Fuseology

Circuit ProtectionElectrical distribution systems are often quite complicated. Theycannot be absolutely fail-safe. Circuits are subject to destructiveovercurrents. Harsh environments, general deterioration, acciden-tal damage or damage from natural causes, excessive expansionor overloading of the electrical distribution system are factorswhich contribute to the occurrence of such overcurrents. Reliableprotective devices prevent or minimize costly damage to trans-formers, conductors, motors, and the other many components andloads that make up the complete distribution system. Reliable cir-cuit protection is essential to avoid the severe monetary losseswhich can result from power blackouts and prolonged downtime offacilities. It is the need for reliable protection, safety, and freedomfrom fire hazards that has made the fuse a widely used protectivedevice.

Fuses are constructed in an almost endless variety of configurations.These photos depict the internal construction of Bussmann Dual-Element, SEMI-TRON and LOW-PEAK Class L fuses.

OvercurrentsAn overcurrent is either an overload current or a short-circuit cur-rent. The overload current is an excessive current relative to nor-mal operating current, but one which is confined to the normalconductive paths provided by the conductors and other compo-nents and loads of the distribution system. As the name implies, ashort-circuit current is one which flows outside the normal conduct-ing paths.

OverloadsOverloads are most often between one and six times the normalcurrent level. Usually, they are caused by harmless temporarysurge currents that occur when motors start up or transformers areenergized. Such overload currents, or transients, are normaloccurrences. Since they are of brief duration, any temperature riseis trivial and has no harmful effect on the circuit components. (It isimportant that protective devices do not react to them.)

Continuous overloads can result from defective motors (suchas worn motor bearings), overloaded equipment, or too manyloads on one circuit. Such sustained overloads are destructive andmust be cut off by protective devices before they damage the dis-tribution system or system loads. However, since they are of rela-tively low magnitude compared to short-circuit currents, removal ofthe overload current within a few seconds to many minutes willgenerally prevent equipment damage. A sustained overload cur-rent results in overheating of conductors and other componentsand will cause deterioration of insulation, which may eventuallyresult in severe damage and short-circuits if not interrupted.

Short-CircuitsWhereas overload currents occur at rather modest levels, theshort-circuit or fault current can be many hundred times largerthan the normal operating current. A high level fault may be 50,000amperes (or larger). If not cut off within a matter of a few thou-sandths of a second, damage and destruction can become ram-pantthere can be severe insulation damage, melting of conduc-tors, vaporization of metal, ionization of gases, arcing, and fires.

Simultaneously, high level short-circuit currents can develop hugemagnetic-field stresses. The magnetic forces between bus barsand other conductors can be many hundreds of pounds per linearfoot; even heavy bracing may not be adequate to keep them frombeing warped or distorted beyond repair.

FusesThe fuse is a reliable overcurrent protective device. A fusible linkor links encapsulated in a tube and connected to contact terminalscomprise the fundamental elements of the basic fuse. Electricalresistance of the link is so low that it simply acts as a conductor.However, when destructive currents occur, the link very quicklymelts and opens the circuit to protect conductors and other circuitcomponents and loads. Modern fuses have stable characteristics.Fuses do not require periodic maintenance or testing. Fuses havethree unique performance characteristics:

1. Modern fuses have an extremely high interruptingratingcan open very high fault currents without rup-turing.

2. Properly applied, fuses prevent blackouts. Only the fusenearest a fault opens without upstream fuses (feeders ormains) being affectedfuses thus provide selective coordi-nation. (These terms are precisely defined in subsequentpages.)

3. Fuses provide optimum component protection by keepingfault currents to a low value. . .They are said to be current-limiting.

The Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans is the worlds largest fullyenclosed stadium. The overall electrical load exceeds 30,000,000 VA.Distribution circuits are protected with BUSS LOW-PEAK fuses.

Voltage Rating - GeneralThis is an extremely important rating for overcurrent protectivedevices (OCPDs). The proper application of an overcurrent pro-tective device according to its voltage rating requires that the volt-age rating of the device be equal to or greater than the systemvoltage. When an overcurrent protective device is applied beyondits voltage rating, there may not be any initial indicators. Adverseconsequences typically result when an improperly voltage rateddevice attempts to interrupt an overcurrent, at which point it mayself-destruct in an unsafe manner. There are two types of OCPDvoltage ratings: straight voltage rated and slash voltage rated.

The proper application is straightforward for overcurrent protectivedevices with a straight voltage rating (i.e. 600V, 480V, 240V, etc.)which have been evaluated for proper performance with fullphase-to-phase voltage used during the testing, listing and mark-ing. For instance, all fuses are straight voltage rated and there isno need to be concerned about slash ratings. However, somemechanical overcurrent protective devices are slash voltage rated(i.e. 480/277, 240/120, 600/347, etc.). Slash voltage rated devicesare limited in their applications and extra evaluation is requiredwhen they are being considered for use. The next section coversfuse voltage ratings followed by a section on slash voltage ratingsfor other type devices.

1

2

Fuseology

Voltage Rating-FusesMost low voltage power distribution fuses have 250V or 600V rat-ings (other ratings are 125, 300, and 480 volts). The voltage ratingof a fuse must be at least equal to or greater than the circuit volt-age. It can be higher but never lower. For instance, a 600V fusecan be used in a 208V circuit. The voltage rating of a fuse is afunction of its capability to open a circuit under an overcurrentcondition. Specifically, the voltage rating determines the ability ofthe fuse to suppress the internal arcing that occurs after a fuse linkmelts and an arc is produced. If a fuse is used with a voltage rat-ing lower than the circuit voltage, arc suppression will be impairedand, under some overcurrent conditions, the fuse may not clearthe overcurrent safely. 300V rated fuses can be used to protectsingle-phase line-to-neutral loads when supplied from three-phase,solidly grounded, 480/277V circuits, where the single-phase line-to-neutral voltage is 277V. This is permissible because in thisapplication, a 300V fuse will not have to interrupt a voltage greaterthan its 300V rating. Special consideration is necessary for semi-conductor fuse applications, where a fuse of a certain voltage rat-ing is used on a lower voltage circuit.

Slash Voltage RatingsSome multiple-pole, mechanical overcurrent protective devices,such as circuit breakers, self-protected starters, and manual motorcontrollers, have a slash voltage rating rather than a straight volt-age rating. A slash voltage rated overcurrent protective device isone with two voltage ratings separated by a slash and is markedsuch as 480Y/277V or 480/277V. Contrast this to a straight voltagerated overcurrent protective device that does not have a slash volt-age rating limitation, such as 480V. With a slash rated device, thelower of the two ratings is for overcurrents at line-to-ground volt-ages, intended to be cleared by one pole of the device. The high-er of the two ratings is for overcurrents at line-to-line voltages,intended to be cleared by two or three poles of the circuit breakeror other mechanical overcurrent device.

Slash voltage rated overcurrent protective devices are not intend-ed to open phase-to-phase voltages across only one pole. Whereit is possible for full phase-to-phase voltage to appear across onlyone pole, a full or straight rated overcurrent protective device mustbe utilized. For example, a 480V circuit breaker may have to openan overcurrent at 480V with only one pole, such as might occurwhen Phase A goes to ground on a 480V, B-phase, corner ground-ed delta system.

Slash voltage rated OCPDs must be utilized only on solidly groundedsystems. This automatically eliminates their usage on impedance-grounded and ungrounded systems. They can be properly utilizedon solidly grounded, wye systems, where the voltage to ground doesnot exceed the devices lower voltage rating and the voltagebetween any two conductors does not exceed the devices highervoltage rating. Slash voltage rated devices cannot be used on cor-ner-grounded delta systems whenever the voltage to groundexceeds the lower of the two ratings. Where slash voltage rateddevices will not meet these requirements, straight voltage rated over-current protective devices are required.

Overcurrent protective devices that may be slashed rated include,but are not limited to:

Molded case circuit breakers UL489Manual motor controllers UL508Self protected Type E combination starters UL508Supplementary protectors UL1077 (Looks like a small circuit

breaker and sometimes referredto as mini-breaker. However,these devices are not a circuitbreaker, they are not rated forbranch circuit protection and cannot be a substitute where branchcircuit protection is required.)

What about fuses, do they have slash voltage ratings? No, fusesdo not have this limitation. Fuses by their design are full voltagerated devices; therefore slash voltage rating concerns are not anissue when using fuses. For instance, Bussmann LOW-PEAK

LPJ (Class J) fuses are rated at 600V. These fuses could be uti-lized on systems of 600V or less, whether the system is solidlygrounded, ungrounded, impedance grounded, or corner ground-ed delta.

If a device has a slash voltage rating limitation, product standardsrequire these devices, such as circuit breakers, manual motor con-trollers, self protected starters, or supplementary protectors to bemarked with the rating such as 480Y/277V. If a machine or equip-ment electrical panel utilizes a slash voltage rated device inside, itis recommended that the equipment nameplate or label designatethis slash voltage rating as the equipment voltage rating. UL508AIndustrial Control Panels requires the electrical panel voltagemarking to be slash rated if one or more devices in the panel areslash voltage rated. Slash voltage devices are limited in applica-tion to solidly grounded, wye systems due to the nature of the waythat these devices are tested, listed and labeled. Any piece ofequipment that utilizes a slash voltage rated overcurrent protectivedevice is therefore, limited to installation only in a solidly grounded,wye system and should require marking that notes this limitation.

A

B

C

480Y/277 Voltthree phase,four wire,solidlygrounded,wye system

Circuit breaker 480Y/277 slash voltage rating 480 volts

Line-to-line

Ground

N

277 voltsLine-to-ground

Fuses are a universal protective device. They are used in power distri-bution systems, electronic apparatus, vehicles. . .and as illustrated, ourspace program. The Space Shuttle has over 600 fuses installed in it pro-tecting vital equipment and circuits.

FuseologyEquipment that utilizes straight voltage rated overcurrent protectivedevices provides more value and utilization to the owner or poten-tial future owners than equipment that utilizes slash voltage rateddevices. In todays business environment, machinery and equip-ment may be moved several times during its useful life. Equipmentutilizing slash voltage rated overcurrent devices is not suitable formany electrical systems found in industrial environments.

Ampere RatingEvery fuse has a specific ampere rating. In selecting the ampererating of a fuse, consideration must be given to the type of loadand code requirements. The ampere rating of a fuse normallyshould not exceed the current carrying capacity of the circuit. Forinstance, if a conductor is rated to carry 20 amperes, a 20 amperefuse is the largest that should be used. However, there are somespecific circumstances in which the ampere rating is permitted tobe greater than the current carrying capacity of the circuit. A typi-cal example is motor circuits; dual-element fuses generally arepermitted to be sized up to 175% and non-time-delay fuses up to300% of the motor full-load amperes. As a rule, the ampere ratingof a fuse and switch combination should be selected at 125% ofthe continuous load current (this usually corresponds to the circuitcapacity, which is also selected at 125% of the load current).There are exceptions, such as when the fuse-switch combination isapproved for continuous operation at 100% of its rating.

Testing Knife-Blade FusesA common practice when electricians are testing fuses is to touchthe end caps of the fuse with their probes. Contrary to popularbelief, fuse manufacturers do not generally design their knife-bladefuses to have electrically energized fuse caps during normal fuseoperation. Electrical inclusion of the caps into the circuit occurs asa result of the coincidental mechanical contact between the fusecap and terminal extending through it. In most brands of knife-blade fuses, this mechanical contact is not guaranteed; therefore,electrical contact is not guaranteed. Thus, a resistance readingtaken across the fuse caps is not indicative of whether or not thefuse is open.

A Continuity Test Across Any Knife-Blade Fuse ShouldBe Taken Only Along The Fuse Blades

Do Not Test A Knife-Blade Fuse With Meter Probes ToThe Fuse Caps

In a continuing effort to promote safer work environments,Bussmann has introduced newly designed versions of knife-blade FUSETRON Fuses (Class RK5) and knife-blade LOWPEAK Fuses (Class RK1) for some of the ampere ratings. Theimprovement is that the end caps are insulated to reduce the pos-sibility of accidental contact with a live part. With these improvedfuses, the informed electrician knows that the end caps are isolat-ed. With older style non-insulated end caps, the electrician doesntreally know if the fuse is hot or not. A portion of all testing-relatedinjuries could be avoided by proper testing procedures.Bussmann hopes to reduce such injuries by informing electri-cians of proper procedures.

Interrupting RatingA protective device must be able to withstand the destructive ener-gy of short-circuit currents. If a fault current exceeds a levelbeyond the capability of the protective device, the device mayactually rupture, causing additional damage. Thus, it is importantwhen applying a fuse or circuit breaker to use one which can sus-tain the largest potential short-circuit currents. The rating whichdefines the capacity of a protective device to maintain its integritywhen reacting to fault currents is termed its interrupting rating.The interrupting rating of most branch-circuit, molded case, circuitbreakers typically used in residential service entrance panels is10,000 amperes. (Please note that a molded case circuit breakersinterrupting capacity will typically be lower than its interrupting rat-ing.) Larger, more expensive circuit breakers may have interrupt-ing ratings of 14,000 amperes or higher. In contrast, most modern,current-limiting fuses have an interrupting rating of 200,000 or300,000 amperes and are commonly used to protect the lowerrated circuit breakers. The National Electrical Code 110.9,requires equipment intended to break current at fault levels tohave an interrupting rating sufficient for the current that must beinterrupted. The subjects of interrupting rating and interruptingcapacity are treated later in more detail.

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This photograph vividly illustratesthe effects of overcurrents onelectrical components when protective devices are not sizedto the ampere rating of the component.

Considerable damage to electricalequipment can result if the inter-rupting rating of a protectivedevice is inadequate and isexceeded by a short-circuit current.

Non Insulated

Caps

Always Test at the Blade

InsulatedCaps

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Fuseology

The table below depicts four different situations involving anovercurrent device with a normal current rating of 100 amperesand an interrupting rating of only 10,000 amperes.

Circuit with Overcurrent Circuit ApplicationProtective Device Conditions And ActionCurrent Rating= 100A and of ProtectiveInterrupting Rating= 10,000A Device

Normal Proper

Overload Proper-SafeCurrent InterruptionGreater Than of CurrentDevicesAmpereRating

Short-Circuit Proper-SafeCurrent InterruptionWithin Device of CurrentInterruptingRating

Short-Circuit Improper:Current Explosion orExceeds RuptureDevice Could ResultInterruptingRating

In the first three instances above, the circuit current conditionis within the safe operating capabilities of the overcurrent protec-tive device. However, the fourth case involves a misapplication ofthe overcurrent device. A short-circuit on the load side of thedevice has resulted in a fault current of 50,000 amperes flowingthrough the overcurrent device. Because the fault current is wellabove the interrupting rating of the device, a violent rupture of theprotective device and resulting damage to equipment or injury topersonnel is possible. The use of high interrupting rated fuses (typ-ically rated at 200,000 or 300,000 amperes) would prevent thispotentially dangerous situation.

The first paragraph of NEC 110.9 requires that the overcur-rent protective device be capable of interrupting the available faultcurrent at its line terminals.

As depicted in the diagram that follows, when using overcur-rent protective devices with limited interrupting rating, it becomesnecessary to determine the available short-circuit currents at eachlocation of a protective device. The fault currents in an electricalsystem can be easily calculated if sufficient information about theelectrical system is known. (See the Point-to-Point Method forshort-circuit calculations.) With modern fuses, these calculationsnormally are not necessary since the 200,000 or 300,000 ampereinterrupting rating is sufficient for most applications.

Also, if using circuit breakers or self-protected starters, it maybe necessary to evaluate the devices individual pole interruptingcapability for the level of fault current that a single pole of a multi-pole device may have to interrupt. This is covered in-depth in theSingle-Pole Interrupting Capability section.

50,000

Available fault current50,000 amps

Fuse must have short-circuitinterrupting rating of at least50,000 amperes.

75,000 Amperes

75,000 Amperes

30,000 Amperes

15,000 Amperes

25,000 Amperes

Available short-circuit current (indicated by X) ateach panel location must be determined to assureshort-circuit interrupting rating of overcurrentprotective devices is not exceeded.

80

AMMETER100

Amperes

LOAD

200

10,000

Available fault current50,000 amps

Circuit breaker must havecapability of interrupting at least50,000 amperes.

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General Fuse Application Data For Compliance With NEC 110.9Guideline Features Benefits Commonly Used

Fuse Types

New 1. Use modern, high interrupting 300,000 ampere interrupting Assures proper interrupting All modern current-limiting Install- rated fuses throughout electrical rating, on LOW-PEAK YELLOW rating compliance currently fuses (most have 200,000ations system. fuses. 200,000 ampere inter- and future. ampere interrupting

rupting rating on other classes of Usually a short-circuit rating). LOW-PEAK YELLOW,

modern current-limiting fuses. current calculation study is Class R, J & L fuses have a

unnecessary. 300,000 ampere interrupting rating.

2. Use current-limiting fuses to Correct type and size Compliance with NEC LOW-PEAK YELLOW protect low withstand rated current-limiting fuse can 110.10 and 240.86. Dual-Elementcomponents. protect low withstand rated T-TRON Fast-Acting

equipment against high LIMITRON Fast-Actingshort-circuit currents. (See CUBEFuse

fuse protection of circuitbreakers).

System 3. Where available fault current 200,000 or 300,000 ampere Assures compliance with LOW-PEAK YELLOW Up- has increased or is questionable, interrupting rating. interrupting rating requirements Dual-ElementGrading replace old style fuses such as with simple direct retrofit. FUSETRON Dual-Element

One-Time and Renewable with Easily achieved since older LIMITRON Fast-Actingmodern high interrupting rated style fuses can physically befuses. replaced with modern fuses

with no system modification.

4. Where existing equipment may Correct type and size Improves the level of CUBEFuse, T-TRON

have questionable withstand current-limiting fuses can be short-circuit protection. Fast-Acting, LOW-PEAK

rating due to deterioration, or the put in switch, cut-in system or Small size of CUBEFuse YELLOW Dual-Element,available fault current has sometimes fuses can be cut in or T-TRON fuse permits easy LIMITRON Fast-Acting,increased, install modern current- bus structure. cut-in strategy. LOW-PEAK

YELLOW limiting fuses. Time-Delay

Fuseology

Interrupting RatingIt is the maximum short-circuit current that an overcurrent protec-tive device can safely interrupt under standard test conditions.The phrase under standard test conditions means it is importantto know how the overcurrent protective device is tested in order toassure it is properly applied. This can be very important when itcomes to the application of circuit breakers, mainly ratings of 100amperes and less.

Interrupting CapacityThe highest current at rated voltage that the device can interrupt.This definition is from the IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electricaland Electronic Terms.

Standard Test Conditions - FusesBranch circuit fuses are tested without any additional conductor inthe test circuit. For instance, if a fuse has an interrupting rating of300,000 amperes, the test circuit is calibrated to have at least300,000 amperes at the rated fuse voltage. During the test circuitcalibration, a bus bar is used in place of the fuse to verify the prop-er short-circuit current. Then the bus bar is removed and the fuseis inserted; the test is then conducted. If the fuse passes the test,the fuse is marked with this interrupting rating (300,000 amperes).In the procedures just outlined for fuses, there are no extra con-ductors inserted into the test circuit after the short-circuit current iscalibrated. A major point is that the fuse interrupts an availableshort-circuit current at least equal to or greater than its markedinterrupting rating. In other words, because of the way fuses areshort-circuit tested (without additional conductor impedance), theirinterrupting capacity is equal to or greater than their marked inter-rupting rating.

Standard Test Conditions - Circuit BreakersThis is not the case with circuit breakers. Because of the way cir-cuit breakers are short circuit tested (with additional conductor

impedance), their interrupting capacity can be less than their inter-rupting rating. When the test circuit is calibrated for the circuitbreaker interrupting rating tests, the circuit breaker is not in the cir-cuit. After the test circuit has been verified to the proper level ofshort-circuit current, the circuit breaker is placed into the circuit.However, in addition to the circuit breaker, significant lengths ofconductor are permitted to be added to the circuit after the cali-bration. This additional conductor impedance can result in a sig-nificantly lower short-circuit current. So a circuit breaker markedwith an interrupting rating of 22,000 amperes may in fact have aninterrupting capacity of only 9,900 amperes.

To better understand this, it is necessary to review the standardinterrupting rating test procedures for circuit breakers: MoldedCase Circuit Breakers - UL 489 and CSA 5 Test Procedures. UL489 requires a unique test set-up for testing circuit breaker inter-rupting ratings. The diagram below illustrates a typical calibratedtest circuit waveform for a 20 ampere, 240V, 2-pole molded casecircuit breaker, with a marked interrupting rating of 22,000amperes, RMS symmetrical.

Amps

Time

P.F. = 20%IRMS = 22,000 Amp

Ip = 48,026A

IRMS = 22,000A

Interrupting Rating vs. Interrupting Capacity

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FuseologyThe diagram below illustrates the test circuit as allowed by UL 489.Standard interrupting rating tests for a 22,000 ampere sym. RMS

interrupting rated circuit breaker will allow for a maximum 4 ft.rated wire on the line side for each lead, and 10 in. rated wire onthe load side for each lead of the circuit breaker. See the followingdiagrams and table, that provide a short-circuit analysis of this testcircuit as seen by the circuit breaker.

Test station source impedance is adjusted to achieve a calibrated22,000 RMS symmetrical amps at 20% or less power factor. Thiscircuit can achieve a peak current of 48,026 amps. For the calibra-tion test, a bus bar (shorting bar) is inserted between the test sta-tion terminals.After the circuit calibration is verified, the shorting bar is removed

and the circuit breaker is inserted. In addition, lengths of ratedconductor are permitted to be added as shown. This extra ratedconductor has a high impedance and effectively restricts the cur-rent to 9,900 RMS symmetrical amps. The power factor increasesto 88% due to small conductor high resistance versus its reac-tance.

This circuit can now only achieve a peak current of 14,001 amps.

20A, 240V, 2-PoleMolded Case Circuit RMS Maximum

Breaker With 22,000A Symmetrical Instantaneous Power FactorInterrupting Rating Amps Peak

Calibrated InterruptingRating Circuit 22,000 48,026 20%

Actual Circuit WithWire Impedance Added 9,900 14,001 88%

After Calibration

Conclusion (refer to table above and graphs below)This 22,000 ampere (with short-circuit power factor of 20%) inter-rupting rated circuit breaker has an interrupting capacity of 9,900amperes at a short-circuit power factor of 88%. Unless there is aguarantee that no fault will ever occur at less than 4' 10" from theload terminals of the circuit breaker, this circuit breaker must onlybe applied where there are 9,900 amperes or less available on itsline side.

A graphic analysis of this actual short-circuit follows.

Agency standards allow for a random close during the short-circuit test, so the peak available current may be as low as1.414 times the RMS symmetrical current.

Thus, the circuit breaker is actually tested to interrupt 9,900amperes at 88% power factor, not 22,000 amperes at 20% powerfactor. The following graph shows the waveforms superimposedfor comparison. Henceforth, this RMS test value will be identifiedas the circuit breaker interrupting capacity. (Dont confuse this withthe circuit breaker marked interrupting rating.)

RLINE XLINERCB XCB

20A

RLOAD XLOADRS

XS

SOURCE: 4' Rated Wire (12 AWG Cu)

Note: For calculations, RCB and XCB are assum ed negligible.

10" Rated Wire (12 AWG Cu)

S.C.P.F. = 20%S.C. Avail. = 22,000A

Test station source leads

Shorting bar

Test station source leads

Each4 feet 12 AWG

Each 10 inches 12 AWG

20 A

Shorting barremoved, circuit

breaker &conductors added

20A, 240V, 2-PoleCircuit Breaker

marked 22,000 A.I.R.

Amps

Time

P.F. = 88%IRMS = 9,900 Amp

IRMS = 9,900A

Ip = 14,001A

Amps

Time

P.F. = 88%IRMS = 9,900 Amp

Ip = 48,026A

IRMS = 9,900A

Ip = 14,001A

IRMS = 22,000AP.F. = 20%IRMS = 22,000A

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FuseologyEqually important, the short-circuit power factor is greatly affecteddue to the high R values of the small, rated wire. This results in alower peak value that the circuit breaker must tolerate during thefirst one-half cycle.

Following is an example of a partial table showing the actual Ip andIRMS

values to which circuit breakers are tested.

240V - 2-Pole CB Interrupting Capacities (amps)

CB 10,000 RMS Sym. 14,000 RMS Sym. 18,000 RMS Sym.

AMP Interrupting Rating Interrupting Rating Interrupting RatingRATING Ip IRMS Ip IRMS Ip IRMS

15A 7,200 5,100 8,700 6,100 9,300 6,600

20A 8,900 6,300 11,400 8,100 12,600 8,900

25A 10,700 7,500 14,200 10,100 16,500 11,700

30A 10,700 7,500 14,200 10,100 16,500 11,700

40A 11,700 8,300 16,000 11,300 19,200 13,600

50A 11,700 8,300 16,000 11,300 19,200 13,600

60A 12,500 8,800 17,300 12,200 21,300 15,100

70A 13,000 9,200 18,100 12,800 22,600 16,000

80A 13,000 9,200 18,100 12,800 22,600 16,000

90A 13,200 9,300 18,300 12,900 23,000 16,300

100A 13,200 9,300 18,300 12,900 23,000 16,300

These values are known as the circuit breakers interruptingcapacities.

Bus Bar Conditions- Circuit BreakersBeginning 10/31/2000, UL 489 requires circuit breakers rated 100Aand less to additionally be tested under bus bar conditions.However, this does not assure that the circuit breakers interruptingcapacity equals its interrupting rating nor even that the circuitbreaker is reusable. In this test, line and load terminals are con-nected to 10" of rated conductor. For single pole circuit breakers,these 10" leads are then connected to 4' of 1 AWG for connection tothe test station. For multi-pole circuit breakers, the 10" line sideleads are connected to the test station through 4' of 1 AWG. Theload side is shorted by 10" leads of rated conductor per pole.These bus bar condition tests still do not fully address the situa-tion where a fault can occur less than 4'10" from the circuit breaker.

One point to be made is that acceptable bus shot test results perthe product standard do not meet the NEC definition for a circuitbreaker. For example, 7.1.11.6.3.1 of UL 489 states The inability torelatch, reclose, or otherwise reestablish continuity ... shall be con-sidered acceptable for circuit breakers which are tested under busbar conditions. In practical terms, this means the circuit breakerdoesnt have to work after a fault near the circuit breaker occurs.This is in violation of the 2002 NEC definition for a circuit breaker:A device designed to open and close a circuit by nonautomaticmeans and to open the circuit automatically on a predeterminedovercurrent without damage to itself when properly applied withinits rating. In addition, under bus bar condition tests the circuitbreaker is required to only interrupt one short-circuit current. Forthis one short-circuit test shot, the circuit breaker is in its closedposition and the short-circuit current is initiated by the test stationswitch closing randomly. The bus bar conditions test proceduresdo not evaluate the circuit breaker for closing-on the short-circuit.Closing-on a short-circuit is an important criteria for safety.

Single-Pole Interrupting CapabilityAn overcurrent protective device must have an interrupting ratingequal to or greater than the fault current available at its line terminalsfor both three-phase bolted faults and for one or more phase-to-ground faults (110.9). Although most electrical systems are designedwith overcurrent devices having adequate three-phase interruptingratings, the single-pole interrupting capabilities are easily over-looked. This section will examine single-pole interrupting capability(also referred to as individual pole interrupting capability).

This section will show how single-pole interrupting capabilities mustbe considered in some applications. It will also show there are simplesolutions that exist to provide adequate interrupting ratings if moldedcase circuit breakers, self protected starters and other overcurrentprotective devices are found to have insufficient single-pole interrupt-ing capabilities.

A Fine Print Note was added to 240.85 of the 2002 NEC to alertusers that circuit breakers have single-pole interrupting capabili-ties that must be considered for proper application. It states:

240.85 FPN: Proper application of molded case circuit breakerson 3-phase systems, other than solidly grounded wye, particu-larly on corner grounded delta systems, considers the circuitbreakers individual pole interrupting capability.

As will be shown, there are other overcurrent device types andother grounding system types where individual pole interruptingcapability must be analyzed.

The single-pole interrupting capability of a circuit breaker, self pro-tected starter and other similar mechanical overcurrent protective

device is its ability to open an overcurrent at a specified voltage uti-lizing only one pole of the multi-pole device. Multi-pole mechanicalovercurrent protective devices are typically marked with an interrupt-ing rating. This marked interrupting rating applies to all three polesinterrupting a three-phase fault for a three-pole device. The markedinterrupting rating of a three-pole device does not apply to a singlepole that must interrupt a fault current at rated voltage.

Single-Pole Interrupting Capabilities For Overcurrent DevicesCurrent-limiting fuses: the marked interrupting rating is the testedsingle-pole interrupting rating. So single-pole interrupting capabili-ty is not an issue with fuse applications.

Airframe/power circuit breaker: per ANSI C37.13 and C37.16 the sin-gle-pole interrupting rating is 87% of its three-pole interrupting rating.

Molded case circuit breakers: Listed three-pole molded case circuitbreakers have minimum single-pole interrupting capabilities accord-ing to Table 7.1.7.2 of UL 489. Table 1 on the next page indicates thesingle-pole test value for various three-pole molded case circuit break-ers taken from Table 7.1.7.2 of UL 489. A similar table is shown on

Single Pole Interrupting Capabilities

A circuit breakers, self protected starters, or othermechanical protective devices ability to open an overcurrent

at a specified voltage utilizing only one pole of the device.

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Fuseologypage 54 of the IEEE Blue Book, Recommended Practice forApplying Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers Used in Industrial andCommercial Power Systems, (Std 1015-1997).

Self protected starters: UL 508, Table 82A.3 specifies the short circuittest values on one pole as 4320 amps for 0 to 10 hp devices rated 200to 250 volts and 8660 amperes for 0 to 200 hp devices rated 600 voltsmaximum.

Molded case circuit breakers and self protected starters may not beable to safely interrupt single-pole faults above these respective valuesshown in previous paragraphs. Per 110.9, all overcurrent protectivedevices that are intended to interrupt fault currents must have single-pole interrupting capabilities for the maximum single-pole fault currentthat is available. And typically, engineers, contractors and inspectors(AHJs) rely on the applicable product standard testing and listing crite-ria to verify device ratings as being suitable for specific applications.

TABLE 1 Standard UL 489 Interrupting Tests For 3-Pole Molded Case Circuit Breakers

Standard3-Pole Standard Single-Pole Interrupting

Interrupting Tests ValuesValues

FRAME RATING 240V 480/277V 480V 600/347V 600V

100A Maximum250V Maximum 4,330 -- -- -- -- 5,000

100A Maximum251-600V -- 10,000 8,660 10,000 8,660 10,000

101 800 8,660 10,000 8,660 10,000 8,660 14,000

801 1200 12,120 14,000 12,120 14,000 12,120 20,000

1201 2000 14,000 14,000 14,000 14,000 14,000 25,000

2001 2500 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 30,000

2501 3000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 35,000

3001 4000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 45,000

4001 5000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 60,000

5001 6000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 70,000

Note: This data is from UL 489 Table 7.1.7.2.

Molded Case Circuit Breaker Testing - UL 489Devices must be applied within the limitations of their listing. UL 489 isthe standard for molded case circuit breakers. UL 489 has tests whichit refers to as standard interrupting tests for molded case circuitbreakers. A more appropriate term would be base or lowest inter-rupting level that any circuit breaker of a given rated voltage andampere rating must meet. There are circuit breakers on the marketthat just test to these standard or base interrupting tests. However,because these base interrupting ratings are rather modest values,some circuit breakers are listed with higher interrupting ratings thanthe standard or base levels; for these circuit breakers, there are addi-tional procedures for higher level interrupting tests.

These standard or base interrupting tests for three-pole circuitbreakers involve individual single-pole interrupting tests and multi-pole interrupting tests. Table 7.1.7.2 of UL 489 provides the single-pole (individual) and multi-pole interrupting current values for variousvoltage rating and ampere rating circuit breakers. Table 1 showsthe single-pole short-circuit current values (from Table 7.1.7.2 of UL489) for which all three-pole circuit breakers are tested and evaluat-ed under single-pole interrupting capabilities. The far right column ofTable 1 shows the three-phase short-circuit current values (fromTable 7.1.7.2 of UL 489) for which all three-pole circuit breakers aretested and evaluated. These standard circuit breakers would bemarked with an Interrupting Rating (if above 5,000 amperes) corre-sponding to the three-phase short-circuit current value. The stan-dard circuit breaker is not marked with a single-pole interrupting rat-ing which would correspond to the single-pole interrupting test value.

Circuit breakers with interrupting ratings higher than the standardinterrupting values are needed in todays systems, so additional provi-sions are in UL 489. Higher interrupting rated molded case circuitbreakers are additionally tested and evaluated per 7.1.11 of UL 489 toa High Short-Circuit Test procedure in order to be marked with ahigher interrupting rating. This test procedure does not include a sin-gle-pole test of higher short-circuit current value than the standardtest provisions. The three-pole test current value can be equal to anyvalue listed in Table 8.1 of UL 489, from 7,500A to 200,000A. Thisthree-phase test value must be greater than the values in the far rightcolumn of Table 1. If a circuit breaker successfully tested to a higherthree-pole interrupting value per the High Short-Circuit Tests, themolded case circuit breaker is marked with this higher interrupting rat-ing which corresponds to the three-pole high short-circuit current testvalue.

As mentioned, a single-pole interrupting test at a higher value thanshown in Table 1 is not required in these optional High Short-Circuit Test procedures. Because of this, the marked three-poleinterrupting rating can be much higher than the tested individualpole interrupting capability. In addition, the single-pole capabilityis not required to be marked on the molded case circuit breaker; itcan only be determined by reviewing the UL 489 standard.

Actual ExampleThe diagram below illustrates the UL 489 test procedure for a 100A,480V, three phase circuit breaker that gets listed for a high interrupt-ing rating. Test A and B are the required standard or base interrupt-ing tests. Test A is a three-pole interrupting test at 10,000 A (Table1, right column), which is a modest three-phase available short-cir-cuit current, and Test B is a single-pole interrupting test at a modestsingle-phase available short-circuit current of 8660A (Table 1).Then, in addition, to be listed and marked with the higher 65,000Ainterrupting rating, the circuit breaker must pass the criteria for TestC. Test C is a three-pole interrupting test at 65,000A three-phaseavailable short-circuit current. Test D is not conducted; it is not partof the UL 489 evaluation procedure. This higher three-phase inter-rupting rated circuit breaker does not have to undergo any test cri-teria at a corresponding higher single-pole short-circuit current.

Three-Pole Interrupting Rating & Single-Pole Interrupting CapabilitiesTest Procedures for Molded Case Circuit Breakers UL 489

As an example of single-pole interrupting capability in a typicalinstallation, consider this three-pole, 100 amp, 480V circuit breakerwith a three-pole interrupting rating of 65,000 amperes. Referring toTable 1, this breaker has an 8,660 ampere single-pole interruptingcapability for 480V faults across one pole. If the available line-to-ground fault current exceeds 8,660 amps at 480V, such as mightoccur on the secondary of a 1000 KVA, 480V, corner-grounded,delta transformer, the circuit breaker may be misapplied.

100A, 480V, 3-Pole CB Interrupting Rating = 65,000 A (3-Pole)

Base Interrupting Rating Procedure

High Interrupting Rating Procedure

1-Pole Test8,660A

From Table 1

1-Pole TestNONE

Test D

Test B

3-Phase Test65,000A

From Table 1

Test A

Test C

3-Phase Test10,000A

9

FuseologyShown below are three still photos from a videotaping of a single-pole fault interruption test on a three-pole circuit breaker rated480V. This circuit breaker is marked with a three-pole interruptingrating of 35,000 amperes at 480V. This marked interrupting rating isper UL 489 test procedures. This circuit breaker is tested for individ-ual single-pole interrupting capabilities in UL 489 at an availablefault current of 8,660 amps (Table 1 prior page). The test that isshown below is with an available fault current of 25,000 amperes.

Test set up prior to closure of test station switch.

Photo of 3-pole circuit breaker during test of individual single-poleinterruption of a fault current beyond the value in Table 1.Magnetic forces of short-circuit current caused test board to move.

Photo (later in sequence) of 3-pole circuit breaker during test ofindividual single-pole interruption of a fault current beyond its single-pole interrupting capability - it violently exploded.

Possible Fault Currents During A Ground Fault ConditionThe magnitude of a ground fault current is dependent upon thelocation of the fault with respect to the transformer secondary.Referring to Figure 2, the ground fault current flows through onecoil of the wye transformer secondary and through the phase con-ductor to the point of the fault. The return path is through the enclo-sure and conduit to the bonding jumper and back to the sec-ondary through the grounded neutral. Unlike three-phase faults,the impedance of the return path must be used in determining themagnitude of ground fault current. This ground return impedanceis usually difficult to calculate. If the ground return path is relativelyshort (i.e. close to the center tap of the transformer), the groundfault current will approach the three phase short-circuit current.

Theoretically, a bolted line-to-ground fault may be higher than athree-phase bolted fault since the zero-sequence impedance canbe less than the positive sequence impedance. The ground faultlocation will determine the level of short-circuit current. The prudentdesign engineer assumes that the ground fault current equals atleast the available three-phase bolted fault current and makes surethat the overcurrent devices are rated accordingly.

TYPE OF GROUND SYSTEM AFFECT ON SINGLE-POLE INTERRUPTIONThe method in which a system is grounded can be a significantfactor in the performance of multi-pole, mechanical overcurrentprotective devices used in three phase systems. To illustrate this,several different grounding systems with molded case circuitbreakers will be analyzed.

Solidly Grounded WYE SystemsThe solidly grounded, wye system shown in Figure 1 is by far themost common type of electrical system. This system is typicallydelta connected on the primary and has an intentional solid con-nection between the ground and the center of the wye connectedsecondary (neutral). The grounded neutral conductor carries sin-gle-phase or unbalanced three-phase current. This system lendsitself well to commercial and industrial applications where 480V (L-L-L) three-phase motor loads and 277V (L-N) lighting is needed.

Figure 1 - Solidly Grounded WYE System

If a fault occurs between any phase conductor and ground (Figure2), the available short-circuit current is limited only by the com-bined impedance of the transformer winding, the phase conductorand the equipment ground path from the point of the fault back tothe source. Some current (typically 5%) will flow in the parallelearth ground path. Since the earth impedance is typically muchgreater than the equipment ground path, current flow throughearth ground is generally negligible.

B

A

C

SERVICE

PANEL

BRANCH

PANELSteel Conduit

A

B

C

NN

480V

480V

Solidly Grounded WYE System

277V

277V277

V

10

Figure 2 - Single-Pole Fault to Ground in Solidly Grounded WyeSystem

In solidly grounded wye systems, the first low impedance fault toground is generally sufficient to open the overcurrent device on thefaulted leg. In Figure 2, this fault current causes the branch circuitovercurrent device to clear the 277V fault. This system requirescompliance with single-pole interrupting capability for 277V faultson one pole. If the overcurrent devices have a single-pole inter-rupting capability adequate for the available short-circuit current,then the system meets NEC 110.9.

Although not as common as the solidly grounded wye connection,the following three systems are typically found in industrial installa-tions where continuous operation is essential. Whenever these sys-tems are encountered, it is absolutely essential that the properapplication of single-pole interrupting capabilities be assured. Thisis due to the fact that full phase-to-phase voltage can appearacross just one pole. Phase-to-phase voltage across one pole ismuch more difficult for an overcurrent device to clear than the line-to-neutral voltage associated with the solidly grounded wye sys-tems.

Corner-Grounded-Delta Systems (Solidly Grounded)The system of Figure 3 has a delta-connected secondary and issolidly grounded on the B-phase. If the B-phase should short toground, no fault current will flow because it is already solidlygrounded.

Figure 3 - Corner-Grounded Delta System (Solidly Grounded)

FuseologyIf either Phase A or C is shorted to ground, only one pole of thebranch-circuit overcurrent device will see the 480V fault as shownin Figure 4. This system requires compliance with single-pole inter-rupting capabilities for 480V faults on one pole because thebranch-circuit circuit breaker would be required to interrupt480V with only one pole.

Figure 4 - Fault to Ground on a Corner-Grounded Delta System

A disadvantage of corner-grounded delta systems is the inability toreadily supply voltage levels for fluorescent or HID lighting (277V).Installations with this system require a 480-120V transformer tosupply 120V lighting. Another disadvantage, as given on page 33of IEEE Std 142-1991, Section 1.5.1(4) (Green Book) is the possi-bility of exceeding interrupting capabilities of marginally appliedcircuit breakers, because for a ground fault, the interrupting dutyon the affected circuit breaker pole exceeds the three-phase faultduty. A line-to-ground fault with this type grounding system isessentially a line-to-line fault where the one line is grounded. Themaximum line-to-line bolted short-circuit current is 87% of the threephase bolted short-circuit current. Review the prior page photosequence testing of the 225 amp, three phase circuit breaker witha 35,000 ampere interrupting rating (three-pole rating). 87% of35,000 amperes is 30,450 amperes. The single-pole test was runwith an available of only 25,000 amperes.

Impedance Grounded SystemLow or High impedance grounding schemes are found primarilyin industrial installations. These systems are used to limit, to vary-ing degrees, the amount of current that will flow in a phase toground fault. Low impedance grounding is used to limit groundfault current to values acceptable for relaying schemes. This typeof grounding is used mainly in medium voltage systems and is notwidely installed in low voltage applications (600V or below). TheHigh impedance grounded system offers the advantage that thefirst fault to ground will not draw enough current to cause the over-current device to open. This system will reduce the stresses, volt-age dips, heating effects, etc. normally associated with high short-circuit current. Referring to Figure 5, high impedance groundedsystems have a resistor between the center tap of the wye trans-former and ground. High impedance grounding systems are usedin low voltage systems (600V or less). With high impedancegrounded systems, line-to-neutral loads are not permitted perNational Electrical Code, 250.36(4).

B

A

480V

SERVICE

PANEL

BRANCH

PANELSteel Conduit

A

B

C

C

Single pole must

interrupt fault current

Fault to

conduit

Corner Grounded Delta System

Solidly Grounded WYE System

B

A

C

SERVICE

PANEL

BRANCH

PANELSteel Conduit

A

B

C

N N

480V

480V

Fault to

conduit

Single pole must

interrupt fault current

Corner Grounded Delta System

B

A

480V

SERVICE

PANEL

BRANCH

PANELSteel Conduit

A

B

C

C

480V

480V

11

Figure 5 - Impedance Grounded System

When the first fault occurs from phase to ground as shown inFigure 6, the current path is through the grounding resistor.Because of this inserted resistance, the fault current is not highenough to open protective devices. This allows the plant to contin-ue on line. NEC 250.36(3) requires ground detectors to beinstalled on these systems, so that the first fault can be found andfixed before a second fault occurs on another phase.

Figure 6 - First Fault in Impedance Grounded System

Even though the system is equipped with a ground alarm, theexact location of the ground fault may be difficult to determine. Thefirst fault to ground MUST be removed before a second phasegoes to ground, creating a 480V fault across only one pole of theaffected branch circuit device. Figure 7 shows how the 480V faultcan occur across one pole of the branch circuit device. It is exact-ly because of this possibility that single-pole interrupting capabili-ties must be considered for mechanical overcurrent protectivedevices.

Figure 7 - Second Fault in Impedance Grounded System

The magnitude of this fault current can approach 87% of the L-L-Lshort-circuit current. Because of the possibility that a second faultwill occur, single-pole interrupting capability must be investigated.The IEEE Red Book, Std 141-1993, page 367, supports thisrequirement, One final consideration for impedance-groundedsystems is the necessity to apply overcurrent devices based upontheir single-pole short-circuit interrupting rating, which can beequal to or in some cases less than their normal rating.

Ungrounded Systems The Ungrounded System of Figure 8 offers the same advantage forcontinuity of service that is characteristic of high impedancegrounded systems.

Figure 8 - Ungrounded System

Although not physically connected, the phase conductors arecapacitively coupled to ground. The first fault to ground is limited bythe large impedance through which the current has to flow (Figure9). Since the fault current is reduced to such a low level, the overcur-rent devices do not open and the plant continues to run.

Figure 9 - First Fault to Conduit in Ungrounded System

As with High Impedance Grounded Systems, ground detectorsshould be installed (but are not required by the 2002 NEC), towarn the maintenance crew to find and fix the fault before a sec-ond fault from another phase also goes to ground (Figure 10).

The second fault from Phase B to ground (in Figure 10) will create a 480volt fault across only one pole at the branch circuit overcurrent device.Again, the values from Table 1 for single pole interrupting capabilitiesmust be used for molded case circuit breaker systems as the tradeofffor the increased continuity of service. The IEEE Red Book, Std 141-1993, page 366, supports this requirement, One final consideration forungrounded systems is the necessity to apply overcurrent devicesbased upon their single-pole short circuit interrupting rating, whichcan be equal to or in some cases less than their normal rating.

Fuseology

Resistor

B

A

C

SERVICE

PANEL

BRANCH

PANELSteel Conduit

A

B

C

277V

480V

High Impedance Grounded System

480V

277V

27

7V

B

A

SERVICE

PANEL

BRANCH

PANELSteel Conduit

A

B

C

480V

480VFirst fault

to steel

conduit

Resistor keeps first

fault current low:

5 Amps or so

Low Value of Fault Current

Because of Ground Resistor in

Short-Circuit Path

High Impedance Grounded System

C 277V

277V

27

7V

B

A

C

SERVICE

PANEL

BRANCH

PANELSteel Conduit

A

B

C

480V

480VFirst fault

to steel

conduit

Second Fault

To Enclosure

High Value of Fault

Current Because

Ground Resistor No

Longer in Path

High Impedance Grounded System

Single pole must

interrupt fault current

277V

27

7V

277V

Ungrounded System

B

A

SERVICE

PANEL

BRANCH

PANEL Steel

Conduit

A

B

C

C

480V

480V

Low Value of Fault Current

Because of Large Capacitively

Coupled Impedance to Ground

Ungrounded System

B

A

SERVICE

PANEL

BRANCH

PANEL Steel

Conduit

A

B

C

C

480V

480V

First fault

to steel

conduit

12

Fuseology

Figure 10 - Second Fault to Conduit in Ungrounded System

In the 2002 NEC 250.4(B) Ungrounded Systems (4) Path for FaultCurrent, it is required that the impedance path through the equip-ment be low so that the fault current is high when a second faultoccurs on an ungrounded system.

What Are Single-Pole Interrupting Capabilities For Fuses?By their inherent design a fuses marked interrupting rating is itssingle-pole interrupting rating. Per UL/CSA/ANCE 248 FuseStandards, fuses are tested and evaluated as single-pole devices.Therefore, a fuses marked interrupting rating is its single-poleinterrupting rating. So it is simple, fuses can be applied on singlephase or three phase circuits without extra concern for single-poleinterrupting capabilities. There is no need to perform any specialcalculations because of the grounding system utilized. Just besure the fuses interrupting ratings are equal to or greater than theavailable short-circuit currents. Modern current-limiting fuses areavailable with tested and marked single-pole interrupting ratings of200,000 or 300,000 amperes. LOW-PEAK LPJ_SP, KRP-C_SP,LPS-RK_SP and LPN-RK_SP fuses all have UL Listed 300,000ampere single-pole interrupting ratings. This is a simple solution toassure adequate interrupting ratings for present and future sys-tems no matter what the grounding scheme. Review the threedrawings for a fusible, high impedance grounded system.

Figure 11 - Fusible high impedance grounded system.

Figure 12 - Upon first fault, the fault current is low due to resistor.As intended the fuse does not open.

Figure 13- Upon the second fault, the fault is essentially a line-linefault with the impedance of the conductors and theground path. The fuse must interrupt this fault. Since afuses interrupting rating is the same as its single-poleinterrupting capability, modern fuses with 200,000A or300,000A interrupting rating can be applied without fur-ther analysis for single pole interrupting capabilities.

Resistor

B

A

C

SERVICEPANEL

BRANCHPANEL

A

B

C

480V

480V

Steel Conduit

High Impedance Grounded System

277V

277V

SERVICE

PANEL

BRANCH

PANEL

Single Pole Must Interrupt Fault Current:Fuses Marked Interrupting Rating Is Its Single-

Pole Interrupting Rating: Simple Solution

B

A

C

A

480V

480V

Steel Conduit

Second Faultto Enclosure

High Value of FaultCurrent Because

Ground Resistor NoLonger in Path

First Faultto Steel ConduitC

B

High Impedance Grounded System

277V

277V

B

A

C

SERVICEPANEL

BRANCHPANEL

A

B

C

480V

480V

Steel Conduit

Resistor Keeps FirstFault Current Low:

5 Amps or So

First Faultto Steel Conduit

High Impedance Grounded System

277V

277V

Ungrounded System

B

A

SERVICE

PANEL

BRANCH

PANEL Steel

Conduit

A

B

C

C

480V

480V

Second Fault

To Enclosure

High Value of Fault

Current Because

Large Impedance is

No Longer in Path

First fault

to steel

conduit

Single pole must

interrupt fault current