“sustainable energy planning for mountain … energy planning...“sustainable energy planning for...

SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan Italy27 May 2009, Milan Italy

““Sustainable energy planningSustainable energy planning

for mountain countries for mountain countries ––

A case study of BhutanA case study of Bhutan””

Shirish Garud,Shirish Garud,

Fellow, Renewable Energy Technology ApplicationsFellow, Renewable Energy Technology Applications

The Energy and Resources InstituteThe Energy and Resources Institute

New Delhi, India New Delhi, India

SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy

Development philosophyDevelopment philosophy

‘Gross National Happiness is more important than

Gross National Product’

His Majesty King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, 1972


About Bhutan About Bhutan

• The overall objective of ‘Gross National Happiness’ is based on four widely accepted sustainable development principles, – Equitable socio-economic development

– Conservation of the natural environment

– Promotion of cultural heritage

– Establishment of good governance



• Area – 38,394 sq km

• Population- 634 982 (Census, 2005)

• Altitude – 80m to 7550m above msl

• Glaciers- 667

• Glacier lakes – 2674

• Installed electricity generation capacity

– Hydro 1468.698MW

– Diesel 16.404MW

• Electricity demand in 2005 – 120MW


Integrated energy management Integrated energy management

master plan (IEMMP)master plan (IEMMP)

• The objective of the IEMMP is to develop an all-encompassing framework, which would give a holistic overview of the demand and supply scenarios, along with strategies (up to 2020) for the sustainable supply of energy required for the socio-economic development of the kingdom, both at the rural and urban level.


Dept of Energy VisionDept of Energy Vision

• To be a dynamic, high performing agency, that effectively promotes hydropower development to develop economic self-reliance and that foster the sustainable use of other modern forms of renewable energy in the kingdom and ensure energy security of the nation.


ApproachApproach

• Develop plans to reduce use of biomass and thereby reduce pressure on fragile ecology

• Develop policies for equitable sustainable development of urban and rural ares

• Emphasis on use of local renewable energy resources


Source wise supply of energy Source wise supply of energy

–– Bhutan 2005 Bhutan 2005

Electricity

15.67%

Fuel wood

56.82%FO

0.40%

Diesel

11.34%

Coal

8.20%

Briquettes

0.02%

ATF

0.23%Petrol

2.77%LPG

1.24%LDO

0.60%

Kerosene

2.71%

ATF Briquettes Coal Diesel Electricity FO Fuel wood Kerosene LDO LPG Petrol

Total supply in

2005 402102 TOE


BhutanBhutan’’s total energy s total energy

consumption in 2005consumption in 2005

Commercial and

Institutional

10.2%

Transport

14.3%

Industrial

25.0%

Agriculture

1.2%

Auxiliary consumption

0.7%

Residential

48.7%

Total consumption in 2005 :

392466 TOE


Residential sector energy Residential sector energy

consumption in 2005consumption in 2005

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

Trashigang

Mongar

Samdrup Jongkhar

Wangdue

Samtse

Chhukha

Dagana

Tsirang

Paro

Sarpang

Zhemgang

TrashiYangtse

Lhuentse

Thimphu

Haa

PemaGatsgel

Punakha

Bumthang

Trongsa

Gasa

Dzo

ng

kh

ag

Consumption in toeWood Electricity LPG Kerosene


Trend in import of petroleum Trend in import of petroleum

fuelsfuelsImport of petroleum fuels in Bhutan

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Year

Qu

an

tity

in

(kl)

Diesel (KL) Petrol (KL) Kerosene (KL)


Petroleum fuels Import value in Nu

million

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Year

Imp

ort

in

Nu

millio

n

Diesel Petrol Kerosene

LPG Octane Furnace oil

Aviation Transport fuel Light Diesel Oil Lubes


Bhutan energy consumption Bhutan energy consumption ––

Regional contextRegional contextComparison of per capita energy and electricity supply

Source: IEA (2006)

25161.77World

3450.49Sri Lanka

4250.49Pakistan

690.34Nepal

1040.28Myanmar

4570.53Indian

11740.63Bhutan

1400.16Bangladesh

Per capita electricity

supply

(kWh/capita/year)

Per capita energy

supply

(ToE/capita/year)


Issues Issues

• High energy consumption due to inefficient use of biomass energy

• High dependence on hydro electricity

• High potential for hydro electricity

• Complete dependence on import of petroleum fuels


Development and Development and

urbanizationurbanization

• Rapid growth in urban population

• Concentration of population in small area– Threat to local ecology

– Rapid pollution

• Rapid growth in vehicle population

• Migration to urban areas reduces farming output


Conflicting development issuesConflicting development issues

• Tourism

– Unsustainable Growth V/s Livelyhood

opportunities

• Industrialization

– Pressure on environment V/s Economic

development


Major concernsMajor concerns

• Rapid urbanization• Loss of farm productivity• Rapid increase in use of petroleum fuels

– Increase in import bill

– Pollution

• Small scale of economy – Limited employment opportunities

– High cost of services

• Industrial development– Pollution

– Use in energy


Government plansGovernment plans

• 100% electrification by 2015 (About 50% of the 126 115 households to be electrified)

• Promotion of use of electricity to meet cooking demand

• Promotion of energy efficiency in buildings and industrial sector

• Eco-friendly and restricted tourism

• Tap hydropower in sustainable manner

– Out of 23760 MW potential exploit about 5000MW by 2015


RE integrationRE integration

• Distributed decentralized power generation

• Use of solar and wind energy

• Limiting use of kerosene and biomass for lighting, cooking and space heating applications

• Electric vehicles for public transport/ city use


RE developmentRE development


RecommendationsRecommendations

• Controlled urban growth

• Decentralised growth

– Create new urban centres

– Develop remote areas

– Increase coverage of IT services

• Adaptation of new and renewable energy sources and technologies


Expected resultsExpected results

• By 2020, boimass consumption down by

• Strengthen economy through export of electricity

• Sustainable tourism established

• Development of small wind farms

• RE to meet large share of primary energy supply


Energy services and Energy services and

sustainable developmentsustainable developmentEnergyServices

Physical weakness

Powerlessness

Isolation

Vulnerability

-Inadequate income

- Energy exports - Growth of industry - Diversified agriculture and rural economy - Enhanced labour and capital productivity

- Improved basic infrastructure (water supply, communication, transport) and essential services (health care and education)

- Cleaner domestic fuels for cooking and space heating; better health especially for women and children - Reduced time spent in collecting energy fuels - Illumination and personal security

- Improved access to information (television, internet)

through direct and indirect impacts on

Economic growth, social infrastructure and improved living conditions

Can help minimize

Poverty in its various inter-connected dimensions


Thank you for your attentionContact details

[email protected]

www.teriin.org

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