survey of anatomy and physiology chap 9 part two
TRANSCRIPT
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The Nervous System: The Body's Control Center
9
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Part TwoPart Two
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Specialized cells in Central Nervous System Central Nervous System
called neuroglia, or glial cells, perform specialized functions. Four types:
Neuroglia-Glial CellsNeuroglia-Glial Cells
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Specialized cells in nervous system called
neuroglia, or glial cells, perform specialized functions
Nerve Tissue-Nerve Tissue-Glial CellsGlial Cells
Metabolic and Metabolic and structural supportstructural support
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Specialized cells in nervous system called
neuroglia, or glial cells, perform specialized functions
Nerve Tissue-Nerve Tissue-Glial CellsGlial Cells
Attack Microbes Attack Microbes and remove and remove
debrisdebris
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Specialized cells in nervous system called
neuroglia, or glial cells, perform specialized functions
Nerve Tissue-Nerve Tissue-Glial CellsGlial Cells
Cover and line Cover and line cavities of cavities of
nervous systemnervous system
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Specialized cells in nervous system called
neuroglia, or glial cells, perform specialized functions
Nerve Tissue-Nerve Tissue-Glial CellsGlial Cells
Makes lipid Makes lipid insulation insulation
called myelin called myelin
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Specialized cells in Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System
called neuroglia, or glial cells, perform specialized functions. Two types:
Neuroglia-Glial CellsNeuroglia-Glial Cells
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Specialized cells in nervous system called
neuroglia, or glial cells, perform specialized functions
Nerve Tissue-Nerve Tissue-Glial CellsGlial Cells
Makes myelin Makes myelin for PNSfor PNS
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Specialized cells in nervous system called
neuroglia, or glial cells, perform specialized functions
Nerve Tissue-Nerve Tissue-Glial CellsGlial Cells
Support Support cellscells
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Figure 9-2Glial cells and their functions.
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Each part of neuron has
specific function Body/SomaBody/Soma: cell metabolism DendritesDendrites: receive
information from the environment
AxonAxon: generates and sends signals to other cells
Nerve Tissue-The Nerve Tissue-The NeuronNeuron
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Figure 9-3A neuron connecting to a
skeletal muscle.
Each part of neuron has specific function:
Axon terminalAxon terminal: where signal leaves cellSynapseSynapse: where axon terminal and receiving cell combine
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Neurons
Neurons are classified by how they look (structure)or what they do (function)
Neurons are classified by how they look (structure)or what they do (function)
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Neurons can use their ability to generate generate
electricityelectricity to send, receive, and interpret signals
How Neurons WorkHow Neurons Work
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Neurons are called excitableexcitable
cells; this simply means that if cell is stimulated it can carry
small electrical chargesmall electrical charge. Each time charged particles flow
across a cell membrane, there is tiny charge generatedtiny charge generated
How Neurons WorkHow Neurons Work
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All three muscle All three muscle types are
excitable cells, as are many gland cells
Cells are like miniature miniature batteriesbatteries, able to generate tiny currents simply by changing permeability of their membranes
How Neurons WorkHow Neurons Work
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Series of permeability permeability
changes changes within the cell and the
resultant changes in the charge across the cell membrane
The Action PotentialThe Action Potential
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The Action PotentialThe Action Potential
• Polarized• Depolarized• Repolarization• Hyperpolarization• Refractory
Changes in the Cell
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A cell that is not not
stimulatedstimulated or excited is called a resting cellresting cell; it is said to be polarizedpolarized
It has a difference in charge across its membrane, being more more negative inside negative inside than on the outside cell
Resting Cell-PolarizedResting Cell-Polarized
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When cell is
stimulated, sodium sodium gatesgates in the cell membrane spring openopen, allowing sodium to travel across membrane
Sodium bits are positively chargedpositively charged, so cell becomes more positive as they enter
Stimulated Cell-Stimulated Cell-DepolarizedDepolarized
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Sodium gates close after a few minutes and
potassium gates openpotassium gates open; potassium leaves cell, taking its positive charge with it
RepolarizationRepolarization
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If cell becomes more
negative than resting it is called hyperpolarizedhyperpolarized
Action potential (AP) is cell moving through depolarization, depolarization, repolarizationrepolarization, and hyperpolarizationhyperpolarization
HyperpolarizationHyperpolarization
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Cell cannot accept another stimulus until it
returns to its resting state, and this time period when it cannot accept another stimulus cannot accept another stimulus is called refractoryrefractory period
Refractory PeriodRefractory Period
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Figure 9-4The action potential-
page 209.
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Speed of
impulse conduction is
determined by amount of amount of myelin myelin and diameter of diameter of
axonaxon
Myelin Increases Myelin Increases ConductionConduction
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Myelin is lipid lipid
insulation insulation or sheath formed by oligodendrocytesoligodendrocytes in CNS and…
Schwann celSchwann cells in PNS
Myelin Increases Myelin Increases ConductionConduction
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Myelin is essential for speedy flow of AP's down axons; in unmyelinated axon, AP can only flow down axon by depolarizing each and every millimeter of axon (relatively slow process); in myelinated axons there are nodes located periodically, and only nodes must depolarize, allowing impulse to travel quickly as it skips from node to node
Myelinated axon vs. Myelinated axon vs. UnmyelinatedUnmyelinated
Myelin is essential for speedy flow of
Action potential down the axon
Un-myelinated axon has to depolarizeeach and every each and every
millimeter millimeter of axon
.5 meters/second.5 meters/second100 meters/second100 meters/second
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Figure 9-5Wider axons conduct faster
Diameter of axon Diameter of axon also affects also affects speed of action potential
flow; wider the diameter of axon, faster the flow of
ions
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Figure 9-5Impulse conduction via
myelinated axon.
Nerve impulse Nerve impulse jumpsjumps from the
bare areas between myelin
sheath called the Nodes of Ranvier Nodes of Ranvier which is FASTER
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Watch Video “How Synapses Work”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuclwAOJFh8
How Synapses WorkHow Synapses Work
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When AP* arrives at axon terminal, terminal terminal depolarizes and calcium depolarizes and calcium gates open;gates open; calcium ions
flows into cell; when calcium flows in, it triggers change in
terminal
How Synapses WorkHow Synapses Work
*Action potential
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There are tiny sacs in terminal called vesiclesvesicles
that release their contents from cell when calcium flows in
How Synapses WorkHow Synapses Work
VesiclesVesicles
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Vesicles are filled
with molecules called
neurotransmittersneurotransmitters that send signal
from neuron across synapse to next
cell in line
How Synapses WorkHow Synapses Work
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Once released the
neurotransmitter binds to
receptors on postsynaptic
membrane. Each neurotransmitter has a specific
receptor
How Synapses WorkHow Synapses Work
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The specific neurotransmitter
determines whether the impulse continues
which is calledEXCITATION allowing
Sodium (Na+) channels to open and membrane is depolarized and
impulse continues
How Synapses WorkHow Synapses Work
Sodium channels
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The specific neurotransmitter
determines whether the impulse is
blocked which is called
INHIBITION allowing Potassium (K+) channels to open and the impulse
STOPS
How Synapses WorkHow Synapses Work
Potassium channels
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The receptor then
releases the neurotransmitter
after which it is reabsorbed by the synaptic knobs and
recycled or destroyed by
enzymes.
How Synapses WorkHow Synapses Work
Enzymes
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Use of neurotransmitters is called chemical chemical
synapsesynapse because chemicals carry informationchemicals carry information from one cell to another
Chemical SynapseChemical Synapse
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Figure 9-6
. Step 1: The impulse travels down the axon.
Step 2: Vesicles are stimulated to release neurotransmitter
(exocytosis).
Step 3: The neurotransmitter travels across the synapse and
binds with the receptor site of post synaptic cell.
Step 4: The impulse continues down the dendrite.
Chemical SynapseChemical Synapse
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NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters
Acetylcholine Generally excitatory, but sometimes excitatory
Norepinephrine May be excitatory or inhibitory depending on receptor
Epinephrine May be excitatory or inhibitory depending on receptors
Serotonin Generally inhibitory
Endorphins Generally inhibitory
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Clean up at the Clean up at the Synapse Synapse
After neurotransmittersneurotransmitters
create a nerve impulse at the
synapse, enzymes
“reuptake” or reuptake” or clean upclean up the
chemicals and use them again
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Selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are medications that medications that preventprevent cleanup cleanup of neurotransmitter serotonin from synapses, thus increasing effects of serotonin on receiving cell
AntidepressantsAntidepressants
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Electrical vs Chemical Electrical vs Chemical SynapseSynapse
• Cells do not need chemicals to transmit information from one cell to another
• Can transfer info because of special connection called GAP JUNCTION
• Cells do not need chemicals to transmit information from one cell to another
• Can transfer info because of special connection called GAP JUNCTION
Gap junction
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Electrical SynapseElectrical Synapse
Electrical synapses with gap junction are found in
the intercalated
discs of cardiac
muscle cells
Electrical synapses with gap junction are found in
the intercalated
discs of cardiac
muscle cells
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Electrical vs Chemical Electrical vs Chemical SynapseSynapse
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In Class In Class
WORKSHEETWORKSHEET
Complete the worksheet using ONLY YOUR NOTES-
NO TEXTBOOK or LAP TOPS, TABLETS
You will not need to complete the Chapter 9
worksheets for credit but use simply for STUDY GUIDE
for your test
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EXAM-Chapters 6 & 7EXAM-Chapters 6 & 7
Your exam is Tuesday Oct 29 at 9:30 a.m. It will have questions from:•Power Point Presentations on Chapter 6 & 7•Essay on functions of skeletal system•Explain osteoporosis and cells of bone formation•Step by step of Muscle contraction•Diagram on specific joint•Extra credit: MUSCLE TONE page 149 in your textbook