survey 2018-19 economic...overview: indian economic scenario: demand side view slowdown in aggregate...

Economic Survey 2018-19

Copyright © 2019 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] Economic Survey 2019, Aditya Kalia

Subject, Topic & Expert

Copyright © 2019 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]

2

Volume 1

Volume 2

Agenda

V2- Ch1: State of Economy in 2018-19: A Macro View

ES-2016-17, AdityaCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]

Overview

• Global economic scenario• Indian Economic Scenario

Demand Side Drivers

• Changes in Consumption• Changes in Investment• Changes in Net Exports

Supply Side Drivers

• GVA


ES-2018-19, Aditya KaliaCopyright © 2019 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]

Overview: Global Economic Scenario



Overview: Global Economic Scenario

The global economy—in particular the global growth powerhouse, China—is rebalancing, leading to an increasing role for India. Hence, India’s contribution has become much more valuable to the global economy.



Overview: Indian Economic Scenario



Overview: Indian Economic Scenario: Demand side view

Slowdown in Aggregate Demand

AD = C + G + I + X-M





AD = C + G + I + X-MChange in pattern of consumption:Private expenses:- Increase in discretionary spending –

from good to services and from essentials to luxuries;

- Increasing share of non-food expenses

Figure: Income elasticity of consumption





AD = C + G + I + X-M

Government Expenses GFCEΔ GFCE= Δ Revenue expenses – interest payments and subsidies- Increasing capital and decreasing revenue





AD = C + G + I + X-M

Investments:- GFCF: value of new machinery and

equipment and the value of new construction activity, Cultivated biological resources and intellectual property products

- early signs of recovery since 2017-18





AD = C + G + I + X-MSavings:





AD = C + G + I + X-M

Net Exports:The trend of growth different in rupee and dollar terms. -> While the growth of both export and import declined in US$ terms, it increased in rupee terms. This happened due to the depreciation of rupee vis-à-vis US dollar in 2018-19.

Net Exports:- Narrow Savings- Investment gap => Narrow Current Account Deficit



Overview: Indian Economic Scenario: Supply Side view

Mainly on account of:- lower growth in ‘Agriculture

& allied’ – Lesser acreage, lower prices

- ‘Trade, hotel, transport, storage, communication and services related to broadcasting’ and

- ‘Public administration & defence’ sectors.

GDP at market Prices = Σ GVA at basic prices + Indirect Taxes - Subsidies

Positives:- Rising share of Corporate

and organised sector- Growing capacity utilisation

Voume1- Chapter1 –

SHIFTING GEARS: PRIVATE INVESTMENT AS THE KEY DRIVER OF GROWTH, JOBS, EXPORTS AND DEMAND


V1- Ch1:Shifting Gears: Private Investment


Overview: Growth Strategy for a $5 Trillion Economy

- Fastest Growing large economy- Inflation under control

- JAM Trinity for financial inclusion and delivery of services

- Fiscal Federalism – Niti Aayog

- Thrust on infrastructure- Improving business environment

Laying a strong base in the previous 5 years

Insolvency and Bankruptcy code



Overview: Growth Strategy for a $5 Trillion Economy

Sustaining the virtuous cycle of growth – Private investment

Investment, especially private investment, is the “key driver” that drives demand, creates capacity, increases labour productivity, introduces new technology, allows creative destruction and generates jobs.




Viewing economy: Not in constant equilibrium but in disequilibrium: How to build models for the economy and give prescriptions?

Viewing economy: Not in silos to address growth, demand, jobs, productivity and exports but as macro-phenomenon exhibiting significant complementarities- driven by investment.




China remains an investment-driveneconomy even today with its investment andsavings rates reaching about 45% of GDPeven in 2017.




Importance of Savings: Even stronger coorelation between growth and savings than investment – Precautionary savings for investments

Effect on Jobs? Labour V/s Capital debate

Effect on Exports?

Domestic savings is merely a force multiplier-> True driver is exports




Importance of Savings: Even stronger coorelation between growth and savings than investment – Precautionary savings for investments

Effect on Jobs? Labour V/s Capital debate

Effect on Exports?

Domestic savings is merely a force multiplier-> True driver is exportsCapital Investment – Factor productivity

Leveraging global slowdown in trade? Opportunity for India




Making Policy for Homo Sapiens- Leveraging knowledge from other fields



Sustaining the virtuous cycle of growth – Private investmentMaking Policy for Homo Sapiens- Leveraging knowledge from other fields



Sustaining the virtuous cycle of growth – Private investmentMaking Policy for Homo Sapiens- Leveraging knowledge from other fields

Question for Mains: India is not a member of ICSID (International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes). Examine whether it is time to be one.




Role of Policy UncertaintyRole of legal Framework

Role of Demographics

Importance of Wages?

Volume 1- Chapter 2 :

Policy for Homo Sapiens, NotHomo Economicus: Leveraging theBehavioural Economics of “Nudge”


V1- Ch2: Behavioral Economics – The Nudge




Various such aspirational areas have been discussed such as:- from BBBP to BADLAV (Beti Aapki Dhan Lakshmi Aur Vijay Lakshmi)-

- from Swachh Bharat to Sundar Bharat

- from “Give It Up” for the LPG subsidy to “Think about the Subsidy”-

- from tax evasion to tax compliance-



Implementing the Aspirational Agenda for Behavioural Change

Setting institutions- Setup a behavioural economics unit in the Niti Aayog, to use behavioural insights for effective policymaking.

Changes in programs- Every program must go through a “behavioural economics” audit before its implementation.

Cooperation with the states- the behavioural economics team should work with various state governments not only to inform them about the potential benefits but also help them to improve the efficacy of the programs.

Volume 2- Chapter 2:Review of Fiscal Developments


V2- Ch2:Review of Fiscal Developments


Twin pillars of Fiscal Targeting framework:

1. Reducing Debt

2. Reigning in Fiscal Deficit



Salient Changes in Central Government Finances:

1. Improvement in Tax:GDP ratio

2. Significant consolidation of revenue expenditure

3. Gradual tilt towards capital spending



Improvement in Corporate tax collections. Reasons?

- Better tax administration,

- widening of TDS carried over the years,

- anti-tax evasion measures

- increase in effective tax payers base.

- Widening of tax base due to increase in the number of indirect tax filers in the GST



Trends in Expenditure



Steps to rationalise expenditure:

1. Improved targeting of subsidies

2. Rationalizing CSS3. Defense expenditure

utilisation and steps for indigenization

4. Fall in Global Commodity Prices



More than two-thirds of the fiscal space created by compression of revenue expenditure is on account of reduction in food, fertiliser and petroleum subsidies.

outcome of decline in global crude prices, decontrol of prices better targeting through direct benefit transfer of subsidies. The recent expenditure trends show improved expenditure quality, with capital expenditure as a proportion of GDP, rising by nearly 0.1 percentage point.



Challenges to Fiscal consolidation:- slowing of growth 🡪 implications for revenue collections - revenue buoyancy of GST - resources for expanded schemes like PM-KISAN and Ayushmaan

Bharat- sanctions on oil import from Iran

Volume 2- Chapter 3:Monetary Management and Financial Intermediation


V2- Ch3: Monetary Management and Financial Intermediation


Trends in Money supply and its control:

U Turn:Unchanged with Neutral Policy Stance to Calibrated Tightening to Neutral to Accommodative policy

M0 – mainly increased due to RBI credit to the government through OMOs

M3 – Increasing trend after long: Currency as well as deposits; SCB credit

Money Multiplier: M3/M0 – Tightening. Reasons?



Trends in Money supply and its control:

Steps to manage shortfall in liquidity:

- OMOs- Facility to Avail Liquidity for Liquidity Coverage Ratio (FALLCR)- Reduction in SLR- Long term Forex swaps with banks



Effect on Government Borrowings --> Volatility

Influenced by:- - Oil Prices- Liquidity in domestic

market- Stance of US Federal

Reserve- Inflation



Banking Sector : Reduction in Stressed assets, NPAs.

NBFCs: IL & FS Crisis; Problems

∙ GNPA ratio of PSBs decreased from 15.5 % to 13.9 % between March 2018 and December 2018.

∙ Capital to risk-weighted asset ratio (CRAR) of SCBs increased



Insurance Sector : Improvement in Insurance penetration and insurance density

∙2.71 per cent in 2001, has steadily increased to 3.69 per cent

∙US$11.5 in 2001, reached to US$73 in 2017



Improvement in Resolution Process: Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code

Supplementary Step: Effective bilateral work out restructuring mechanism – Shasakt - Participation of banks in inter-creditor agreementProgress MadeWithin 27 months of operaoperationalization of the IBC, as many as 14,000 applications had been filed for initiation of Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRPs) under the IBC.

IBC is viewed as a preferred mode to resolve distressed assets and maximize returns and feasible recourse to enforce payment discipline by corporate debtors.



Improvement in Resolution Process: Insolvency and Bankruptcy CodeSupplementary Step: Effective bilateral work out restructuring mechanism – ShasaktProgress MadeWithin 27 months, as many as 14,000 applications filedIBC is viewed as a preferred mode to resolve distressed assets and maximize returns Out of the total cases admitted, 152 cases were closed on appeal, review or settlement, 91 were withdrawn on account of settlement under section 12A of the IBC, 94 yielded resolutions and 378 resulted in liquidation. 1,143 cases are presently undergoing resolution process. 383 cases of voluntary liquidation were admitted against which dissolution orders were passed in 41 cases.



Improvement in Resolution Process: Insolvency and Bankruptcy CodeImpact of IBC:Behavioural change: The IBC has made a significant impact on the way the default of debts is viewed and treated by promoters and management. It has initiated a cultural shift in the dynamics between lender and borrower, promoter and creditor.

The threat of promoters losing control of the company or protracted legal proceedings is forcing many corporate defaulters to pay off their debt even before the insolvency can be started.

Increase in the resolution of stressed assets: Earlier recovery like Lok Adalat, Debt Recovery Tribunal, and SARFAESI Act were recovery focused as compared to the IBC which aims at the turnaround of the debtor while maximizing returns for the creditors. These earlier mechanisms have resulted in an average recovery of 23 per cent to lenders as against nearly 43 per cent under the IBC.



Improvement in Resolution Process: Insolvency and Bankruptcy CodeWay Forward for IBC:- Cross Border insolvency- Group Insolvency- Insolvency of Bankrupt Individuals- Improving NCLT capacity

Volume 1- Chapter 6:How does policy uncertainty effect investment?


V2- Ch6: How does policy uncertainty effect investment?


Measuring Economic Policy uncertainty: Creating the EPU Index

It is created by quantifying newspaper coverage of policy-related economic uncertainty.

Uncertainty v/s Risk



EPU in India



EPU in India

- Macroeconomic Stability- Exchange rates- Stock market- Inflation



EPU in India

- Its effect on investments

- Effect on other variables that effect investment – Inflation, Foreign investment, Capacity Utilisation



EPU in India

Policy Recommendations

Predictable Policy Actions- by the policymakers, which provide forward guidance on the stance of policy, maintain broad consistency in the actual policy with the forward guidance and reduce ambiguity in policy implementation

Measuring Uncertainty- as ‘what gets measures gets acted upon’,

Ensuring Quality Assurance of processes in policy making- quality assurance of processes in policy making must be implemented in Government via international quality certifications, as done in private sector.

Volume 2- Chapter 4:Prices and Inflation


V2- Ch4: Prices and Inflation


Trend of inflation



Major Contributors of Inflation



Major Contributors of Inflation

🡪 Increasing contribution of services to inflation:- Health- Education- Transport



Inflation in rural v/s urban areas

- Both rural and urban inflation witnessed reduction

- Decline in rural inflation is steeper.

- The importance of food in determining rural inflation has been declining over the years.

- In contrast, the role of miscellaneous category i.e. services in determining rural inflation has increased



Steps which have been taken to achieve this

General Measures on the Supply side:

🡪Advisories to state governments against hoarders and black marketers

Regular meetings to review pricesHigher MSP for pulses to incentivize productionSetting up of Price Stabilization Fund

Specific Measures on the supply side:

Utilisation of pulses from strategic stock for market interventionWithdrawing on prohibitions on exportsRelaxing stock limits on oil, etc. for states

Volume 2- Chapter 6:External Sector


V2- Ch6: External Sector


Global environment – 2 key factors

1. Slowing Growth

2. Rising Protectionism

Consequences?

- Risk of rising prices of machinery and equipment- Reduction in real investment in developing

countries- Not a reduction in trade imbalance but only its

diversion.



India’s BoP: Deteriorating, but stable! Up from 0.6% in 2016 & 1.8% in 2017 to 2.4% in 2018



India’s BoP: Deteriorating, but stable! Up from 0.6% in 2016 & 1.8% in 2017 to 2.4% in 2018

Major reasons:- Merchandise Deficit – Slowdown in exports and imports

- Rise in crude oil prices as well as volume consumed

- Rise in non-POL imports



Price dependence of India’s POL imports and exports



Invisibles in CAD



Capital Account of BoP

During 2018-19, net foreign investment declined - Robust foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, were more than outweighed by withdrawals under portfolio investment reflecting an escalation of global risk aversion



Capital Account of BoP

Various sources in Capital A/c:- Debt Creating:

- Net external issuance – Increased- External Commercial borrowing – Increased- Net NRI Deposit – Increased- Net short term trade credit – Decreased



Capital Account of BoPDiscernible change in funding of CAD from Capital flows: Contribution of FDI v/s FII



External Debt:



External Debt:

Debt Service Ratios: indicates the claim that servicing of external debt makes on current receipts and is, therefore, a measure of strain on BoP due to servicing of debt service obligations. Debt Service ratio increased till 2016 and then declined continuously since 2016 – Favourable.



Net International Investment Position

IIP is a statistical statement that shows at a point in time the value of financial assets of residents of an economy that are claims on non-residents or are gold bullion held as reserve assets; and the liabilities of residents of an economy to non-residents (International Monetary Fund (IMF)).

The difference between the assets and liabilities is the net position in the IIP and represents either a net claim on or a net liability to the rest of the world.

A positive NIIP value indicates a nation is a creditor nation, while a negative value indicates it is a debtor nation.



Net International Investment Position



Exchange rates: NEER & REER



Terms of Trade1. Commodity or net terms of trade (NTT) of a country is the ratio of the unit value (price)

of export to the corresponding unit value (price) of import measured relative to a base year. If this ratio increases, it implies that the country, for every unit of exports it exchanges for imports, is receiving relatively more; if the ratio decreases then the country is receiving relatively less.

Two other commonly used terms of trade indices are gross terms of trade (GTT) and income terms of trade (ITT).

1. The GTT is a ratio of total quantity of imports to that of exports of a given country.

2. The ITT is the value of exports divided by the unit value (price) of imports to reflect how better or worse a country’s purchasing power to imports has become. Figure



Terms of Trade

ITT – Most relevant because it shows capacity to import for developing countries. 🡪 With rising ITT, India has been steadily increasing its purchasing power to import



Terms of Trade

ITT – Most relevant because it shows capacity to import for developing countries. 🡪 With rising ITT, India has been steadily increasing its purchasing power to import

Since increase in export volumes is directly correlated with increase in growth of world output, a slow-down in world output has eroded the capacity to import during April-January of 2018-19 even when import prices of India have declined faster than the country’s export prices.

🡪 It would take a much larger drop in import prices to counter-balance the slow-down of world output to generate a positive ITT effect for the country.



Composition of trade



Trade Facilitation:

Setting up a Steering Committee- co- chaired by the Commerce Secretary and the Revenue Secretary to coordinate overall implementation of India’s notified facilitation commitments

Establishment of a National Single Window system to route all import related formalities viz., examination, sampling, clearance, etc.

E-Sanchit Project- for paperless filing of import/ exports documents. Consistent trade facilitation efforts have resulted in substantive improvement of India’s performance in Trading Across Borders indicator (Ease of Doing Business, World Bank) from 146 in 2017 to 80 in the year 2018.



Other measures:

- Logistics

- Anti-Dumping duties

- Counterveiling duties

Volume 1- Chapter 11:Redesigning a minimum wage system in India for inclusive

Growth


V1- Ch11:Minimum Wages


Determinants of a wage?

- Skills- Productivity- Role of labour market institutions ex. Minimum wages- Collective bargaining



Minimum Wage System in India – 429 scheduled employments, 1915 scheduled job categories for unskilled workers

Minimum Wages Act, 1948 : The Act protects both regular and casual workers. Minimum wage rates are set both by the Central and the State governments for employees working in selected ‘scheduled’ employment.

Minimum wages have been set for different categories of workers according to skill levels, location and occupations. The Act did not prescribe norms for fixing the level of the minimum wage.

The act provides for tripartite advisory boards consisting of employers, employees of scheduled employments and independent persons to advise government in fixing minimum wages.



Government effort to simplify the Minimum Wage framework

Declaring a National Floor Level Minimum Wage (NFLMW),Strengthening the coordination of the Central Advisory Board with State Advisory Boards,

Promoting states to determine minimum wage rates through consultations within five broader regional committees.

However, a simple system covering as many workers as possible, understood by all, and easily enforceable is the key to improve the effectiveness of minimum wage.



Variations in minimum wages:

- Across the country

- Within the states

- Gender based



Lighthouse effect: The effect on minimum wages

Rising wages in lower productivity areas

Reduction in wage inequality

Impact on Unemployment?



Way forward:

- Simplification and Rationalisation

- Setting National Floor wage

- Defining criteria for setting MW

- Coverage and Adjustment

- Use of Technology


Thank You!!

survey 2018-19 economic...overview: indian economic scenario: demand side view slowdown in aggregate...

Documents