“Suspicious increases in Reserves”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserves

Some of these sudden increases may be tied to OPEC decision to tie productionQuotas to reserves.

Value Proposition for Coal Transformation

Biomass Energy

http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html

As of 2007, Biomass made up 53% of the US renewable energy budget, ora little less than 4% of the total US energy budget.

Biomass Energy

Heat and/or electricity

H&K 17.1

2004 EthanolProduction Facilities

In Aug. 2006 there were 101 plants producing 4.9Billion

gallons: www.ksgrains.com/ethanol/useth.html

Sites for Ethanol Energy budget

• http://www.futurepundit.com/archives/002722.html

• http://www.ethanol.org/documents/NetEnergyBalanceissuebrief_000.pdf

• http://petroleum.berkeley.edu/papers/patzek/CRPS416-Patzek-Web.pdf

• http://petroleum.berkeley.edu/papers/patzek/CRPS-BiomassPaper.pdf• http://www.hubbertpeak.com/pimentel/bioscience/conservation/conservation.pdf

• http://hubbert.mines.edu/news/Pimentel_98-2.pdf

• http://www.biodiesel.org/

• http://www.biodiesel.com/

• http://www.dancingrabbit.org/biodiesel/

Bio-Diesel Websites

Energetics

Study/yearCorn yield

Nitrogen fertilizer application rate

Inputs for nitrogen fertilizer

Corn ethanol conversion rate

Ethanol conversion process

Total1 energy use

Coproducts1 energy credits

Net1 energy value

bu/acre lb/acre Btu/lb gal/bu Btu/gal Btu/gal Btu/gal Btu/gal

Pimentel (1991)

110 136.0 37,551 2.5073,687 (LHV)

131,017

21,500 -33,517

Keeney and DeLuca (1992)

119 135.0 37,958 2.5648,434 (LHV)

91,127 8,072 -8,431

Marland and Turhollow (1991)

119 127.0 31,135 2.5040,105 (HHV)

73,934 8,127 18,324

Morris and Ahmed (1992)

120 127.0 31,000 2.5546,297 (LHV)

75,297 24,950 25,653

Ho (1989) 90 NR NR NR57,000 (LHV)

90,000 10,000 -4,000

This study (1995)

122 124.5 22,159 2.5353,277 (HHV)

82,824 15,056 16,193

Average 113 129.9 31,961 NA NA NA NA 2,373

Notes:

http://www.ethanol-gec.org/corn_eth.htm

Ethanol EnergeticsIs there a net energy gain?

35% if ethanol produced from grain

50-60% if ethanol produced from grain and cellulosic biomass

Compare this to sugar cane where the gain is on the order of 700% (or petroleum where it is even bigger).

http://www.mda.state.mn.us/renewable/renewablefuels/balance.htm(an amusing sidebar on the dangers of believing everything you readon the internet; what this article says about gasoline cannot be true).The US petroleum industry states that refining consumes about 3Quads/yr(http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/petroleum_refining/pdfs/bandwidth.pdf)

Excerpts from Talk by Rob Swain at IIN alternative E conf.

28 Sept. 2005http://www.indianainnovation.com/events/2005/energy.asp

Key Conclusions…State of Indiana Agriculture

– Indiana must quickly enter the biofuels game given its explosion and our natural advantages.

US Ethanol Plants US Biodiesel Plants

Challenges

Utilize biomass materials from a wide range of sources:

CelluloseFiberCorn

Apply biotechnology and nanotechnology todevelop bio-catalytic conversion routes

YeastsFixed bed catalystsEnzymes

Bioenergy – Goals (Indiana)• Total Ethanol Production 200 million gallons

by 2007 (<10% of national cap.)

• Total BioDiesel Production of 40 million gallons by 2007

• 10% biofuels usage by 2010 and 20% by 2025– 40 E-85 pumps by 1/2007

• Secure Federal Funding for Advanced Bio Energy Research (Discovery Park – Energy)

Next Steps - Cont’d

• Create a showcase, pilot community that runs from biorenewable resources to demonstrate the broader benefits of these fuels beyond agriculture. BIO-TOWN USA

• Ensure that alternative energies can be sold competitively for use throughout the State’s existing power grid.

BIO-TOWN USA• Reynolds IN

– Opportunities:• Energy Production locally & homegrown• Cleaner Environment• Solution to waste management• Potential to grow Indiana Agriculture• Economic development locally and

statewide

BIOTOWN, USA

• Short Term Goals:– Install E85 ethanol pumps locally

– Provide opportunity for local residents to convert vehicles to flex fuel vehicles. General Motors is providing support to this.

– B-20 biodiesel to be made available locally

BIOTOWN, USA• Long Term Expectations:

– To completely meet all the energy needs of Reynolds via bio-renewable resources including:

• Electric• Natural Gas Replacement• Vehicle fuels

– Using environmentally friendly technologies to convert animal and human waste into biogas i.e. ENERGY!

Alternative Fuels

E-n fuel economy

http://www.ethanol.org/documents/ACEFuelEconomyStudy.pdf

E10AK denaturedWith iso-pentane &Bio-diesel

Ethanol vs. MTBE

Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether was originally introduced to replace tetra-ethyl Pbas an “octane booster” (anti-knock agent).

http://www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/re_ethanol_mtbe.htm

Alternative Fuels

Average live weight1

Daily manure production

Annual manure production

Lbs lbs/day lbs/year kg/year

Calves, under 1 year 450 26.1 9,530 4,320

Steers, 1 year and over 1,000 58.0 21,170 9,600

Beef replacement heifers 950 55.1 20,110 9,120

Dairy replacement heifers

950 81.7 29,820 13,530

Slaughter and feeder heifers

900 52.2 19,050 8,640

Beef cows 1,400 81.2 29,640 13,440

Dairy cows2,3 1,350 137.1 50,040 22,700

Bulls, 1 year and over 1,600 92.8 33,870 15,360

Notes:1. Average live weight of animals over this stage of their production cycle.2. Lactating and dry cows are assumed to have different manure production coefficients. At any given time, 17.5% of cows are assumed to be dry.3. Data in this row of the table also based on a second source of data: see Midwest Plan Service Publication, no. MWPS-18 "Manure Characteristics," 2000 as quoted on the Michigan State University Extension website.

Source: American Society of Agricultural Engineers, ASAE D384. 1 FEB03.

http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/21-021-MIE/2004001/tables/appx1.htm

E.G. Skeptical about: BiogasDigesting tanks at Microgy , Inc.'s biogas plantprocess manure from about 10,000 cows into methane and compost. Output: 109scf of CH4/yrCredit: Microgy, Inc., Texas. (105 scf /yr.cow)•This is what the article says, it sounds high to me!•Article claims that the plant can be profitable at $4/kscf for methane, and that they make roughly $5M/yr with today’s price of $5-7/kscf.•Plant uses 8 digesters, each with a capacity of 916,000 gallons.

http://www.eere.energy.gov/state_energy_program/project_brief_detail.cfm/pb_id=1160

•Biogas is typically a mix of CH4 and CO2, the precise ratio depends on the input feedstock, the process used, and purification steps taken at the end.•Raw biogas from simple anaerobic digesters working with cow manure is roughly 60% CH4 and 40%CO2. •The book suggests that a pound of manure produces roughly 1scf of biogas•It also suggest one cow can produce 6.2x106 Btu/yr (50 gal. gasoline equiv.) which is about 6200 scf of NG or 12400 scf of biogas/year. (1/10th of the above)

Frontline episode on Climate Change

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/heat

Flex fuel vehicles

http://www.e85fuel.com/e85101/FFVlist2007.pdf (for 2007)

•Last time we talked about E10, E20, E85 etc. The website below lists the flex fuel vehicles that are available today. Clearly this is not the whole fleet, but it is interesting that the list tends to be dominated by trucks and SUV’s!

•A call to Curry Buick yesterday indicated that there is no price premium for a flex-fuel option; it is just a matter of specifying it, and selecting a model for which it is available.

http://www.e85fuel.com/e85101/flexfuelvehicles.php (for 2008)

Energy from Garbage

Energy from Garbage

Energy from land fills

Fire places/Wood Stoves