sustainability of concrete - pierre claude aitcin and sidney mindess

8/16/2019 Sustainability of Concrete - Pierre Claude Aitcin and Sidney Mindess

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Sustainability of Concrete

Pierre-Claude Aitcin and Sidney Mindess

Spon Press

w J an imprint of Taylor & Francis



Contents

List of figures

List of tables

Preface xxiv

xxn

xiv

1 Sustainability

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Steps to sustainability S

References 10

1

2 Terminology and definitions 11

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

2.10

2.11

2.12

2.13

Introduction 11

Cement, cementitious

material, binders, and

fillers 12

Binary, ternary, and quaternary cements

(or binders) 12

Cementitious material content 13

Specific surface area 13

Alite and belite 13

Hemihydrate 13

Water-cement, water-cementitious materials, and

water-binder ratios 13

Saturated surface-dry state for an aggregate

(SSD) 14

Water content, absorption, and moisture content ofan

aggregate 14

Mixing water 15

Specific gravity 15

Superplasticizer dosage IS

References 15



x Contents

3 The water-cement and water-binder ratios 16

3.1 Introduction 16

3.2 Historical background 17

3.3 The water-cement ratio: the personal progression of

P.-C.Aitcin 17

3.4 The concrete industry and the w/c ratio 20

3.5 Water-cement or water-binder ratio 20

3.6 How to transform the w/b into MPa 21

3.7 The sustainability of low w/b ratio concretes 22

3.8 Conclusion 25

References 25

4 Durability, sustainability, and profitability 27

4.1 Introduction 27

4.2

Durability:

the leitmotif of the construction industry

during the twenty-first century 28

4.3 Sustainability 32

4.4 What about profitability? 42

4.5 Conclusion 42

Acknowledgement 43

References 43

5 Modern binders 44

5.1 Introduction 44

5.2 Production of Portland cements and binders 47

5.3 Manufacturing modern binders from a sustainable

development perspective 50

5.4 Non-clinker binders 85

5.5 Testing Portland cements and binders 85

5.6 Introducing cementitious materials and fillers 91

5.7 Concreting with blended cements 93

5.8 Testing concrete containing cementitious materials 97

5.9

Concluding remarks 98

References 99

6 Water 102

6.1 Introduction 102

6.2 The crucial roles ofwater 103

6.3 Water and fresh concrete rheology 1046.4 Water and hydration 105

6.5 Water and shrinkage 106

6.6 Water and

alkali/aggregate reaction 1086.7 Internal curing 108



6.8 Use ofspecial waters 108

References 109

7 Superplasticizers7.1 Introduction 110

7.2 Definitions 111

7.3 Dispersion of cement particles 1137.4 Compatibility and robustness 117

7.5 Utilization of superplasticizers 123

7.6 Commercial superplasticizers 124

7.7 Polysulfonates 124

7.8 Polycarboxylates 131

7.9 Practical use of superplasticizers 1327.10 Concluding remarks 137

References 138

8 Natural aggregates


8.2 The SSD state: the reference state for aggregates 140

8.3 Influence of the mechanical properties of the

coarse aggregate on the corresponding concrete

properties 144

8.4 Partial substitution of a normal weight aggregate bya saturated

lightweight aggregate 154

References 155

9 Aggregates derived from industrial wastes


9.2 Recycled concrete 158

9.3 Other industrial wastes 162

9.4 Other waste materials 165

References 165

10 Entrained air


10.2 Myths of entrained air 168

10.3 Beneficial action on the workability of freshconcrete 170

10.4 Beneficial action against damage 171

10.5 Beneficial action on permeability and sorptivity 171

10.6 Beneficial action against expansive reactions 171

10.7 Beneficial action on freeze-thaw durability 172



xii Contents

10.8 Entrained air and supplementary cementitious

materials 173

References 174

11 Hydration reactions

11.1 Introduction 17611.2 The paradoxical experiment of he Chatelier 177

11.3 Powers'work on hydration 181

11.4 Schematic representation of the hydration reaction

(after Jensen and Hansen) 182

11.5 Composition of the cement gel 189

11.6 Heat ofhydration 196

References 198

12 Shrinkage12.1 Introduction 200

12.2 Types of shrinkage 201

12.3 Plastic shrinkage 202

12.4 Autogenous shrinkage 203

12.5 Thermal shrinkage 207

12.6 Limiting the risk of cracking due to thermal

gradients 208

12.7 Aggregates and shrinkage 208

12.8 Conclusion 209

References 209

13 Curing


13.2 Curing concrete as a function of its wlc ratio 213

13.3 Curing concrete to avoid plastic shrinkage 216

13.4 Curing concrete to avoid autogenous shrinkage 218

13.5 Curing concrete to mitigate drying shrinkage 221

13.6 Implementing concrete curing in the field 222

13.7 Conclusion 223

References 223

14 Specifying durable and sustainable concrete


14.2 Controlling the initial temperature 225

14.3 Entrained air or not? 230

14.4 External curing 231

14.5 Internal curing 233

14.6 Expansive admixtures 234

14.7 Shrinkage reducing admixtures 234



Contents xiii

14.8 Slip-forming 234

14.9 Specifying testing age and testing conditions 235

14.10 Quality control 236

Acknowledgement 238

References 238

15 Performance specifications 240


15.2 What is a performance specification? 241

15.3 How do w e m ov e from prescription to

performance? 242

15.4 Sustainability and specifications 243

15.5 Establishing performance specifications 246

15.6 Examples ofperformance specifications 246

References 248

16 Statistical evaluation of concrete quality 249


16.2 Normal frequency curve 249

16.3 Controlling the quality of concrete production 253

16.4 Specifying concrete compressive strength 261

16.5 Limitations of a statistical analysis 264

16.6 Conclusion 267

References 267

17 Producing sustainable concrete with minimal environmental

impact 269


17.2 Transportation of materials 269

17.3 Examples of modern ready-mix plants 272

17.4 Concluding remarks 287

Index 288

sustainability of concrete - pierre claude aitcin and sidney mindess

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