sustainableengineering@edinburgh water issues: bridging over water by: philip close (0679651); nadia...
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SustainableEngineering@Edinburgh Water Issues:
Bridging Over WaterBy: Philip Close (0679651); Nadia Issa (0678203); Kirsty Mclarty (0678673); Jill Stewart (0673272)
IMS3 Sustainability Module, March 2009
ReferencesReferences•Water Related Vision For the Aral Sea Basin For The Year 2025, Division of Water Sciences, UNESCO 2000•BBC World News, as accessed on 10/03/09 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/678898.stm•Geographical and socio-economic dimensions of the Aral Sea crisis and their impact on the potential forcommunity action, University of Plymouth 1998 Academic PressTatyana S. Saiko•U.N. Human Development Report 2006. United Nations Development Programme. New York. 2006.•Allan, J. A., ed. Water, Peace and the Middle East: Negotiating Resources in the Jordan Basin. Boston: I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited, 1996.
Water is at the core of human interdependence. This resource,
however, is coming under increasing stress, and as a result, transboundary competition for shared rivers and other water resources is growing. While it is true that water has the potential to fuel conflicts, it can also act as a bridge for cooperation.
Middle East: The Jordan River
The River Jordan links the people, livelihoods and ecosystems of Israel, Jordan and the occupied Palestinian Territories through a common water source which is one of the Worlds most water-scarce areas. To make matters worse, the common resources are unequally shared.
The Occupied Palestinian Territories have access to 320m3 of water per capita annually, which is one of the lowest levels of water availability and well below the threshold of absolute scarcity.
Israel exercises political supremacy over the other riparian states due to its geographic location. Israel enforces exact water restrictions on Palestine, allowing Israel to use more water from the Jordan basin.
The Palestinian population is half the size of Israel but consumes only 10-15% as much water. This is a reflection of asymmetric power relations in water management.
With rapid population growth, declining water availability is tightening constraints on agriculture and human use.
Aral Sea: A Soviet Legacy
Originally 68,000km² surface area; has now shrunk to just 10% of its original size and has split in two
Increased salinity has killed off fish, flora and fauna
Water diverted by Soviet Union for irrigation purposes
Canal construction began on large scale between 1940s-1960s
Poor countries such as Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan rely on water for cotton irrigation, the mainstay of their economies
Saline and chemical residues left on the dry sea bed become airborne and pollute remaining fresh water supplies
Infant mortality and cancer rates 30 times higher than average
RegenerationA dam project was completed in 2005 to help restore the North Aral Sea, has increased water level by 2m
Salinity has dropped, increasing fish stocks and allowing ports to be reopened
Improvements to irrigation canals have reduced water losses from leakage
Possible Solutions for Efficient use of waterDiplomatic efforts:
Inter-basin transfer and ‘virtual water’ – the import of water and grains
Bilateral cooperation on the equal sharing of water resources
International legal framework for transboundary water disputes
Large infrastructure projects:
Desalination plans
Dams
Replenishing from other sources eg. Seas and rivers
Changing culture towards water usage:
Irrigation improvements
Charging for water use
Changing agricultural practices
Israeli settlers’ consumption
Palestinian consumption
620m3 <100m3
““Whiskey is for drinking, water is for fighting over” Whiskey is for drinking, water is for fighting over” – Mark Twain – Mark Twain
““WWe must be thinking like a river if we are to e must be thinking like a river if we are to leave a legacy of beauty and life for future leave a legacy of beauty and life for future generations” – David Browergenerations” – David Brower
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undw
ater
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ers
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ow
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Type of inflow
Inflow to Aral Sea
1912-1960
1960-1990