Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Additions by M. Lynde CCHS, Currituck, NC

Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Additions by M. Lynde CCHS, Currituck, NC

ESSENTIAL QUESTION:ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.connected most major cities.

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons

Conestoga Trail, 1820sConestoga Trail, 1820s

Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System

Erie Canal, 1820sErie Canal, 1820s

Begun in 1817; completed in 1825Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

1807: The 1807: The ClermontClermont

Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840

Inland Freight RatesInland Freight Rates

Clipper ShipsClipper Ships

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

1830 1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RROhio RR

By 1850 By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 31,000 mi.]mi.]

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

Immigrant laborImmigrant laborbuilt the No. built the No. RRs.RRs.

Slave laborSlave laborbuilt the So. built the So. RRs. RRs.

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try

anything.anything.

They were first copiers, thenThey were first copiers, theninnovators.innovators.

1800 1800 41 patents were 41 patents were approved.approved.

1860 1860 4,357 “ “ “4,357 “ “ “

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Actually Actually invented by a invented by a

slave!slave!

Eli Whitney’s Gun FactoryEli Whitney’s Gun Factory

Interchangeable Parts RifleInterchangeable Parts Rifle

Introduction of Factory SystemIntroduction of Factory System

OliverEvansOliverEvans

First prototype of the First prototype of the locomotivelocomotive

First automated First automated flour millflour mill

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Jokes about wealth of agricultural produced in West (few in the East believed it)

For years, the reports of remarkable harvests in that distant portion of our country were not believed in the East. Thirty and sixty bushels of wheat, and seventy-five of corn, to the acre, was simply a "Western lie." Eastern farmers, accustomed to raise a few acres of grain, --five, ten, perhaps twenty acres,-- contemptuously sneered at the newspaper report of ten thousand acres of corn and wheat on a single farm.

I got a letter from a man who lives in my orchard just before I left home, and it had been I got a letter from a man who lives in my orchard just before I left home, and it had been three weeks getting to the dwelling-house, although it had been travelled day and night."three weeks getting to the dwelling-house, although it had been travelled day and night."

          "Distances are pretty wide up there, ain't they?" inquired a New Utrecht agriculturist."Distances are pretty wide up there, ain't they?" inquired a New Utrecht agriculturist.

          "Reasonably, reasonably," replied the Dakota man. "And the worst of it is, it breaks up "Reasonably, reasonably," replied the Dakota man. "And the worst of it is, it breaks up families so. Two years ago I saw a whole family prostrated with grief, -- women yelling, families so. Two years ago I saw a whole family prostrated with grief, -- women yelling, children howling, and dogs barking. One of my men had his camp truck packed on seven children howling, and dogs barking. One of my men had his camp truck packed on seven four-mule teams, and he was around bidding everybody good-by."four-mule teams, and he was around bidding everybody good-by."

          "Where was he going?" asked a Gravesend man."Where was he going?" asked a Gravesend man.

          "He was going half-way across the farm to feed the pigs," replied the Dakota man."He was going half-way across the farm to feed the pigs," replied the Dakota man.

          "Did he ever get back to his family?""Did he ever get back to his family?"

          "It isn't time for him yet," returned the Dakota gentlemen. "Up there we send young "It isn't time for him yet," returned the Dakota gentlemen. "Up there we send young married couples to milk the cows, and their children bring home the milk."married couples to milk the cows, and their children bring home the milk."

Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,

1858

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,

1858

Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer

1840s1840sSewing MachineSewing Machine

z They all regarded material They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and of the country’s virtue and promise.promise.

The “American Dream”The “American Dream”

A German visitor in the 1840s, A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:Friedrich List, observed:

Anything new is quickly introduced Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an old ways. The moment an American hears the word American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.“invention,” he pricks up his ears.

Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860

The blue line shows, for comparison, the The blue line shows, for comparison, the price of a year’s tuition at Harvard price of a year’s tuition at Harvard College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860 College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860 had risen to $104.had risen to $104.

Creating a Business-Friendly Climate

Creating a Business-Friendly ClimateSupreme Court Rulings:Supreme Court Rulings:

** Fletcher v. PeckFletcher v. Peck (1810) (1810) ** Dartmouth v. WoodwardDartmouth v. Woodward (1819)(1819) ** McCulloch v. MarylandMcCulloch v. Maryland (1819) (1819) ** Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden (1824) (1824) ** Charles Rivers Bridge v. Charles Rivers Bridge v. WarrenWarren Bridge Bridge (1835) (1835)General Incorporation Law General Incorporation Law passedpassed in New York, 1848. in New York, 1848.Laissez faire Laissez faire BUT, govt. did muchBUT, govt. did much to assist capitalism! to assist capitalism!

Distribution of WealthDistribution of Wealthv During the American During the American

Revolution,Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of10% ofthe population.the population.

v 1845 Boston 1845 Boston top 4% owned top 4% owned overover 65% of the wealth. 65% of the wealth.v 1860 Philadelphia 1860 Philadelphia top 1% top 1% ownedowned over 50% of the wealth. over 50% of the wealth.v The gap between rich and poor The gap between rich and poor waswas widening! widening!

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

The Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

The Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

Lowell in 1850Lowell in 1850

Lowell MillLowell Mill

Early Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New England Dominance in Textiles

New England Dominance in Textiles

Starting for LowellStarting for Lowell

Lowell GirlsLowell Girls

What was their typical What was their typical “profile?”“profile?”

Lowell Boarding HousesLowell Boarding Houses

What was boardinghouse life What was boardinghouse life like?like?

Lowell Mills Time Table

Lowell Mills Time Table

Early “Union” Newslett

er

Early “Union” Newslett

er

The Factory Girl’s GarlandThe Factory Girl’s Garland

February 20, 1845 issue.February 20, 1845 issue.

I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes

I’m a Factory Girl Filled with WishesI'm a factory girlI'm a factory girl

Everyday filled with fearEveryday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!Wishing for windows!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of wok each dayTired from the 13 hours of wok each dayAnd we have such low payAnd we have such low payWishing for shorten work times!Wishing for shorten work times!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!Wishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlSick of all this harsh conditionsSick of all this harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!Making me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlgirlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!

Irish Immigrant Girls at LowellIrish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

The Early Union MovementThe Early Union Movement

Workingman’s Party Workingman’s Party (1829)(1829) ** Founded by Robert Dale Owen Founded by Robert Dale Owen and and others in New York City. others in New York City.Early unions were usually local, Early unions were usually local, social, and weak.social, and weak.

Commonwealth v. HuntCommonwealth v. Hunt (1842).(1842).

Worker political parties were Worker political parties were ineffective until the post-Civil ineffective until the post-Civil War period.War period.

Regional SpecializationRegional Specialization

EAST EAST IndustrialIndustrial

SOUTH SOUTH Cotton & SlaveryCotton & Slavery

WEST WEST The Nation’s The Nation’s “Breadbasket”“Breadbasket”

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860

American Population Centers in 1860

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

Why now?Why now?

Life in the citiesLife in the cities

http://www.mclib.org/MC1869.JPG

Know-Nothing Party:

“The Supreme

Order of the Star-

Spangled Banner”

Know-Nothing Party:

“The Supreme

Order of the Star-

Spangled Banner”

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

Market RevolutionMarket Revolution

•Transformed a subsistence economy of Transformed a subsistence economy of scattered farms and tiny workshops into a scattered farms and tiny workshops into a national network of industry and commercenational network of industry and commerce

– More and more farmhands, women linked More and more farmhands, women linked their fate to market economy and self-sufficient their fate to market economy and self-sufficient households transformedhouseholds transformed– planted crops for sale and bought needed planted crops for sale and bought needed itemsitems– revolution in division of labor and status revolution in division of labor and status within the householdwithin the household

1. Describe how industrialization and capitalism impacted the U.S. economy.

2. Id the inventions that enhanced people’s lives and helped fuel the country’s economic growth

3. Explain how improved transportation and communication systems helped to link America’s regions and make them more interdependent.

1. Describe how industrialization and capitalism impacted the U.S. economy.

Market revolution, specialization, entrepreneurs finance and drive the economy, new inventions

2. Id the inventions that enhanced people’s lives and helped fuel the country’s economic growth

Goodyear vulcanized rubber, Elias Howe sewing machine, Samuel Morse’s Telegraph, steamboat (Fulton), canals (Erie), railroads

3. Explain how improved transportation and communication systems helped to link America’s regions and make them more interdependent.

Northeast (NY) becomes center of commerce, farming w/ John Deere’s steel plow and McCormicks’s mechanical reaper change type of farming and farmer, South where cotton is king (no factories)

ECONOMIC?ECONOMIC?

SOCIAL?SOCIAL?

POLITICAL?POLITICAL?

FUTUREPROBLEMS?

FUTUREPROBLEMS?