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Surgical Site Infection SHERI SANDISON. MN. RN. VASCULAR CPC SALHS

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Page 1: Surgical Site Infection - ANZSVN · Assign admin responsibility to anesthetist or ... v’s betadine ... of surgical site infection, 1999.Published in: Nursing Management · 2005Authors:

Surgical Site Infection 

SHERI SANDISON. MN. RN. VASCULAR CPCSALHS

Page 2: Surgical Site Infection - ANZSVN · Assign admin responsibility to anesthetist or ... v’s betadine ... of surgical site infection, 1999.Published in: Nursing Management · 2005Authors:

SSI Risk Factors :

Patient•Comorbidities•Immune status•Colonisation 

Pathogen•Virulence•Resistance

Procedure•Duration•Preparation•Type / technique•Equipment sterilization

Page 3: Surgical Site Infection - ANZSVN · Assign admin responsibility to anesthetist or ... v’s betadine ... of surgical site infection, 1999.Published in: Nursing Management · 2005Authors:

Vascular patients = high risk:

Multiple comorbidities Infected tissue Malnourished Immuno‐suppressed Poor perfusion History resistance (MRSA / VRE) Long procedures / multiple procedures Short prep time (urgent / semi‐urgent) In substandard angio suites.

Page 4: Surgical Site Infection - ANZSVN · Assign admin responsibility to anesthetist or ... v’s betadine ... of surgical site infection, 1999.Published in: Nursing Management · 2005Authors:

Reduce risk of SSI:

Pre‐op Peri ‐op

Post‐op

Page 5: Surgical Site Infection - ANZSVN · Assign admin responsibility to anesthetist or ... v’s betadine ... of surgical site infection, 1999.Published in: Nursing Management · 2005Authors:

Prevention Strategies

Core Strategies

High level of evidence

Demonstrated feasibility

Supplemental strategies

Some evidence

Variable levels of feasibility

Page 6: Surgical Site Infection - ANZSVN · Assign admin responsibility to anesthetist or ... v’s betadine ... of surgical site infection, 1999.Published in: Nursing Management · 2005Authors:

Pre‐op Strategies

Remove infections where possibleIdentify & treat before elective surgeryPostpone until infection resolvedRemove infected tissue (drain diabetic foot  / guillotine amputation)

DOSA admission (decreased cross transfer –nosocomial infections)

Page 7: Surgical Site Infection - ANZSVN · Assign admin responsibility to anesthetist or ... v’s betadine ... of surgical site infection, 1999.Published in: Nursing Management · 2005Authors:

Pre‐op Strategies

Do not remove hair unless interferes with surgeryProtocol for preop hair removalNo Razors – use ClippersClip as close as possible to incision time Protocols & educationEducate patients not to self shave preop.

Page 8: Surgical Site Infection - ANZSVN · Assign admin responsibility to anesthetist or ... v’s betadine ... of surgical site infection, 1999.Published in: Nursing Management · 2005Authors:

Pre‐op Strategies

Antibiotic prophylaxis In accordance to guidelines / standards for procedure, 

common local pathogen, published recommendations.ProtocolTimed to allow tissue penetrationEnsure processes to ensure preop administration for 

vancomycin Discontinue antibiotics within 24hrs.  Adjust dose for obese patient

Page 9: Surgical Site Infection - ANZSVN · Assign admin responsibility to anesthetist or ... v’s betadine ... of surgical site infection, 1999.Published in: Nursing Management · 2005Authors:

Antibiotic Admin. StrategiesAntibiotic prophylaxis  Pre‐printed standard orders OR drug stocks to include ONLY standard guideline drugs

Assign admin responsibility to anesthetist or holding room nurse.

Team time out Visible reminders / check lists, stickers, stop signs Involve ID, Pharmacy in protocol; development / implementation guidelines.

Page 10: Surgical Site Infection - ANZSVN · Assign admin responsibility to anesthetist or ... v’s betadine ... of surgical site infection, 1999.Published in: Nursing Management · 2005Authors:

Pre‐op Strategies

Skin Prep:Chlorhex & alcohol  (3 hours life) v’s betadine (20 min life)Processes to prevent fire (Alcohol + Diathermy)Tinted to ensure visible coverage

Nasal screening & de‐colonise (mupiricin) Screen preop glucose – maintain tight glucose control Preop chlorhex sponge shower (night  before & morning 

of) Patient education about SSI, strategies & their role Smoking cessation

Page 11: Surgical Site Infection - ANZSVN · Assign admin responsibility to anesthetist or ... v’s betadine ... of surgical site infection, 1999.Published in: Nursing Management · 2005Authors:

Intra‐op Strategies

OR environment OR traffic reduce /Close theatre doors (issue with angio suites if not true 

theatre standard) Theatre cleaning Laminar flow Hand wash with antiseptic & approved technique Sterile gowns Sterile instruments Hats / masks Jewelry / artificial nail & polish removed Sterile gloves (double glove) No infected staff Aspesis Only iodophor impregnated drapes Diathermy  does not reduce SSI risk

Page 12: Surgical Site Infection - ANZSVN · Assign admin responsibility to anesthetist or ... v’s betadine ... of surgical site infection, 1999.Published in: Nursing Management · 2005Authors:

Intra‐op Strategies

Maintain normothermiaWarmed blankets (pre/ intra /post)Warmed fluidsWarming blankets on OR tableHats & booties peri op

Page 13: Surgical Site Infection - ANZSVN · Assign admin responsibility to anesthetist or ... v’s betadine ... of surgical site infection, 1999.Published in: Nursing Management · 2005Authors:

Intra‐op Strategies

Maintain haemostasisAdequate perfusionMaintain glucose level (< 11mmol/l) Maintain o2 level (>95%)

Repeat antibiotics for lengthy procedure (3 –4hours – specific guidelines)

Handle tissue gently – haematoma = infectionApply sterile dressingDon’t use irrigation / intra‐cavity lavage to 

reduce risk

Page 14: Surgical Site Infection - ANZSVN · Assign admin responsibility to anesthetist or ... v’s betadine ... of surgical site infection, 1999.Published in: Nursing Management · 2005Authors:

Post‐op Strategies

Surgical dressing in place for 48 hoursChange dressing using aseptic techniqueSafe to shower at 48 ours Occlusive dressing to prevent strike throughControl post op glucose levels (<11mmol/l)Discontinue antibiotics within 24hrs.  SSI surveillance & audit Reduce LOS

Page 15: Surgical Site Infection - ANZSVN · Assign admin responsibility to anesthetist or ... v’s betadine ... of surgical site infection, 1999.Published in: Nursing Management · 2005Authors:

Research opportunities

Nasal decontamination in high risk vascular patients

Supplemental O2 in recovery Preop glucose screening & post op control Closure methods Wound dressing types (Occlusive, antimicrobial, TNP)

Page 16: Surgical Site Infection - ANZSVN · Assign admin responsibility to anesthetist or ... v’s betadine ... of surgical site infection, 1999.Published in: Nursing Management · 2005Authors:

References

Casey AL, Elliott TSJ. Progress in the prevention of surgical site infection.  Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009;22:370‐375

Chong T, Sawyer R. Update on the epidemiology and prevention of surgical site infections.  Curr Infect Dis Rep 2002;4:484‐490)

Department of Health and Human Services.  Action Plan to Prevent Healthcare‐Associated Infections. http://www.hhs.gov/ophs/initiatives/hai/infection.html Accessed 17 February 2010

Fry DE. A systems approach to the prevention of surgical infections. Surg Clin N Am 2009;89:521‐537.

Haynes AB, Weiser TG, Berry WR, et al,. A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population.  N Eng J Med 2009;360(5):491‐499.

Page 17: Surgical Site Infection - ANZSVN · Assign admin responsibility to anesthetist or ... v’s betadine ... of surgical site infection, 1999.Published in: Nursing Management · 2005Authors:

References

Horan TC, Andrus M, Dudeck MA. CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care‐associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J Infect Cotrol 2008;36:309‐32 

Kirby JP, Mazuski JE. Prevention of surgical site infection. Surg Clin N Am 2009;89:365‐389.

Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, et al. Guideline for the prevention of surgical site infection, 1999.  Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee.  Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20:250‐278.

Nichols RL. Preventing surgical site infections. Clin Med Res 2004;2(2):115‐118.

World Alliance for Patient Safety. WHO guidelines for safe surgery. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008

Page 18: Surgical Site Infection - ANZSVN · Assign admin responsibility to anesthetist or ... v’s betadine ... of surgical site infection, 1999.Published in: Nursing Management · 2005Authors:

References

http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG74NICEGuideline.pdf

http://www.cdc.gov/HAI

http://www.health.vic.gov.au/sssl/downloads/prev_surgical.pdf

http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/haiic/ic/publicationsdetail.aspx?id=50997

http://www.documents.hps.scot.nhs.uk/hai/infection‐control/evidence‐for‐care‐bundles/key‐recommendations/ssi.pdf

http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/book/australian‐guidelines‐prevention‐and‐control‐infection‐healthcare‐2010/b4‐3‐2‐minimising‐risk‐s