sustainable urbanism

U R B A N D E S I G N A S S O C I A T E S N A E D

S U S T A I N A B L E U R B A N I S M

3

N A E DU R B A N D E S I G N A S S O C I A T E S

N E W T O W N S I N I N D I A

R E G E N E R A T I O N I N T R I P O L I

T H E G U L F C O A S T & H A I T I

3


1 N E W T O W N S I N I N D I A

L U D H I A N A , P U N J A B

J A M N A G A R , G U J A R A T


L U D I H A N A

JA M N AG A R

C O N T E X T

R A P I D T R A N S F O R M A T I O N

R U R A L - U R B A N

N O S T A T E W I D E O R R E G I O N A L

G R O W T H S T R A T E G Y

I N F R A S T R U C T U R E L I M I T S

D I S C O N N E C T E D U R B A N I S A T I O N

G R O W I N G M I D D L E C L A S S

D E S I R E F O R W E S T E R N M O D E L S


Sidwan Branch

Sidwan Branch

Abohar Branch

Abohar Branch

Sirhind Canal

Budha Nallah River

Satluj RiverSatluj River

Municipal Corporation Boundary/ Municipal Council/ Nagar Panchayat Boundary

Mullanpur

Doraha

Sahnewal

Ludhiana

PhillaurUrbanisable Boundary 2021

Inhabited Areas

IREO Site Location

legend

Location Planu d a | d a d a | d w

IREO Township, Ludhiana | Punjab, India19 september 2008

L U D H I A N A

3 M I L L I O N P O P U L A T I O N

T E X T I L E A N D M A N U F A C T U R I N G

A G R I C U L T U R A L C E N T E R F O R

P U N J A B

R A P I D R E G I O N A L G R O W T H

A Q U I F E R D E P L E T I O N


u d a | d a d a | d w

IREO Township, Ludhiana | Punjab, India03 july 2008

High Tension Line Re-allignment Studyscale 1 : 4,000

Existing High Tension Alignment

Proposed Re- Alignment


IREO Township, Ludhiana | Punjab, India25 june 2008 scale 1 : 3,750

Existing Site Conditions

Note: Site Boundary as identified by IREO : yields 750 acres

s i t e c o n t e x t



IREO Township, Ludhiana | Punjab, India25 june 2008

Scheme 1: The Great Park

Land Use % Total Area (acresOpen Space 16 117Commercial 5 35Institutional 9 71Low Density Residential 36 268Group Housing 9 69EWS 5 40Roads, Parking, Utilities 20 150

Note: Great Park uses 139 acres

Hotel

Clubhouse

Golf Course

School

School

School

Pilot Village

Neighborhood Parks

Recreation Fields

Great Park

Nursery

Workforce Housing

Regional Retail and Office

Neighborhood Retail

Neighborhood Retail

Town Center Shopping

Neighborhood Parks

scale 1 : 3,750


IREO Township, Ludhiana | Punjab, India25 june 2008 scale 1 : 3,750

Scheme 2: The Constellation

Land Use % Total Area (acresOpen Space 18 132Commercial 6 43Institutional 9 71Low Density Residential 34 256Group Housing 9 64EWS 5 40Roads, Parking, Utilities 19 144

School

School

School

Bazaar

Market Square

Orchard

Clubhouse

Hotel

Restaurants and

Destination Shopping

Park & Fields

Park & Fields

Terrace to Canal

Temple

Agricultural Fields

Agricultural Fields

South Gate

Neighborhood Parks

Parkway

Model VillageRegional Retail and Office

Nursery

Workforce Housing

Neighborhood Retail

Neighborhood Retail

Neighborhood Retail

Farmer’s Market

Neighborhood Parks



Scheme 1: The Great Parkscale 1 : 10,000

Small neighborhood parks can be used for sports and community gather-ing

Buildings frame shaded, landscaped courtyards

The canal extends through the quarter and increases waterfront property.

Neighborhood centers include plazas for gathering

The lakeside park presents activity and recreation

The Village Center creates a lively destination for retail.

Great Park

The Great Park Scheme creates a regional brand with a focus on the major open space that creates an unparalleled amenity and identity for the new town. While organic in form, the park legacy builds on the success of great urban parks like Leisure Park in Chandigarh and Lodi Gardens in Delhi.The concept illustrates a concentration of rec-reational and institutional activities within the great park including: golf, the club house, the higher secondary school, informal market/bazaar, lakes, trails, amphitheater, botanical gardens. The Great Park becomes a highly desirable address for all neighborhoods, most of which are within a 5 minute walk.



Scheme 2: The Constellationscale 1 : 10,000

Canal Quarter

Garden Quarter

Town CenterGateway Quarter

Market Quarter

Courts and paseos terrace up to the canal and retail plaza.

Commercial and offi ce space lines the entry.

Courts and paseos terrace up to the canal and retail plaza.

The linear park will have a diverse range of native plants as a landscape amenity

Sports and recreation fi elds are embedded in the Constellation Park system

A neighborhood market creates a strong identity for this Quarter

The Constellation

This concept is based on creating incremental quarters that stand alone and together cre-ate a wonderfully diverse and varied series of residential neighborhoods. Each quarter would be anchored by a local amenity that determines it’s architectural and landscape character such as the Market Quarter, the Canal Quarter and the Garden Quarter. Based on great models such as Garden Estates in Gurgauon and Jor Bagh in Delhi these neigh-borhoods have a series of smaller amenities that create value, a sense of neighborhood and identity.


S I T EP L A N

5 0 0 a c r e s

6 0 0 0 u n i t s r e s

3 m c o m m e r c i a l

3 s c h o o l s

5 0 K c i v i c


C E N T R A L R E S E R V O I R D I S T R I C T

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High Street Crossing

1–2 Floors

Small kiosks /retail that allow for fl ex-ible space and programing

2–3 Floors

Small retail stores

3–5 Floors

Medium retail /restaurant with offi cesabove

5–7 Floors

Medium commercial use on lower twofl oors with offi ces above.

7–9 Floors

Large commercial use on lower two or three fl oors with large fl oor plate offi ces above

Heights Diagram

1 Boutique Urban Mall

Small Urban Mall with 4-to-6-screen multiplex and upper fl oor offi ces, to be animated on all sides with shops

2 Bazaar Environment with Small Community Oriented Shops /Offices

Internal court /street-like space is shaded with large awnings and offers fl exible space for community oriented shopping such as weekly markets

3 Formal Internal Court

North-south blocks to have colonnades and galleries fronting the courtyard (exemplar: Galleria, Gurgaon)

4 Main Street Retail Building

Ground fl oor shop to have a mezzanine fl oor and medium to large sized offi ces

5 Gateway Building

This acts as a bookend along the east-west approach corridor. Mass-ing steps down towards the lake with a 25,000 sq. ft. offi ce fl oor plate above and two-level, large retail space at podium level

6 Corner Plaza

The gateway buildings step back at the corner to create a public plaza which provides a visible gathering space and connection to the Lakefront Plaza across the boulevard.

Conceptual Plan Example

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Required Open Air Connections

Suggested Secondary Connections

Diagram of Circulation PatternsA maximum distance of 60 meters is suggested between pedestrian connections into the interior of the block. Around corners, 75 meters is allowed. Connections may be open air or covered, internal passageways.

High Street Crossing

Diagram of ParkingUnderground parking is accessed by recessed ramps from the streets and the access lane. Parallel parking is allowed along most street frontages.

Underground Parking

Underground Parking

Max 75%

Max 85%

Maximum 85% building

coverage

Diagram of Open SpaceWithin each commercial lot, specifi c areas are required to be maintained as open spaces. Maximum building coverage limits ensure additional areas of open space within each building zone.

25 m

12.5

m

8 m

34 m

15 m

Maximum 85% building

coverage

Maximum

75%

building

coverage

Diagram of SetbacksA 6 meter setback from the property line is required along all street frontages. A 12 meter setback at the southern edge of the site provides for an access road to underground parking and service docks.

Access Road

40 m

60 m

6 m

6 m

12 m

6 m

6 m74 m

6 m

50.5

m

50 m

25 m

40 m 25 m6 m

U R B A N D E S I G N P A T T E R N S


N E I G H B O R H O O D C H A R A C T E R


Buildings line streets and parks to form urban “rooms”water is celebrated and treated as scared and ceremonial;materials for the support structures, the commercial andresidential fabric are predominately of the region, as arethe plants and trees that line the streets and populate theforests.

Each of these places remains a potent idea about living incities, the quality of each civic space, neighborhood,monument and park can be read in the plan of the city.Ask any resident of Chandigarh and they can give you ahistory lesson about the structure of the city, it’s idea ofsectors, monuments and civic space as well as layers ofpark spaces that create neighborhood form.

This pattern and heritage mixed with emerging urbanthinking, was firmly in the mind of the planning team forthe waterfront. Our work began with understanding theseprecedents and inherited regional character. Theecological systems, agricultural patterns, culturalinfluences and the economic forces shaping the regionand the country - all played an important role ininfluencing the thinking about how people will live, work,learn and play in this new township.

At it’s core, the waterfront re-establishes a shared realmof community space that is designed to foster connectionat a neighborhood scale. Streets are seen as important topedestrians as well as cars and motorbikes. In this sense

N E I G H B O R H O O D C H A R A C T E R


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Contextual Design2

contextual design principles established through studies

of the region shaped the evolution of the master plan and will be integrated

throughout the architecture, landscape, and infrastructure of the Ludhiana

township.

Regional Landscape Character

The landscape approach unites natural landscape with more modern design

forms through the arrangements of native and adaptive plants which thrive

in this climate while enhancing the character of the region. The Ludhiana

region holds examples of many design forms from the natural realm to the

urban which have been re-envisioned as a part of the Township plan. By fol-

lowing age-old practices such as solar orientation, natural and man made

shading devices and careful water control and collection, this Township builds

on the proven sustainable principles of region.

Regional Architectural Precedents

The architectural palette of the Township emerges from regional examples of

the Post Modern and International styles. These styles are both laden with

unique materials of the region which give specifi c color, texture and variety

to the facades. Buildings here are also sensitive to the dry and sometimes hot

climate while also smartly conserving the rains of the wet season.

Green Design

Situated amid agricultural fi elds and between two canals, the township

respects the surrounding land and limits its environmental impact. Care has

been taken to ensure that natural systems manifest at three levels- the town-

ship lake, neighborhood parks and plots- provide a sustainable open space

network. Landscapes focus on regional palettes which require less water than

exotic palettes. Buildings incorporate green technologies and state-of-the-art

appliances with the ‘smart’ design principles of the region's traditional pat-

terns.

Villa designs with simple yet classy lines (above and below left) reflect international trends merged with local traditions.

The Township is fully anchored in Indian tradition through the creation of active community spaces and outdoor plazas (above right and below).

Green design principles help to preserve and enhance the environment. Water and landscape features provide cooling and shade. Terraces and balconies connect to the outdoors, while avoiding the heat of midday.

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Character and Placemakingthe terraces commercial centre is situated along the spine

road and serves the neighborhoods east of the lake. This neighborhood com-

mercial plaza is similar to the Sidwan Commercial Centre in its services and

character. It differs, however, in that it is composed of much smaller retail

and offi ce buildings which give it a bazaar or crafts market-like atmosphere.

The commercial centre addresses the spine road but is designed to create

intimate spaces that foster activity and gathering opportunities within the

retail uses. This experience is also linked to the neighborhood park beyond

creating a strong connection for residents. The site is accessed by vehicle from

the neighborhood streets or by pedestrian on the array of sidewalks leading to

it. Parking occurs below in an underground parking garage.

The terraces within the retail are hardscaped and offer plentiful seating

for pedestrians, with selective planting providing shade.

The Terraces

Caption

Left to Right: Illustrative detail of Terraces Commercial Centre; Market stalls frame streets and plazas; Terraced spaces provide diverse addresses and pedestrian experiences; Outdoor seating and landscape fi ll a series of courtyards

U R B A N D E S I G N P A T T E R N S

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Sustainable Strategies

Bioswales and Rain Gardens

Bioswales are planted areas

that collect and slowly convey

surface runoff, thereby allowing

it to percolate into the soil where

it is stored and filtered.

Rain gardens employ the

same concept: to collect and filter

rain water. Rain gardens allow

for on-site percolation.

Bioswales and rain gardens

are applicable on a variety of

scales including residential yards

to collect roof and patio runoff.

Curb cuts allow for use

along roadways as well as within

and around parking lots.

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Green Roofs

Green roofs are used to filter

stormwater for later use.

Green roofs are

recommended for use in high

density residential areas where

outdoor space is at a premium.

Benefits include:

»

»

»Bioswale

Rain garden design in a plaza setting

Curb cut into a bioswale

Green roof

Porous asphalt

Grasspave

Porous Pavement

Porous pavement is a

hardscape that allows water to

infiltrate. Porous pavement

can be used on a pedestrian or

vehicular scale.

Any paved area may utilize

pervious concrete and asphalt,

however these technologies are

particularly useful on roadways

and in parking lots.

»

»

Porous pavement diagram

Sweeping wildflower green roof

Terraced rooftop garden

reduction of heating/

cooling costs and increased

energy efficiency

reduction of flood

risks

reduction of heat

island effect

reduction of storm

water runoff

creation of attractive

green spaces for residents

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Urban Tree Lawns

Urban tree lawns provide

both streetscape landscaping and

urban stormwater management

Provide for a higher rate of

stormwater infiltration.

Urban tree lawns are

recommended along residential

streets and within urban plazas

and parks to account for the high

percentage of hardscape in such

areas.

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Cisterns

Cisterns collect and store

stormwater for reuse. Water

from hard surfaces such as roofs

and pavement.

Cisterns are most com-

monly used for irrigation, but the

stored water can be treated for

indoor use.

Cisterns are recommended

for use on a residential scale,

as well as for irrigation of turf

activity areas to replenish water

features.

»

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»

Permeable paving showing pervious joints

Permeable Pavers

Permeable pavers allow

stormwater to infiltrate through

gaps between individual pavers.

Permeable pavers can be

used on a pedestrian or vehicular

scale.

»

»

Permeable paver diagram Pervious landscape design and tree lawn

Tree lawn with aggregate

Tree lawn along roadway

Roof top cistern

Ground level cistern

Cistern use for irrigation diagram

4 6 7

Sub-Surface Chambers

Sub-surface chambers

provide storage for large volumes

of stormwater collected from

roofs, parking lots or other hard

surfaces and used for irrigation.

The stored water can then

be used for irrigation.

»

» Sub-surface storage chamber diagram

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G R E E N I N F R A S T R U C T U R E


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1 bioswale/rain garden

green roof

porous pavement

permeable pavers

sub surface chambers

urban tree lawns

cisterns

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Landscape StrategiesINTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN is the goal of these strategies for creating an environmentally sustainable community at Ludhiana. The design and management of water is a critical component in supporting the needs of this community and the region. Water management techniques are focused on groundwater recharge, reduced irrigation, regulated water movement, creating wildlife habitat and potable water use. The following pages describe strategies and offer recommended uses for where they would occur.

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Villa Possibility Elevations

Plot E Villas

Plot D Villas


J A M N A G A R


T R A D I T I O N A L W A T E R C O N S E R V A T I O N


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essar township master plan: vadinar, gujarat, indiaurban design associates | design workshop | applied ecological services | chinai ranadive associative | suvarna sathe | spectral

|27

DRAFT30 OCT 2008

the essar township in Vadinar, Gujarat, India is located approxi-

mately 38 kilometers from the town of Jamnagar. The current landscape around

the site is one of a high level of disturbance. To the north is the existing ESSAR

Oil Refi nery, to the east is the Reliance Oil Refi nery, and to the south and west

are agriculture fi elds and created waste lands. Historically, this region has been

over farmed and over grazed creating a damaged landscape.

The location of the site provides both an opportunity and a challenge when

designing the landscape for the proposed township. The opportunity is that

the residents of the township will be near their place of work and will not have

a long commute to work. The challenge is how this site can be designed to

create a retreat and a personal sanctuary that enhances the quality of life of the

residents.

The site is located in a region and of exceptional culture and history. The site’s

adjacency to a highway connecting major worship sites, the historic town of

Jamnagar, the sole marine preserve in India, and to a world-renowned bird

sanctuary brings a level of history to the front door of the property. It is critical

that the landscape uses this history and culture to its advantage and include

historic elements like kunds within the design.

The challenge with the region is that historically the native landscape was

not highly regarded by its residents. It is important that the design team

understands this perception and utilizes the natural to their advantage by

teaching the residents about the benefi ts of their environment. These benefi ts

can be embraced by having a minimal impact on the surrounding landscape and

limiting the use of invasive plant materials, this reduces the dependence upon

an irrigated landscape and thus helping to remediate the damage done to the

landscape from over farming of the land. This also provides the community with

an instant plant palette to work from since the material is already adapted to the

environmental conditions of the region.

It is through the integration of the historical landscape practices and elements

like kunds with modern theory, technology, and practices that will create a

strong identity of place for the township that is well grounded in a the social

connection to the historical and regional landscape. By creating this balance

between the historical landscape and the modern landscape the township will

attract the potential high quality engineers and staff to the ESSAR Oil Refi nery

and provide a personal respite to these same individuals.

Open Space Diagram

IntroductionL ANDSCAPEPRINCIPLES

Utilize the historical storm water technologies like a kund in ways that they become icons and usable spaces within the landscape.

Create circulation corridors that safely and efficiently integrate the relationship between the pedes-trian and vehicle.

Design a strong major open space network that integrates pedestrian and bicycle movement with recre-ational and functional uses.

Design a hierarchy of open spaces that begins at the block level, connects into a pedestrian vehicular circulation corridors, and ends within larger park and open spaces.

Utilize the over story plant material in a way that provides identity and location markers within the com-munity.

Design a level of transition from the natural / wild landscape to the manicured landscape creating a variety of experiences within the community.

Provide places of landscape pro-duction areas that educate the community about the region and provides food production within the community

Creates microclimates that incor-porate a high level of comfort within the community.

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landscape designlandscape introduction

PA RKS A ND OPEN SPACE

N AT UR A L OPEN SPACE

NURSERY

OPEN SPACE CONNEC T ION

BIK E C IRCUL AT ION


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DRAFT30 OCT 2008

landscape designstandard block plan

due to the density needs and the site’s size constraints the inter-

vention of large social open spaces on the master plan is not possible. The con-

cept for the block plan in the ESSAR Township is designed to serve as a system

of the landscape larger framework armature that acts as a suturing element tying

the larger community together with social landscapes. The concepts of these

spaces are derived from understanding the common aspects of interaction with

public spaces in the Indian culture. These spaces in India commonly address tra-

ditional and emergent social needs with typical programmatic themes:The Maidan – Flexible open space

The Formal Garden – Refined plantings and calm experience

The Plaza – Social urban space

The Walking Garden – Linear or meandering paths/allee

When distilled to their nucleus it is determined these parks are derived from

single elemental programmatic themes:Play – Flexible open space that responds to the needs provided by the Maidan

Contemplate – Calm aesthetically formalized garden space

Socialize – Urban setting accommodating retail and social events

Walk – defined strolling paths that also serve as additional layer of circula-tion

From these four programmatic themes four aggregate landscapes are

formed:Play Garden

Contemplative Garden

Strolling Garden

Social Garden

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Aggregate LandscapeStandard Block Plan

Parallel Parking49 Spaces Per Block

First Story Covered Parking

Typical Pedestrian Connection Between Courtyard Spaces

Strolling Garden Social Garden

Play GardenContemplative Garden

S T ROLL

PL AY

CON T EMPL AT I V E

SOCI A L

Aggregate Landscape Key


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essar township master plan: vadinar, gujarat, indiaurban design associates | design workshop | applied ecological services | chinai ranadive associates | suvarna sathe | spectral

|22

DRAFT30 OCT 2008

urban designplaces within the township

Neighborhood Greens

ESSENTIALCHARACTERISTICS

In places buildings will be set back to create engaged parks.

Places for small-scale active play

Provide relief and green moments within the urban neighborhood.

Intended for use by residents

»

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In addition to the township’s streets and formal, programmed open

spaces, neighborhood greens will provide a smaller-scale of public

open space for residents. Neighborhood greens occur as engaged

parks in places where blocks take on irregular forms, or where build-

ings have the opportunity for larger-than-typical setbacks.

These smaller parks contribute a rich layer of public interaction

to the social network of the township. Each neighborhood will have

greens and parks with slightly different form and character from

other neighborhoods’ parks. Residents can take pride and ownership

in these spaces. These greens are seen as ideal places for informal

active play such as pick-up cricket or football games. They may also

be converted into community gardens, small orchards, or other pro-

ductive uses.

Places within the Township continued

Detail plan of a neighborhood green

Neighborhood Streets in Mumbai

NeighborhoodGreen


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DRAFT30 OCT 2008

sustainable systems designrestoration of essar township property

Restoration of ESSAR Township Property continued

A

A’

B

B’

Proposed Lake Edge Condition

Images of Proposed Lake Edge Condition


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DRAFT30 OCT 2008

Central Plaza and Spine


Central gathering space within the township.

Large kund integrated into the sustainable water system will provide an amenity for the community

Mixed-use buildings create small plazas for spill over space for cafes and neighbor-hood functions.

Small kiosks and market retail may operate within the octa-gon.

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Detail Plan of the Central Plaza

The central plaza will be one of the primary gathering spaces within

the township. Both residential and mixed-use signature buildings

contain the space. Small triangular plazas on the outer perimeter cre-

ate spaces for small retail functions to spill outside. Cafes and restau-

rants can use this space for outdoor seating.

The center oval integrates a large kund that functions as a key

element in the public space as well as an important functioning ele-

ment in the sustainable water system. Shade kiosks located around

the kund offer ideal locations for smaller market retail and food ven-

dors to locate in the plaza.

The central spine experience focuses on pedestrian and water

movement through the township. A series of canals, smaller kunds,

and stepped channels creates a rich experience for the residents as

they move from the entry sequence, through the central plaza, to ter-

minus park and lake district.




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DRAFT30 OCT 2008

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landscape designneighborhood parks, greens, and plazas

Central Plaza

The landscape design concept for the central plaza will capitalize from its loca-

tion at the main spine or Central Boulevard. The role of this space is both social

and environmental. Socially the structure and spatial organization responds to

the needs of all age groups. Ergonomically the Central Plaza will respond to the

size and needs of the community. It will provide for diverse activities and diver-

sion choices. Spaces for activities such as play, contemplation, informal and for-

mal gathering and civic events will be provided. Environmentally the design of

the space will accommodate for storm water harvesting with the idea of recharg-

ing the underground aquifer and channeling water to activate features designed

to stimulate the senses and teach about stewardship of this limited resource. The

level of comfort will be brought about by the plant palette which will add color,

and character throughout the seasons, provide shade, shelter and food for bird

life and mitigate the adverse effects of heat island. The Central Plaza will serve

as a magnet to celebrate community life in comfort. Its form and function will

adopt architectural and landscape precedents found throughout India such as

the kund, garden pavilions for contemplation, repose and gathering and planting

compositions and arrangements to promote bio-diversity. The Central Plaza will

become an urban icon and respond to its immediate periphery as a complement

to image and as an investment to secure and build real estate equity.

Neighborhood Parks, Greens, and Plazas continued

KUND

PAV IL ION

T ERR ACED L AW NS

CON T EMPL AT I V E G A RDENS

IMPULSE RE TA IL

PA RK G AT E WAYS

RING PROMEN A DE

L A RGE TREES / INFORM A L PL A N T ING

WAT ER FE AT URES

PA LM COURT

BIOREMEDI AT ION ISL A NDS

CORNER G A RDENS

C A N A L

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Central Plaza Key

Key Plan


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DRAFT30 OCT 2008

Detail plan of neighborhood street


Access Lane

Covered Parking

Mid- BlockGreen

CoveredParking

Neighborhood Streets


Comfortable Space

Appropriate capacity for vehi-cles, bicycles, and pedestrians

On-street parking, street trees, and planting provide a safe buffer.

Site walls define the public / semi public space / encourage small gardens / plantings.

Two sections: 19 meter typical section and 23 meter section with an additional bike lane

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The majority of the residences in the township address on neighbor-

hood streets. The streets are designed as three dimensional spaces in

which pedestrians, cycles, and vehicles can all comfortably co-exist.

The proportion of width between buildings and the height of those

buildings creates the space. Trees and on-street parking add shade,

buffer, and an additional sense of enclosure

The typical street has a 19 meter right-of-way, accommodating

two travel lanes, two on-street parking bays, planting strips, and side-

walks. A second street type occurs along important network links and

includes a designated bike lane.

The treatment of the semi-private zone will further help to defi ne

the public space of the street. Building blocks are raised onto plinths

at least a third of a meter above the sidewalk. Site walls with varying

architecture and private gardens add individuality and softness to the

street space.


Neighborhood Streets in Mumbai


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DRAFT30 OCT 2008

Entry Plaza


Front door to Township

Upgraded pavers and land-scape

Arcades and storefronts sur-rounding a clearly public space

Clear entry sequence to the Township

Landscaped SH 6 along Township frontage

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Entry Plaza Plan detail


The frontispiece along SH 6 will be the ESSAR Township plaza.

As the hub for retail and social activity, it will capitalize fully on its

prominent location and high volume of entering and exiting resi-

dential traffi c. A movie theater, retail, and medical center will be the

focus of the plaza.

The plaza is a critical element to the Township as it acts as its

front door, its marketing, and its message about the ESSAR brand.

Coupling it with a drastically improved SH 6 will be essential to

communicating the ESSAR image in the proper way. Centralized

around a large kund, the entry plaza will serve as the primary gather-

ing space and activity center.



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DRAFT30 OCT 2008

Loop Road


Four travel lanes

Pedestrian paths on either side

Incorporates bicycle traffic

Parking only adjacent to residential units

Porous paving at parking and all paths.

One iconic tree used on either side.

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The loop road serves as the major circulation route around the community and

is the largest street within the street hierarchy. This street consists of four travel

lanes and highly emphasizes the vehicular circulation, yet remains pedestrian

friendly with a variety of pedestrian paths adjacent to it. The Loop Road con-

nects to the underpass to the refi nery on the east side of the property and serves

as a service entrance on the west. It accommodates for the traffi c fl ow from the

refi nery during peak times and will still serve as a collector road if the commu-

nity expands.

Street Design continued

landscape designstreet design

Loop Road Section B

Loop Road Section A at Nala

Key Plan

A

A

B B

Detail Plan


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DRAFT30 OCT 2008

Rain Gardens

sustainable systems designstorm water management plan

Storm water Management Plan continued


Capture and infiltrate rainwater close to the source of runoff

Integrated throughout the development in courtyard areas

Very attractive landscape fea-tures

Can vary in area

Should not pond water to depth greater than 0.5 m

Must ensure that water does not pond long enough to allow mosquito production

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Shallow vegetated depressions within courtyards of the city blocks

that capture and infi ltrate water and provide dry detention.


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DRAFT30 OCT 2008

Wet Detention Pools

sustainable systems designstorm water management plan

Storm water Management Plan continued


Show stormwater runoff by providing temporary water storage

Reduce runoff rates to pre-development conditions for more frequent storm events to assure to increased erosion

Incorporated into amenity pools and kunds within the development

Less than 2 m increase in water level resulting from big-gest storm for kunds; less than 1.4 m increase for large pond

Total surface area = 39,000 m2 (9.7 acres)

Provide continuous flow through pools to minimize risk of mosquito production

Outlet control structures match architecture of pool while restricting outflow

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Permanent pools of water designed to detain storm events with

increased water levels during and after storms.


R E G E N E R A T I O N

T R I P O L I , L I B Y A2


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the al fallah neighborhood : tripoli, l ibya | june 2009 | dck worldwide 2 overv iew

Introduction In April of 2009, dck/UDA visited Libya and had an opportunity

to meet with several government agencies and private companies.

The trip was rewarding and exciting for the American team. Libya is

rapidly building new infrastructure, communities, and employment

centers in response to increased prosperity. Tripoli is experiencing

extraordinary growth and transformation. Large new housing proj-

ects are under construction or being planned. Compared with the

extraordinary beauty in the Islamic and Colonial core of the city,

many of these new housing projects are incompatible in character

and are imported designs from other parts of the world, unsuitable

for the Libyan culture, environment, and urban traditions.

Al Fallah Master Plan

Representatives from dck/UDA met with Hussein A. Darrat,

General Director of LICO and Farag Yausif Elfeturi, Deputy

Chairman of Sandara Construction Company. Hussein presented a

vision for a new urban neighborhood, located on former industrial

land southwest of the downtown core of Tripoli. The plan for Al

Fallah had been prepared by European consultants and is a thought-

ful and sensitive plan for a major new residential precinct. The

dck/UDA team can see great potential for creating a remarkable

new neighborhood appropriate for Tripoli using the master plan as a

starting point.

Mr. Darrat kindly invited dck/UDA to prepare a development

proposal for a portion of the Al Fallah plan. This document was

prepared over a one month period following our visit to Tripoli and

offers a vision for the new community that builds on the principles

developed in the master plan. We believe our proposal interprets that

plan in new and enriching ways.

Tripoli’s center city is remarkably beautiful compared with many cities in Europe and North Africa, featuring buildings that have a diverse range of scale; meet the street with active facades, arcades, doorways, and windows; and are shaded by trees and other vegetation.

Tripoli is in the process of regenerating many of its urban precincts. The Al Fallah Neighborhood (shown in relation to this city’s core), will be a model for rebuilding the streets, neighborhoods, and public spaces in the city and the region.

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

TRIPOLI SEA PORT

AL FALLAH SITE

CENTRAL TRIPOLI

A L F A L L A H

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Above shows the existing street patterns of the site. The diagram below it represents the Al Fallah master plan’s street network.

The Al Fallah neighborhood is southwest of Tripoli’s historic core along major transportation corridors.

SECOND RING ROAD

ASSW

AN

I RO

AD

GURJI ROAD

AIRPO

RT HIG

HWAY

SUQ ATH THALAT ROAD

The Al Fallah neighborhood study area is at the core of the redevelopment

The Al Fallah site today

Design Brief

During the past couple of years, a master plan was prepared by the

Housing and Infrastructure Board for a new residential precinct

located on former industrial land. The master plan includes a plan

of streets and blocks featuring a major urban boulevard, institutions,

parks, residential blocks and retail. LICO will develop a portion

of the master plan. In April of 2009, LICO invited dck/UDA, an

American company to prepare a vision and proposal for assisting

LICO in the development of the designated area. This document

proposes a vision for LICO’s portion of Al Fallah that uses the

master plan as a starting point and expands that vision to add rich-

ness and diversity to the architecture and public spaces. This vision

proposes a series of standard development blocks and building types

that are coded to offer variety in the urban experience and a range

of residential units to suit the needs of future residents. The vision

builds on the best architectural and public space traditions of Tripoli

in conjunction with contemporary best practices.


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the al fallah neighborhood : tripoli, l ibya | june 2009 | dck worldwide 24 urban addresses

Urban Addresses in the Plan

RESIDEN T I A L COURTS

RESIDEN T I A L S TREE TS

A S S WA NI BOULE VA R D

PA RKSIDE

RESIDEN T I A L G A RDENS

ASSWANI BOULEVARD


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the al fallah neighborhood : tripoli, l ibya | june 2009 | dck worldwide 10 district and precinct plan

The Al FallahUrban Assembly Kit

STANDARDIZED BUILDING TYPES

Both standardization and diversity are built into the design of Al Fallah building types. Using a series of standard building types with a number of alternate elevations for each ensures a rich architectural palette while achieving remarkable development efficiency.(PAGES 24-25)

STANDARDIZED BLOCK TYPES

Block types are carefully scripted to take advantage of solar angles and wind direction and to provide for particular land uses and residential living accommodation. Parking and servicing is also standardized to allow for efficient operation and maintenance.(PAGES 19-23)

OPEN SPACE NETWORK

Parks, parkways, courtyards, and gardens complement each other in providing landscaped areas for shade, recreation, and storm water management. Civic and other institutional uses are typically located in these spaces to capitalize on programming synergies.(PAGES 17-18)

STREET NETWORK

A rich hierarchy of street types serves as the central framework for development, circulation, and public interaction. Al Fallah streets are pedestrian-friendly, shaded, and provide on-street parking for residents and guests.(PAGES 12-16)


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Street Types:Park

Park streets serve as premier addresses for residential and commercial building types.

Tripoli Park Streets rely on lush planting and tree cover for shading.

Park streets form a variety of spaces such as this square.

Street Section

Street Plan

680 meters of Park Streets are proposed

2.25m

Parking

6.75m

Travel Lanes

2.5m

Sidewalk

2.5m

SidewalkArcade

14.0m

Right of Way

Park

VariesVariesPark Street perspective


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the al fallah neighborhood : tripoli, l ibya | june 2009 | dck worldwide 1 4 district and precinct plan

Street Types:Neighborhood

Street Section

Street Plan

3,626 meters of Neighborhood Streets are proposed

2.25m

Parking

6.75m

Travel Lanes

1.5m

Verge

2.0m

Sidewalk

2.5m

SidewalkCourt/Building

15.0m

Right of Way

Court/Building

Neighborhood streets have windows and doors “on the street,” passively keeping watch over the street.

Neighborhood streets are typically narrower in scale, utilizing landscape and buildings to shade the streetscape.

Walls and landscape help define the private and semi-private residential spaces from the street.

Neighborhood street perspective.


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Block Types:Courtyard

Typical block plan detail

Typical block plan

Typical block section

BASEMENT PARKING

STREET LEVEL

GROUND FLOOR AND CIRCULATION

STANDARD UNITS AND FLOORS

FACADE COMPOSITION AND

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS

TIMES

USED

UNITS/

BLOCK

CAR

PARKS

AVG.

FLOORS

AREA/

FLOOR

BLOCK

AREA FAR

10 90 83 Cars 3.7 Floors 3,138 m2 5,376 m2 2.14

20m

Raised Garden

7m 3m

Court

1.5m

Sidewalk

48m

Development Block

RaisedTerrace

15m 1.5m

Residential Building Setback


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Block Types:Solar Exposure

SUN E XPOSURE DIAGR A M : MORNING SUMMER SOLST ICE

The block types were designed to accommodate Tripoli’s specific solar exposure. Tripoli sits at a latitude 32 degrees 58 feet North and enjoys a mediterranean climate with warm summers and mild winters. Block orientation allows moderate sun in the courtyards during morning hours when the heat is less intense.

SUN E XPOSURE DIAGR A M : A F TERNOON SUMMER SOLST ICE

The discomfort index in Tripoli is highest during the months of June and July. Shade becomes the essential element in keeping outdoor spaces livable. The tallest buildings in the block are placed on the western edge, providing maximum afternoon shade in the courts and gardens. This ensures that these spaces will be useful even during the hottest months of the year. Balconies and window openings also recess to shade glazing and interiors.

Tallest Residential Building Heights

Shaded Courts

Shaded Gardens

Tallest Residential Building Heights

Shaded Streets and Parking

Morning Sun in Courts

Morning Sun in Gardens

Shorter Residential Building Heights


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The Al Fallah Neighborhood

The Al Fallah neighborhood master plan

The land uses established in the Al Fallah Master Plan informed the design process

DEVELOPMENTSUMMARY

DEVELOPMENTAREA (HA)

PROGRAMAREA (M2)

NUMBER OF UNITS

Residential 8.45 259,695 2,222

Commercial 3.44 14,190 -

Institutional 7.44 23,771 -

Parks and Open Space 4.99 - -

Totals 24.32 297,656 2,222

School

School

School

Institutional Buildings

Retail

Retail

Mixed-Use

Asswani Boulevard and Transit Corridor

Residential Garden

Residential Courtyard

Park

Residential Building

Walk-Up Flats

Institutional Building

MI X ED - USE A ND RE TA IL

HIGH - DENSIT Y RESIDEN T I A L

MEDIUM - DENSIT Y RESIDEN T I A L

EDUC AT ION

PA RKS A ND OPEN SPACE

INS T I T U T ION A L


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Residential Streets

Perspective

Section

Detail Plan at Street

Residential Streets in Al Fallah will be lined with trees and landscape, on street parking, and narrow cartways to slow traffic speeds. Sidewalks are animated by doorways, windows, balconies, and stairs that open up to the street.

U R B A N D E S I G N A S S O C I A T E S N A E DThe Residential Street Address


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Residential Courts

Perspective

Section

Detail Plan

Residential Courts offer a respite from sun and public life in a tree covered environment. Terraces and landscape create outdoor rooms in sunken courts to provide residences a private garden address off the busy streets.

U R B A N D E S I G N A S S O C I A T E S N A E DThe Residential Court Address


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the al fallah neighborhood : tripoli, l ibya | june 2009 | dck worldwide 40 architecture

Building Types

Corner Building................

Mixed-Use Building

Mid-Block Building AMid-Block Building B

Walk-up Flat Building Corner Building


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the al fallah neighborhood : tripoli, l ibya | june 2009 | dck worldwide 37 architecture

Passive Solar Design Al Fallah Passive Solar Design Criteria

Orient large openings on pri-marily shaded facades of buildings. Utilize punched openings in walls on sun-exposed facades.

Allow for recessed or covered outdoor living areas adjacent to living and bedrooms

Provide operable shutters on sun-exposed windows

Use awnings, fins, and trellises to further shield openings from direct sunlight

Use operable windows to capi-talize on prevailing breezes and cross ventilation.

Bamboo Awning Trellised entryway Inset balcony Balcony with awning covering

Operable shutters

Wood trellisWindow fins to protect against direct sunTrellised rooftop terrace


Asswani Boulevard


D I S A S T E R R E C O N S T R U C T I O N

G U L F C O A S T

H A I T I3


m i s s i s s i p p i r e n e wa l f o r u m

gulf coast neighborhoodsa pat t e r n b o o k f or

Details and techniques for building andrenovating Gulf Coast houses

Cov1

u r b a n d e s i g n a s s o c i a t e s

louisianaspeaks:planningtoolkit

PREPARED FOR: LOUISIANA SPEAKS, THE LONG-TERM COMMUNITY PLANNING INITIATIVE OF THE LOUISIANA RECOVERY AUTHORITY


neighborhood patterns

bn e i g h b o r h o o d p a t t e r n s 5

A Pattern Book for Gulf Coast Neighborhoods

n e i g h b o r h o o d p a t t e r n sb 4

A Pattern Book for Gulf Coast Neighborhoods

The Gulf Coast is comprised of a remarkable collection of distinct andunique places each with it’s own identity, inherited traditions and sense ofplace. Many factors combine to create this regional character including therich mix of cultures, the sub-tropical environment, the traditions of farm-ing and fishing as well as the migration of people the world over into andout of the region over time. From the early settlement influences of theFrench, Spanish and English, this mix of cultural traditions created a regionwith especially strong identities evident in the food, music, literature, archi-tecture, and dialect. This evolving identity is expressed in the character ofthe region’s comunities and architecture found in the most rural hamletsas well as the towns and the cities.Within this diverse range of settlements, there are common elements thathave emerged over time to create this fabric of Gulf Coast neighborhoodsand places.To understand the fundamental qualities and nature of the different set-tlement characters, we refer to the notion of a Transect, the heirarchy ofscale and location within the region. Rural landscapes with farmsteads orcoastal homesteads, small hamlets and villages, collective settlementsaround historic trading towns and government centers up to the largerurban centers. These areas are defined in the Smart Code, a tool used toguide planning and development policies based on the quality and char-acter of the type of place. When rebuilding in your own neighborhood, itis helpful to understand the underlying patterns, the way houses and build-ings are located on property, the size and character of streets, the preser-vation of agricultural or coastal land, the landscape and the architecture.

caption

caption

caption

caption

caption

caption

caption

caption

Plan of Waveland, MS Plan of Bay St.Louis, MS Plan of Biloxi, MS

Settlement CharacterNeighborhoods and buildings have very dif-ferent character traits that create the distinctsense of place. The SmartCode has defined aseries of zones that include the most rural -T1 to T2 - to typical neighborhoods in townsand villages - T3 to T4, and urban centersthat have more of a mix of uses with a vari-

ety of building sizes and densities. Thesezones include traditional Main streets andareas with special uses - T5 and SD.

U R B A N D E S I G N A S S O C I A T E S N A E Ddl a n d s c a p e p a t t e r n s 65

A Pattern Book for Gulf coast Neighborhoods

l a n d s c a p e p a t t e r n sd 64

A Pattern Book for Gulf coast Neighborhoods

T3 and T4 neighborhood front yards

Gardens in the shallow yards of many in-town neighborhoods

A variety of sidewalk edging defines the entrance to the house

Hedges and gates define the front yard Turn-of-the-century front yard A variety of plantings define individual front yards

Landscape Elements

landscape patternsGulf Coast neighborhoods have a marvelous mix of flowering trees, shadetrees, perennials, hedges, ornamental grasses, ground covers, and pavingmaterials that create a distinct sense of place and character. Neighborhoodsof different densities have a broad range of street types, building setbacksand lot sizes, environmental location and public planting areas so the feeland character of each neighborhood is distinct. This section of the PatternBook is intended to provide guidance for homeowners regarding the pri-vate landscape elements found on individual lots within these varyingneighborhood locations from the more rural to the most urban.

The landscape elements that constitute the front yards are the primaryfocus for this section. These elements include steps, walls, piers, sidewalkand driveway materials, fencing, lighting and accessories as well as“softscape” materials such as plantings and hedges. This is where the land-scaping of the individual house contributes to the overall character ofthe street and neighborhood.Houses located in the most rural zones create more individual compoundsoften set deep into the lot. The pattern is often more informal. Historicpatterns along the traditional traces and roads often created more formalsequences into the private yard with tree lined streets and picturesque plant-ing within gracious yards. These were typical in the early mansions alongthe coast as well. The late nineteenth-century neighborhoods that com-prise much of the fabric in places like Biloxi often have a marvelous diver-sity and mix of large lots and small lots in a broad assortment of patterns.As the frontage along streets filled in over time, the houses typically hadshallower front yards that werewell planted, sometimes overflowing to thesidewalk or edged with a low wall between the public sidewalk and thefoundation planting of the house. Resort settlements like Waveland, havemore informal patterns less defined by tree lines or house fronts.

Front YardsThe majority of Gulf Coast front yardsare composed of a few key elements rang-ing from canopy and ornamental trees,foundation plantings (including orna-mental trees and shrubs), beds of flower-ing perennials and annuals, groundcover,expanses of grass lawns, and “hardscape”materials such as sidewalks, steps, lowwalls, fences, and driveways.

Due to the shallow depth of the frontyards in the more urban neighborhoods(T4), canopy trees in the lawn are nottypical. However, extensive foundationplanting and plots of green lawn edgedwith flower-beds, brick or stone are com-mon, as is the use of fencing, typically castiron with or without brick piers.The dis-tinct boundary between public and pri-vate—whether through a material changeor vertical element such as a short wall,fence or hedge is typical here.

The deeper front yards of the earlyresort neighborhoods allow the greenlawn to become the base for a variety ofplanting beds, hedges, shrubs, and a mixof canopy and ornamental trees thatframe the view of the house. The use ofplanting beds—whether groundcover,flowers, or low shrubbery—define thelawn as a “room.” Houses of this era aretypically raised and many have largeporches and stairs providing anothertransition area as one approaches theentrance.

Foundation PlantingFoundation planting varies from low,manicured evergreens to brightly coloredflowering bushes, to groundcover. All“ground” the house to the front yard.

Sidewalk EdgingSidewalk edge planting, which variesfrom ornamental grasses, to colorfulperennials and textured groundcovers,enhances the entrance and guides visitorsto many Gulf coast houses, regardless ofthe era.

Hedges Hedges are found throughout GulfCoast, and have been used historically asa transition between the public realm ofthe sidewalk and the front lawn of theprivate lot as well as a definer betweenhouse lots.

Other definers of individual lotsinclude any plant material such as orna-mental grasses, low shrubbery, and evengroundcover that is visually high enoughto define the room of the front yard.

T3 and T4 neighborhood front yards

Foundation plantings in early-twentieth-century neighborhoods (T3)


b 10

a pattern book for gulf coast neighborhoods

Elements of Medium ScaleNeighborhood street

• Mixed -use but primarilyresidential

• Wide range of building types

• Varying setbacks

• Medium size blocks

Neighborhood Character

20' 5' 5'6'28'6' 15'

StreetFront YardSidewalk

Verge VergeSidewalk

Front Yard

Elements of Small ScaleNeighborhood street

• Low density suburban residentialareas

• Naturalistic planting

• Deep setbacks

• Large blocks

• Irregular roads to accommodatenatural conditions

varies varies20'

StreetFront Yard Front Yard

T3: THE SUBURBAN ZONE

T4: THE GENERAL URBAN ZONE

c

a r c h i t e c t u r a l p a t t e r n s

13

The Gulf Coast HouseThe Architectural Patterns section buildson the Neighborhood Patterns described inthe previous section to create distinctplaces. Seven distinct building typolo-gies recur throughout the region and inthe Gulf Coast neighborhoods. Thisinventory of regional building types isadapted to reflect various architecturalstyles or vocabularies. In many older hous-es, styles were adapted over time as cer-tain patterns became popular. Whilethere are many variations on regionalhouse types, the types illustrated on thispage appear to dominate neighborhoodpatterns before World War II, through-out the region1 SIDE HALL HOUSES

These houses include ‘shotgun’ types aswell where the primary difference is thesingle room width bay on the shotgunand a wider house with a hallway alongone side to access rooms.Typically hippedroof but also gabled roofs are common.2 RAISED COTTAGE

This type is often called a Creole Cottageor Acadian Cottage. Influences are a mixof French and Spanish adaptations to theregion. Later versions include what isreferred to as an American Cottage withClassical detailing and a typical 5 baycomposition for windows and doors.3 L-SHAPED

These houses often have a perpendicularwing in the back or a cross gable wingthat forms a ‘T’ in plan. Porches or gal-leries often run along the side and tie intothe rear wing.

4 SIDE GABLE

This house type is found nationally andforms the simple rectangular form thatcan be adapted to most styles. In thisregion, the rear or the front can haveporches inset under the main roof.

5 PYRAMID

This house type is found throughout theregion typically as a one or one and a halfstory massing often called a Bayed Cot-tage. The floor to ceiling height is typi-cally taller to allow for deep porches.

6 TOWNHOUSE

Found in the heart of urban centers,many townhouses developed as mixed usetypes with commercial ground floors andresidential floors above. French influ-enced buildings often feature a balconyabove the ground floor.7 MIXED-USE BUILDINGS

These form the local commercial streetsand districts. Typically simple, two storyforms of masonry with plaster finishing.Balconies and repetitive openings onupper floors are typical. Decorative cor-nices of either wood or masonry.

1 SIDE HALL

Gulf Coast Building Types

3. L- SHAPE

2. COTTAGE

4. SIDE GABLE

5. PYRAMID

6. TOWNHOUSE

7. MIXED-USE


c 14

a p a t t e r n b o o k f o r g u l f c o a s t n e i g h b o r h o o d s

Kit of Parts – Strategies to Meet FEMA Requirements

FEMA has outlined requirements in par-ticular zones to raise the finish floor ofnew homes to minimum heights abovesea level. Check local requirements todetermine specific site criteria. For moreinformation check with FEMA atwww.fema.gov.

This document includes a ‘kit of parts’to achieve these requirements in a man-ner derived from typical local and ver-nacular examples. These options can beused individually and together in combi-nation. In vernacular conditions, thestrategies were carefully designed not tooverwhelm the building’s scale. Not allbuilding types can be used with the mostrestrictive conditions. Basic strategiesinclude:

1 Raising the site with 4 feet of fill

2 4-foot base to raise the floor elevation

3 8-foot sub-story with a grand stair

Used in combination, they can reachup to 16 feet above original site grade.The diagram suggests how these optionscan achieve the maximum elevation.

Option 14-foot Raised SiteThe first option is to use fill toraised the building site up fourfeet. In more urban conditions, asite wall is used at the sidewalk tomaximize the flat areas of the site

Option 24-foot BaseThe most commonly used optionis to build the finish floor four feetabove grade. This is achieved withthe use of either piles or founda-tion walls

Option 38-foot Sub-Story withGrand StairAnother common option is toraise the house 8 feet above finishgrade. When a porch is used, thestair is often incorporated insidethe porch itself. In many cases, theground floor is enclosed withwalls to create useable uncondi-tioned space for vehicles andequipment

c


15

ALTERNATIVE A

BUILDING BASE

Side HallSide Hall and Shotgun style houses typ-ically have very narrow forms. They aretraditionally raised above the ground sev-eral feet and accommodate a 4 foot highbase and a perpendicular set of steps toget up onto the porch.The two story Side Gable house is lesscommon but is also a traditional form inthe region. These houses often have twostory front porches and are articulated asVictorian style houses. Stairs are some-times pulled inside the porch structure.With the addition of a raised site, thehouse can achieve a 12 foot height abovesurrounding grade.

Raised CottageThese houses are the most adaptable tothe raised condition. Most traditionalhouses of this type are either raised 4 to6 feet with a storage area underneath theporch and the first floor, or they are raid-ed a full story with square masonry pierson the ground floor and the light woodporch structure above.These are found inthe rural (T1 and T2 transect areas) andas urban cottages as well. The diagramsillustrate the potential to add an addi-tional 4 foot base to the two story type toachieve a 12 foot height above grade. Ifthe site can be raised and additional 4feet, than the potential of 16 feet abovesurrounding grade can be achieved. Un-occupied ground floor exterior walls canbe articulated as louvered panels insetbetween square, masonry piers.

ALTERNATIVE B

SUB-STORY


c 20


Gulf Coast House StylesA series of well developed architecturalstyles or vocabularies were popularthroughout the Gulf Region in the 19thand early 20th Century.These styles wereadapted by local builders through the useof early Pattern Books and later catalogsof house plans. Many of the early houseswere built without the aid of PatternBooks and are increasingly rare. Thesestyles represent the broader patternsfound in the neighborhoods constructedlargely before 1940.Each style has become adapted to thelocal environment and local building tra-ditions. Many patterns emerged from theinfluence of Caribbean builders and set-tlers trading with the West Indies andLatin America.

Four principal architectural styles giveneighborhoods their character:

1 Acadian-Creole

2 Victorian

3 Classical

4 Arts & Crafts

These styles are described in more detailwith typical key elements in the follow-ing pages.

Gulf Coast Architectural Styles

2 VICTORIAN

1 ACADIAN-CREOLE

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a r c h i t e c t u r a l p a t t e r n s : g u l f c o a s t a c a d i a n - c r e o l e

23

MASSING DIAGRAMS

MASSING COMBINATIONS

Massing CombinationsThe strong form of these houses limitsthe number of ways in which additionalwings can be added. Add-on wingsshould have similar roof pitches and betreated as separate “additions” to the basicform rather than part of a single complexform.

Facade CompositionAn informal relationship among the ele-ments enables window spacing, dormerplacement, and porch bays to each havetheir own spacing and dimensions.

EavesSimple unadorned eaves are characteris-tic of the Acadian-Creole style.They canhave exposed rafter ends that are shaped.A frieze board is used below the rafters.They can also be flush to the wall orbeam at the porch, or slightly projectingwith a boxed soffit.

WallThe first floor of an Acadian-Creolehouse is typically set three feet above thefinished grade for a one-story house andone foot above finished grade for a two-story house. For one-story houses, theminimum floor-to-ceiling height is 10feet. For two-story houses, the minimumfloor-to-ceiling height is 10 feet for thefirst floor and 9 feet for the second floor.

Window head heights should be 8 feetabove the floor for the first floor win-dows, and 7 feet to 8 feet for the secondfloor windows.

MassingA deep front porch is recessed within thevolume of the house under one roof.

The one-story houses are raised off theground three feet and have 16-inch by20-inch brick piers supporting each col-umn on the front porch. The two-storyhouse is typically a one-story house raisedon full-height brick piers. Dormers areadded to create a one-and-one-half- ortwo-and-one-half-story house. Porchescan wrap around one or more sides of thehouse.

BROAD FRONT

Rectangular volume with either a gabledor hipped roof. The pitch is typically 10-in-12

BROAD FRONT WITH DOUBLE PITCH ROOF

Rectangular volume with a side gabledroof.The roof has a pitch of 9-in-12 over

the main body and 6-in-12 over therecessed porch.

N A R R OW F R O N T

Rectangular or square volume with eithera side gabled or hipped roof. Side gabledroof has either a constant 10 in 12 pitchor a double pitch roof at the front , andmay have a double pitch roof at the rear.Hipped roof has a 10 in 12 pitch and theridge line, if any, runs perpendicular tothe front of the house.

S I D E H A L L

One-story narrow front rectangular vol-ume with either a hip or gable facing thestreet. Roof pitch is 8 in 12 to 10 in 12.A full width front porch is added to thevolume of the house. An inset porch mayalso run the full width of the hipped roofvolume.

Massing & Composition

TYPICAL EAVE DETAILS

24'–32'

1/3 1/3 1/3 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4

1/41/4 1/41/4 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5

32'–40'

32'–40' 36'–40'

Broad Front Broad Front with Double Pitch Roof

Narrow Front Side Hall

12"-18"

5/4" x 4"

7"10

"-12

"

10"

Open rafters Flush or boxed

1/2 1/2

12'–16'

FACADE COMPOSITION DIAGRAMS


c 24


DOORS

SPECIAL WINDOWSSTANDARD WINDOWS

First floor

Second floor

Standard WindowsWindows are typically vertical in pro-portion with muntin patterns of 6 over 6or 9 over 9. Window panes are square orvertical in proportion. First floor windowscan have 4 over 4 or 2 over 2 muntin pat-terns as well. Standard windows are dou-ble-hung.

Special WindowsSpecial windows are typically smallaccent windows with 6 panes or in a 4over 4 muntin pattern. A single leaf shut-ter is often used. Dormer windows aremulti-paned in the 6 over 6 pattern.

ShuttersLouvered and board & batten shutters arecommon elements for windows anddoors.They should be sized to match thewindow sash and mounted with hardwareto appear operable.

DoorsMulti-pane doors are often used in lieuof windows on the first floor under theporch. Entry doors are typically 4-, 6- or8-paneled and include either a transomor a transom and sidelites.

Windows & Doors

TrimWindows and doors typically have 4-inch-wide trim with a backband. Classi-cal door surrounds are sometimes used atthe front door. Stone or wood lintels overwindows and doors are common ele-ments clad in brick or stucco.

3'-0"

6'-8

"4"

1’-4

"

4'-0"4"

6'-8

"4"

1’-4

"

4"

6'-8

"8"

1’-8

"

1'-8"

3'-0"

6'-2

"

5'-6

''

3'-0''

5'-6

''

3'-0''

2'-8''

4'-6

''

812

10''

6'-8

''

2'-0''

TYPICAL WINDOW DETAIL

4"2"

2"

2'-8"

2'-0

''

2'-0"

4'-0

''

Shutters

Eq

ual

to

hei

gh

t o

f w

ind

ow

op

enin

g o

r o

f sa

sh/f

ram

e

1/2 sashwidth

1/2 sashwidth

18''

7'-0

''

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25

Porch Roofs & EavesAcadian-Creole porches are symmetricaland run the full length of the facade.Columns have a regular spacing ofbetween 8 to 12 feet on center. Eaves canbe either open rafters or flush with theporch beam.

Columns & RailingsColumn types for one-story porches andthe second floor of two-story porchesinclude slender round or square Tuscancolumns, and chamfered or plain rectan-gular posts with out trim. Columns at thefirst floor of two-story porches are moremassive with either no detail, or a mini-mum capital expression.

Railings have square balusters spacedno more than 4 inches on center with

intermediate posts for railings over 9 feetin length.

Porch Location & MassingSide Hall houses have two “Bays” for thefront facade length, or three bays forporches that wrap one side. Houses 24 to32 feet wide have three bays for the frontfacade length, or four or five bays forporches that wrap one or two sides.Houses 36 to 40 feet wide have a five bayporch. The porch can extend beyond themain body of the house and wrap one ortwo sides.

Porches should have a minimum porchdepth of 8 feet. Porches are frame con-struction set up on masonry piers. Thespace between piers may remain openwithout infill.

PORCH COLUMN TYPES

Porches

TYPICAL PORCH LOCATIONS

Wrapped two sides

Wrapped one side

Full front porch

House

Porch

6"sq.6"-8"

8'-0

" to

9'-0

"

8'-0

" to

9'-0

"

3½"

3½"

3¼"

3"

1½" sq.

TYPICAL RAIL DETAIL

10''

1'-6

''8'

'9'

-4''

3'-0

''

3'-0

''

126

129

8''

8'-6

''1'

-0''

10'-0

''1'

-0''

3'-0

''

126

One-Story Porch Section

Two-Story Porch Section

129

PORCH TYPES


b 10

a pattern book for gulf coast neighborhoods

Elements of Medium ScaleNeighborhood street

• Mixed -use but primarilyresidential

• Wide range of building types

• Varying setbacks

• Medium size blocks

Neighborhood Character

20' 5' 5'6'28'6' 15'

StreetFront YardSidewalk

Verge VergeSidewalk

Front Yard

Elements of Small ScaleNeighborhood street

• Low density suburban residentialareas

• Naturalistic planting

• Deep setbacks

• Large blocks

• Irregular roads to accommodatenatural conditions

varies varies20'

StreetFront Yard Front Yard

T3: THE SUBURBAN ZONE

T4: THE GENERAL URBAN ZONE

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13

The Gulf Coast HouseThe Architectural Patterns section buildson the Neighborhood Patterns described inthe previous section to create distinctplaces. Seven distinct building typolo-gies recur throughout the region and inthe Gulf Coast neighborhoods. Thisinventory of regional building types isadapted to reflect various architecturalstyles or vocabularies. In many older hous-es, styles were adapted over time as cer-tain patterns became popular. Whilethere are many variations on regionalhouse types, the types illustrated on thispage appear to dominate neighborhoodpatterns before World War II, through-out the region1 SIDE HALL HOUSES

These houses include ‘shotgun’ types aswell where the primary difference is thesingle room width bay on the shotgunand a wider house with a hallway alongone side to access rooms.Typically hippedroof but also gabled roofs are common.2 RAISED COTTAGE

This type is often called a Creole Cottageor Acadian Cottage. Influences are a mixof French and Spanish adaptations to theregion. Later versions include what isreferred to as an American Cottage withClassical detailing and a typical 5 baycomposition for windows and doors.3 L-SHAPED

These houses often have a perpendicularwing in the back or a cross gable wingthat forms a ‘T’ in plan. Porches or gal-leries often run along the side and tie intothe rear wing.

4 SIDE GABLE

This house type is found nationally andforms the simple rectangular form thatcan be adapted to most styles. In thisregion, the rear or the front can haveporches inset under the main roof.

5 PYRAMID

This house type is found throughout theregion typically as a one or one and a halfstory massing often called a Bayed Cot-tage. The floor to ceiling height is typi-cally taller to allow for deep porches.

6 TOWNHOUSE

Found in the heart of urban centers,many townhouses developed as mixed usetypes with commercial ground floors andresidential floors above. French influ-enced buildings often feature a balconyabove the ground floor.7 MIXED-USE BUILDINGS

These form the local commercial streetsand districts. Typically simple, two storyforms of masonry with plaster finishing.Balconies and repetitive openings onupper floors are typical. Decorative cor-nices of either wood or masonry.

1 SIDE HALL

Gulf Coast Building Types

3. L- SHAPE

2. COTTAGE

4. SIDE GABLE

5. PYRAMID

6. TOWNHOUSE

7. MIXED-USE

U R B A N D E S I G N A S S O C I A T E S N A E D18

sect ionP L A N N I N GA S S E M B LY K I TD

LOCAL SUSTAINABILITYREGIONAL SUSTAINABILITY

REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY

REGIONAL LAND USE

FLOOD MANAGEMENT

The Matrix Illustrated

T O O L K I T

LAN D S CAP E AN DNATU RAL SYSTE M S

F LO O D, W I N D, AN D STO R MWATE R MANAG E M E NT

TRAN S P O RTATI O N AN DUTI L IT I E S I N F RASTR U CTU R E

S U STAI NAB I L ITY

E Q U I T Y : A C C E S S I B I L I T YA N D A F F O R D A B I L I T Y

R E G I O N C ITY AN D TOWN N E I G H B O R H O O D

REGIONAL PLAN LOCAL PLAN

DEVELOPMENT BY USE

PROXIMITY TO SERVICES

STREET NETWORK

DRAINAGE PATTERNS

DEVELOPMENT RESTRICTIONS

NEIGHBORHOOD PLAN

STREET NETWORK

SOCIAL INTEGRATION

DEVELOPMENT BY BUILDING FORM

COMMERCIAL FRAMEWORK

RESIDENTIAL FRAMEWORK

PARKS AND OPEN SPACE

REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION

FLOOD AND WIND ZONES

CONSERVATION AREAS

GREEN PRINCIPLES

I S S U E S S C A L E

D E V E LO P M E N T PAT T E R N S

R E S U LT S

B LO C K

19

APPLICATION

PARKING METHOD

SHADING AND ORIENTATION

CONSTRUCTION HARDENING

ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS

BUILDING PAD

DRAINAGE TECHNIQUES

VEHICLE ACCESS

SOLAR EXPOSURE

LANDSCAPE ZONE

COMMERCIAL BLOCK PLAN

STREET AND ALLEY DESIGN

P A T T E R N B O O K

B U I LD I N GAR C H ITE CTU RAL AN D

LAN D S CAP E PATTE R N SLOT

GREEN ARCHITECTURE

BLOCK PLAN LOT PLAN BUILDING ON SITE BUILT NEIGHBORHOOD

DRAINAGE TECHNIQUES

NEIGHBORHOOD LANDSCAPE

RESIDENTIAL BLOCK PLAN

GREEN PRINCIPLES

LANDSCAPE PATTERNS

MASSING TYPERESIDENTIAL LOT

ACCESSIBILITY/VISITABILITY

RAISED BUILDING

MIXED-USE LOT

VISITABLE LOTBLOCK TO BLOCK ACCESS

ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS


C o n s e r v a t i o n A r e a s D e v e l o p m e n t R e s t r i c t i o n s P a r k s a n d O p e n S p a c e N e i g h b o r h o o d L a n d s c a p e L a n d s c a p e Z o n e

R E G I O N C I T Y A N D T O W N N E I G H B O R H O O D B L O C K L O T

TERRACE: Prairie

TERRACE: Woodlands

HILLS

New Orleans

Baton Rouge

Mississippi River

Lake Charles

Lafayette

LOWLANDS: Marsh

LOWLANDS:Flood Plain

R E G I O N

>> Restore and protect coastal areas using the mostpromising emerging strategies, techniques, andtechnologies.

>> Base new development on conscious decisions toprotect and improve the health of natural and cul-tural resources so that their survival is ensured forfuture generations.

>> Ensure that watersheds, wetlands, woodlands, andwildlife protection are conceived and managed atthe regional scale. Apply those same principles tolocal and site-specific decision-making.

>> Use targeted incentives to encourage developmentin areas that would have the least negative effectson natural resources.

>> Use disincentives to discourage development inscenic or environmentally sensitive areas.

>> Avoid locating regional corridors, such as transitand infrastructure, in highly sensitive ecologicaland cultural areas.

>> Recognize that sustainable practices are onlyminimum standards. The goal must be to notonly restore and sustain the natural and culturalwealth of the region, but improve it through plansthat shift priorities from resource consumptiontoward resource conservation and use ofrenewable resources. Consider alternative crops,such as biofuels which can be used for energy.

>> Understand the interdependence of these systems,recognizing that the restoration of one impacts thehealth of the others.

>> Ensure that restoration of natural systems is basedon the natural form of the land and transcendspolitical boundaries.

>> Place sensitive land areas into conservation banks,easements, and other protective covenants. TheTrust for Public Land has developed programsthat provide the means for protecting sensitiveareas through such mechanisms as transfers ofdevelopment rights and easements.

>> Develop and implement sustainable agriculturalpractices; develop regional farmers markets.Programs should also include community-basedagriculture, organic farming, and new crops suchas biofuel products.

D-4 Map showing South Louisiana natural features – wetlands, streambeds, and woodlands.

D-5 Asheville, NC: The Wilma Dykeman RiverWay Master Plan. This regional plan shows a riverfront park conceived as a totalenvironment – a continuous roadway and trail system in a linear park setting within the city that preserves natural systemsand enhances surrounding areas.

D-6 Orlando, FL: South East Orlando Specific Plan. The Specific Plan established a framework of natural features thatdefined development rights for this mixed-use development. The natural systems in combination with the circulation networkformed the foundation for a series of districts as well as neighborhood, village, and town centers.

22


C I T Y A N D TO W N

>> Address all systems of the urban plan (infrastruc-ture, drainage, power, cable, open space, wildlifecorridors, pedestrian networks, bikeways, masstransit, among others) as comprehensive, connect-ed networks so that alteration to natural systemsis minimized.

>> Recognize and take advantage of potential syner-gies (for example, drainage corridors developed asrecreational corridors).

>> Identify parks, squares, and open spaces havinghigh significance to the community over time andprovide for their preservation and rehabilitation.

>> Make institutions such as schools, colleges, civic,and religious buildings an integral part of the pub-lic open space network.

>> Build a community coalition to support agricul-tural communities on the urban edge.

>> Develop opportunities for small-scale agricultureand specialty crops using land unsuitable fordevelopment near or within urban areas (urbanhomestead model).

>> Protect agricultural edges by encouraging farmingmethods that are more compatible with urbanareas.

>> Offer incentives and technical assistance for newfarmers entering the profession.

>> Reflect the ecological and cultural conditions ofthe city’s or town’s location through the design ofits public landscape.

>> Emphasize the visibility of hydrologic anddrainage patterns when making public worksinfrastructure repairs or updates so that citizensare aware of the movement of water through theircommunity and the ways in which it is being man-aged to prevent flooding and pollution.

>> Ensure the health of streambed and bayou edgesso that they can accommodate a range of plantmaterials, respond to changes in water level, andprovide amenities such as bikeways and trails.

D-7 UCSB, Santa Barbara, CA: Analysis of Goleta Slough and area around campus showing sensitive natural areas.

D-9 UCSB, Santa Barbara, CA: Aerial view of plan for large-scale public open space that links institutions with neighborhoods.

D-8 UCSB, Santa Barbara, CA: Proposed plan for the area around the Goleta Slough which provides protection and definitionfor sensitive environmental features and uses them as a framework for development.



Transportation and Utilities Infrastructure

Existing transportation and utilities infrastructure support current development andshould be used to help determine efficient locations for future development based onwhere the system has unused capacity.

O V E R A L L T R A N S P O R TAT I O N N E T W O R K

The transportation network should be configured to support compact, mixed-usedevelopments, reinforce existing developed areas, and encourage alternative means oftransportation to provide people with transportation choices. The network should beconsidered as a whole – not just highways and roads. Rail, street networks, bikeways,trails, and waterways should be integrated into the planning process. Existing rail linesin Louisiana, some of which are underutilized, could be revived as transportation cor-ridors for rail, bike, or pedestrians.

Outside of older urban areas, the existing road network in South Louisiana is oftenpoorly interconnected, forcing drivers onto overcrowded main roads. As growth hap-pens, the system should be improved strategically. New road connections should bebuilt to create a more fully interconnected network, improvements should be con-structed to alleviate bottlenecks, and, where necessary, narrow roads should bethoughtfully expanded. Vehicular capacity should be only one concern. Streets are alsopart of the public realm. They are the public interface to new and existing develop-ments and they are a means of transportation for bicyclists and pedestrians. Also,opportunities to establish or enhance transit (bus, streetcar, or rail) in tandem withother improvements should be explored.

S T R E E T N E T W O R K S

City and town-scale streets should be interconnected to provide the most options for nav-igating within the community. It is most efficient to have many connected, two-lane streetsthat serve local traffic and feed onto larger streets. That way, peak traffic can flow on larg-er streets without local traffic needlessly congesting them. The more lanes there are onlarge streets, the more signalization is required, reducing the capacity of every lane.

Speed of traffic should not be confused with capacity. Streets with a speed of 25-30miles per hour are capable of carrying the most cars per lane. At faster speeds, carsrequire more distance between them, which actually reduces capacity.

Each neighborhood street pattern should be connected to the larger community’s inter-connected street network. The grid pattern is ideal in that it connects every address toevery other address. It is the best way to build larger scale community cohesiveness (asopposed to the insulated neighborhoods with cul-de-sac patterns).

For the past 50 years, state and national standards for street cross-sections have beenestablished primarily on the basis of moving vehicles with maximum efficiency. In recentyears, the planning and engineering professions have begun to recognize and elevate inimportance the other functions of streets, including creating an environment that accom-modates bikes and pedestrians and supports economic and social activity along theirroutes. For example, the physical dimensions of a local neighborhood street that handlesless than 500 cars per day should be much narrower than one that carries through-traf-fic. The design and dimensions of these streets should provide safe, pleasant pedestrianroutes, with crosswalks that give visual and functional priority to pedestrians.

U T I L I T I E S I N F R A S T R U C T U R E

Utilities infrastructure is costly to expand and, in South Louisiana, much of it is in needof repair. Land use policies should encourage new development within or directly adja-cent to existing urbanized areas with infrastructure so that available funds can be usedto improve and maintain existing systems, rather than to construct costly new ones. D-34 To be appropriate for the area they serve, street designs should respond

to their context. Above, the street types respond to different transect zones.

31

R E G I O N C I T Y A N D T O W N N E I G H B O R H O O D B L O C K L O T

R e g i o n a l Tr a n s p o r t a t i o n S t r e e t N e t w o r k S t r e e t N e t w o r k Ve h i c l e A c c e s sS t r e e t a n d A l l e y D e s i g n

R E G I O N

>> Provide a range of primary and alternate routes ofdifferent scales, as well as road and street types,within the regional road network.

>> Consider using underutilized and/or abandonedrail lines as alternatives for freight and alsofor passenger travel to reduce dependenceon automobiles.

>> Develop a regional system of trails and bikewaysthat take advantage of the extraordinary naturalfeatures of South Louisiana and provide an alter-native means of transportation, as well as recre-ational amenities, for citizens.

>> Use the full range of cross-sections of streets androads and select the cross-section that is appropri-ate for the scale of use it serves and the quality ofthe environment through which it passes.

C I T Y A N D TO W N

>> Use the network of streets to determine potentialland use patterns.

>> Create an interconnected network of streets with arange of street dimensions, capacities, and speedsof vehicular traffic.

>> Relate the hierarchy of streets to the intensity anddensity of surrounding uses.

>> Optimize travel on primary arterials through thecommunity and provide a system that offersalternate routes.

>> Consider capacity over speed when designingthe street network.

>> Give pedestrians, cyclists, and vehicles equalimportance in street design.

>> Design all streets to support walkable communi-ties, slowing traffic to enable the pedestrian circu-lation to be safe and enjoyable.

D-35 Charlotte, NC: New regional rapid transit system. D-36 Southwestern Pennsylvania: Regional transit andtransportation system.

D-37 Street designs should respond to their contexts. Here, transect zones provide guidance.


H A I T I


Neighborhood Block & Lot Reconstruction Prototype

1 2

3 4

sustainable urbanism

Documents

t e s n

n d e s i g n

n d i ar e g e n e r

e d1 n e w t o w n s

d e o r r e g

t i o n r u r

t e sn e w t o w n s

n t r i p o