swarm-intelligent robotics in prey retrieval tasks - natural

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end

evaluation

initial population

no

?criteria satisfied

termination

and replicationreproduction

yes

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2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Transport Quality of Parent Individuals of Generation 150 2 s−bots; prey: 500 g mass, cylinder of radius 12 cm

index of parent individual

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Transport Quality (type 1 and type 2 individuals)2 s−bots; prey: 500 g mass, cylinder of radius 12 cm

index of evolutionary run

tran

spor

t qua

lity

(1,0

00 o

bser

vatio

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Scalability Test (type 1 individuals)5 s−bots; prey: 1,250 g, cylinder of radius 30 cm

index of evolutionary run

tran

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t qua

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(500

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10cm 8cm32cm 25cm 25cm

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7 8 9 10

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−12

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−8

−6

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14

Robustness with Respect to Initial Positioning Strategyprey: different masses, cylindrical shape (8 cm radius, 12 cm height)

index of evolutionary run

dist

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gai

n (1

,250

obs

erva

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per

box

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7 8 9 10

−14

−12

−10

−8

−6

−4

−2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

semi−circle, 40−50 cm away from prey; period: 20 secondsfull−circle, 25−50 cm away from prey; period: 20 secondsfull−circle, 25−50 cm away from prey; period: 30 seconds

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left

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0

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right

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0

8

simulation time

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27.20% (680)

1.20% (30)

5.76% (144)

0.08% (2)

8.21

9.26

10.51

9.50

9.58

structure

0.00% (0)

7.20

0.08% (2)

7.49

0.04% (1)

6.21

1.48% (37)

8.11

4.48% (112)

0.68% (17)

4.8

3.72% (93)

4.92

0.92% (23)

1.39

0.12% (3)

0

8.56

6.76% (169)

8.72

0.12% (3)

46.88% (1172)

9.44

15

14

13

12

101

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

17

16

11

frequencyfitness gain(median)

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Observed Type of Structure

structure index

dens

ity

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Observed Distance Gain

(only structures that occured at least 10 times)structure index

dist

ance

gai

n

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2�3�57698�8���:n8%;[>Aj�8M3]57D1h98MD7F�;[>W\n8Mh�>A3�576E>AD1F[6EIJ:<5K8%;ML957698tD7>AjiBEVAIJ5K8Mh�8M3]=?>W;[@C3Ej�8M3]5c>ADc8?;?BE>W:E:n8MhNa>W576�I�D7>A3E^CVW8L�VA>W^C6]5q8Mjq>W5K57>A3E^�\n8MIF�@C3�>�3EhE>AF%IJ57>A3E^k57698lh98MD[>W;78Mh�hE>A;78MF�57>W@C3�@`t5K;HI3EDK:n@;75%xz�698S\n8MIF�@C3�>ADi:<VAIF�8Mh QJ��rF%j IRNcIRmT`�;7@Cj 57698Q:<;78%mx�z�698S398MB9;HIVc3E8%5bNc@;7Z�F�@C3]5K;7@CVAVA8%;[DDKm�3}57698MD[>Ws%8Mh >A3T576E8X8%=@CVAB957>W@C3<DqVW8%5q57698_^;7@CB9:�@`tD4ef\n@57Dq`�@;[j I&DK5K;[BEF�57BE;78X>A3T@;[h98%;�5K@

,L<

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0 45 90 135

180

225

270

315

dist

ance

gai

n (1

,250

obs

erva

tions

)

−15

−13

−11

−9

−7

−5

−3

−1

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

15

index of evolutionary run: 7

0 45 90 135

180

225

270

315

−15

−13

−11

−9

−7

−5

−3

−1

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

15

index of evolutionary run: 8

0 45 90 135

180

225

270

315

angular displacement

dist

ance

gai

n (1

,250

obs

erva

tions

)

−15

−13

−11

−9

−7

−5

−3

−1

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

15

index of evolutionary run: 9

0 45 90 135

180

225

270

315

angular displacement

−15

−13

−11

−9

−7

−5

−3

−1

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

15

index of evolutionary run: 10

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7 8 9 10−15

−10

−5

0

5

10

15

Scalability Test (group sizes: 4,8,12 and 16)prey: 500−2000 g mass, cylindrical shape (8 cm radius, 12 cm height)

index of evolutionary run

dist

ance

gai

n (2

50 o

bser

vatio

ns p

er b

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4 s−bots, 500 gram8 s−bots, 1000 gram12 s−bots, 1500 gram16 s−bots, 2000 gram

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groupsize 4

dens

ity

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0 1 2 3 4

groupsize 8

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

groupsize 12

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

groupsize 16

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

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4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

24

68

1012

Distance Gain with Respect to Structure Size (group size: 16)prey: 2,000 g mass, cylindrical shape (8 cm radius, 12 cm height)

(only those that occured at least 5 times)structure size

dist

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gai

n

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Observed Distance Gain

(only structures that occured at least 10 times)structure index

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0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315

dist

ance

gai

n

−15−13−11

−9−7−5−3−1

13579

111315

index of evolutionary run: 5

0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315

−15−13−11

−9−7−5−3−1

13579

111315

index of evolutionary run: 6

0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315

dist

ance

gai

n

−15−13−11

−9−7−5−3−1

13579

111315

index of evolutionary run: 7

0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315

−15−13−11

−9−7−5−3−1

13579

111315

index of evolutionary run: 8

0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315

angular displacement

dist

ance

gai

n

−15−13−11

−9−7−5−3−1

13579

111315

index of evolutionary run: 9

0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315

angular displacement

−15−13−11

−9−7−5−3−1

13579

111315

index of evolutionary run: 10

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5 6 7 8 9 10−15

−10

−5

0

5

10

15

Scalability Test (group sizes: 4,8,12 and 16)prey: 500−2000 g mass, different shapes and sizes

index of evolutionary run

dist

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gai

n (2

50 o

bser

vatio

ns p

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4 s−bots, 500 gram8 s−bots, 1000 gram12 s−bots, 1500 gram16 s−bots, 2000 gram

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groupsize 4

dens

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0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0 1 2 3 4

groupsize 8

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

groupsize 12

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

groupsize 16

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

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