 Mg2Si307.50H:3H20 Sepiolite (d) -3.50 15.16 18.66 Mg2Si307.50H:3H20 Siderite -3.79 -14.69 -10.90 FeC03 Si02 (a) -1.45 -4.15 -2.70 Si02 Talc 3.55 24.82 21. 27 Mg3Si4010(OH)2
------------------
End of simulation. ------------------
Reading input data for simulation 2.
End of run.
109
Ga11inas Headwaters (2-01) 5/29/2001 Dissolved Metals. Database file: C:\program Files\USGS\Phreeqc Interactive 2.8\phreeqc.dat
Reading database.
SOLUTION MASTER SPECIES SOLUTION SPECIES PHASES EXCHANGE MASTER SPECIES EXCHANGE SPECIES SURFACE MASTER SPECIES SURFACE SPECIES RATES END
Reading input data for simulation 1.
TITLE
DATABASE C:\Program Files\USGS\Phreeqc Interactive 2.8\phreeqc.dat TITLE Class Example: Speciate Water Analysis. SOLUTION 1 units ppm
temp 7.32 pH 7.9 Al 0.02 Ca 18 Mg 1 Na 5 K 5 Fe 0.1 Mn 0.003 si 4 as Si02 Cl 10 Alkalinity 47.2 as HC03 S (6) 10
END
Class Example: Speciate Water Analysis.
Beginning of initial solution calculations.
Initial solution 1: Gallinas Headwaters (2-01) 5/29/2001 Dissolved Metals.
-----------------------------Solution composition--------------------------
Elements Molality Moles
Al 7.413e-007 7.413e-007 Alkalinity 7.736e-004 7.736e-004 Ca 4.491e-004 4.491e-004 Cl 2.821e-004 2.821e-004 Fe 1.791e-006 1.791e-006 K 1.27ge-004 1.27ge-004
110
Mg 4.114e-005 4.114e-005 Mn 5.461e-008 5.461e-008 Na 2.175e-004 2.175e-004 S (6) 1.041e-004 1.041e-004 si 6.658e-005 6.658e-005
----------------------------Description of solution------------------------
pH 7.900 pe 4.000
Activity of water Ionic strength
Mass of water (kg) Total carbon (mol/kg)
Total C02 (mol/kg) Temperature (deg C)
Electrical balance (eq) Percent error, 100*(Cat-IAnl)/ (Cat+IAnI)
Iterations Total H Total 0
1.000 1.861e-003 1.000e+000 7.942e-004 7.942e-004
7.320 6.660e-005 2.61 9
1. 110l35e+002 5.550926e+001
----------------------------Distribution of species------------------------
Al
C (4)
Ca
Species
OH-H+ H2O
Al(OH)4-Al(OH)3 Al(OH)2+ A1OH+2 Al+3 A1S04+ Al(S04)2-A1HS04+2
HC03-CO2 CaHC03+ C03-2 CaC03 MgHC03+ NaHC03 MgC03 FeHC03+ FeC03 MnC03 NaC03-MnHC03+
Ca+2 CaS04 CaHC03+
Molality
1.912e-007 1.315e-008 5.551e+001
7.4l3e-007 7.338e-007 5.401e-009 2.105e-009 2.16ge-011 1.117e-013 1.605e-014 3.812e-017 1. 842e-023
7.942e-004 7.601e-004 2.828e-005 2.394e-006 2.07ge-006 8.56ge-007 2.870e-007 8.470e-008 4.240e-008 2.434e-008 1.328e-008 5.301e-009 2.716e-009 2.614e-009
4.491e-004 4.40ge-004 5.034e-006 2.394e-006
Activity
1.825e-007 1.25ge-008 1.000e+000
7.004e-007 5.404e-009 2.00ge-009 1.800e-011 7.53ge-014 1.532e-014 3.638e-017 1.52ge-023
7.261e-004 2.82ge-005 2.287e-006 1.731e-006 8.573e-007 2.73ge-007 8.473e-008 4.242e-008 2.323e-008 1.32ge-008 5.303e-009 2.593e-009 2.496e-009
3.670e-004 5.036e-006 2.287e-006
Log Molality
-6.718 -7.881 1.744
-6. l34 -8.268 -8.677
-10.664 -12.952 -l3.795 -16.419 -22.735
-3.119 -4.549 -5.621 -5.682 -6.067 -6.542 -7.072 -7.373 -7.614 -7.877 -8.276 -8.566 -8.583
-3.356 -5.298 -5.62;1.
Log Activity
-6.739 -7.900 -0.000
-6.155 -8.267 -8.697
-10.745 -13.123 -l3.815 -16.439 -22.816
-3.l39 -4.548 -5.641 -5.762 -6.067 -6.562 -7.072 -7.372 -7.634 -7.877 -8.275 -8.586 -8.603
-3.435 -5.298 -5.641
Log Gamma
-0.020 -0.019 0.000
-0.020 0.000
-0.020 -0.081 -0.171 -0.020 -0.020 -0.081
-0.020 0.000
-0.020 -0.079 0.000
-0.020 0.000 0.000
-0.020 0.000 0.000
-0.020 -0.020
-0.080 0.000
-0.020
111
CaC03 8.56ge-007 8.573e-007 -6.067 -6.067 0.000 CaOH+ 5.06ge-009 4.838e-009 -8.295 -8.315 -0.020 CaHS04+ 3.250e-013 3.102e-013 -12.488 -12.508 -0.020
CI 2.821e-004 CI- 2.821e-004 2.692e-004 -3.550 -3.570 -0.020 FeCI+ 1.245e-010 1.18ge-010 -9.905 -9.925 -0.020 MnCI+ 4.430e-011 4.22ge-011 -10.354 -10.374 -0.020 MnCl2 4.967e-015 4.96ge-015 -14.304 -14.304 0.000 FeCI+2 5.888e-019 4.887e-019 -18.230 -18.311 -0.081 MnCI3- 3.85ge-019 3.684e-019 -18.414 -18.434 -0.020 FeCI2+ 1.117e-021 1.066e-021 -20.952 -20.972 -0.020 FeCl3 2.86ge-026 2.870e-026 -25.542 -25.542 0.000
Fe(2) 4.268e-007 Fe+2 3.837e-007 3.19ge-007 -6.416 - 6 . 4 95 -0.079 FeHC03+ 2.434e-008 2.323e-008 -7.614 -7.634 -0.020 FeC03 1.328e-008 1. 32 ge - 0 08 -7.877 -7.877 0.000 FeS04 3.306e-009 3.307e-009 -8.481 -8.481 0.000 FeOH+ 2.067e-009 1.973e-009 -8.685 -8.705 -0.020 FeCI+ 1.245e-010 1.18ge-010 -9.905 -9.925 -0.020 FeHS04+ 2.833e-016 2.704e-016 -15.548 -15.568 -0.020
Fe(3) 1. 364e-006 Fe(OH)3 1. 076e-006 1.076e-006 -5.968 -5.968 0.000 Fe(OH)2+ 2.500e-007 2.386e-007 -6.602 -6.622 -0.020 Fe (OB) 4- 3.837e-008 3.663e-008 -7.416 -7.436 -0.020 FeOH+2 2.22ge-011 1.850e-011 -10.652 -10.733 -0.081 Fe+3 1.617e-016 1.091e-016 -15.791 -15.962 -0.171 FeS04+ 6.776e-017 6.468e-017 -16.169 -16.189 -0.020 FeCI+2 5.888e-019 4.887e-019 -18.230 -18.311 -0.081 Fe(S04)2- 1.12ge-019 1.078e-019 -18.947 -18.968 -0.020 Fe2(OH)2+4 4.220e-020 2.003e-020 -19.375 -19.698 -0.324 FeCI2+ 1.117e-021 1.066e-021 -20.952 -20.972 -0.020 Fe3(OH)4+5 1.812e-023 5.657e-024 -22.742 -23.247 -0.506 FeHS04+2 2.790e-024 2.316e-024 -23.554 -23.635 -0.081 FeCl3 2.86ge-026 2.870e-026 -25.542 -25.542 0.000
H (0) 2.705e-027 H2 1.352e-027 1.353e-027 -26.869 -26.869 0.000
K 1.27ge-004 K+ 1.278e-004 1.220e-004 -3.893 - 3.914 -0.020 KS04- 5.302e-008 5.061e-008 -7.276 -7.296 -0.020 KOH 3.358e-011 3.35ge-011 -10.474 -10.474 0.000
Mg 4.114e-005 Mg+2 4.041e-005 3.368e-005 -4.394 -4.473 -0.079 MgS04 3.987e-007 3.98ge-007 -6.399 -6.399 0.000 MgHC03+ 2.870e-007 2.73ge-007 -6.542 -6.562 -0.020 MgC03 4.240e-008 4.242e-008 -7.373 -7.372 0.000 MgOH+ 1.865e-009 1.780e-009 -8.729 -8.750 -0.020
Mn(2) 5.461e-008 Mn+2 4.624e-008 3.856e-008 -7.335 -7.414 -0.079 MnC03 5.301e-009 5.303e-009 -8.276 -8.275 0.000 MnHC03+ 2.614e-009 2.496e-009 -8.583 -8.603 -0.020 MnS04 3.925e-010 3.927e-010 -9.406 -9.406 0.000 MnCI+ 4.430e-011 4.22ge-011 -10.354 -10.374 -0.020 MnOH+ 1.782e-011 1. 701e-011 -10.749 -10.769 -0.020 MnCl2 4.967e-015 4.96ge-015 -14.304 -14.304 0.000 MnCI3- 3.85ge-019 3.684e-019 -18.414 -18.434 -0.020
Mn(3) 1.164e-030 Mn+3 1.164e-030 7.657e-031 -29.934 -30.116 -0.182
112
Na 2.175e-004 Na+ 2.173e-004 2.075e-004 -3.663 -3.683 -0.020 NaHC03 8.470e-008 8.473e-008 -7.072 -7.072 0.000 NaS04- 7.927e-008 7.567e-008 -7.101 -7.121 -0.020 NaC03- 2.716e-009 2.593e-009 -8.566 -8.586 -0.020 NaOH 1.08ge-010 1.08ge-010 -9.963 -9.963 0.000
0(0) O.OOOe+OOO 02 O.OOOe+OOO O.OOOe+OOO -44.708 -44.70B 0.000
S (6) 1.041e-004 S04-2 9.B54e-005 8.196e-005 -4.006 -4.086 -0.080 CaS04 5.034e-006 5.036e-006 -5.298 -5.298 0.000 MgS04 3.987e-007 3.98ge-007 -6.399 -6.399 0.000 NaS04- 7.927e-008 7.567e-008 -7.101 -7.121 -0.020 KS04- 5.302e-008 5.061e-008 -7.276 -7.296 -0.020 FeS04 3.306e-009 3.307e-009 -8.481 -8.481 0.000 MnS04 3.925e-010 3.927e-010 -9.406 -9.406 0.000 HS04- 7.365e-011 7.030e-011 -10.133 -10.153 -0.020 CaHS04+ 3.250e-013 3.102e-013 -12.488 -12.508 -0.020 A1S04+ 1.605e-014 1.532e-014 -13.795 -13.815 -0.020 FeHS04+ 2.833e-016 2.704e-016 -15.548 -15.568 -0.020 FeS04+ 6.776e-017 6.46Be-017 -16.169 -16.1B9 -0.020 Al(S04)2- 3.812e-017 3.638e-017 -16.419 -16.439 -0.020 Fe(S04)2- 1.12ge-019 1.078e-019 -18.947 -18.968 -0.020 AIHS04+2 1.B42e-023 1.52ge-023 -22.735 -22.816 -0.081 FeHS04+2 2.790e-024 2.316e-024 -23.554 -23.635 -0.081
Si 6.658e-005 H4Si04 6.617e-005 6.620e-005 -4.179 -4.179 0.000 H3Si04- 4.064e-007 3.87ge-007 -6.391 -6.411 -0.020 H2Si04-2 7.01ge-013 5.826e-013 -12.154 -12.235 -0.081
------------------------------Saturation indices---------------------------
Phase Sl log lAP log KT
Al(OH)3(a) -1. 45 10.58 12.02 Al (OH) 3 Albite -3.18 2.26 5.43 NaA1Si30B Alunite -4.98 -4.05 0.92 KA13(S04)2(OH)6 Anhydrite -3.18 -7.52 -4.34 CaS04 Anorthite -3.B5 25.16 29.01 CaA12Si20B Aragonite -0.95 -9.20 -8.24 CaC03 Ca-Montmorillonite 1. 68 11.35 9.67
CaO.165A12.33Si3.67010(OH)2 Calcite -0.80 -9.20 -B.40 CaC03 Chalcedony -0.41 -4.18 -3.77 Si02 Chlorite (14A) -10.13 65.25 75.38 Mg5A12Si3010(OH)8 Chrysotile -8.90 25.62 34.53 Mg3Si205(OH)4 C02 (g) -3.32 -21.56 -18.24 CO2 Dolomite -2.78 -19.43 -16.65 CaMg(C03)2 Fe (OH) 3 (a) 2.85 21. 21 18.36 Fe(OH)3 Gibbsite 1. 41 10.5B 9.16 Al (OH)3 Goethite B.07 21. 21 13 .l4 FeOOH Gypsum -2.93 -7.52 -4.60 CaS04:2H20 H2(g) -23.BO -23.80 0.00 H2 H20(g) -2.00 -0.00 2.00 H2O Halite -8.79 -7.25 1. 54 NaCl Hausmannite -16.72 48.96 65.68 Mn304 Hematite 18.06 42.41 24.35 Fe203 Illite 1. 06 14.92 13.86 KO.6MgO.25A12.3Si3.5010(OH)2 Jarosite-K -4.81 27.83 32.64 KFe3(S04)2(OH)6
113
K-feldspar -0.61 2.03 2.63 KAlSi308 K-mica 7.73 23.18 15.45 KA13Si3010(OH)2 Kaolinite 3.73 12.80 9.07 A12Si205(OH)4 Manganite -5.05 20.29 25.34 MnOOH Melanterite -8.13 -10.58 -2.45 FeS04:7H20 02 (g) -41.83 47.60 89.43 02 pyrochroite -6.81 8.39 15.20 Mn(OH)2 Pyrolusite -12.20 32.19 44.39 Mn02 Quartz 0.08 -4.18 -4.26 Si02 Rhodochrosite -2.11 -13.18 -11.06 MnC03 Sepiolite -6.14 10.12 16.25 Mg2Si307.50H:3H20 Sepiolite (d) -8.54 10.12 18.66 Mg2Si307.50H:3H20 Siderite -1. 48 -12.26 -10.78 FeC03 Si02(a) -1. 31 -4.18 -2.87 Si02 Talc -6.27 17.27 23.54 Mg3Si4010(OH)2
------------------
End of simulation. ------------------
Reading input data for simulation 2.
End of run.
114
Gallinas Headwaters (2-01) 7/24/2001 Dissolved Metals. Database file: C:\program Files\USGS\Phreeqc Interactive 2.8\phreeqc.dat
Reading database.
SOLUTION MASTER SPECIES SOLUTION SPECIES PHASES EXCHANGE MASTER SPECIES EXCHANGE SPECIES SURFACE MASTER SPECIES SURFACE SPECIES RATES END
Reading input data for simulation 1.
TITLE
DATABASE C:\program Files\USGS\Phreeqc Interactive 2.8\phreeqc.dat TITLE Class Example: Speciate Water Analysis. SOLUTION 1
units ppm temp 12.2 pH 7.6 Al 0.16 Ca 23 Mg 2 Na 5 K 5 Fe 0.1 Mn 0.026 Si 4.9 as Si02 CI 10 Alkalinity 67.2 as HC03 S (6) 10
END
Class Example: Speciate Water Analysis.
Beginning of initial solution calculations.
Initial solution 1: Gallinas Headwaters (2-01) 7/24/2001 Dissolved Metals.
-----------------------------Solution composition--------------------------
Elements Molality Moles
Al S.931e-006 S.931e-006 Alkalinity 1.101e-003 1.10Ie-003 Ca S.73ge-004 S.73ge-004 CI 2.82Ie-004 2.B2Ie-004 Fe 1. 791e-006 1.791e-006
115
K 1.27ge-004 1.27ge-004 Mg B.227e-005 B.227e-005 Mn 4.733e-007 4.733e-007 Na 2.175e-004 2.175e-004 S (6) 1.041e-004 1.041e-004 Si B.156e-005 B.156e-005
----------------------------Description of solution------------------------
pH 7.600 pe
Activity of water Ionic strength
Mass of water (kg) Total carbon (mol/kg)
Total C02 (mol/kg) Temperature (deg C)
Electrical balance (eq) Percent error, 100*(Cat-jAnll/(Cat+IAnI)
Iterations Total H Total 0
4.000 1.000
2.337e-003 1.000e+000 1.144e-003 1.144e-003 12.200 B.73Be-005
2.74 9
1.11013ge+002 5.551035e+00l
----------------------------Distribution of species------------------------
Log Log Log Species Molality Activity Molality Activity Gamma
OH- 1.4Bge-007 1.413e-007 -6.B27 -6.B50 -0.023 H+ 2.637e-00B 2.512e-00B -7.579 -7.600 -0.021 H2O 5.551e+001 1.000e+000 1.744 -0.000 0.000
Al 5.931e-006 AI(OH)4- 5.B05e-006 5.510e-006 -5.236 -5.259 -0.023 Al (OH) 3 B.316e-00B B.320e-00B -7.0BO -7.0BO 0.000 AI(OH)2+ 4.1Ble-00B 3.96Be-00B -7.379 -7.401 -0.023 AlOH+2 5.241e-010 4.254e-Ol0 -9.2Bl -9.37l -0.091 AI+3 3.923e-012 2.532e-012 -11.406 -11.597 -0.190 AIS04+ 5.5B5e-013 5.301e-013 -12.253 -12.276 -0.023 AI(S04)2- 1.307e-015 1.240e-015 -14.BB4 -14.906 -0.023 AIHS04+2 1.32ge-021 1.07ge-021 -20.B77 -20.967 -0.091
C(4) 1.144e-003 HC03 - 1. 065e-003 1.012e-003 -2.972 -2.995 -0.022 CO2 7.044e-005 7.04Be-005 -4.152 -4.152 0.000 CaHC03+ 4.BOBe-006 4.56Be-006 -5.31B -5.340 -0.022 C03-2 1. 711e-006 1.394e-006 -5.767 -5.B56 -0.089 CaC03 B.B64e-007 B.B6ge-007 -6.052 -6.052 0.000 MgHC03+ 7.BBBe-007 7.4B7e-007 -6.103 -6.126 -0.023 NaHC03 1.174e-007 1.175e-007 -6.930 -6.930 0.000 MgC03 7.1B1e-00B 7.1B5e-00B -7.144 -7.144 0.000 FeHC03+ 6.208e-00B 5.B92e-00B -7.207 -7.230 -0.023 MnC03 3.631e-00B 3.633e-00B -7.440 -7.440 0.000 MnHC03+ 3.117e-00B 2.95ge-00B -7.506 -7.529 -0.023 FeC03 1.946e-00B 1.947e-00B -7.7l1 -7.711 0.000 NaC03- 2.B75e-009 2.72ge-009 -B.541 -B.564 -0.023
Ca 5.73ge-004 Ca+2 5.61ge-004 4.577e-004 -3.250 -3.339 -0.OB9 CaS04 6.343e-006 6.346e-006 -5.19B -5.197 0.000 CaHC03+ 4.BOBe-006 4.56Be-006 -5.31B -5.340 -0.022 CaC03 8.B64e-007 8.B6ge-007 -6.052 -6.052 0.000
116
CaOH+ 3.186e-009 3.024e-009 -8.497 -8.519 -0.023 CaHS04+ 8.563e-013 8.127e-013 -12.067 -12.090 -0.023
CI 2.821e-004 CI- 2.821e-004 2.677e-004 -3.550 -3.572 -0.023 MnCI+ 3.768e-010 3.576e-010 -9.424 -9.447 -0.023 FeCI+ 2.266e-010 2.151e-010 -9.645 -9.667 -0.023 MnCl2 4.176e-014 4.178e-014 -13.379 -13.379 0.000 MnCI3- 3.245e-018 3.080e-018 -17.489 -17.511 -0.023 FeCI+2 1.741e-018 1.413e-018 -17.759 -17.850 -0.091 FeCI2+ 2.720e-021 2.581e-021 -20.565 -20.588 -0.023 FeCl3 6.905e-026 6.90ge-026 -25.161 -25.161 0.000
Fe(2) 8.041e-007 Fe+2 7.131e-007 5.821e-007 -6.147 -6.235 -0.088 FeHC03+ 6.208e-008 5.892e-008 -7.207 -7.230 -0.023 FeC03 1.946e-008 1.947e-008 -7.711 -7.711 0.000 FeS04 6.37ge-009 6.382e-009 -8.195 -8.195 0.000 FeOH+ 2.842e-009 2.697e-009 -8.546 -8.569 -0.023 FeCI+ 2.266e-010 2.151e-010 -9.645 -9.667 -0.023 FeHS04+ 1.08ge-015 1.034e-015 -14.963 -14.986 -0.023
Fe(3) 9.868e-007 Fe (OH) 3 7.096e-007 7.100e-007 -6.149 -6.149 0.000 Fe(OH)2+ 2.613e-007 2.480e-007 -6.583 -6.606 -0.023 Fe(OH)4- 1.586e-008 1.506e-008 -7.800 -7.822 -0.023 FeOH+2 3.84ge-011 3.124e-011 -10.415 -10.505 -0.091 Fe+3 4.13ge-016 2.671e-016 -15.383 -15.573 -0.190 FeS04+ 1.807e-016 1.715e-016 -15.743 -15.766 -0.023 FeCI+2 1. 741e-018 1.413e-018 -17.759 -17.850 -0.091 Fe(S04)2- 2.954e-019 2.804e-019 -18.530 -18.552 -0.023 Fe2(OH)2+4 1.052e-019 4.566e-020 -18.978 -19.340 -0.363 FeCI2+ 2.720e-021 2.581e-021 -20.565 -20.588 -0.023 Fe3(OH)4+5 2.995e-023 8.126e-024 -22.524 -23.090 -0.567 FeHS04+2 1.468e-023 1.191e-023 -22.833 -22.924 -0.091 FeCl3 6.905e-026 6.90ge-026 -25.161 -25.161 0.000
H (0) 1. 020e- 026 H2 5.100e-027 5.103e-027 -26.292 -26.292 0.000
K 1.27ge-004 K+ 1.278e-004 1.213e-004 -3.893 -3.916 -0.023 KS04- 5.598e-008 5.313e-008 -7.252 -7.275 -0.023 KOH 1. 673e-011 1.674e-011 -10.776 -10.776 0.000
Mg 8.227e-005 Mg+2 8.055e-005 6.573e-005 -4.094 -4.182 -0.088 MgS04 8.592e-007 8.596e-007 -6.066 -6.066 0.000 MgHC03+ 7.888e-007 7.487e-007 -6.103 -6.126 -0.023 MgC03 7.181e-008 7.185e-008 -7.144 -7.144 0.000 MgOH+ 2.992e-009 2.83ge-009 -8.524 -8.547 -0.023
Mn (2) 4.733e-007 Mn+2 4.018e-007 3.280e-007 -6.396 - 6.484 -0.088 MnC03 3.631e-008 3.633e-008 -7.440 -7.440 0.000 MnHC03+ 3.117e-008 2.95ge-008 -7.506 -7.529 -0.023 MnS04 3.556e-009 3.558e-009 -8.449 -8.449 0.000 MnCI+ 3.768e-Ol0 3.576e-Ol0 -9.424 -9.447 -0.023 MnOH+ 1.18ge-Ol0 1.128e-010 -9.925 -9.948 -0.023 MnCl2 4.176e-014 4.178e-014 -13.379 -13.379 0.000 MnCI3- 3.245e-018 3.080e-018 -17.489 -17.511 -0.023
Mn (3) 2.29ge-029 Mn+3 2.29ge-029 1.437e-029 -28.638 -28.842 -0.204
117
Na 2.175e-004 Na+ 2.173e-004 2.063e-004 -3.663 -3.685 -0.023 NaHC03 1. 174e- 007 1.175e-007 -6.930 -6.930 0.000 NaS04- 7.881e-008 7.480e-008 -7.103 -7.126 -0.023 NaC03- 2.875e-009 2.72ge-009 -8.541 -8.564 -0.023 NaOH 5.424e-011 5.427e-011 -10.266 -10.265 0.000
0(0) O.OOOe+OOO 02 O.OOOe+OOO O.OOOe+OOO -44.112 -44.112 0.000
S (6) 1.041e-004 S04-2 9.676e-005 7.874e-005 -4.014 -4.104 -0.090 CaS04 6.343e-006 6.346e-006 -5.198 -5.197 0.000 MgS04 8.592e-007 8. 596e- 007 -6.066 -6.066 0.000 NaS04- 7.881e-008 7.480e-008 -7.103 -7.126 -0.023 KS04- 5.598e-008 5.313e-008 -7.252 -7.275 -0.023 FeS04 6.37ge-009 6.382e-009 -8.195 -8.195 0.000 MnS04 3.556e-009 3.558e-009 -8.449 -8.449 0.000 HS04- 1. 556e-010 1.477e-010 -9.808 -9.831 -0.023 CaHS04+ 8.563e-013 8.127e-013 -12.067 -12.090 -0.023 AlS04+ 5.585e-013 5.301e-013 -12.253 -12.276 -0.023 Al(S04)2- 1.307e-015 1.240e-015 -14.884 -14.906 -0.023 FeHS04+ 1.08ge-015 1. 034e-015 -14.963 -14.986 -0.023 FeS04+ 1. 807e-016 1.715e-016 -15.743 -15.766 -0.023 Fe(S04)2- 2.954e-019 2.804e-019 -18.530 -18.552 -0.023 AlHS04+2 1.32ge-021 1.07ge-021 -20.877 -20.967 -0.091 FeHS04+2 1.468e-023 1.191e-023 -22.833 -22.924 -0.091
si 8.156e-005 H4Si04 8.125e-005 8.130e-005 -4.090 -4.090 0.000 H3Si04- 3.096e-007 2.93ge-007 -6.509 -6.532 -0.023 H2Sio4-2 3.987e-013 3. 236e- 013 -12.399 -12.490 -0.091
------------------------------Saturation indices---------------------------
Phase SI log lAP log KT
Al(OH)3(a) -0.47 11.20 11. 67 Al(OH)3 Albite -2.36 2.85 5.21 NaAlSi308 Alunite -1. 57 -1. 31 0.25 KA13(S04)2(OH)6 Anhydrite -3.11 -7.44 -4.33 CaS04 Anorthite -1. 94 26.09 28.03 CaA12Si208 Aragonite -0.93 -9.19 -8.27 CaC03 Ca-Montmorillonite 3.93 13.05 9.12
CaO.165A12.33Si3.67010(OH)2 Calcite -0.78 -9.19 -8.42 CaC03 Chalcedony -0.38 -4.09 -3.71 Si02 Chlorite (14A) -8.14 65.23 73.36 Mg5A12Si3010(OH)8 Chrysotile -8.98 24.87 33.86 Mg3Si205(OH)4 C02 (g) -2.85 -21. 06 -18.21 CO2 Dolomite -2.45 -19.23 -16.78 CaMg(C03)2 Fe (OH) 3 (a) 2.34 20.56 18.23 Fe(OH)3 Gibbsite 2.34 11. 20 8.86 Al(OH)3 Goethite 7.75 20.56 12.81 FeOOH Gypsum -2.86 -7.44 -4.59 CaS04:2H20 H2 (g) -23.20 -23.20 0.00 H2 H20(g) -1.86 -0.00 1. 86 H2O Halite -8.81 -7.26 1. 55 NaCl Hausmannite -14.99 49.35 64.34 Mn304 Hematite 17.45 41.13 23.68 Fe203 Illite 3.14 16.42 13.28 KO.6MgO.25A12.3Si3.5010(OH)2 Jarosite-K -5.06 26.77 31.83 KFe3(S04)2(OH)6
118
K-feldspar 0.14 2.62 2.48 KAlSi30S K-mica 10.37 25.02 14.66 KA13Si3010 (OH) 2 Kaolinite 5.63 14.23 S.60 A12Si205(OH)4 Manganite -5.02 20.32 25.34 MnOOH Melanterite -7.96 -10.34 -2.38 FeS04:7H20 02 (g) -41.21 46.40 87.61 02 Pyrochroite -6.48 8.72 15.20 Mn(OH)2 Pyrolusite -11.60 31.92 43.52 Mn02 Quartz 0.09 -4.09 -4.18 Si02 Rhodochrosite -1. 26 -12.34 -11.0S MnC03 Sepiolite -6.35 9.77 16.11 Mg2Si307.50H:3H20 Sepiolite (d) -S.S9 9.77 18.66 Mg2Si307.50H:3H20 Siderite -1. 2S -12.09 -10.81 FeC03 Si02 (a) -1. 2 7 -4.09 -2.S2 Si02 Talc -6.23 16.69 22.92 Mg3Si4010(OH)2
------------------
End of simulation. ------------------
Reading input data for simulation 2.
End of run.
119
Gallinas Headwaters (2-01) 10/16/2001 Dissolved Metals. Database file: C:\Program Files\USGS\Phreeqc Interactive 2.8\phreeqc.dat
Reading database.
SOLUTION MASTER SPECIES SOLUTION SPECIES PHASES EXCHANGE MASTER SPECIES EXCHANGE SPECIES SURFACE MASTER SPECIES SURFACE SPECIES RATES END
Reading input data for simulation 1.
TITLE
DATABASE C:\Program Files\USGS\Phreeqc Interactive 2.8\phreeqc.dat TITLE Class Example: Speciate Water Analysis. SOLUTION 1 units ppm
temp 2.0 pH 7.9 Al 0.01 Ca 22 Mg 2 Na 5 K 5 Fe 0.1 Mn 0.008 Si 5.3 as Si02 CI 10 Alkalinity 54.0 as HC03 S (6) 10
END
Class Example: Speciate Water Analysis.
Beginning of initial solution calculations.
Initial solution 1: Gallinas Headwaters (2-01) 10/16/2001 Diss. Metals.
-----------------------------Solution composition--------------------------
Elements Molality Moles
Al 3.707e-007 3.707e-007 Alkalinity 8.851e-004 8.851e-004 Ca 5.490e-004 5.490e-004 CI 2.821e-004 2.821e-004 Fe 1.791e-006 1.791e-006 K 1.27ge-004 1.279e-004
120
Mg 8.227e-005 8.227e-005 Mn 1.456e-007 1.456e-007 Na 2.175e-004 2.175e-004 S (6) 1. 041e-004 1. 041e-004 si 8.822e-005 8.822e-005
----------------------------Description of solution------------------------
pH 7.900 pe 4.000
Activity of water Ionic strength
Mass of water (kg) Total carbon (mol/kg)
Total C02 (mol/kg) Temperature (deg C)
Electrical balance (eq) Percent error, 100*(cat-IAnl)/(Cat+IAnl)
Iterations Total H Total 0
1. 000 2.195e-003 1.000e+000 9.165e-004 9.165e-004 2.000
2.366e-004 8.03 9
1.110137e+002 5.550970e+001
----------------------------Distribution of species------------------------
Log Log Log Species Molality Activity Molality Activity Gamma
OH- 1.162e-007 1.105e-007 -6.935 -6.957 -0.022 H+ 1. 31ge- 008 1.25ge-008 -7.880 -7.900 -0.020 H2O 5.551e+001 1. OOOe+OOO 1.744 -0.000 0.000
Al 3.707e-007 Al(OH)4- 3.662e-007 3.483e-007 -6.436 -6.458 -0.022 Al(OH)3 2.68ge-009 2.690e-009 -8.570 -8.570 0.000 Al(OH)2+ 1.761e-009 1.675e-009 -8.754 -8.776 -0.022 AIOH+2 3.317e-Oll 2.716e-Oll -10.479 -10.566 -0.087 Al+3 2.528e-013 1.661e-013 -12.597 -12.780 -0.183 AlS04+ 3.205e-014 3.04ge-014 -13.494 -13.516 -0.022 Al(S04)2- 7.23ge-017 6.886e-017 -16.140 -16.162 -0.022 AIHS04+2 3.663e-023 2.99ge-023 -22.436 -22.523 -0.087
C (4) 9.165e-004 HC03- 8.725e-004 8.307e-004 -3.059 -3.081 -0.021 CO2 3.730e-005 3.732e-005 -4.428 -4.428 0.000 CaHC03+ 2.764e-006 2.632e-006 -5.558 -5.580 -0.021 C03-2 2.026e-006 1.665e-006 -5.693 -5.779 -0.085 CaC03 9.970e-007 9.975e-007 -6.001 -6.001 0.000 MgHC03+ 6.524e-007 6.206e-007 -6.186 -6.207 -0.022 NaHC03 9.656e-008 9.661e-008 -7.015 -7.015 0.000 MgC03 7.425e-008 7.42ge-008 -7.129 -7.129 0.000 FeHC03+ 5.770e-008 5.48ge-008 -7.239 -7.261 -0.022 FeC03 2.638e-008 2.640e-008 -7.579 -7.578 0.000 MnC03 1.342e-008 1.342e-008 -7.872 -7.872 0.000 MnHC03+ 7.898e-009 7.513e-009 -8.102 -8.124 -0.022 NaC03- 1.918e-009 1.824e-009 -8.717 -8.739 -0.022
Ca 5.490e-004 Ca+2 5.396e-004 4.433e-004 -3.268 -3.353 -0.085 CaS04 5.617e-006 5.620e-006 -5.251 -5.250 0.000 CaHC03+ 2.764e-006 2.632e-006 -5.558 -5.580 -0.021 CaC03 9.970e-007 9.975e-007 -6.001 -6.001 0.000 CaOH+ 6.143e-009 5.844e-009 -8.212 -8.233 -0.022
121
Cl
Fe(2)
Fe (3)
H (0)
K
Mg
Mn(2)
Mn (3)
Na
CaHS04+
ClFeCl+ MnCl+ MnC12 MnC13-FeCl+2 FeC12+ FeCl3
Fe+2 FeHC03+ FeC03 FeS04 FeOH+ FeCl+ FeHS04+
Fe(OH)3 Fe(OH)2+ Fe(OH)4-FeOH+2 Fe+3 FeS04+ FeCl+2 Fe(S04)2-Fe2(OH)2+4 FeC12+ Fe3(OH)4+5 FeHS04+2 FeCl3
H2
K+ KS04-KOH
Mg+2 MgS04 MgHC03+ MgC03 MgOH+
Mn+2 MnC03 MnHC03+ MnS04 MnCl+ MnOH+ MnC12 MnC13-
Mn+3
Na+ NaHC03 NaS04-
3.50ge-013 3.338e-013 2.821e-004
2.821e-004 2.682e-004 2.572e-010 2.447e-010 1.166e-010 1.10ge-010 1.298e-014 1.298e-014 1.008e-018 9.593e-019 7.231e-019 5.920e-019 1.643e-021 1.563e-021 4.191e-026 4.193e-026
8.957e-007 8.027e-007 5.770e-008 2.638e-008 5.971e-009 2.710e-009 2.572e-010 5.230e-016
8.951e-007
6.607e-007 5.48ge-008 2.640e-008 5.974e-009 2.578e-009 2.447e-010 4.975e-016
6.717e-007 6.720e-007 2.046e-007 1.946e-007 1.87ge-008 1.788e-008 2.326e-011 1.904e-011 2.452e-016 1.610e-016 8.574e-017 8.156e-017 7.231e-019 5.920e-019 1.365e-019 1.298e-019 6.081e-020 2.733e-020 1.643e-021 1.563e-021 3.866e-023 1.108e-023 3.720e-024 3.046e-024 4.191e-026 4.193e-026
2.875e-027 1.437e-027 1.438e-027
1.27ge-004 1.278e-004 1.216e-004 4.661e-008 4.434e-008 3.346e-011 3.348e-011
8.227e-005 8.08ge-005 6.656e-005 6.581e-007 6.584e-007 6.524e-007 6.206e-007 7.425e-008 7.42ge-008 2.126e-009 2.022e-009
1.456e-007 1.233e-007 1.342e-008 7.898e-009 8.990e-010 1.166e-010 2.856e-011 1.298e-014 1.008e-018
1.291e-030
1.015e-007 1.342e-008 7.513e-009 8.995e-010 1.10ge-010 2.717e-011 1.298e-014 9.593e-019
1.291e-030 8.233e-031 2.175e-004
2.173e-004 2.068e-004 9.656e-008 9.661e-008 7.460e-008 7.097e-008
-12.455 -12.477
-3.550 -3.571 -9.590 -9.611 -9.933 -9.955
-13.887 -13.887 -17.996 -18.018 -18.141 -18.228 -20.784 -20.806 -25.378 -25.377
-6.095 -6.180 -7.239 -7.261 -7.579 -7.578 -8.224 -8.224 -8.567 -8.589 -9.590 -9.611
-15.282 -15.303
-6.173 -6.173 -6.689 -6.711 -7.726 -7.748
-10.633 -10.720 -15.611 -15.793 -16.067 -16.089 -18.141 -18.228 -18.865 -18.887 -19.216 -19.563 -20.784 -20.806 -22.413 -22.955 -23.430 -23.516 -25.378 -25.377
-26.842 -26.842
-3.893 -3.915 -7.332 -7.353
-10.475 -10.475
-4.092 -4.177 -6.182 -6.181 -6.186 -6.207 -7.129 -7.129 -8.673 -8.694
-6.909 -6.994 -7.872 -7.872 -8.102 -8.124 -9.046 -9.046 -9.933 -9.955
-10.544 -10.566 -13.887 -13.887 -17.996 -18.018
-29.889 -30.084
-3.663 -3.684 -7.015 -7.015 -7.127 -7.149
-0.022
-0.022 -0.022 -0.022
0.000 -0.022 -0.087 -0.022 0.000
-0.085 -0.022 0.000 0.000
-0.022 -0.022 -0.022
0.000 -0.022 -0.022 -0.087 -0.183 -0.022 -0.087 -0.022 -0.347 -0.022 -0.543 -0.087 0.000
0.000
-0.022 -0.022 0.000
-0.085 0.000
-0.022 0.000
-0.022
-0.085 0.000
-0.022 0.000
-0.022 -0.022 0.000
-0.022
-0.195
-0.022 0.000
-0.022
122
NaC03- 1. 918e-009 1.824e-009 -8.717 -8.739 -0.022 NaOH 1.085e-010 1.085e-010 -9.965 -9.964 0.000
0(0) O.OOOe+OOO 02 O.OOOe+OOO O.OOOe+OOO -46.739 -46.739 0.000
S (6) 1.041e-004 S04-2 9.771e-005 8.01ge-005 -4.010 -4.096 -0.086 CaS04 5.617e-006 5.620e-006 -5.251 -5.250 0.000 MgS04 6.581e-007 6.584e-007 -6.182 -6.181 0.000 NaS04- 7.460e-008 7.097e-008 -7.127 -7.149 -0.022 KS04- 4.661e-008 4.434e-008 -7.332 -7.353 -0.022 FeS04 5.971e-009 5.974e-009 -8.224 -8.224 0.000 MnS04 8.990e-010 8.995e-010 -9.046 -9.046 0.000 HS04- 6.583e-011 6.262e-011 -10.182 -10.203 -0.022 CaHS04+ 3.50ge-013 3.338e-013 -12.455 -12.477 -0.022 AlS04+ 3.205e-014 3.04ge-014 -13.494 -13.516 -0.022 FeHS04+ 5.230e-016 4.975e-016 -15.282 -15.303 -0.022 FeS04+ 8.574e-017 8.156e-017 -16.067 -16.089 -0.022 Al(S04)2- 7.23ge-017 6.886e-017 -16.140 -16.162 -0.022 Fe(S04)2- 1. 3 65e- 019 1.298e-019 -18.865 -18.887 -0.022 AIHS04+2 3.663e-023 2.99ge-023 -22.436 -22.523 -0.087 FeHS04+2 3.720e-024 3.046e-024 -23.430 -23.516 -0.087
Si 8.822e-005 H4Si04 8.780e-005 8.784e-005 -4.057 -4.056 0.000 H3Si04- 4.243e-007 4.036e-007 -6.372 -6.394 -0.022 H2Si04-2 4. 76ge- 013 3. 905e- 013 -12.322 -12.408 -0.087
------------------------------Saturation indices---------------------------
Phase Sl log lAP log KT
Al (OH) 3 (a) Albite Alunite Anhydrite Anorthite
-1.50 -2.72 -4.73 -3.09 -3.96
Aragonite -0.91
10.92 2.97
-3.05 -7.45 26.17 -9.13
12.42 5.69 1. 68
-4.36 30.13 -8.22
Al(OH)3 NaAlSi308 KA13 (S04) 2 (OH) 6 CaS04 CaA12Si208 CaC03
Ca-Montmorillonite 2.32 CaO.165A12.33Si3.67010(OH)2
12.61 10.29
Calcite -0.75 -9.13 -8.39 CaC03 Chalcedony -0.22 -4.06 -3.84 Si02 Chlorite (l4A) -9.87 67.79 77.66 Mg5A12Si3010(OH)8 Chrysotile -8.52 26.76 35.28 Mg3Si205(OH)4 C02 (g) -3.29 -21.58 -18.29 CO2 Dolomite -2.58 -19.09 -16.51 CaMg(C03)2 Fe(OH)3(a) 3.02 21.52 18.50 Fe(OH)3 Gibbsite 1. 41 10.92 9.51 Al(OH)3 Goethite 8.02 21.52 13.50 FeOOH Gypsum -2.84 -7.45 -4.61 CaS04:2H20 H2 (g) -23.80 -23.80 0.00 H2 H20(g) -2.15 -0.00 2.15 H2O Halite -8.78 -7.26 1. 53 NaCl Hausmannite -16.98 50.22 67.20 Mn304 Hematite 17.93 43.04 25.11 Fe203 Illite 1. 69 16.22 14.52 KO.6MgO.25A12.3Si3.5010(OH)2 Jarosite-K -4.79 28.75 33.55 KFe3(S04)2(OH)6 K-feldspar -0.08 2.74 2.82 KAlSi308 K-mica 8.24 24.58 16.34 KA13Si3010(OH)2 Kaolinite 4.13 13.73 9.60 A12Si205(OH)4 Manganite -4.63 20.71 25.34 MnOOH
123
Melanterite -7.74 -10.28 -2.53 FeS04:7H20 02 (g) -43.89 47.60 91. 49 02 pyrochroite -6.39 8.81 15.20 Mn(OH)2 Pyrolusite -12.76 32.61 45.37 Mn02 Quartz 0.29 -4.06 -4.35 Si02 Rhodochrosite -1.73 -12.77 -11.04 MnC03 Sepiolite -5.34 11.08 16.42 Mg2Si307.50H:3H20 Sepiolite (d) -7.58 11. 08 18.66 Mg2Si307.50H:3H20 Siderite -1. 22 -11.96 -10.74 FeC03 Si02(a) -1.14 -4.06 -2.92 Si02 Talc -5.59 18.64 24.24 Mg3Si4010(OH)2
------------------
End of simulation. ------------------
Reading input data for simulation 2.
End of run.
124
REFERENCES
1. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry), 2004. Website (http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov).
2. Citizens Committee for Historical Preservation, 2004. CCHP Acequias of Las Vegas, New Mexico. Las Vegas, New Mexico, 87701 (phone 505-425-8803). http://www.nmhu.edulresearch/cchp/tours/acequias/default.htm
3. Code of Federal Regulations, 2003: 40 CFR 133.102. 4. Earl, S.R. and Blinn, D.W., 2003. Effects of Wildfire Ash on Water Chemistry and Biota in
South-Western U.S.A. Streams. Freshwater Biology 48 1015-1030. 5. Fellows, C.S., Valett, H.M., and Dahm, C.N., 2001. Whole-stream metabolism in two
montane streams: Contribution of the hyporheic zone. Limnology and Oceanography, 46(3),523-531.
6. Griggs, R.L. and Hendrickson, G.E. 1951. Geology and Groundwater Resources of San Miguel County, New Mexico. NM Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Ground-Water Report 2.
7. Morrice, J.A., Valett, H.M., Dahm, C.N., and Campana, M.E., 1997. Alluvial Characteristics, Groundwater-Surface Water Exchange, and Hydrological Retention in Headwater Streams. Hydrological Processes 11,253-267.
8. Morrice, J.A., Dahm, C.N., Valett, H.M., Unnikrishna, P.v. and Campana, M.E., 2000. Terminal Electron Accepting Processes in the Alluvial Sediments of a Headwater Stream. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 19(4):593-608.
9. New Mexico Environment Department, 1997. The entire consent decree is available on line from the NMED website at: www.nmenv.state.nm.us/swqb/CDNM.html
10. New Mexico Office of the State Engineer, June 1991. Pecos River Stream System Hydrographic Survey Report. Gallinas River Section, volume 1 of 5. On May 8, 1933, the Federal District Court (Cause No. 712 Equity) ruled that those irrigators using Gallinas Water stored in Storrie Lake could irrigate up 12,000 acres. The amount of water to irrigate those acres depends on the duty of water for the given crops. In addition, the amount of irrigated land in use today is less that this due to urban growth on once irrigated lands.
11. New Mexico Water Quality Control Commission, February 2000. Standards for Interstate and Intrastate Surface Waters, Section 2213.
12. NMED Surface Water Quality Bureau, 2004. Total Maximum daily Load for Metals in Cieneguilla Creek.
13. Protocol for the Assessment of Stream Bottom Deposits on Wadable Streams, 2002. New Mexico Environment Department Surface Water Quality Bureau QAPP, Appendix D. Available online at: http://www.nmenv.state.nm.us/swqb/protocols/StreamBottomProtocol.pdf
14.Saltman, T. 2001. Making TMDL's Work. Environmental Science and Technology, June 1,2001.
15.Shabman, L. 2002. Measuring up the TMDL. Water and Wastewater Products, May-June 2002.
16.Soil Survey of San Miguel Area, New Mexico, 1981. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service and Forest Service.
125