sustainable societies by vero vanden abeele
TRANSCRIPT
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Beyond Engineering
Sustainable Societies
Sandra Silverman
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ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY Rates of renewable resources should not exceed regeneration rate
Rates of use of non-renewable resource should not exceed rate to develop
alternatives
Rates of pollution should not exceed assimilative capacity of the
environment
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a sustainable society.
Meets the need of the present
without compromising the ability of
future generations
Brundtland report
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Poverty is the result of
A. A countrys geographical location (a lack of natural resources or a
hostile climate)
B. Cultural attributes of its citizens
C. Ignorant politicians
D. An elite that holds the power and that impedes economic growth
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Are you a capitalist?
A. Yes, I am
B. No, I am not
C. Actually, I do not really know what that
means
[Default]
[MC Any]
[MC All]
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CAPITALISM
A social-economic system based on
the private ownership of capital goods (means of production) creation of goods and services for profit capital gains accrue to private owners
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Adam Smith
The invisible hand
Free markets lead to competitiveness
and innovation
Education and specialization
Good products and services at good
prices
The persuit of self-interest leads to
well-being for all
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Are you a socialist?
A. Yes, I am
B. No, I am not
C. Actually, I do not really know
what that means
[Default]
[MC Any]
[MC All]
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SOCIALISM
A social-economic system based on
Social ownership of the means of production Returns on the means of production accrue to society at large Goods and services are produced directly for their utility (as opposed
to being produced by profit-seeking businesses)
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Marx
Separating labour power from
ownership of the means of production
is wrong
Capitalism leads to the exploitation of
labour
underpaid work is the ultimate source
of profit
Lower classes (proletariat) should
rebel to take the power (from the
bourgoisie)
=> ideal form of socialism is
communisme
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Where would you situate a cooperative?
A. In a capitalist philosophy
B. In a socialist philosophy
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Where would you situate utilitarianism and
egalitarianism?
A. Utilitarianism fits with socialism, and egalitarianism fit with
capitalism
B. Utilitarianism fits with capitalism, and egalitarianism fit with
socialism
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Which of the two socio-economic models leads to
greatest wealth?
A. Capitalism
B. Socialism
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The case of Korea
North
Socialism (communism)
No private ownership Centrally planned government
No free markets
South
(State) capitalism
Private ownership Steered economy
Free markets
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North and South Korea
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYjdUeYT49c
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The Case of Korea
North Socialism (communism)
No private ownership
Centrally planned government
No free markets
Dictatorship Not technological advancements Famines Poor education No freedom
South
(State) capitalism
Private ownership
Steered economy
Free markets
Democratic system Technological advancements High level of eduction High level of freedom
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The winner is
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GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)
The sum of the market value of all officially recognized final
goods and services produced within a country in a given period
of time.
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GDP IN THE WORLD
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Engines of prosperity
Inclusive political institutions Inclusive markets
Secured private property
Unbiased law s and regulations
Level playing field
equality ofopportunity
Provision of public services
Education Freedom to choose your career
Technological advancements
=> encourage economic growth
Extractive political institutionos
No inclusive markets
No secure private ownership
(corruption)
No or little education
No or little technological
advancements
Elite
decides how to redistributeincome and wealth, in favor of
themselves
=> impedes economic growth
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WHY WOULD AN ELITE BLOCK ECONOMIC GROWTH?
Why would even the worst predatory dictator not even want to
make his country as wealthy as possible?
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Losers of the industrial revolution
Aristocrats
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CREATIVE DESTRUCTION
Economic growth
Is transformative and destabilizing process
Is not just a process of advancements
Economic growth
creates winners and losers
Old processes are replaced by newer, better processes.
Resources are moved from old sectors to new sectors.
Old skills are rendered obsolete in favor of new skills.
challenges the power of the elitist group
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DIFFERENT FLAVORS OF CAPITALISM
Free-market capitalism (neo-liberalism) prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand
highly-competitive markets, private ownership of all productive enterprises and services
Very little taxes , no intervention by government policy
Social-market economy
Government intervention in price formation is kept to a minimum State relies on taxation and provides significant services in the area of social security, health, education and unemployment benefits
State capitalism State ownership of the means of production within a state,
Organization of state enterprises as commercial, profit-seeking businesses.
Governments, whether democratic or autocratic, exercise a widespread influence
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Which socio-economic form has seen the greatest
increase in wealth in the past decade?
A. Free market capitalism
B. Social market economy
C. State capitalism
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WORLD WEALTH
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THE DISAPPEARING (US) MIDDLE CLASS
http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2011/02/income-inequality-in-america-chart-graph
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Trickle-UP Economies
Joseph Stiglitz
Nobel price
winner in
Economics
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THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS A FREE
MARKET!
And no such thing as an invisible hand
Economic growth on debt is not real growth
Perfect markets, competition and information do not exist
We need:
Fair regulations
Tax system (no escape routes)
Good information (media)
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How about (belgian) engineers?
While wages for
engineers are
increasing, other wages
are decreasing.
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How about inequality in Belgium?
Top 10% earns 2,25 more
than bottom 10%
This inequality is amongst
the lowest in the world
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What income inequality do you think is acceptable?
A. Everyone should earn exactly the same (per hour), regardless of what
your work is
B. Twice as much
C. Five times as much
D. Ten times as much
E. No limit
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WEALTH VS WELL-BEING
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BETTER LIFE INDEX
op http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/
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PROSPERITY INDEX
http://www.prosperity.com/ExploreData.aspx#
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GDP VERSUS LIFE SATISFACTION
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POVERTY
Absolute poverty deprivation of basic human needs, which commonly includes food,
water, sanitation, clothing, shelter, health care and education.
Relative poverty
economic inequality in the location or society in which people live
(income equality)
Wh h d l
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What is the minimum day income, not to live in
poverty?
A. 1,25 USD
B. 2,5 USD
C. 5 USD
D. 10 USD
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GETTING BY ON $1,25 A DAY
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Is absolute poverty increasing or decreasing?
A. Increasing
B. Decreasing
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We are living through a period of rapid global poverty
reduction. According to recent estimates, high, sustainedgrowth across most of the developing world has helped
nearly half a billion people escape $1.25-a-day poverty
between 2005 and 2010. Never before have so manypeople been lifted out of poverty over such a brief period.
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Poverty rate in the world declines
From 1970 to 2006, poverty fell by
86% in South Asia
73% in Latin America
39% in the Middle East
20% in Africa
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Getting by on $1,25 a day
Is reduction of poverty good for ecological
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Is reduction of poverty good for ecologicalsustainability?
A. A good thing
B. A bad thing
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POVERTY AND FERTILITY RATE
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What is really going on?
A. High fertility causes poverty, so we should reduce fertility
(perhaps by means of obliged birth control, neo-malthusian)
B. Poverty causes high fertility, so we should lift people out of
poverty, as soon as possible
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How about the world population?
A. Average fertility rate is ever increasing
B. Average fertility rate is stable
C. Average fertility rate is ever decreasing
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WORLD POPULATION TODAY
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GLOBAL POPULATION GROWTH, BOX BY BOX
http://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_on_global_population_growth.html
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Use Public Data
www.gapminder.orgwww.google.com/publicdata/directory
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CONCLUSION
Socio-economic models, poverty, population growth and(ecological) sustainability are inseparable
Inclusive political institutionsthat provide equality of opportunity Decrease poverty
Decreased population growth
Decreased stress on the planet
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CHILD SURVIVAL IS THE NEW GREEN