sustainable buildings for china
DESCRIPTION
Sustainable Buildings for China. Professors Leon Glicksman 1 , Yi Jiang 2 , and Qingyan (Yan) Chen 1 1 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA 2 Tsinghua University, Beijing, China January 7, 1999. Background. Increased purchasing power due to economy growth - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Sustainable Buildings for ChinaSustainable Buildings for China
Professors Leon GlicksmanProfessors Leon Glicksman11, Yi Jiang, Yi Jiang22, and , and Qingyan (Yan) ChenQingyan (Yan) Chen11
11Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USAMassachusetts Institute of Technology, USA22Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaTsinghua University, Beijing, China
January 7, 1999January 7, 1999
BackgroundBackground
Increased purchasing power due to Increased purchasing power due to economy growtheconomy growth
Demand for improved living standards Demand for improved living standards Winter heatingWinter heating Summer coolingSummer cooling Larger floor area per personLarger floor area per person
Largest producer of air conditionersLargest producer of air conditioners
BackgroundBackground
Winter Heating:Winter Heating: 130 million tons standard coal for urban heating130 million tons standard coal for urban heating 248-260 million tons standard coal for rural 248-260 million tons standard coal for rural
heatingheating 30% of Chinese total energy consumption30% of Chinese total energy consumption Heating region is expanded to Shanghai and Heating region is expanded to Shanghai and
Wuhan (below Yangtze River)Wuhan (below Yangtze River)
BackgroundBackground
Summer Cooling:Summer Cooling: 35% of residential buildings in Beijing35% of residential buildings in Beijing 65% of residential buildings in Shanghai65% of residential buildings in Shanghai 50% of residential buildings in Guangzhou50% of residential buildings in Guangzhou 20%-25% annual increase in sales20%-25% annual increase in sales
ProblemsProblems
High demand for electricity in summerHigh demand for electricity in summerHeat and noise pollution in micro-climateHeat and noise pollution in micro-climateEffect on the environmentEffect on the environment
Future growth (American level?)Future growth (American level?)
U.S. BuildingsU.S. Buildings
1/3 of total energy1/3 of total energy1/2 of electricity1/2 of electricity90% of time spent indoors90% of time spent indoorsMajor health problems: indoor climateMajor health problems: indoor climate
Basic Deficiencies Basic Deficiencies
Very poor windows, single glazed, poorly fittedVery poor windows, single glazed, poorly fitted Little or no insulationLittle or no insulation Absence of summer shadingAbsence of summer shading Poor maintenancePoor maintenance Rapid deteriorationRapid deterioration
Current Chinese Housing PolicyCurrent Chinese Housing Policy
Will turn to market system in 1999Will turn to market system in 1999 Will encourage the housing industry to Will encourage the housing industry to
absorb public savings absorb public savings Will maintain economic growthWill maintain economic growth
Consequences:Consequences: High speed growth in housing industryHigh speed growth in housing industry Demand for high quality housingDemand for high quality housing
Current Proposed Strategies for Energy
Conservation in Chinese Housing Current Proposed Strategies for Energy
Conservation in Chinese Housing Insulation of building fabricsInsulation of building fabrics Improvement of windows to reduce Improvement of windows to reduce
infiltrationinfiltration Improvement of district heating systems Improvement of district heating systems Metering system for heatingMetering system for heating Improvement of lighting systemsImprovement of lighting systems
Problems Remaining in Chinese Housing
Problems Remaining in Chinese Housing
Little consideration for summer coolingLittle consideration for summer cooling Little consideration of natural ventilationLittle consideration of natural ventilation Little consideration of building formsLittle consideration of building forms Little consideration of indoor air qualityLittle consideration of indoor air quality No alternative for room air-conditionersNo alternative for room air-conditioners
An Example of Current Design:A 30 cm (12 inch) concrete wall
Identify and Develop Solutions
for Urban Buildings in China Identify and Develop Solutions
for Urban Buildings in China Energy efficientEnergy efficient Simple and genericSimple and generic Appropriate for local areaAppropriate for local area Cost effectiveCost effective Acceptable by local peopleAcceptable by local people Use of local material and laborUse of local material and labor
Environmental Impacts of 1m2 Brick Wallover 40 years, for Beijing Climate
coal fired district heating
embodied in wall structure and insulation
% o
f ze
ro i
ns
ula
tio
n c
as
e
37cm 37cm 37cm5cm 10cm
MJEnergy
CO2eq.Global
Warming
SO2eq.AcidRain
0102030405060708090
100
MJEnergy
CO2eq.Global
Warming
SO2eq.AcidRain
no insulation
Energy
GlobalWarming
MJEnergy
CO2eq.Global
Warming
SO2eq.AcidRain
0102030405060708090
100
MJEnergy
CO2eq.Global
Warming
SO2eq.AcidRain
5cm of insulation
MJEnergy
CO2eq.Global
Warming
SO2eq.AcidRain
0102030405060708090
100
MJEnergy
CO2eq.Global
Warming
SO2eq.AcidRain
10cm of insulation
Acid Rain
Energy
Energy
GlobalWarming
GlobalWarming
Acid Rain
Acid Rain
[kg CO2 equiv.]
[MJ]
[kg SO2 equiv.]
10355
28823
7068
2812
1017695 3979
18093
6123
Building Insulation and Heat Pump (1m2 of Block Wall, for Beijing Climate)
no insu
latio
n
10cm
insu
latio
n
0 36 37
106 20 11
0
50
100
150
0
50
100
150
Generation Capacity
Savings 69 56 62
Investment Costs for Power Generation
US$
20
13 7
US$
Global Warming from Heatingkg CO2 equiv. over 40 years
01,0002,0003,0004,0005,000
no insu
latio
n
5cm
insu
latio
n
10cm
insu
latio
n
Heating Costs, heat-pump COP 3, electricity from coal, total of 40 years, discount-rate 7%
Initial Investment in Insulation
Net Savings 25
5cm
insu
latio
n
Provide healthy and comfortable living space with little or no energy consumption in summer
Provide healthy and comfortable living space with little or no energy consumption in summer
Key Point:
The Team The Team
Technology Development, Design, Evaluation, and TrainingTechnology Development, Design, Evaluation, and Training MIT, USAMIT, USA Tsinghua University, ChinaTsinghua University, China Tongji University, ChinaTongji University, China
Construction (Demonstration projects)Construction (Demonstration projects) Beijing: Vanke Property Development Co.Beijing: Vanke Property Development Co.
万科房地产发展公司 万科房地产发展公司 5-floor luxury housing5-floor luxury housing 12-floor affordable housing12-floor affordable housing 30-32 floor middle-class housing30-32 floor middle-class housing
Shanghai (To be identified)Shanghai (To be identified)
Technologies to Improve Building Design
Technologies to Improve Building Design
VentilationVentilation Natural ventilationNatural ventilation Night cooling and thermal storage wallsNight cooling and thermal storage walls Advanced mechanical ventilation systemsAdvanced mechanical ventilation systems
Shading devices and passive solarShading devices and passive solar Heat pumpsHeat pumps Desiccants dehumidificationDesiccants dehumidification
Possible Solutions Possible Solutions Natural ventilation to replace air conditioningNatural ventilation to replace air conditioning Thermal mass and night coolingThermal mass and night cooling Ground coupled heating and cooling systemsGround coupled heating and cooling systems Centralized energy systemsCentralized energy systems Improved windowsImproved windows Application of vernacular technologiesApplication of vernacular technologies Overall building designOverall building design Incentives for adoption of energy efficient designsIncentives for adoption of energy efficient designs
Improvement of WindowsImprovement of Windows
Double glazingDouble glazing New types of frame New types of frame Better insulationBetter insulation Lower infiltration with acceptable indoor Lower infiltration with acceptable indoor
air qualityair quality
Improvement of District HeatingImprovement of District Heating
High efficiency by CHPHigh efficiency by CHP Large scale network with multi-heat sourcesLarge scale network with multi-heat sources High reliability by loop network combined with High reliability by loop network combined with
computer added fault detection systemcomputer added fault detection system Special control policy to make buildings being Special control policy to make buildings being
heated equally heated equally Energy reduced from 50 W/mEnergy reduced from 50 W/m22K to 30 W/mK to 30 W/m22KK
Metering System for HeatingMetering System for Heating
Largest potential saving in heating Largest potential saving in heating 25% - 40% savings in test buildings25% - 40% savings in test buildings Difficulties:Difficulties:
Strongly related to the housing reform Strongly related to the housing reform Indoor system has to be changedIndoor system has to be changed High cost for installationHigh cost for installation
Energy SavingsEnergy Savings
30% 30% of energy saving by improving the of energy saving by improving the fabricfabric
Additional 20% of energy saving by better Additional 20% of energy saving by better control of the district heating systemcontrol of the district heating system
Additional 20% of energy saving by use of Additional 20% of energy saving by use of metering systems for heatingmetering systems for heating
A Study in Beijing:Results from 83 apartments
A Study in Beijing:Results from 83 apartments
Measurements of the room air Measurements of the room air temperatures over a two-month periodtemperatures over a two-month period Shading by deviceShading by device Shading by vegetationShading by vegetation VentilationVentilation Building layoutBuilding layout
Low and Middle Rise HousingLow and Middle Rise Housing
High Rise HousingHigh Rise Housing
Thermal EnvironmentThermal Environment
kitchen Bedroo
m
Bedroom
Bedroom
WCLiving room
Balcony
NorthEntrance
DoorWindow
RHLog
Shading ComparisonShading ComparisonShading ComparisonShading Comparison
Shading ComparisonShading ComparisonShading ComparisonShading Comparison
No shadingShaded
26. 0
26. 5
27. 0
27. 5
28. 0
28. 5
29. 0
29. 5
30. 0
30. 5
31. 0
31. 5
Ti me
Tem
pera
ture
(deg
ree
C)
Wi th Sunshi neWi thout Sunchi ne
Vegetation ComparisonVegetation ComparisonVegetation ComparisonVegetation Comparison
Vegetation ComparisonVegetation ComparisonVegetation ComparisonVegetation Comparison
Little vegetationLots of vegetation
24. 0
24. 5
25. 0
25. 5
26. 0
26. 5
27. 0
27. 5
28. 0
28. 5
29. 0
29. 5
30. 0
30. 5
31. 0
T i me
Tem
pera
ture
(deg
ree
C)
Low Vi rescence
Hi gh Vi rescence
Use of Vegetation Use of Vegetation
Reduction on solar radiation Reduction on solar radiation Direct radiation on the building surfacesDirect radiation on the building surfaces Reflection from the groundReflection from the ground
Improvement in building micro climateImprovement in building micro climate Reduction of outdoor air temperatureReduction of outdoor air temperature Change of air movementChange of air movement Improvement on air qualityImprovement on air quality Decrease of noiseDecrease of noise
Comparison between Mechanical and Natural Ventilation
Comparison between Mechanical and Natural Ventilation
Living room
Balcony
Bed room
Bed room
WC Kitchen
Entrance
Other’s roomOther’s room
NorthNorth
Comparison between Mechanical and Natural Ventilation
Comparison between Mechanical and Natural Ventilation
NaturalMechanical
26. 0
26. 5
27. 0
27. 5
28. 0
28. 5
29. 0
29. 5
30. 0
30. 5
31. 0
31. 5
32. 0
Ti me
Tem
pera
ture
(deg
ree
C)
Nature Venti l at i onMechani cal Venti l at i on
Different Natural Ventilation DesignsDifferent Natural
Ventilation Designs
Bad designGood design
25. 0
25. 5
26. 0
26. 5
27. 0
27. 5
28. 0
28. 5
29. 0
29. 5
30. 0
30. 5
31. 0
31. 5
32. 0
32. 5
33. 0
Ti me
Tem
pera
ture
(deg
ree
C)
Bad Vent i l at i on
Good Vent i l at i on
Comparison of Different Apartment Layouts
Comparison of Different Apartment Layouts
Different apartments in the same flat can Different apartments in the same flat can result in 300% difference in cooling loadresult in 300% difference in cooling load
Careful arrangement of the kitchen, Careful arrangement of the kitchen, bathroom and corridor can greatly bathroom and corridor can greatly reduce cooling demandreduce cooling demand
Use of Air Conditioners:A survey over 300 apartments
Use of Air Conditioners:A survey over 300 apartments
Results from the SurveyResults from the Survey
Age < 19 20-40 40-60 > 60Sex M F M F M F M FLike AC (%) 42.86 52.00 48.57 35.59 37.50 31.25 22.22 29.63Neutral (%) 42.86 32.00 42.86 52.54 37.50 37.04 37.04 33.33Dislike AC (%) 14.29 16.00 8.57 11.86 25.00 25.93 40.74 37.04
Why like AC:1. Cool 40%2. Modern Technology 34%3. Climate control 23%4. Others 3%
Why dislike AC:1. Separated with the nature 47%2. Draft and noise 26%3. Energy and first costs 23%4. Others 4%
Preliminary Understandings:The survey results
Preliminary Understandings:The survey results
Comfort does not mean a low air Comfort does not mean a low air temperature in summertemperature in summer
Air-conditioning may not be necessary in Air-conditioning may not be necessary in Beijing with acceptable comfortBeijing with acceptable comfort
The use of air-conditioning can be The use of air-conditioning can be reduced greatly in southern Chinareduced greatly in southern China
Be comfortableBe comfortable Be healthyBe healthy Be energy efficientBe energy efficient Be economicBe economic Be flexible and integral to the cultureBe flexible and integral to the culture
Sustainable Housing for ChinaSustainable Housing for China
Current Building
Building Energy Distribution (Winter)
Heating Losses in Beijing Winter
Walls32%
Roof7%
Infiltration Load34%
Window Conduction
27%
Heating Energy Consumption Comparation Beijing Winter
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80(KWH/m^2)
Brick Wall 37cm Brick U=1.51W/m 2̂K
Sigle Glazing WindowU=6.31W/m 2̂K
5cm Performed MineralBoard,U=0.54W/m 2̂K
Insulation Wall+Double Glazing Window U=2.79W/m 2̂K
Insulation Wall
Sigle Glazing WindowU=6.31W/m 2̂K
Window and Wall Insulation (Winter)
Cooling Load of Building in Beijing Summer
Wall9% Roof
4%
Latent Load of Infiltration.
22%
Window Conduction.
1%
Sensible Load of Infiltration
1%
Latent Load of Occupant
13%
Sensible Load of Internal Heat
23%
Window Solar Radiation.
27%
Building Energy Distribution (Summer)
Cooling Energy Consumption Comparation Beijing Summer
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00(KWH/m^2)
Brick Wall 37cm Brick U=1.51W/m 2̂K
Sigle Glazing WindowU=6.31W/m 2̂K
5cm Performed MineralBoard,U=0.54W/m 2̂K
Insulation Wall+Double Glazing Window U=2.79W/m 2̂K
Insulation Wall
Sigle Glazing WindowU=6.31W/m 2̂K
Window and Wall Insulation (Summer)
Natural Ventilation:Building design
Natural Ventilation:Building design
Natural Ventilation DesignNatural Ventilation Design
Natural Ventilation
Natural ventilation: Airflow at MIT campus
Natural ventilation: Airflow at MIT campus
Comfort Hours with Natural Ventilation
Comfort Hours Beijing
744 672 744
637
418
135
27 71
451
699720 744
6062
0 0 0
83
244
245
66
186
214
45
0 0
1083
0 0 0 0
51
142
148
213
30
0 0 0
584
0 0 0 031
197
503
273
240 0 0
1028
ho
urs
pe
r m
on
th (
ye
ar)
Hot and/or Humid
Comfort 2m/s
Comfort
Below comfort
Comfort Zones for Developed Countries (B. Givoni)
Comfort Hours with Natural Ventilation
Comfort Hours Beijing
744 672 744
599
333
835 23
331
625
720 744
5623
0 0 0
121
345
375
152
331
319
107
0 0
1750
0 0 0 0
33
131
257
235
210 0 0
677
0 0 0 015
110
308
111
10 0 0 0
554
ho
urs
pe
r m
on
th (
ye
ar)
Hot and/or Humid
Comfort 2m/s
Comfort
Below comfort
Comfort Zones for Developing Countries (B. Givoni)
Night Time
Walls Release HeatMaximum Ventilation
Day Time
Walls Absorb Heat GainsMinimum Ventilation
Natural Ventilation:Night cooling
Natural Ventilation:Night cooling
1 6
1 8
2 0
2 2
2 4
2 6
2 8
3 0
3 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4
E x t e r n a l T e m p e r a t u r e ( ° C )
I n t e r n a l T e m p e r a t u r e ( ° C )
W a l l T e m p e r a t u r e ( ° C )
h o u r
Shading Devices (Summer)
Cooling Load Due to South Windows Shanghai Summer
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
Full Shading for SouthWindows
No Shading for SouthWindows
Different Design
(KWH/m^2)
September
Augest
July
June
Dense Rock
k W/mK 3.46 kg/m3 3204Cp J/kg 836 m2/s 1.3E-06
average heat extraction /year: 50MJ/m2
Ground Temperature Changes with Heat Pump
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Temperature [C]
Dep
th [m
]
10
50
100
year
Room
Small Chiller
Cooling coil
Hea
t ex
chan
ger
Desiccant adsorption
sun
Desiccant regeneration
Outdoor
Cooling tower
air
Operation of Desiccant SystemDesiccant dehumidification + Cooling Tower
Outdoor air
Desiccant System
Desiccant Cooling
Operation of Desiccant System in Beijing with ASHRAE Comfort Zone
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Months
Ra
tio
of
ea
ch
op
era
tio
n
Solar Heating Desiccant + Cooling Tower Additional Cooling
Desiccant Cooling
Operation of Desiccant System in Shanghai
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Months
Ra
tio
of
ea
ch
op
era
tio
n
Solar Heating Desiccant + Cooling Tower Additional Cooling
SupportSupport
MITMIT
Kann-Rasmussen Foundation ($200,000/year)
Tsinghua UniversityTsinghua University
National Natural Science Foundation National Natural Science Foundation (RMB 1,000,000)(RMB 1,000,000)
ObjectiveObjective
Identify energy efficient and sustainable designs Identify energy efficient and sustainable designs and technologiesand technologies
Use economic and appropriate solutions for Use economic and appropriate solutions for ChinaChina
Build demonstration buildingsBuild demonstration buildings Publicize results to public, designers, officials, Publicize results to public, designers, officials,
and industryand industry Prepare design guidelinesPrepare design guidelines Train designers and plannersTrain designers and planners
Milestones Milestones
Background data, energy use of residential Background data, energy use of residential buildingsbuildings
First order evaluation of promising systems for First order evaluation of promising systems for energy efficiencyenergy efficiency
In-depth study of several most promisingIn-depth study of several most promising Prototype design studies, model, evaluationsPrototype design studies, model, evaluations Full-scale demonstrationsFull-scale demonstrations Development of design guidelinesDevelopment of design guidelines