sustainable development energy-integrated planning for low carbon development in cities manuel l....

Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development

Energy-Integrated Planning for Energy-Integrated Planning for Low Carbon Development in Low Carbon Development in

CitiesCities

Manuel L. Soriano, Senior Technical AdvisorEnergy, Infrastructure, Transport & Technology

UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Centre, Bangkok, Thailand


Cities occupy 3% of the Earth’s land surface, and house 75% of the human population

Cities account for a considerable portion of a country’s energy consumption. [2/3 of worldwide energy usage and GHG emissions]

Most production, trade and transportation activities usually are located in these areas. [80% of Asia’s GDP is produced by Asian cities]

Energy Concerns in Urban Development

Per capita carbon emission of selected cities ( World Bank, 2010)


Growing built environment

Cities concentrate industrial development and its pollution.

Increasing volumes of waste generated

Motor vehicles dominate urban transportation systems - producing congestion, local air pollution, and GHGs.

Massive and typically inefficient energy consuming urban systems waste resources and generates pollution and GHGs

Uncertainty of energy supplies & other energy concerns

Social issues – urbanization of poverty – lack of basic services

Energy Concerns in Urban Development


Energy for Sustainable Development

Sustainable energy: Energy solutions that address development issues related to economic growth, environment and social equity simultaneously

Key input foreconomic growth

Economic

Social

Environmental

Poverty alleviation and gender

Impacts of energy production and use


Low Carbon Growth

HealthyEcosystemsZero Waste Low Carbon

Green Economy

Sustainable Energy Supply

Environmental governance

Zero Waste

Low Carbon Footprint

Transport &Communications

Jobs

Energy Supply

Safety &Welfare

Economy &Competitiveness

Health &Education

Housing

Access to Nature

Green Buildings Clean Water Quality

Clean Water Quantity Green Transport Clean Air

Sustainable Cities

Integrated Approach to Low Carbon Development


Energy and Urban Forms

Feedback

Energy needsstimulate newdevelopments

EnergyDemand

Useful energy, delivered energy, primary energy,

transport, heat, light, motive power

AlternativeSupply Systems

Feasibility

Resources, technology, geography,

politics

EnergySources

Nature, location, availability, price, distribution

SpatialStructures

Location, shape, size, density, communications, mixed land

use

Socio-economicand political

factors

Level of development,

socio-economic factors

Ref: Owens, S., Energy , Planning and Urban Form (1986)


Energy Technology

Available Resources

Resource Utilization

Waste Generation

Decomposition and/or

Accumulation of Waste

Waste Conversion/Recycling

GHG Emissions & Other Pollutants

Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities

Based on Bianpoen. “The City as an Ecological Region “(1990)

Ecosystems approach – The inter-relationship of natural and man-made elements in the environment is the basis for planning aimed towards improved quality of city life.


Transport Systems

Communication Systems

Building Systems

Energy Supply Systems

Waste Water Systems

Parks & Waterways Systems

Solid Waste Management Systems

Water Supply Systems

Urban Systemsrequire energy to function


Urban Systems – Infrastructures; resource intensive (energy, water, materials and land); Difficult and costly to modify.

Traffic congestion - Inadequate road & transport infrastructures - cost can be as high as 10% of the city’s GDP.

Typical buildings – non-energy efficient - can account for 40% of a city’s total energy consumption and 30% of GHG emissions.

Expansion of infrastructures (rapid urbanization; fast economic growth; increased competitiveness, etc.).

The way a city is planned, designed, operated and maintained will influence its future energy usage and emissions (GHG & pollutants).



Energy Consuming Urban Systems

Linkage between energy demand and the way the development and arrangement of cities are planned. Correlation between the urban systems and environmental health, economic competitiveness and the quality of life in cities.The patterns of consumption and production of infrastructures that are built for urban systems can have positive or negative outcomes, depending on how these are designed, operated and maintained.Investments on urban system infrastructure development to achieve and sustain socio-economic development goals.

Are these systems designed and operated for energy efficiency?



Human activities release GHG emissions that contribute to global warming

Climate change is directly linked to emissions of GHGs bulk of which are from the utilization of energy (non-renewable forms)

Land Use Issues Mechanism Energy Impacts Combination of land use factors (shape, size)

Travel requirements (distance & frequency)

Variation up to 150%

Interspersion of activities Travel requirements (distance) Variation up to 130% Urban area shape Travel requirements Variation of up to 20% Density/clustering of trip ends Public transport use Energy savings up to 20% Density/mix uses/built form CHP applications Energy savings of 15% Layout/orientation/design Passive cooling/heating Energy savings up to 20% Siting/layout/landscaping Microclimate optimization Energy savings of at least 5%

Ref: BC Energy Aware Committee, Introduction to Community Energy Planning (www.energyaware.bc.ca)

Climate Change and Energy Use in Cities


Increasing Carbon Footprint Increasing urban sprawl – increased use of private

transport Energy-consuming lifestyles and practices Poor urban planning, management and governance What is the challenge? Managing a city’s

development that: Maximizes low-carbon energy sources Enhances efficiency in delivering urban services Moves to low-carbon intensity for a given unit of GDP

Vulnerability to Climate Extremes Cities situated in low lying coastal or river plains Extreme weather events - increasing in intensity

and frequency Sea level rise; Poor suffer more New driver of urbanization - “eco-refugees/eco-

migrants”

Climate Change Challenges in Cities


Challenges

Inadequate policy and regulatory frameworks that support environmentally sustainable development in cities Insufficient capacity of cities to plan, design and implement integrated sustainable development actionsLack of financing for initiatives on environmentally sustainable urban developmentLack of available replicable successful examples of sustainable development applications at the urban levelLack of easily accessible information on feasible and applicable technologies and practices on sustainable urban development



Energy Planning in Cities

City with internal energy production and supply system

City with external energy supply system


Sustainable Energy in Cities

Distribution End Uses Production & [ Importation ]

Consuming Sectors

Energy Form Distribution Derived Energy Form

Conversion

117

[ 1234 ]

(Biodegradation)

(Pyrolysis)

196

1038

910

11 Farming, Crop Production Agricultural

WOOD Cooking Commercial Cooking Residential

10

9

14 Cooking CHARCOAL Agricultural

Cooking Commercial Cooking Residential

Outside Sales 34

33

23

200 Drying, Livestock Agricultural

Cooking Residential BIOGAS

Own Use 12

223 2345 AGRI-WASTE

Electrical Equipment Industrial (Direct combustion)

ELECTRICITY

ELECTRICITY

ELECTRICITY Losses & Own Use

154

1367 4567 [ 5857 ] COAL

Outside Sales 1234

Stock 56

123

1234

6533 Air Conditioning, Heating Commercial

Process Heating Industrial Cooking, Hot Water Residential

[ 7890 ] NATURAL GAS

42756

1122

7788

78839

Miling, Livestock Agricultural

Lighting, AC, Appliances / Equipment Industrial Lighting, Refrigeration, Equipment, AC Residential

3728

1111

22334 Lighting, AC, Equipment Institutional

Lighting, AC, Cooking, Hot Water, Appliances Residential Light Rail Transit Transport

[ 78910 ] ELECTRICITY

(Direct Combustion)

(Hydroelectric turbines)

(Power Grid)

(Power Grid) 3579 HYDOENERGY

Losses & Own Use

154

4500

89 Irrigation Agricultural

Freight and Passenger Land Transport Transport

[ 8905 ] GASOLINE

77910

4589

T&D Losses

Outside Sales

1000

123

4321

23 Irrigation Agricultural Stock

5

Steam Generation Commercial

3456

685 Process Heating, Steam Generation Industrial

Freight and Passenger Land Transport Transport

[ 9096 ] DIESEL

4287

1234

567

5521

Outside Sales 3579

Stock 4

Electrical Equipment Industrial Losses & Own Use

167

433

1234

2879 Steam Generation, Process Heating Industrial

Water Transport Transport

[ 4679 ] FUEL OIL

4113 4680

Stock 1

[ 365 ] AVIATION FUEL

367 367

Stock 2

Air Transport Transport

[ 865 ] LPG

467

39

223 Steam Generation, Heating, Cooking Commercial

Process Heating Industrial Cooking, Hot Water Residential

729

Outside Sales 135

Stock 1

[ 1007 ]

NOTE : Values are in TOE (Tons of Oil Equivalents)

KEROSENE 219

Outside Sales 791

Stock 3

200

19 Drying, Farming, Livestock Agricultural

Cooking Residential

City Reference Energy SystemEquivalents)

End Use


Sustainable Energy in Cities

City Energy Balance

7.341.91

43.97

18.6810.670.90

0.07

CommercialSector Use

AgricultureSector Use

TransportSector Use

ResidentialSector Use

Industrial Sector Use

InstitutionalSector Use

1.25

To stock

8.06

7.15

Own Use andT&D Losses

ConversionLosses

OutsideSales

Total EnergySupply100.00

Total EnergyConsumption

83.47

Petroleum 63.9 Products

Electricity

20.2

Natural Gas

6.4

Coal

3.7

Hydro Energy

2.9

Biomass Energy

2.9


City Energy System - Low Carbon Development


• Support policies on the application of energy efficiency and renewable energy

• Smart urban form and spatial development

• Energy efficient industries and buildings

• Low carbon vehicles and public transport-oriented systems

• Low carbon waste management and urban services

• Energy efficient appliances• Financial/fiscal incentives

for EE and RE applications* PLAN for LOW CARBON

GROWTH *

Influence of Cities on Low Carbon Development

Source: www.rainharvest.co.za


Integrating Energy & Environment in Urban Development Planning

Energy – an essential consideration in achieving sustainable development in urban communitiesEIP is in line with an ecosystems approach.Various urban concerns related to energy & environment – Justification for integrating energy considerations in the city development planning process.Due consideration to energy implications of development policies and energy flexibility in city development policies and objectives.Key is MAINSTREAMING of ENERGY and CLIMATE CHANGE in the urban development planning process.Official legal authorization for energy-integrated development planningPOLITICAL Support – success of an energy-integrated urban development plan is ensured by this.


Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable DevelopmentLand Use Planning Activities Energy Considerations Outputs

Analysis of Urban Development Concerns

Energy Issues (supply, consumption, demand) Analysis

=

Urban Development Goal, Objectives & Criteria Formulation

Existing Energy Goal, Objectives and Criteria

=

Urban Development Surveys & Analysis of Sectoral Plans & Profiles

Energy Survey Data (supply, consumption, demand) and Database

=

Alternative Growth Scenarios and Solutions Formulation

Energy Supply & Demand Scenarios =

Alternative Growth Scenarios & Solutions Analysis

Energy Implications of Growth Scenarios & Proposed Solutions

=

Urban Development Policy Formulation & Sectoral Policies & Regulations

Formulated & Enforced Energy Policies & Plans/Programs

=

Urban Development & Sectoral Policy Impact Analysis

Energy-Environment Impact Assessment Results

=

Urban Development and Sectoral Policy Support Activities Formulation

Energy Plan Projects Implementation & Results

=

Urban Plans & Programs Implementation and Management Strategies

Urban Development & Sectoral Plans Implementation

Urban Development and Sectoral Plans Monitoring & Management

Energy Consumption Monitoring & Management

=Energy-Integrated

Urban Development Plan Management

Energy Integrated

Urban Development

Planning

Energy Management Plan and Energy Projects Implementation =

Integrating Energy in Urban Development PlanningUrban

Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable DevelopmentLand Use Planning Activities Energy Considerations Outputs

Land Use Problem Analysis

Land Use Goal, Objectives & Criteria Formulation

Existing Energy Goal, Objectives and Criteria

=

Land Use Surveys & Database Development & Analysis

Energy Survey Data (supply, consumption, demand)

=

Alternative Growth Scenarios and Solutions Formulation

Energy Supply & Demand Scenarios =

Alternative Growth Scenarios & Solutions Analysis

Energy Implications of Growth Scenarios & Proposed Solutions

=

Land Use Policy Formulation (based on Analyses)

Existing Energy Policies & Plans/Programs

=

Land Use Policy Impact AnalysisEnergy-Environment Links Assessment Results

=

Land Use Policy Support Activities Formulation

Energy Plan Projects Implementation & Results

=

Land Use Management & Plan Implementation Strategies Development

Land Use Plan Implementation

Land Use Monitoring & ManagementEnergy Consumption Monitoring & Management =

Energy-Integrated Land Use Plan Management

Energy Integrated Land

Use Planning

Considering Energy Aspects in Land Use Planning


Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning

Integrating Energy & Environment Concerns & Impacts in:

1.Land Use and Transport PlanningContiguous development patterns; parking plans and siting; street design and layout; traffic rules; trip reduction measures; citizens participation, etc.

2.Site Planning and Building DesignBuilding efficiency; orientation; landscaping; building services design and operations; pedestrian facilities; transit facilities, etc.

3.Infrastructure EfficiencyWater supply and use; wastewater collection and storm drainage; solid waste collection & recycling facilities; heat & power recovery; joint infrastructure planning & delivery.

4.Energy SupplyElectricity supply & distribution; district heating & cooling; waste heat utilization; cogeneration systems; waste-to-energy systems; renewable energy utilization, etc.


Low carbon development of cities can be facilitated through the enforcement of appropriate policies and regulatory frameworks that support the planning , design and implementation of interventions that fully recognize the importance of urban development planning that takes serious consideration of the energy and environment aspects of sustainable development

Sustainable Energy Supply

Green Economy

Clean AirZero Waste

Green Transport

Green Buildings

Access to Nature

Clean Water (Quantity)

Clean Water (Quality)

Low Carbon Footprint

Environmental Governance

City-led Programs, Regulations & Financial Capacity



ChallengesInstitutional Challenges•e.g., Divided responsibilities and split incentives of relevant stakeholders; energy and climate change are not mainstreamed in urban development planning processesEnergy Use and Energy Policy Challenges•e.g., Energy planning not responsibility of cities; existing laws, regulations not supportive of EE and RE initiatives; restrictive regulations and default controlsPolitical Challenges•e.g., Local authorities support missing; changes in administration often translate to change in policies; lack of awareness & information about the economic, environmental (and also political) benefits of low carbon developmentSocial/Community Challenges•e.g., Local communities not aware and resistant to proposed changes lifestyles and attitudesCapacity & Financial Challenges•e.g., City planners & engineers not skilled/knowledgeable of EIP and low carbon development; Lack of financing for low carbon development initiatives



Key Players

• Local Government Authorities and Staff (city development planning, public works and general services, city engineers office, etc..)

• National and Regional Development Agencies

• Utilities (Fuel, Electricity, Water & Sanitation, Telecommunications)

• Real Estate Developers

• Business Community (industry, trade and commerce, service)

• Public Transport Operators

• NGOs/CBOs and Citizens Groups

• General Public



• Planned Development Areas• Preservation and Protection of Natural Features of the Land

including Environmentally Sensitive Areas• Access to Existing Infrastructure and Services• Access to Transport and Transit Systems

• Community Design & Layout• Spatial Structures• Streets and Roads• Natural Features and Open Spaces

• Buildings and Infrastructures• Energy Efficient Buildings & Building Materials• Utilization of the Natural Landscapes & Green Infrastructures• Energy Efficient Design, Operation and Maintenance of Urban

Systems• Green Construction • Sustainable Energy Production and Supply



Strategies to Support Plan ImplementationPrivatization and the Role of the Private Sector•Joint development (e.g., residential housing program; public facilities)•Privatization (Garbage collection; Sewerage system operation; selected user fee collection; Road infrastructure construction; Leasing of government vehicles; Tourism promotion; Historical and cultural preservation; Road and park maintenance; Building inspection; and, Information dissemination campaigns)

Improvement of City's Public Image

Revenue Enhancement Interventions•Improve collection efficiency of locally levied taxes•Improve city government fee rates to better coincide with cost recovery of development infrastructures/services and improve fee collection procedures.•Consider the potentials of grantsmanship.•Introduce fundamental reforms in local government revenue structure.

Sustainable and Energy Efficient City Development


Strategies to Support Low Carbon Initiatives•Investments

• Investment for installation of new energy efficient urban systems, or enhancement of the existing ones.

• Investment in improving city energy supply and distribution systems.

• Investment for research and development, information dissemination and promotional programs on low carbon development.

•Encourage sponsorship of urban energy projects by the energy industry sector and other service companies.•Third Party Financing•Financial Institutions•Lease-Purchase Agreements; Build-Operate-Transfer Agreements



Examples of Strategies to Support Plan Implementation

1. Energy-Environment Conservation Strategies• Implementation of a Public Utilities Surcharge• Restructuring and Increasing Vehicle Tax• Authorization of Cordon Pricing or Trip Tolls to CBD• Parking Fees

2. City Development Strategies• User Fees, Surcharges• Increase Share in Land Registration Tax Earnings• Increase Development Fees for Building Permits• Implementation of Betterment Charges• Privatization of Selected Urban Infrastructure and Services• Increase Public/Private Sector Joint Development



Sustainable and Energy Efficient Cities

Benefits from Sustainable Energy Projects in Cities

• Reduction in the use of raw materials as resource inputs

• Reduction in pollution

• Increased energy efficiency leading to reduced energy use in the city as a whole

• Reduction in the volume of waste products requiring disposal (with the added benefit of preventing disposal-related pollution)

• Increase in the amount and types of process outputs that have market value


Sustainable and Energy Efficient Cities

Benefits of Low Carbon Development of Cities

• GHG Emission Reduction (climate change mitigation)

• Energy Use and Energy Cost Reduction

• Preservation of Natural Environment

• Pollution Reduction (air, land, water)

• Improved Public Health

• Empowered Communities

• Enhanced Quality of Life in Cities (safety, welfare and well-being)

• Improved Economy and Competitiveness


Example of EE Urban SystemsGreen Infrastructures – a network of decentralized storm water management practice that can capture rainwater, thus reducing storm water runoff and improving the quality of city waterways.

Ref: CNT, The Value of Green Infrastructure: A Guide to Recognizing Its Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits (2010)


Permeable Pavements

Bio-retention & Infiltration

Atmospheric CO2 Emission Avoidance

and Reduction

Direct SequestrationReduced Building

Energy Usage

TreesGreen Roofs

Reduced Energy Usage for Water

Treatment

Reduced Water Treatment

Benefits of Green

Infrastructures

Example of EE Urban Systems


City Electricity System•Difficulty to expand grid infrastructure•Increased energy demand during peak periods

Smart City Solutions (policy measures that promote, among others, a grid that manages electricity demand in a sustainable, reliable and economic manner, built on advanced infrastructure and tuned to facilitate the integration of all involved). Source: ABB

Example of EE Urban Systems

Deregulation and real-time pricing

Smart energy-positive infrastructure

Integrated mobility service


EE Urban Systems: Smart City & Smart Buildings


United Nations Development ProgrammeThe UN’s development agency

Bureau for the Arab States

Bureau for the Arab States

Bureau for Europe &

CIS

Bureau for Europe &

CIS

Bureau for Latin

America

Bureau for Latin

America

Bureau for Asia & Pacific

Bureau for Asia & Pacific

Bureau for Africa

Bureau for Africa

Country Offices

Country Offices

Bureau for Crisis

Prevention

Bureau for Crisis

Prevention

Bureau for PartnershipsBureau for

Partnerships

Bureau for Development

Policy

Bureau for Development

Policy

Environment & Energy Group

Environment & Energy Group

• Water• Ecosystems &

Biodiversity• REDD & Land• Ozone & Chemicals

• Water• Ecosystems &

Biodiversity• REDD & Land• Ozone & Chemicals

Energy, Infrastructure, Transport &

Technology (EITT) Group

Energy, Infrastructure, Transport &

Technology (EITT) Group


UNDP EITT Group – Signature Programs

Access to clean and affordable

energy

11Low emission

urban systems and

infrastructures

22Access to new

financing mechanisms

33


Examples of Recent UNDP Projects on EE Urban Systems

Country Project TitleOngoing Project ImplementationIndia Sustainable Urban Transport Program (Cleaner Mobility)Kazakhstan Sustainable Transport In The City Of Almaty South Africa Sustainable Public TransportProject Design & DevelopmentPhilippines Promotion of Low Carbon Urban Transport Systems in the PhilippinesKazakhstan Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions for Low-carbon Urban Development Turkey Catalyzing Low-Emission Urban Development Bosnia & Herzegovina Energy Efficiency in Urban Buildings

Republic of BelarusBelarus Green Cities: Supporting Green Urban Development in Small and Medium Sized Cities in Belarus

Georgia Green Cities: Integrated Sustainable Transport in the City of Batumi and the Ajara RegionArmenia Green Urban Lighting

ThailandAchieving Low Carbon Growth in Cities through Sustainable Urban Systems Management in Thailand

MoldovaUrban Energy Efficiency (Transforming the Market for Urban Energy Efficiency in Moldova by Introducing Energy Service Companies (ESCO) )


How urban areas expand in the future has big implications on the GHG emissions that are generated in cities.

Urban development planning should consider energy as one important component of sustainable development.

Energy and Climate Change should be mainstreamed into the urban development planning processes

Policies formulated for various concerns in city development plans should be in accord with the preservation of man's environment and the provision of energy for sustaining growth and development.

The capacity of local governments should be improved to better identify the optimum mix of regulatory and public financing instruments to attract catalytic financial flows toward low-emissions climate-resilient development.

The success of an energy integrated city development plan can only be ensured if there is political support. Without it, any planning approach will fail.

Conclusions


Thank You

Manuel L. Sorianomanuel.soriano@undp.

orgTel: +66-2-3049100 Ext

2720

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