survey of postural deformities among secondary school

Survey of postural deformities among secondary

school children of Indore

By

Dr. Dhruv Bhalla

Professor,

Sendhwa Sharirik Shiksha Sansthan,

Chatli, Badwani, Madhya Pradesh

2019

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Title: Survey of postural deformities among secondary school

children of Indore

Author(s): Dr. DhruvBhalla

Edition: First

Volume: I

© Copyright Reserved

2019

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, in a

retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, reordering or otherwise, without the prior permission

of the publisher.

ISBN: 978-93-86675-73-6

Survey of postural deformities among secondary school children of Indore iii

Ideal International E- Publication

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix

Chapter

I INTODUCTION ……………………………………………. 1-16

Statement of the Problem

Delimitation

Limitation

Definitions and Explanation of the Terms

Significance of the Study

II REVIEWOFRELATEDLITERATURE ……………………. 17-25

III Procedure ………………………………………………………… 26-31

Selection of Survey Population

Collection of Data

Administration of Test

Statistical Procedure

IV ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS OF THE STUDY 32-47

Findings

Discussion of Findings

V SUMMARY,CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS … 48-49

Summary

Conclusions

Recommendations

APPENDICES …………………………………………………………. 50-114

A Covering Letter for Taking Permission

B Data of Secondary Schools Children of Indore

BIBLIGRAPHY ………………………………………………………… 115-119

Survey of postural deformities among secondary school children of Indore 1


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Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

The posture is position of an erect body in relation to his environment. In other words, posture

means stance eg. Posture of standing, Posture of squatting etc. A particular posture is produced

through one or more reflexes. In a particular some muscles are in state of contraction and other

are relaxed.

Therefore, biomechanically speaking posture is sum of gravity v/s antigravity. An individual

unique pattern of traits is his posture.

The posture in medical terms “an unconscious adjustment of tone in the different muscles

involved in active movement or static position for:

Making the movement or position accurate.

For maintaining the line or point of gravity constant.

Correct Posture

The correct posture or good posture of the body is defined as a position in which the

skeleton is held erect in the position that is mechanically most favorable for the transmission of

body weight. If the posture is good than minimum effort will be required to balance the body.1

In physical training one comes across many cases of faulty postures, lack of mobility and

other disabilities many of which are largely due to loss of muscle tone and unbalanced

development. Most of these results from occupational causes or bad habits of posture or from

lack of nourishment, fresh air and exercise.2

The degree of disability may range from the hardly noticeable to what might almost be

called a deformity. It must be made perfectly clear that disability which can be cured or

improved by exercise alone, are limited to those which are due to loss of muscular tone and in

which no body change has yet taken place.

All the disabilities depend on the following condition of muscles and ligaments:

(1) Loss of tone in certain muscles, which allow the bone to assume abnormal position.

(2) Unbalance muscular development often due to bad habits of posture or to occupational

causes, which interfere with the balance of the body framework.

1VyasDev Sharma, Introduction to physical and Health Education (Avichal Publishing Company,

2000), p.107 2Dr. A.K. Uppal, Dr. H.P. Gautam, Physical Educational and Health (Friends Publication, 2000),

p. 105



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(3) Loss of mobility at the joint due to contraction of ligaments as a result as a result of

disease.

Robert B. Dutheri3, categorized postural deformities as following:

POSTURAL DEFECTS

Axial Skeleton Appendicular

Skeleton

(A) Simple (1) Upper Limb

Kyphosis - Simple

Lordosis -+ Rotation deformity of arm

Scoliosis - Gun stock deformity

- Club hand deformity (Leproxy)

(B) Complex - Winging Scapula

Any of the above two - High rising scapula

Combined

(2) Lower Limb Simple

- Foot – Flat foot, caves foot, Talipen in toeing, out toeing

Ankle – Equinus foot

Knee – Contractures, Knock Knee, Bow legs

It has been said that without man posture, no man, without man, no culture, without

culture, a world not world living in it.4

3Robert B. Duthei, George Bentley, Merier’s Orthopedic Surgery 9th

edition (U.S.A. Arnoled

Publication, USA, 1996), p.23

4Oscar W .Kiputh et.al, Postural Defects (London: W.B Sounders Company, 1946), p.1



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It is frequently said, “Posture expresses mental as well as physical states. “Posture is an

index of personality”. Effect posture is an expression of intelligence.” The posture often

proclaims the man. “Posture shows the rise and fall of a nation.”5

How disheartening it is to see a girl dressed ina pretty party dress but possessing such

poor postural characteristic as rounded upper back, a poked head or a protruding abdomen. Most

of the people with poor posture will become progressively worse as they grow older.6

Indication of bad postureare forward head,suken chest, round shoulders, hollow back,

protruding buttocks, locked knee and weight thrown on the inner borders of the of the feet,

penalties of poor posture are “dowagers hump”, neck ache, backache, double chin, winged

scapulae, fallenarches, middle age spread and “sparie tires around the waist.”

The manner in which a person uses his body as he stands, sits, walks, bends, over reache,

lifts, pulls, pushes, carries, sleeps or does any other thing determines whether he works and plays

and lives effectively with a minimum of fatigue and strain. Good use of body means getting the

best results with the least effort. There is a right way to de everything. And the right way is the

efficient way, the energy saving way.

The wrong way cause strains, sprains, fatigue, irritations and frustrations and it is waste

of time and energy. Work that is done at maximum efficiency is that work which is done with the

least possible expenditure of energy.

As it is said bad posture not only looks bad, but it is bad-bad for one’sappearance, bad for

one’s efforts at success in life, and in case of extremely bad posture, it is bad for one’s health. It

puts a strain on the lower back causing back ache, it makes the menstrual cycle difficult, it

causes general fatigue and lower muscle tone. In extreme cases, it may hamper heart muscle and

lung mechanism and interfere with normal digestive functioning. all these effects react

unfavorable on both the mind and the spirit, Producing poor outlook on life. “As one’s body

5 G.G Deaner ,” Posture and its relation to mental and Physical health” Research Quarterly 4

No.1 (March,1933), p.154

6Donald K.Mathews, Measurement in Physical Education 4

thedition (Philadelphia: W.B

Saunders Company 1933), p.297



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sags, so one’s spirits sags.” Builds the statelier mansions is an obligation of the body as well as

of the soul for each affects the other immeasurably.”7

The body is the earthly dwelling place of the soul. It should be made as beautiful as

possible with the material with which nature has endowed us. Our bearing should be worthy of a

fine spirit. It should reflect self –respect, self –respect,self-reliance, dignity, courage and strength

of will. Heredity determines individual differences such as whether we shall be short or tall,

lanky or heavy set, large boned, but within these limitations each can seek to make as

mechanically perfect as possible body type has inherites.8

Postural defects may result from injury, disease, habit formation, muscular or nervous weakness,

mental attitude, heredity or improper clothing poor posture result in additional muscular effort is

sufficient to produce fatigue it ultimately effects the health of the individual. In severe cases

strain on the joint injuries the tissue or change the structure. The repeated strain results in

development of arthritis in the later age. Such change limits the use of body parts and lead to

continued fatigue and strain.

The relationship of posture to health, environment athletic ability and various others factors has

been a topic of discussion for many years. Recent articles and books show definite trends on the

part of consider seriously and implications of the relationship of physical and emotional factors

to poor posture.

Posture disorders impair the health and quality of the of millions of people. Low back pain alone

is a major problem in today’s society. It has been estimates the 8 out of 10 people will suffer

from from low back pain at one time or another in their lives. Furthermore, a significant number

of students from the public schools are reaching colleges/universities with postural asymmetries,

nearly half are unaware of these problem.

Physical activity programmers that include exercises to strengthen and stretch postural

muscles should help prevent problem in later life. However, for maximum benefit individuals

need to continue that exercise throughout the life span. According to Fisher, Domm and Wuest

the inability to maintain an ongoing exercise program is the major reason individual suffer long-

term problems associated with back and joint pains.

7Mabel Lee and Miriam M.Wagner, Fundamental of Body Mechanics and conditioning

(Philadelphia; W.B.Sunders, 1950), p.153 8Ibid.p. 156



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Good Posture may be defined as a position that enables the body to function to the best

advantage with regard to work, health and appearance. An individual posture is a large measure,

determines the impression the he or she makes on other persons. Good posture is socially valued,

whereas poor posture is socially devalued. Good posture gives the impression of enthusiasm,

initiative, and self-confidence, whereas poor posture often gives the impression of rejection, lack

of confidence and fatigue. We know that faulty posture does not necessarily indicates illness;

however, we also know that good posture and body mechanics help the internal organs assume a

position in the body that is favorable to their proper function and that allows the body to function

most efficiently. Good posture should not be confused with the ability to assume static positions

in which the body is held straight and stiff and during which good alignment is achieved at the

sacrifices of the ability to more and to function properly. As the twing is bent, the tree is

inclined.” Those word of Alexander Pope should be remembered always be every school teacher.

They should have special significance for the teacher of physical education and health.

Privileged to influence the physical development and the performance of the children, besides

their emotional and social development.”9

It is only in correct posture that the body functions best. Ease and grace of body

movements are promoted by correct posture, which in turn contributes to health by promoting

good body mechanics. The body like a machine, is most efficient when are its parts are

maintained in good balance. Wealth, beauty and brains may not be distributed to everyone but

except for the cripple, good posture is accessible for all who will work for it.

The performance of any machine is determined by the proper alignment of its parts.

Consequently, all physical education teachers should recognize that the earlier proper steps are

taken to correct and or ameliorate postural faults, the greater will be the proficiency in

performance and the coaching of an athlete to his maximum without attention to correctable fault

in his body. Mechanics may accelerate the aging process and promote disturbance fault in his

body. Mechanics may accelerate the aging process and promote disturbance in his

musculoskeletal apparatus that will result in an earlier development of “wear and tear-arthritis.”

The significance of posture in its relationship to emotional and intellectual behaviors as well as

the laterality of cervical variances on visual perception needs to be recognized before.

In this era of machine man has concerned with result at the least cost of energy out-put,

would do well to investigate to such application to innate mental capacity and human movement

and better use of such forces for the efficacious attainment of capabilities. An individual’s

habitual posture reflects the general health and state of mind. A buoyant and happy person tends

to be erect and extended while an ill or depressed individual tend to be erect and extended while

9 J. D. Morten,” Corrective Placement of Feet”, Your wealth14 (J.N Publisher, Calcutta:

October ,1965), p.331



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an ill or depressed individual tend to slump posture is considered by many to an indication of the

emotional tone of the individual .10

The investigation that have been done in this area have proved to be a real challenge for

physicians and physical educators in their corrective work. Not only actual building up of week

and fallen arches, but also in their prevention. The most challenging aspect of the situation has

been that percentage of inductance of weak

Flat –feet, knock-knees, lordosis, kyphosis and scoliosis increased rapidly. Since physical

education is considered as one of the para medical health discipline also, leaders in this filed

have been equally concerned with the technique to promote the health and performance. In this

endeavor, one of the approaches that have been the application of the principles developed in the

physical medicine to promote physical fitness and to ensure faster recuperation from deformity

injury or disease.11

Bad body mechanics and faulty posture are the result of exaggerating the cervical curve

in the neck and the lumber curve in the back. These exaggerations throw skeleton out of good

alignment and consequently the organs are not properly supported. Good posture obeys certain

basic laws of biomechanics in that efficiency evolves the smallest possible expenditure of energy

to maintain it when standing erect the center of gravity is low in the abdomen, and the movement

of the body requires energy than, when the posture is faulty, when the posture is faulty, when one

part of the body is off center, it pulls another part off center to balance it both of which require

energy and produce quick fatigue.12

When one is asked to imagine a picture of the posture of an elderly person, too often the

image visualized is that of a bent or stooped individual who, more often than not, is of the female

gender and of fragile constitution. Often previous experience as a student or clinician has created

a picture of the posture of only those elderly persons who are confined to nursing homes or

10J. L Rathbone and V.V Hunt, Corrective Physical Education7th

edition(Philadelphia : W.B

Saunders company ,1965 ), p.3.

11 A.M .Moorthy ,”The use of massage in MusclesDevelopment” (Unpublished Master’s

Degree Thesis ,Jiwaji University ,Gwalior,1975),p.64

12Encyclopedias of SportsScienceandMedicineS.V.”The Posture” by Helen B.Pryor. P.89



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similar circumstances. Posture can be a statement about an individual. It may be an outward

demonstration of wellness,

Illness, self-esteem (or the lack there of), the vicissitudes of life, or simply the processes

of development or aging. As physician therapists, It is important to decipher between the

circumstances to be expected as a result of aging and those conditions entrances to growing old,

thereby altering upright posture.13

Posture is a general term that is defined as a position or attitude of the body, the relative

arrangement of body parts for a specific activity, or a characteristic manner of bearing one’s

body. Posture is an index of personality. “It expresses mental as well as physical status, and he

who stands erect with a well poised, controlled determiners our posture. Similarly, the way we

carry things on arms, on back, hang on the shoulder or on head also constitutes our posture.14

Evolution of Erect Posture

The present or upright posture of man is a product of perhaps350 million years of evolution. In

the evolutionary process, the paired fins of certain tetrapod’s developed into limbs and provided

for locomotion. In the causes of time, possibly 150 million years ago, the first mammals came

into existence. By 70 million years ago, quadruped primates about the size of rats were in

existence. Over the millennia certain changes in body from adopted them to assume a vertical

position. Gradually some 30 million year ago, the forest began to recede forcing man ‘s

predecessors to become ground dwellers. Among the higher primates, bipedalism appears to a

rise whenever it improves the organism’s chance of survival. Over the process legs lengthened

and Straightened.

The foot lost most of its extremities free from the burden of supporting the body evolved

into instrument of great delicacy of movement. Thepelvis,by which the lower extremities are

13Andrew A. Guccione, General Physical Therapy, (Mobsy Year Book, Inc.1993),p.220

14G.G Deaver,” Posture and its Relation to Mental and Physical Health”,Research Quarterly

4(1933):p.221



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attached to the vertebral column, has remained essentially that of a Quadruped. Even the

Vertebral column, has not completely adopted, itself to the demands of upright posture.15

There are innumerable concepts of human posture and innumerable interpretations of its

significance. Posture may claim to be “all things to all people.” To the physical anthropologist,

posture may be a racial characteristic, totheorthopedicsurgeon, it may be an indication of the

soundness of the skeletal frame work and muscular system; to an artist, it may be an expression

of the personality and emotions; to the actor, it serves as a tool for expressing,dancer, therapist,

psychologist, to each of these, posture has a different significance. Each sees posture with in the

frame work of his or her own profession and interest.16

Posture can be “inactive” or “active”. Inactive postures are adopted for resting sleeping or

training general relaxation. In active postures, the essential muscular activity required to

maintain life is reduced to a minimum. Active posture requires an integrated action of many

muscles to maintain these. Active postures may be either “static” or “dynamic”. A static posture

is maintained by the interaction of group of muscles which work more or less statically to

stabilize the joints, and in opposition to gravity or other forces whereas, a dynamic posture is

required to from an efficient

Basis for movement, and the pattern of posture is constantly modified and adjusted to

meet the changing circumstances which arise as a result of movement. An efficient posture

requires strong muscles, nervous control for neurons-muscular co-ordination; a stable

psychological background, good hygiene. Condition and an opportunity for plenty of natural free

movement Reflexes, muscles, eyes, ears, and joint structure which are essential for assuming and

maintaining an efficient good posture.17

Good and Bad Posture

It is only posture that the body functions best. Ease and grace of body movements are

promoted by correct posture which in turn contributes to health by promoting good body-

mechanics.

15Philip J.Rasch and Roger K. Burke, Kinesiology and Applied Anatomy, 6th ed.(Philadelphia:

Lea and Febiger ,1978 ),p.361-62

16Kathryn Luttgens and Katharine F.weels, Kinesiology : Scientific Basic of Human Motion 7th

ed.(Philadephia: Saunders college ,1982),p.426

17 Dena Gardiner, The Principles of Exercise Therapy ,4 th ed., (Delhi: CBS

Publisher,1985),p.245



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An efficient posture in standing and sitting is to be esteemed as much for its social and

psychological value as for its direct hygienic value. Good posture is characterized by best

mechanical efficiency, the least interference with organic function and the greatest freedom from

strain. Good posture is even related to economics. Since good posture has aesthetic appeal, it is

considered as a desirable social asset and one makes better impression and can there by impress

more people in business and professional life.18

The human body is just like a machine. Like any machine human machine also functions

efficiently when all of its parts are maintained in proper alignment. Human kinds’bilogic heritage

has left them vulnerable in the area of posture and body

Mechanics. The evolutionary process which ultimately led to the assumption of biped position

had resulted in several adverse effects on the skeletal, muscular, digestive and circulatory

systems as they underwent the necessary anatomical adaptations. Some major adjustments were

made in the evolutionary process to off-set these negative mode of living, and poor posture thus

was the ultimate result.19

A bad or poor posture is a faulty relationships of various parts of the body which

produces increase strain on supporting structures and in which there is less efficient balance of

body over its base of support.

A bad or poor posture may be caused by:

(1) Injury, eg. Fracture, dislocation, an untreated sprain etc.

(2) Diseases like osteomalacia, rickets, tuberculosis of bone etc.

(3) Habit, which may be formed due to an injury, disease or habitual standing on one leg.

(4) Muscular or nervous weakness, may be caused by under nutrition or fatigue.

(5) Mental attitude, eg.depression, Inferiority complex etc.

(6) Heredity, or

(7) Improper clothing, e.g. too tight or too loose clothes or shoes etc.

“Bad posture with its poor body mechanics is accompanied by lack of muscle- tone,

lowered threshold to fatigue, and lessened available mechanical energy.

18J.L. Rathbone and V.V.Hunt, Corrective Physical Educaton , 7 th ed. (Philadelphia:

W.B.Sunders Company ,1965),p-83-84.

19Harold M.Barrow, Man and Movement: Principles of physical Education,

3rd

ed. (Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger,1983), p.118.



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Especially, in older people exaggerations of normal curves tends to become set-in-rigid patterns

and interfere with normal physiology.”20

The maintenance of an erect posture is a distinct problem to the human since the skeleton

is fundamentally unstable in this position. The two legged human body presents a continuous

problem in maintaining balance because the feet are a very small base of support for a

multisegmented towering super structure.21

The general outlook of boy in good posture is shown in Photo -1.

20 E.L. Bortz, “Stress and Exhaustion”, Journal of American Medical Association ,164

(1957),p.2059

21 E.D Kebly, Teaching Posture and Body Mechanics, (New York: The Ronald Press

Company ,1949),p.9



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Any deviation of a normal posture lasting for a length of period is termed as a postural defect.It

is also a well –known fact that we are creatures with asymmetrical brains and asymmetrical

habits .We write we answer on telephone ,we drive a vehicles and we sleep on one side more

than the other. As children we carry our school books on one arm, we hang our school bag on

one shoulder. Similarly, our athletic games and sports result more in the asymmetrical

development of our muscles, heart and lungs. Many gainful occupations whether sedentary or

those of the day laborers are one sided in their effect on the human frame. Therefore, our entire

asymmetrical daily habits including those of eating, sitting, leaning or standing baldly influences

and cause derangement of our bodily architecture.The modern city life also requires little

muscular strength and co-ordination. Therefore, the people living in cities often find difficulty in

efficient maintaining and handling of their bodies. There are various types of postural defects

ranging from mild to severe in degree. Some of the defects affects the spine and other the lower

extremities. Postural defectsaffect the spine and trunk include: Forwardheads, (Lumber Lordosis)

Flat back, over carriage, and scoliosis etc.22

Postural defects of the lower extremity are knock-knee, bow legs and flat foot etc. Quite often

combination of two or more defects are found among the children,Sometimes,the presence of

one postural defect can lead to the development of another defect at a higher or lower level to

counter balance the already existing one.

Though every body part is exposed to defeat, the most common physical impairments among

civilized people exist in the feet, legs, shoulder girdle, upper and Lower back areas with many

diverse types and incidences of conditions. The most challenging aspect of the situation has been

that the percentage of the incidence of weak and flat –feet, knock-knee, lordosis, hypnosis and

scoliosis increased rapidly.23

All mammals expect man have a single dorsal curve in their spines. The spinal column in

man is not a straight rod. The human spine contains four mild natural curves from front to back

when viewed from the sidei.e …, cervical ,dorsal, lumbar and sacral, These curves enable the

head to balance more easily in the upright position . Exaggeration of these curves produces what

is commonly termed as “poor posture”.

22H.Harrison Clarke and David H. Clarke , Development and Adopted Physical Education,

(Englewood cliff, NJ Prentice Hall Inc. 1963 ),p.198-200

23 J.P Morton, “Corrective Placement of Feet “Your Health 14(Calcutta: J.N. Publisher,

October, 1965):331



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The most common spinal deviations are Kyphosis-hunched back curvature, lordosis-

exaggerated forward curvature in the lower part of the back, and Scoliosis-Lateral curvature of

the back.

Pronated feet with valgus ankles and some increase of outward tibial torsion result in

stress on the anterior and posterior tibal muscles with shortening of their antagonists,i.e ,. The

peronei that can very seriously limit the success of runners and jumpers and are prone to

weakened knee conditions.

For the present study five postural defects for the investigation are defined as below: -

Kyphosis –

Kyphosis is an exaggeration or increase in amount of normal convexity of the thoracic

region of the spine .24

Lordosis –

Lordosis is an exaggeration of the normal lumber curve accompanied by a forward tilt of

the pelvis.25

Scoliosis-

It is lateral curvature of spine. The shoulder on one side will be lower than the other. The

hip of the opposite side will be higher, the arms hang loosely at the sides, the angle between arm

and body is greater on one side than on the other.26

Knock Knee –

Knock –Knee is position that tends to shift the weight towards the medial border of the

foot and bring about a foot position of pranation.27

24M. Glandys Scott. A Text book in Kinesiology ,(New Yogk : ApplentonCentuy Crafts Inc.,

1942),p.333

25Rasch and Burke ,Kinesiology and applied Anatomy, (Lee and Febiger , 1978), p.385

26Arthur S.Daniels and A.Devies ,Adapted Physical Education (New York:Harper and Row

Publisher ,1975),p.168

27 Gene A. Logan ,Adaptationof Muscular Activity ,(New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India

,1967),p.108



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Flat Foot: –

Foot is called flat foot when collapse of internal longitudinal and transverse and

transverse arches of the foot combine with eversion.28

The erect posture is a unique characteristic of a man which distinguishes him from the

rest of the animals, for such unmatching peculiarity of human posture it has correctly been said,

“without man’s posture, no man, without man, no culture, without culture a, a world not worth

living in.”29

Postural Defects and childhood: -

It becomes alarming when we learn that children are also increasingly affected with such

disorders. It has now been observed that poor posture and faulty body mechanics are almost

universal findings among the children.The childhood is the golden age of the life and boys and

girls of today are the men and women of tomorrow. It is, therefore, rightly expressed that the

future of a nation greatly depends upon the health status of its children .30

Posture may be defined as the position of the position of the body in space, with special

reference to its parts.

Carriage, attitude, and pose are sometimes used synonymously with posture a pose,

however, is assumed voluntarily for photography,portrait or exhibitionism and an attitude may

express an emotion, such as fear and aggression. Carriage usually refers to gait, poses, attitude

and carriage are transitory events.31

Kyphosis

28 Josephine L.Rathbone , Corrective Physical Education London: (W.B.Sunders

Company,1946),p.31

29Oscar W.Kiputh et.al., Postural Defects (London : W.B.Saunders Company ,1946),p.1

30M.C. Hardy, “Social Services Review” 196:2 (June1945): 201-207,cited by Ellen D.Kelly,

Teaching Posture and Body Mechanics (New York : The Ronald Press company .1949),p.29-

27

31CerileAsher, Postural Variations in childhood (London: Butterwoth& Co.Ltd.,1976), p.48



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Kyphosis is an exaggerated curvature of the cervical co-dorsal or dorsal region of spine.

The back is rounded, head is carried forward and chest flat. The shoulders are also rounded and

scapula are apart from each other and more forward.Kyphosis may be defined as a curvature of

the spine, convex backwards32

Lordosis

An exaggerated lumbar curvature of the spine.A curve with an exaggerated forward

convexity in the lumbar of the spinal column.33

Scoliosis

Scoliosis is defined as rotarolateral deviation of the spin.34Scoliosis is meant a bending of

the vertebral column to one side combined with rotation of the vertebral bodies to the convexity

side and spinous process to the concavity side.

Knock -knee

Knock –Knee is defined as a condition in which the medial malleoli do not meet when

the child sits on couches or the floor with legs extended, medial femoralcandyles touching and

patellae facing upwards.35

Bow Legs

Bow legs is defined as condition in which the curves are compounded of external torsion

internal femoral and laternaltibial curvature. 36

Flat Foot

Flat foot is generally defined as a collapse of the internal longitudinal and transverse archers of

the feet, combined with eversion.37

32Asher,Postural variations in Childhood, p.97

33Josephine L.Rathbone, and valeria.HuntCorrective Physical Education, (Philadelphia: W.B.

Sunders Company ,1965),p.97

34 Ibid, p.97

35 Asher, Postural Variations in childhood.p.54

36Ibid, p.78

37 Ibid, p.76



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Statement of the problem

The purpose of the study is to investigate the postural deformities among secondary school

children of Indore.

DELIMITATIONS

1. The subjects for the purpose of the study were the secondary school students of Indore.

2. The study were delimited to the selected Postural deformities such as Kypnosis

,Lordosis,Scoliosis,flat foot ,Knock –knee and bow legs.

LIMITATIONS

The non-availability of sophisticated equipment’s was limitation of the study.

DEFINATION AND EXPLANATION OF THE TERM

1. Kyphosis (Hump back)

In increased curvature of the dorsal or cheat region.

2. Lordosis (Potbelly)

A curve with an exaggerated forward convexity in Lumbar region.

3. Scoliosis (Curved Back)

A bending of vertebral column to one side.

4. Flat-foot (Pen Planus)

Flat-food is generally defined as a collapse of the internal longitudinal and tranverse

arches of the foot, combined with aversion.

5. Know-Knee (Genu Valgus)

A deformity in which foot is bent in ward.

6. Bow-Leg (Genu Varus)

It is a deformity typical of rickets and reverse of knock knee.38

38Geraldin.Murray and T.A.A. Hunter, Physical Education and Health(Braser

Publication,1966),p.33-42



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SURVEY

“A survey is systematic collection, analysis, interpretation and reporting to pertinent facts

concerning an enterprise or some aspect thereof .”39

The purpose of the survey is to determine present practices, conditions or the effectiveness of

enterprise in order to furnish guidance in the justification or improvement of the present status.

Survey enables educational planning to go forward to serve as an antidote to lethargy, to

precaution against inbreeding of ideas and methods of sound administrative planning of proven

worth to determine the steps to be taken next.40

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1. The result of the study shall be beneficial for school teachers,parents of the students for

early detection of deformities and its treatment.

2. The result of the study shall be beneficial in bringing awareness among the parents of the

students and simultaneously corrective measures can be applied.

3. It may help the parents and teacher to guide the student to correct these postural

deformities by various means such as:Eg: Knock –Knee – Horse riding, Kyphosis and

pigeon cheat –Boxing

4. To evaluate predetection and post correction changes of the deformity and incorporating it

as a method for future reference.

39Alfres W. Hubbgrued , ed. Research Method Applied to Physical Education And

Recreation (Wahington, AAPHPER Publication,1949), p.252

40Carter V.Good and GodaglesE.Scates, Method of Research (New York : Apleton Century

Craft Inc…,1954),p.569



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Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Pande and Gupta1

have pointed out that inferiority complex habit decreases

efficiency. Ectomorph usually develops kyphosis,poor muscular and shyness. Endomorph

includes many deformities such as flat-foot, knock-knee and bow legs. Beside these also there

are many other causes, i.e. poor posture, injury nervous weakness, heredity, improper clothing

and accidents.

Sharma2conducted a study on the elementary school boys of Kendriayavidhyalaya of

Greater Gwalior to detect the incidence of five common postural defects namely, flat foot, knock

knee, lord sis, scoliosis, and kyphosis. Total number of subjects studied was 1343 and their age

group ranged from 6 to 11 years. The method of survey was spot observation and spot testing.

He used pedograph method for detecign flat foot. Alignometer for Lordosis,plumb line test for

scoliosis,Kiputh method for Kyphosis and Indian Military test for the detection of Knock-

Knee.He conclude that a large proportion of the students population .Studied was having postural

defects;198 students(14.74%) were found to be having flat-foot,235 student (17.42%) suffered

from knock –knee, 137 students (10.2%) had lordosis,45 students (3.57%) had scoliosis and 89

students (6.62%) had Kyphosis. He further showed that some students suffered from more than

one postural defect ;93 (6.8%) ,41(3.05%) and 16(1.18%) students were found to be suffering

from a combination of flat-foot,

Knock-knee, lordosis-kyphosis and scoliosis Kyphosis respectively. Most of the surveyed

students were from the middle class families.

Katoch3surveyed common postural namely. flat-fft,scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis in

relation to their their minimal strength in secondary school boys of Delhi and also to develop a

corrective programme to eliminate their identified postural deformities. Total number of subjects

was 1006. They were from IX and X standard and belonged to age group 14-16 years.She used

spondylometer for detecting scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis, and pedograph for detection of flat-

1Pande and Gupta,Outline of Sports medicine ,p202

2 A.K Sharma, “Survey of Common Postural Defects Among Element School Boys of

Greater Gwalior”, (Unpublished Master’s Thesis in Physical Education,

JiwajiUniversity,Gwalior,1984)

3RekhaKatoch,” Survey of Postural Deformities of Delhi Science Children in relation to

Minimal Strength” (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation in physical Education, JiwajiUnivercity,

Gwalior,1991)



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foot deformity .In her study ,she found that 20 subjects (1.98%) had flat foot, 24subjects (2.38%)

had scoliosis,75 subjects(7.45%) were found to be having kyphosis and 41 subjects (4.07%)

suffered from lordosis. Out of total of 1006 students examined, she found that only 67.79%

subjects had normal posture ,15.90% subjects were having multiple deformities. Most of the

surveyed students were from the Government Schools and belonged to either low state of society

or lower middle class.Kumar4conducted a survey of selected postural deformities of urban and

rural area children between the age group of 7 to 9 years at Midnapore district of west

Bengal. The number of subjects constituted for the study was 800, the subjects were

tested to detects the five common postural defects; flat foot by petrography foot print method,

knock knee by observation methods, kyphosis and lordosis by wood ruff body alignment posture

test, and scoliosis by scoliometer method. The results showed the following deformities in urban

and rural areas.

Urban Rural

Flat Foot 53 31

Knock knee 146 249

Kyphosis 109 176

Lordosis 27 82

Scoliosis 05 20

He studies concluded that out of 800 subjects,578 subjects were found to be having

postural defects. In other words, 72.22% subjects were detected as having postural defects. Some

of the selected subjects were found to be having more than one defects in their body;23 subjects

in urban and 26 subjects in rural area had flat foot and knock knee; 2 subjects in urban and 11 in

rural were detected as having both kyphosis and lordosis;15 subjects in urban and 35 subjects in

rural areas were found to be having kyphosis and scoliosis .Other conclusion was that the

maximum number of flat foot deformities was observed in case of Urban areas but the total

number of postural deformities was maximum in the rural areas.

4 RabinderKuamr,” A survey of SelectedPostural Deformities of Urban

andRuralAreaChildrenBetween The Age Grop 7-9 Years at Midnapore District of West

Bengal” (Unpublished Master’s thesis in Physical Education, JiwajiUniversity, Gwalior1987)



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Verma et.al.5in a study found the frequency of congenital malformation as 19.4 per 1000

birth based on a an analysis of 3,10,897 birth from 25 hospital in India. In another study, the

frequency of 16.8 per 1000 live births was revealed for congenital malformations based on data

obtained from 34,650 births in 18 centers in India.

Kumar et.al.6have proved that the higher the arch the better is the leverage action of food

and efficiency of functional activity especially, in running.

High arch indicates better fit which are stronger, more elastic and more efficient in all natural

uses of foot. Therefore, high arched feet should be preferred for the best runners, whereas low

arched feet indicate conditions which are associated with pain, early fatigue of inefficiency in all

natural uses of foot.

Bedi7 stated that cultural factors like caste, religion etc. influence nutrition and living

habits in many ways. Culture operates on nutritional level through perpetuation of traditional

customs, religious taboos and prescriptions, techniques and value systems. He further said that

food habits are among the oldest and deeply entrenched aspects of any culture. Taboos against

non-vegetarian foods and food stuffs such as garlic and onion, and rituals like fasting influence

the food culture. Certain Protective foods such as eggs, meat, fishetc., are prohibited in many

cases, religious and cultures.

He also said that certain customs and mode of living may also condition the occurrence

of deficiency diseases e.g., the pardah system may lead to osteomalarcia in young women of the

upper classed living in dark quarter.

Schwartz, R.N Britton and J.R. Thompson8 conducted a study in physical development

and posture and proposed the foot print angles as a measure of height of longitudinal arch based

on the observation that as the arches because higher the angles increase steadily. They obtain

high reliability co-efficient but failed to indicate objective for this fest.

5IshwarC.Verma et.al., “Genetics in Paediatric Practice: An Indian Perspective ”,Journal of

Indian Paediatric 28:9 (September1991):978

6Som Kumar et.al., “Study of arches of Foot in Runners”, Sports Medicine 4(Summer 1975),

p.5

7Yash Pal Bedi“A Hand book of Social and Preventive Medicine”,14 th ed. (Amritar :Anand

Publishing Co.1985), p.133

8L. Schwartz,R.N Britton and J.R. Thompson, “Studies in Physical Development and Posture

“Health Bullentin 179 (Washington D.C.U.S Government printing Office ,1982)cited in Clarke

and Clarke application of Measurement to Physical Education,p.104



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Kety9 explained that poor posture causes a cramped position of the heart, lungs and

abdominal organs. Circulation of blood is impeded and the organs furthest from the heart fail to

receive adequate oxygen, Undue stretching of some muscles in bad posture causes muscular and

nerve fatigue.

Bad posture is responsible for undue strain on joints and ligaments which often causes

pain. Just as lack of alignment in automobiles causes friction.So Poor posture always causes

muscular and nerve fatigue.

Dorothy et.al.10

“Conducted two separate studies relating to the health problem of school

children in 1980-81 and 1981-82 respectively. In the year 1980-81”

Scoliosis was found in 318 children out a total of 12,997 children examined and similarly in, the

year 1981-82, out of a total of 13,705children examined ,521 children were found to be having

scoliosis. In this study, the physical examinations were performed on the students in various

gardes with priority being given to the young children and to that of athletic physique. Majority

of the children studied were from low income of rural: small town and urban setting.

Hardy, Boyle and New Comb11

conducted a study to assess physical fitness of children

from different economic levels in Chicago and showed that out of 7500 children representative

of the general child population,14 percent children hand probated feet,42-47 percent poor posture

and 25-30 percent children had flabby muscles.

Michael and Salend12 examined the incidence the type of health related problem of 1000

randomly selected migrant children who received services at Mid –Hudson Migrant Education

Centre, and found as incidence of 22 percent of the physical problem and 5.5 percent that of

nutrition related problem. The migrant families of the sample were employed in agriculture

related industries.

9 S.S Kety, “Human Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygen Consumption as Related to Aging”

Journal of Chronic Disease 3 (1936): 478-489

10 S.Oda Dorothy et.al., “Te Resolution of Health Problems in School Children”,Journal of

School Health3(March 1985),p.96-97

11M.C Hardy,H.H.Boyle, and A.L New Comb,Journal of American Mediacl

Association117(December 1941): 2154-61,cited by Kelly, Teaching Posture and Body

Mechanics,p.26

12 Robert J.Michael and Spencer J.Salend ,”Health Problem of Migrant Children”,Journal of

School Health,10:55 (December 1985):411



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Van Hagen et.13

Have pointed out the interrelations between emotions and posture.

Emotions tend to reveal the feeling of the individuals and the conscious

Assumption of good posture can bring about the feeling of self-confidence and adequacy.

Psychologists have given stability to his concept when they have indicated from their studies that

correct posture keeps up the spirits and tends to vanish fear and depression.

According to Beulah France14

feet grow for twenty years. Almost every arrives in the

world with the making of perfect feet. Before the first year is indeed, eight percent of all babies

have the beginning of foot trouble, by two years twenty-two percent are on the wrong path. At

the age of five, forty-one percent are headed in the wrong direction more than half the children

who reach the age of ten are future pedal cripples to some degree.

Siemsen and Dolan15

report that the incidence of the postural defects among senior high

school boys; faultyanteroposterior(56.6%), scoliosis(49%), unequal shoulder (41.5%), flat feet

(37.7%), bow legs (13.2%), and knock knees (7.5%)

Rawles16 conducted an objective evaluation of standards and types of posture and

conclude after experimenting with 300 young adult women, that “It appears there is much

current exaggeration of the connection in the adult between posture and performance efficiency,

physical or intellectual,”

Cureton17

has mentioned that poor posture is caused by unbalanced pull of muscles

inadequate muscular tone and low energy level. Overly strong and short pectorals will cause

round shoulders, weak supinator muscles of the feet will result in pronated feet, unusually strong

and short psoas-filacus muscle will cause organs is impossible with a slumped chest because of

resultant poor breathing and mechanical blockage. He mentioned further that cleared stomach,

postural diabetes, gasteroptosis and enter ptosis are traceable to poor posture, many researchers

of this problem described the harmful effect on health of visceroptosis, the abnormal falling

13Van Hagen et.al.Physical Education in the Elementary School (Sacramento: California State

Department Of Education,1951) p.7

14Beulah France,“Happy Feet” Herald of Health 45 (April1975), p.6

15W.J. Siemsen and G.K. Dolan, “The Problems of Body Mechanics in Elementary and

Secondary School” The Journal of Health and Physical Education 6(march 19653), p.10-12

16H.P.Rawles , “Objective Evaluation of Standards and Types of Posture

“Master’sThesis,WelleslyColleg, wellesly Mass.1925

17 T.K. Cureeton ,Junior “Bodily Posture as an Indicator of Fitness” Research

Quarterly12(October1941):361



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down ward of the abdominal viscera. Extreme cases of this problem show lack of endurance and

are usually affected with constipation, headache and offensive breath.

Alderman18conducted an investigation of the need for posture education among high

school girls and a suggested plan of instruction to meet these needs and reported that 93% of

sophomore girls’ at Belair High School,Houston, Texas,hand postural faults. The most frequent

faults were: Forward head 62%, round shoulders 36% lateral asymmetry of shoulders 31%,

hollow back 29%, pelvic tilt 21%. Thus, Physical educators have problems to solve if the value

of good posture is accepted.

Rathbone and Hunt19

have observed that an individual’s habitual posture reflects the

general health and state of mind. A buoyant and happy person tends to be erect and extended

while an ill or depresses person tends to slump. Posture is considered by many to be an

indication of the spiritual as well as the emotional tone of the individual.

According to D.K.Miller and T.E.Allen20

there are many causes of poor posture and poor

body mechanics including environmental influences ,psychological conditions ,pathological

conditions ,growth handicaps ,congenital defects ,and nutritional problems. Any of these may

have an adverse effects on the posture of the growing child, the adolescent, on the adult.

Extended periods are needed to establish good body mechanics.

Stafford21

has reported in his investigation of school groups and army recruits that the

percent having the true flat feet or sunken will average from 6 to 13, while those having weak

(but not flat) feet will average from 73 to 78 percent.

Morality and Irwi22

found that emotional disturbances many fasted as self-consciousness,

tendencyof fidget, retlessess and timidity. There were positive but not signification difference

18Melba K.Alderman,” An Investigation of the Need for the Posture Education Among High

School Girls and Suggested Plan of Instruction to Meet Tense Needs”,Master’s Thesis,

Univercity of Texas,1966

19J.L.Rathbone and V.V.Hunt ,Corrective Physical Education,7th ed. (Philadelphia: W.B.Sounder

company,1965),p.9

20 D.K.Miller and T.E.Allen, Adopted physical Education and Recreation,7th ed.(London

Mosby Company, 1993),p.306

21GeorageT.Stafford,Prevention and corrective Physical Education (NewYork: A.S Baknes

and Company,1930),p.82



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between good and poor postured children on self-consciousness, and fidgeting, while significant

differences were found a restlessness and timidity. There were positive but not significant

differences between good and poor postured children on temper, tantrums crying easily, day

dreaming, nervousness and biting nails. No difference was found between the group of children

on destructiveness and cruelty.

Cureton23

reported that the relationship of posture to condition of brain activity, It was

suggested that the posture may condition habits of mental activity. it was suggested that the

posture may condition habits of mental activity. Psychologist support this when they indicate that

even though a person may not in the mood to write, if he will sit at the desk in the working

posture such action will aid in starting a task that might otherwise be postponed. It has been

mentions that as long as one can think, motor habits can be changed.

Klein and Thomas24,in their research which was on elementary school children and in

two groups one is controlled and experimental. Experimental group was given special postural

training. They were found in their study.

1. That improvement in nutritional condition more frequent among the children who

received postural training than among the control group (especially among those who

actually improved their posture).

2. That the morbidityrate, or rate of absences due to sickness in the posture class was 38%

lower in the spring quarter than it had been in the fail; in the control class the rate for the

spring quarter showed an increase of 2%, over the rate in the fall.

3. Posture trained children showed more improvement in both department and scholarship

than the untrained children.

The School Health Committe25

appointed by the Government of India had submitted the

following in their report:

22N.J.Moriority and L.W.Irwin,Physicaland“Emotional Factors to Habitual Poor Posture Among

School Children” Research Quarterly 23 (May1952):221

23 T.K Cureton, “Bodily Posture as An Indicator of Fitness” Research Quarterly

12(december1941):348

24 Armin Klein and Leach e.Thomas ,Posture and Physical Fitness

(Washington:V.S.Department of Labaor Children’s Bureau,1931),p.205

25Report of the school committee, Part I, (New Delhi: Ministry of Health, Government of India,1961):8



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1. In Delhi State, over 8400 children examined in the year 1959-60, the percentage of

defective children was as high as 84. These children were from both rural and urban areas.

The common defects found were malnutrition. eye diseases, enlarged tonsils and dental

caries.

2. In another examination he examined where 6400 boys of various schools from 16 districts

were examined. More than 3700 boys showed one or more defects. Out of the child

population examined, 90% children were living in rural areas and the rest in urban areas.

3. In Calcutta, a Survey was undertaken for the school children in the year 1954 to find out

the nutritional status, and the survey revealed that less than 25% of the children examined

had good nutritional status.

Nissinen26

followed up a cohort of children annually from a mean age of 10.8-13.8 years

to determine the development of their posture. Of the sample of 1060 children ,847 (79.9%)

participated in the final examination.ThoracisKyphosis and lumber lordosis were measured

annually incidence of Scherer Mann’s disease (thoracic Kyphosis) was 0.4%. The mean thoracic

Kyphosis increased and the mean Lumbar lordosis decreased with age in both sexes.

Thoracis Kyphosis was the most pronounced at a mean age of 12.8 years and lumbar

lordosis was the least pronounces at a mean age of 13.8 years.

Jones27 headed a study on flat foot and found that, “flat feet may actually be protective

whereas, high arches may be a risk factor for injury.” Generations of flat-footed candidates have

been rejected by the military under the assumption that they were more prone to injury. But new

data indicate that feet may actually prevent lower limb injuries. Researchers at the U.S Army

Research Institute of Environmental Medicine. The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and,

The Nike sports Research Laboratory Collaborated on a study. In it, the feet of 248 infantry

trainees were photographed before 13 weeks of basis training. The subjects grouped according to

arch height, were then followed and monitored for training associated injuries. The findings; the

higher the arch, the greater the risks of injury. The trainees with high arches were 2-4 times more

likely to suffer a foot injury than were flat footed trainees.

Davis28

made a study on the status of postural patterns. The study was an analysis of 750

physical examination record card from 5 selected years. According to the study, postural patterns

26M. Nissinen,“Spinal Posture During Pubertal Growth”.Actapaeduatrics84:3 (March 1995):308-12

27 Bruce Jones, “Flat Foot Nonsense”, Reader’s Digest 137 (October 1990):142

28 Patricai Davis, “An Investigation of the status of Postural Patterns of Smith College

Women“Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation 10(1968):96



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changed over the years. Significaticant differences between the percentage of occurrence were

found for many factors. The widest spread postural deviations still included; forward head,

shoulders, protruding abdomen, pelvic tilt and pronated feet. Nearly all types of scoliosis

decreased Significantly over the years studied. The study proved that with advancing age, if

other posture manifest significantly, scoliosis appears to be reduced.

Sterling et.al.29surveyed 15,799 children aged 6-14 years with the purpose to detect the

prevalence of scoliosis and found that 431 children (2.7%) had scoliosis with a cob angle of

more than 5 degrees and 26 children (0.5%) had idiopathic scoliosis with an angle of more than

10 degrees.

Alderman30

made a study on posture by taking photographs of 83 girls at Blasir High

School Houston, Texas, and revealed that 93% girls had posture deviations. The most frequent

faults were; forwards head (62%) round shoulder (36%), bilateral asymmetry of shoulders

(31%)hollow back (29%)and] pelvic tilt (21%). Subjects had little or no previous posture

instructions and after 8 lesson in regular health education classes,62% of the subjects showed

improvement. He further showed that it was not necessary that posture correction could be done

with exercise only. If we can correct their bad habits and teach them correct movement, we can

achieve improvement in general.

David et.al.31

surveyed 2940 school children aged 9-13 years from several Muslim Arab

Villagers in the Western Galilee and found that 55 (1.9%) children had

Some deformity on physical examination,20 children of them were having scoliosis of more

than 7 degrees.The prevalence of in family marriage in those with deformities was 31%.The

study suggested that the scoliosis may also have genetic origin.

29A. Stirling et.al., “Late onset Idiopathic Scoliosis in Children 6 to 14 years Old: A cross

Sectional Prevalence Study”,Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 78:9 (September 1996) “1330-

36 30Melba Kay alderman“An Investigation of the Need For Posture Education Among High School

Girls and A Suggested Plan of Instructions to Meet these Needs”, Completed Research in

Health, Physical Education and Recreation 10 (1968) : 117 31R.David et.al., “Screening for Scolisios in Western Galilee Schools”,Harefuah (Hebrew)130:5

(March 1996): 297-300&358



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Chapter III

PROCEDURE

In this chapter, the subjects, collection of data.Administration of the test have been

described.

Selection of survey population

The secondary school from Indore was randomly selected by the scholar for the purpose

of data collection.

The whole male student’s studying in secondary school was taken as the subjects for this

study. The total numbers of subjects were fifteen hundred male students. The survey method

used is spot observation and spot testing. For the detection of defects like Kyphosis, Scoliosis,

lordosis, know-knee and flat-food used plumb line. While, foot print of the subjects helps to

detect flat-foot of the subjects.

According to school records, the age of selected subjects ranged from 15 to 17 years.

Collection of Data

All surveyed reading was obtained during the physical education period, in the month of

January and February 2004.

During all survey study the scholar took help the respective Post-Graduate Physical

Education Teacher who served in that selected school.



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Administration of Test

Test: - For Detection Kyphosis

Equipment –Plumb –Line

The subject was asked to stand erect in attention position. Now from cervical seventh vertebra

researches drop a plumb line.

In normal body the line does not touch the back but if the line touches the back it

signified Kyphosis as it is illustrated in Fig: A& B.



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Test: - for Detection Lordosis

Equipment-Plumb-line

The subjects was made to stand in their normal fundamental attention position. Now the

researcher dropped a plumb line from C7 vertebra and then he observed from the side of the

subjects .there was a gap between the line and the back and the hip-joint doesn’t touches the line

also, it was considered as lordosis as it is illustrated in Fig:C&D.



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Test: - for Detection Scoliosis

Equipment-Plumb-line

For detection of scoliosis, subjects were made to stand upright in their normal standing

position. Now the Plumb line is dropped from the C7 vertebra the line was deviated from the line

of spine and from middle of the hip, indicated the presence of a scoliotic curve.

The line will fall on convex or concave side. If there is no lumber compensation on

concave side and to the convex side if there is too much compensation. Depending on the side

plumb line falls the “list”, said to be on Rt/It side. as it is illustrated in Fig: E&F



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Test: - For Detection Flat-foot

Equipment: Pedograph, FingerPrint, Ink, White Paper

Foot print was made with a pedograph which consisted of an ordinarily picture frame

across which was stretched by a light rubber sheeting, Finger print ink was rolled on this under

side of this sheeting and print was taken on an ordinary white paper.

Subjects was asked to clean his foot and necessary instructions were given to him

regarding the use of pedograph, Subject was asked to place his right foot on the pedograph and

then make a print over the white paper. as it is illustrated in Fig: G&H.



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Test: - for Detection Keock-Knee &Bow Leg

Equipment –Plumb –line

All the subjects were asked to stand erect in attention position. Now, Plumb line was

dropped from the tip of trochanter and deformity is observed from side ward of the subject. if the

knee joint is shifted towards the midline of the body, away from the plum is indicate Genu

values.And if it touches the plumb line or crosses away the line was indicating genu Varus (bow

leg).

Statistical Procedure

In order to obtained the result of the study percentage of total populations was calculated



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Chapter IV

ANYLSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS OF THE STUDY

in this chapter, the data collected from plumb-line technique and pedographtechnique from

secondary school children from Indore has been describe. A data was collected from 1500 male

students of randomly selected secondary school of Indore. All deformities were computed and

percentage of the deformities wereanalyses.

Finding and Discussion of Findings

The data collected from the male student of secondary school of Indore, are given in this chapter.

the data is ailed (related

0 to the survey of postural defects like Scoliosis, lordosis, Knock-Knee, Flat-foot and Bow-leg is

given from table 1 to 15

TABLE-1

PERSENTAGE OF COMMON POSTURAL DEFECTS

Name of Defects Total No. of Students

Students having Defects

Pesentage of Student having

Defects

Student having no posture 1500 363 24.20%

Kyphosis 1500 100 6.66%

Soliosis 1500 159 10.60%

Knock Knee 1500 781 52.06%

Bow –legs 1500 89 5.93%

Flat-Foot 1500 568 37.87%

Student having Defects 1500 1137 75.80%

From Table-1, it is evidence that out of 1500 subject 1137 boys have some kind of defects.in

other words postural defects were found in 75.80% of the boys in secondary school children of

Indore.

Kyphosis defect was found in the 100 student out of 1500 or in other percentage of Kyphosis

were 6.66% out of total subjects.

159 subject were found to have thelordosis defects out of 1500 subject or in the percentage of

lordosis were 6.66% out of total subjects. The scoliosis was founded in 4.73 % of total secondary

School in Indore, in other words 71 students have got scoliosis defects in them



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The Percentage of the Knock-Knee was 52.06% or in other word the total 781subject having

Knoc-Knee out of 1500 subject

89 subject (5.93%) were having bow-legs.

568 subject were found to have the Flat-foot defect out of 1500 subjects.

Whole population of secondary school children of Indore was 1500 out of

The 363 students were not having any kind of postural defects.

Graphical reprentation of the percentage is being presented in figure:

Pie-diagram show the number of common postural

From the survey was obtained from the subject was made to detect double postural defects among the

boy’s student of secondary school children of Indore and it was found that a few of the student have

double posture defect as shown in table No. 2

714

58

51

57

kyphosis

lordosis

flat-foot

knock-Knee

Bow-leg

no defect



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TABLE-2

PERSENTAGE OF DOUBLE POSTURAL DEFECTS

s.no. Name of Defects Total No. of

students

Student having

Defects

Percentage of

students having

Defects

1 Kyphosis- lordosis 1500 17 1.133%

2 Knock-Knee and Flat-foot 1500 404 26.93%

3 Kyphosis and Knock-Knee 1500 39 2.6%

4 Knock-Knee and Lordosis 1500 90 6 %

5. Kyphosis and Flat-foot 1500 19 1.266

5 Kyphosis and Bow Leg 1500 4 0.266%

6 Lordosis and Flat-foot 1500 64 4.266 %

7 Lordosis and Bow leg 1500 9 0.6%

From Table No. 2 it become clear that out of 1500 subject were taken from randomly selected

secondary school childerne of indore.17 were detected Kyphosis-lordosis

1.433%,404 student were detected Knock-Knee and Flat-foot (26.93%).,39 student were detected

Kyphosis and Knock-Knee(2.6%), 90 student were detected Knock-Knee and Lordosis (6%),19

student were detected Kyphosis and Flat-foot(1.266%),4 student were detected Kyphosis and

Bow Leg(0.266%),64 student were detected Lordosis and Flat-foot(4.266%) and 9 student were

detected Lordosis and Bow leg which id 0.6 %.

FIGURE-2: pie diagram show the number of double postural defects

17

404

39

90

194

649

Kyphosis-lordosis

Knock-Knee and Flat-foot

Kyphosis and Knock-Knee

Knock-Knee and Lordosis

Kyphosis and Flat-foot

Kyphosis and Bow Leg

Lordosis and Flat-foot

Lordosis and Bow leg



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SCHOOL WISE DETECTION OF DEFORMITIES ARE BEING PRESENTED IN

TABLE 3 TO 15

TABLE-3

PERSENTAGE AND NUMBER OF DEFORMITIS DETECTED FROM SHRI S.S.H.S.

SCHOOL

NUMBER OF STUDENT-221

S.NO

KYPHOSIS SCOLIOSIS LORDOSIS FLAT-

FOOT

KNOCK-

KNEE

BOW-

LEG

NO

DEFECT

1 12

(5.42%)

0

15

(6.79%)

98

(44.34%)

131

(59.28%)

11

(4.98%)

27

(12.28%)

From Table-3,it becomes clear that from shrisatyasai high secondary school,total number of

subject were 221 out of these 12(5.42%) detected from Kyphosis,15(6.79%) were found to have

lordosis,98(44.34%) were having flat-foot,131(59.28%) were detected Knock-Knee,11(4.98%)

students were detected Bow-leg and from total number of subject were not having any postural

defects.it is evident from the analysis of data from s.s.School that most of the student were

possessing deforming of flat foor and knock knee.

figure-3: the score obtained from shris.s.h.s. School illustration of shri S.S>H.S. school.the

number of student with deformities is being demonstrated in pie chart.

kyphosis

SCOLIOSIS

LORDOSIS

FLAT-FOOT

KNOCK-KNEE

BOW-LEG

NO DEFECT



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TABLE-4

PERSENTAGE AND NUMBER OF DEFORMITIES DETECTED FROM MAYUR H.S.

SCHOOL


S.NO


FOOT

KNOCK-

KNEE

BOW-

LEG

NO

DEFECT

1 7

(7.29%)

0

14

(14.58%)

58

(60.42%)

51

(53.13%)

5

(5.21%)

7

(7.29%)

From Table-4, it becomes clear that out of 96 male student 7 (7.29%) were having

Kyphosis,14(14.58) weredetected lordosis,58(60.42%) were having flat-foot,51(53.13%) were

detected Knock-Knee,5(5.21%) students were detected Bow-leg and from total number of

subject were not having any postural defects.it is evident from the analysis of data from mayur

H.S. School that most of the student were possessing deformity of Flat Foot & Knock-Knee.

RE-4 : The score obtained from illustration of mayor H.S. School

Indore, the number of student with deformities is being

demonstrated in pie-chart.

7

14

58

51

57

kyphosis

lordosis

flat-foot

knock-Knee

Bow-leg

no defect



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TABLE-5

PERSENTAGE AND NUMBER OF DEFORMITIES DETECTED FROM

MOTHERLAND H.S. SCHOOL


S.NO


FOOT

KNOCK-

KNEE

BOW-

LEG

NO

DEFECT

1 5

(7.29%)

1

(1.61%)

8

(12.09%)

37

(37.68%)

39

(62.09%)

4

(6.45%)

6

(9.68%)

From Table-5 ,it becomes clear that out of 62 SUBJECT 5 (8.06%) were having Kyphosis,1

(1.61%) were Flat foot ,39(62.90%) were detected lordosis,58(60.42%) were having flat-

foot,51(53.13%) were detected Knock-Knee,5(5.21%) students were detected Bow-leg and from

total number of subject were not having any postural defects.it is evident from the analysis of

data from mayur H.S. School that most of the student were possessing deformity of Flat Foot &

Knock-Knee.

RE-5 : The score obtained from illustration of Motherland H.S School

Indore, the number of student with deformities is being


7

14

58

51

57

kyphosis

lordosis

flat-foot

knock-Knee

Bow-leg

no defect



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TABLE-6


SARASWATI SHISHU MANDIR


S.NO

KYPHOSIS LORDOSIS SCOLIOSIS FLAT-

FOOT

KNOCK-

KNEE

BOW-

LEG

NO

DEFECT

1 3

(1.75%)

17

(0.58%)

1

(9.94%)

94

(54.97%)

102

(59.65%)

12

(7.01%)

44

(25.73%)

From Table-6 ,it becomes clear that from total number of 171 SUBJECT from saraswatishishu

mandir,3(1.75%) were having Kyphosis,1 (0.58%)were detected scoliosis ,17 (19.94%) were

have lordosis,94(54.97%) were having Flat foot ,102(59.65%) were detected Knock-

Knee,12(7.01%) students were detected Bow-leg and 44(25.73%) were not have any type of

postural defects .it is from the anylysis of data from saraswatishishumandir chart student were

possessing deformity of Flat Foot & Knock-Knee.

RE-6 : The score obtained from illustration of SaraswatiShishuMandir H.S

School, Indore, the number of student with deformities is being


3 1 17

94

102

12

44 kyphosis

scoliosis

lordosis

flat-foot

Knock Knee

Bow-leg

No Defect



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TABLE-7


COLUMBIA CONVENT


S.NO


FOOT

KNOCK-

KNEE

BOW-

LEG

NO

DEFECT

1 2

(2.50%)

0

7

(9.09%)

15

(19.48%)

42

(54.55%)

0 27

(35.06%)

From Table-7,it becomes clear that from total number of 77 SUBJECT from Columbian

Convent out of these ,2(2.50%),7(9.09%),15(19.48%),42(54.55%) having Kyphosis, lordosis,

Flat foot , Knock-Knee respectively.27(35.06%) were not have any type of postural defects .it is

from the analysis of data from Columbia Convent that most of the student were possessing

deformity of Knock-Knee and Flat-Foot.

RE-7 : The score obtained from illustration of Columbia Convent School Indore,

the number of student with deformities is being demonstrated in pie-

chart.

2 7

15

42

27 kyphosis

lordosis

flat foot

Knock-Knee

No defect



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TABLE-8


SANMATI H.S. SCHOOL


S.NO


FOOT

KNOCK-

KNEE

BOW-

LEG

NO

DEFECT

1 4

(10.53%)

0

0

1

(2.63%)

11

(28.95%)

0

24

(63.16%)

From Table-8, it becomes clear that ,4(10.53%) were having Kyphosis,1 (2.63%)were having

Flat foot ,11(28.95%) were detected Knock-Knee, 24(63.16%) subject were 44(25.73%) were

not have any type of postural defects .it is from the analysis of data from saraswatishishumandir

chart student were possessing deformity of Flat Foot & Knock-Knee.

RE-8 : The score obtained from illustration of Sanmati H.S School, Indore,the number of

student with deformities is being demonstrated in pie-chart.

4

1

11

24

kyphosis

flat foot

knock knee

no defect



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TABLE-9


AGRAWAL PUBLIC SCHOOL


S.NO


FOOT

KNOCK-

KNEE

BOW-

LEG

NO

DEFECT

1 5

(7.46%)

12

(17.91%)

0

27

(40.30%)

47

(70.15%)

0

14

(20.90%)

From Table-9, it becomes clear that ,5(7.46%) were having Kyphosis,12 (2.63%)

student(17.91%) were detected were having Flat foot ,47(70.15%) were detected Knock-Knee,

and 14(20.90%) were not have any type of postural defects .it is from the analysis of data from

Agrawal public school that most of student were possessing deformity of Flat Foot & Knock-

Knee.

RE-9 : The score obtained from illustration of Agrawal Public School, Indore, the number of


kyphosis

lordosis

flat foot

Knock-Knee

no Defect



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TABLE-10


ST. PAUL H.S. SCHOOL


S.NO


FOOT

KNOCK-

KNEE

BOW-

LEG

NO

DEFECT

1 15

(7.58%)

26

(13.13%)

18

(9.09%)

73

(36.87%)

84

(42.42%)

34

(17.17%)

56

(28.28%)

From Table-10, it becomes clear that ,15(7.58%) were having Kyphosis,18 (9.09%) were

detected scoliosis ,26 (13.13%) werewere having lordosis ,47(70.15%) were detected Knock-

Knee, and 14(20.90%) were not have any type of postural defects .it is from the analysis of data

from Agrawal public school that most of student were possessing deformity of Flat Foot &

Knock-Knee.

RE-9 : The score obtained from illustration of Agrawal Public School ,Indore, the number of


kyphosis

lordosis

flat foot

Knock-Knee

no Defect



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TABLE-11


INDORE PUBLIC SCHOOL


S.NO


FOOT

KNOCK-

KNEE

BOW-

LEG

NO

DEFECT

1 7

(7.07%)

1

(1.01%)

0

20

(20.20%)

35

(35.35%)

8

(8.08%)

41

(41.41%)

From Table-11, it becomes clear that ,7(7.07%) were having Kyphosis,1 having Lordosis ,20

(20.20%)student were detected were detected from Flat foot ,35(35.35%) were detected Knock-

Knee, and 8(8.08%) were being detected from Bow –Beg and 41(41.41%) student were not have

any type of postural defects .it is evidence from data from Indore Public school that most of

student were possessing deformity of Flat Foot & Knock-Knee.

RE-11 : The score obtained from illustration of Indore Public School, Indore, the number of student with

deformities is being demonstrated in pie-chart.

7 1

20

358

41Kyphosis

Lordosis

Flat-Foot

Knock-Knee

Bow-Leg

No Defect



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TABLE-12


CHOITHRAM SCHOOL


S.NO


FOOT

KNOCK-

KNEE

BOW-

LEG

NO

DEFECT

1 19

(10.38%)

27

(1.09%)

2

(14.75%)

78

(42.62%)

103

(56.28%)

2

(1.09%)

34

(18.58%)

From Table-12, it becomes clear that ,19(10.38%) were having Kyphosis,2 (1.09%) having were

having scoliosis,27(14.75%) were detected by Lordosis ,78 (42.62%)student were detected

were detected from Flat foot ,103(56.28%) were having Knock-Knee, and 2(1.09%) were being

detected from Bow –Beg and 34(18.58%) student were not have any type of postural defects .it

is evidence from data from choithram school that most of student were possessing deformity of

Flat Foot & Knock-Knee.

RE-12 : The score obtained from illustration of choithramschool, Indore, the number of student

with deformities is being demonstrated in pie-chart.

19

2

27

78

103

2

34

kyphosis

scoliosis

lordosis

Flat Foot

Knock Knee

Bow-leg

No Defect



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TABLE-13


SHRI B.S.S.S. SCHOOL


S.NO


FOOT

KNOCK-

KNEE

BOW-

LEG

NO

DEFECT

1 15

(17.65%)

49

(57.65%)

30

(35.29%)

13

(15.29%)

27

(31.76%)

9

(10.59%)

12

(14.11%)

An Examination of Table -13 reveal that 15 (17.65%) were have

Kyphosis,49(57.65%),30(35.29%),27(31.76%) and 9(10.59%) were detected from Scoliosis

,Lordosis , Flat Foot, Knock-Knee, Bow-Leg and respectively 12(14.11%) were also detected

from not having any postural defects .it is evident from the analysis of data from B.B.S.S.S.

School that most of student were possessing deformity of Knock-Knee and Flat Foot.

RE-13 : The score obtained from illustration of B.S.S.S. school, Indore, the number of student


15

49

30

13

27

9

12

kyphosis

scoliosis

Lordosis

Flat-foot

Knock-Knee

Bow-Leg

No Defect



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TABLE-14


VIDHYASAGAR SCHOOL


S.NO


FOOT

KNOCK-

KNEE

BOW-

LEG

NO

DEFECT

1 3

(2.68%)

0

0

23

(26.54%)

56

(50%)

2

(1.79%)

47

(41.96%)

It can be observing -14 reveal that 3 (12.68% subject were haveing Kyphosis ,23(26.54%) were

detected Flat foot ,56(50%) were having Flat Foot, Knock-Knee, 2(1.79%) were detected Bow-

Leg and 47(41.96%) subject was alsodetected from not having any postural defects .it is evident

from the analysis of data fromVidhyaSagarSchool that most of student were possessing

deformity of Knock-Knee and Flat Foot.

RE-14 : The score obtained from illustration of VidhyaSagarSchool, Indore, the number of


3

23

562

47

Kyphosis

Flat-foot

Knock Knee

Bow-leg

No defect



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TABLE-15


MARTHOMA SCHOOL


S.NO


FOOT

KNOCK-

KNEE

BOW-

LEG

NO

DEFECT

1 3

(3.30%)

2

(2.20%)

0

31

(34.07%)

53

(58.24%)

2

(2.20%)

24

(26.37%)

An Examination of Table -15 reveal that 3 (3.30%) subject were have Kyphosis,2 (2.20%) were

detected Lordosis ,31 (34.07) were having the Flat-foot,53(58.24%) were detected from Knock-

Knee,2(2.20%) were detected from Knock Knee ,2(2.20%) were found to being have Bow leg

and 24(26.37%) subject were also detected from not having any postural defects .it is evident

from the analysis of data from Marthoma School that most of student were possessing

deformity of Knock-Knee and Flat Foot.

RE-15 : The score obtained from illustration of Marthoma School Indore, the number of student


3 2

31

53

2

24

Kyphosis

Lordosis

Flat-foot

Knock-Knee

Bow-leg

No Defects



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Chapter -V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY

The purpose of this study was to survey the common existing postural defects namely

Kyphois, Lordosis, Scoliosis, knock –knee, bow leg and flat foot in secondary school children of

Indore.

A plumb –line technique was used to measure the Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis, Knock –

knee and bow-leg.

Flat –foot was measure by the foot prints of the subjects.

Fifteen hundred male secondary school children from randomly selected school was the

subjects for the study.

Deformities were measure from Plumb line technique and analyzed by the percentage

method.

CONCLUSIONS

Under purpose of this study was to survey the common existing postural defects namely

Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis, Knock-Knee, bow leg and flat foot in secondary school children

of Indore.

1. The total fifteen hundred subjects were taking different secondary school of Indore

and 1137 students were found to have different postural defects.

2. The number of students who have Kyphosis were 100(6.66%)

3. The number of scoliosis students were 71 (4.73%)

4. 159(10.60%) students were found to have Lordosis.

5. The number of Flat foot students were 568 (37.86%).

6. The number of students who have knock knee were 781 (52.06%)

7. 89(5.93%) students were found to have Bow leg.

8. The students who have no postural defects out of total subjects were 363 (24.20%)

It is also concluded that number of students were having more than one defects in

their bodies.

9. 17 (1.333%) students were recorded to have Kypho-Lordosis.

10. 404(26.93%) students were recorded to have knock-knee and flat-foot,

11. 39(2.6%) students were found to have Kyphosis and Knock-Knee.

12. The number of students who have recorded knock-knee and lordosis were 90(6%)

13. The number of students who have recorded Kyphosis and Flat-foot 19(1.266%)

14. 4(0.266%)students were found to have Kyphosis and Bowleg.



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15. 64(4.2666%) students were found to have lordosis and flat –foot.

16. 9(0.6%) students were found to have Lordosis and Bow leg.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. The results of the study may be used to stress the need and importance corrective

physical education programme in elementary and secondary school level.

2. A survey can be done on gilrs also for detection of the same or other

defects.Students may be taken on correction of such postural defects by exercise

programme.

3. Studies can be taken in different age and sex group and comparison can be made.

4. A survey can be done in the elementary schoolchildren for the detections of postural

deformities.

5. A similar study can be taken to find out the common causes of postural defects.

6. A study can be done in posture and its relation to mental and physical health of

going children .

7. The results of this study may be used in preparing sound physical education

programme.

8. A similar survey can be made in rural and urban are and comparison can be made.



www.isca.co.in

APPENDIX-A

To,

The Principal,

__________________________

__________________________

__________________________

Subjects: - Permission to collect data for research

Sir / Madam,

I the undersigned would make a humble request to you kindly allow Mr.

DhruvBhalla to collect data for his research work on “SURVEY OF POSTURAL

DEFORMITIES AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL CHILDREN OF

INDORE”.

Your benign assistance would be of great help to him and thus would his research

survey convenient.

Anticipating favorable response.

Thanking You.

With Regards,

Dr. (Mrs.) SudhiraChandel



www.isca.co.in

APPENDIX –B

Name of the School: S.S Higher Secondary School, Indore

Sr.No. Kyphosis Scoliosis Lordosis Flat Foot Knock Knee Bow Legs

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Name of the School: Mayur Higher Secondary School

Sr.No. Kyphosis Scoliosis Lordosis Flat Foot Knock

Knee

Bow Legs

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Name of School: Motherland Higher Secondary School

Sr.No, Kyphosis Scoliosis Lordosis Flat Foot Knock Bow Leg

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www.isca.co.in

Name of the School:SaraswatiShishuMandir


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www.isca.co.in

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www.isca.co.in

Name of the School : Columbia Convent


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Bow Legs

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www.isca.co.in

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www.isca.co.in

Name of the School : Sanmati Higher Secondary School

Sr.No. Kyphosis Scoliosis Loardosis Flat Foot Knock Bow Legs

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www.isca.co.in

Name of the School: Agrawal Public School

Sr.No. Kyphosis Scoliosis Lordosis Flat Foot Knock Knee Bow Legs

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www.isca.co.in

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www.isca.co.in

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www.isca.co.in

Name of the School: St. Paul Higher Secondary School

Sr,No. Kyphosis Scoliosis Lordosis Flat Foot Knock Knee Bow Legs

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www.isca.co.in

Name of the School: Indore Public School

Sr,No. Kyphosis Scoliosis Lordosis Flat Foot Knock Knee Bow Legs

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www.isca.co.in

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www.isca.co.in

Name of the School: Choithram School

Sr,No. Kyphosis Scoliosis Lordosis Flat Foot Knock Bow Legs

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www.isca.co.in

Name of the School: ShriBharatiyaSanskritiShikshaSansthan


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Name of the School: Vidhyasagar School


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Name of the School: Marthoma Higher Secondary School


Knee

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

Asher, Cerile, Postural Variations in Childhood, Londan: Butterwoth& Co. Ltd., 1975

Barrow, Harold M. Man and Movement: Principles of Physical Education, 3rd ed. Philadelphia:

Lea and Febiger, 1983

Bedi, Yash Pal, A Hand Book of Social and Preventive Medicine, 14th

ed. Amritsar: Anand

Publishing Co., 1985

Clarke, H. Harrison and Clarke, David H. Development and Adopted Physical Education,

Englewood Cliff, NJ Prentice Hall Inc. 1963

Daniels Arthur S. and Devies, A., Adopted Physical Education New York: Harper and Row

Publishers, 1975

David, R. et. al., Screening for Scoliosis in Western Galilee Schools.Harefuah 1996

Duthei, Robert B., Bentely, George, Merier’s Orthopedic Surgry, 9th edition U.S.A. Arnoled

Publication, 1996

Gardiner, Dena, The Principles of Exercise Therapy, 4th

ed. Delhi: CBS publisher, 1985

Guccione, A, Andrew, General Physical Therapy, Mobsy year book, inc, 1993

Good, Carter V. andScates, Godagles E., Method of Research, New York: Apleton Century Craft

Inc…, 1954

Hagen, Van et. al., Physical Education in the Elementary School, California State Department of

Education, 1951

Hubbgrued, Alfred W. ed., Research Method applied to Physical Education and Recreation,

Washington, AAPHER Publication, 1949

Kelly, E.D. Teaching Posture and Body Mechanics, New York: The Ronald Press Company,

1949

Kiputh, Oscar W. et.al Postural Defects Londan: W.B.Sounders Company, 1946

Klein, Armin and Thomas, Leach e. Thomas, Posture and Physical Fitness, Washington: V.S.

Department of Labor Children’s Bureau, 1931



www.isca.co.in

BIBLIOGRAPHY Contd.

Kumar, Som and Saronwala, K.C.S., Thapar, S.P. and Mathur, D.N. Study of Arches of Foot in

Runners, Sports Medicine, 1975

Lee, Mablel and Wagner, Miriam M. Fundamental of Body Mechanics and Conditioning,

Philadelphia; W.B. Sunders, 1950

Logan, Gene A., Adaptations of Muscular Activity, New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India, 1967

Luttgens, Kathryn and Weels, Kathaine F., Kinesiology: Scientific Basis of Human Motion 7th

ed. Philadelphia Saunders College, 1982

Mathwes, Donald K. Measurement in Physical Education 4th

edition Philadelphia: W.B. Sauners

Company, 1933

Millr, D.K. and Allen, T.E. Adopted Physical Education an Recreation, Londan Mosby

Company, 1993

Morton, J.P., Corrective Placement of Feet, Your Health, J.N. Publisher, 1965

Murray, Gerald In. and Hunter, T.A.A. Physical Education and Health, Braser Publication, 1966

Nissinen,M. Spinal Posture During Pubertal Growth, Actapaediatrics, 1995

Pande, P.K. and Gupta, L.C. out Line of Sports Medicine, Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publisher

,1987

Rasch, Philip J. and Burke, Roger K. Kinesiology and Applied Anatomy, 6th

ed. Philadelphia:

Lea and Febiger, 1978

Rathbone, J.L and Hunt, V.V Corrective Physical education 7th

edition Philadelphia W.B.

Saunders Company, 1965

Schwartz. L. Britton R.N. and Thompson, J.R. Studies in Physical Development and Posture,

Washington D.C.U.S. Government Printing Office, 1928

Scott, M. Glandys,A text book in Kinesiology, New York: Applenton Century Crafts Inc. 1942

Sharma, VyasDev, Introduction to Physical and Health Education, Avichal Publishing Company,

2000

Stafford, Geroge T., Prevention and Corrective Physical Education, New York A.S.Baknes and

Company, 1930

Uppal, Dr. A.K., Gautam, Dr. H.P. Physical Education and Health, Friends Publication, 2000



www.isca.co.in

BIBLIOGRAPHY Contd.

Alderman,Melba K. An Investigation of the need for the posture education among high school

girls and suggested plan of instruction to meet these needs, Completed Research in Health

Physical Education and Recreation ( 1968) 117

Bortz, E.L. Stress and Exhaustion, Journal of American Medical Association, 1957: 2059

Cureton, T.K. Junior, Bodily Posture as an Indicator of Fitness, Research Quarterly (October

1941) 361

Deaver, G.G. Posture and its relation to mental and physical health, Research Quaterly 4 1933 :

154

Deaver, G.G. Posture and its relation to mental and physical health, Research Quaterly 4 1933 :

221

Dorothy, S. Odaet. al. The Resolution of Health problems in school Children, Journal of School

Health, (March 1985) 96-97

Hardy, M.C. Boyle, H.H. and New Comb, A.L. Teaching Posture and Body Mechanics,

Research Quarterly (December 1941) 2154-61

Michael Robert J. and Salend, Spencer J. Health, Problems of Migrant Children, Journal of

School Health, (December 1985) 411

Moriority, N.J. and Irwin, L.W. Physical and Emotional factors to habitual Poor Posture among

school children, Research Quarterly (May 1952) 221

Siemsen, W.J and Dolan, G.K., The problems of Body Mechanics in Elementary and Secondary

School, The Journal of Health and Physical Education, (March 1963) 10-12

Stirling, A. Et .al., Genetics in Pediatric Practice: An Indian Perspective, AN Indian perspective

Research Quarterly (September 1996) 1330-36

Verma, Ishwar C. et.al., Genetics in Pediatric Practice: An Indian Perspective, AN Indian

Perspective Research Quarterly (September 1991) 978



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BIBLIOGRAPHY Contd.

UNPUBLISHED LITERATURE

Alderman, Melba Kay, An Investigation of the Need for Posture Education Among High School

Girls and A Suggested Plan of Instructions to Meet these Needs, Master’s Thesis, University of

Texax, 1966

Davis, Patricia an Investigation of the Status of Postural Pattern of Smith College, Women,

Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 1968

Katoch, Rekha, Survey of Postural Deformities of Delhi Science Children in Relation to Minimal

Strength, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation in Physical Education, Jiwaji University, Gwalior,

1991

Kumar, Rabinder A Survery of Selected Postural Deformities of Urban and Rural Area Children

between the Age Group 7-9 years at Midnapore District of West Bengal, Unpublished Master’s

Thesis in Physical Education, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 1987

Moorthy, A.M. The Use of massage in muscles development, unpublished master’s Degree

Thesis, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, 1975

Rawles, H.P. Objective Evaluation of standards and Types of Posture, Unpublished Master’s

Thesis, Wellesly College, Wellesly Mass. 1925



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BIBLIOGRAPHY Contd.

MISCELLANEOUS

Encyclopedia of Sports Science and Medicine, S.V. The Posture, By Helam B. Aryor

Hardy, M.C. SocialSerive Review, cited by Ellen D Kelly, Teaching Posture and Body

Meachanics, The Ronald Press Company, 1949

Jones, Bruce, Flat Foot Nonsense, Reader’s Digest, October 1990

Report of the School Committee, (Ministry of Health, Government of India, 1961)

Beulah Ferance, “Happy Feet”, Herald of Health April 1975

survey of postural deformities among secondary school

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