swedish urban demography during...

http://www.diva-portal.org

This is the published version of a chapter published in Swedish Urban Demography duringIndustrialization.

Citation for the original published chapter :

Edvinsson, S. (1995)Mortality and the urban environment: Sundsvall in the 1880's.In: Brändström, Anders och Lars.Göran Tedebrand (ed.), Swedish Urban Demography duringIndustrialization (pp. 93-113). Umeå: Demografiska databasen, Umeå universitet

N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter.

Permanent link to this version:http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-45926

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i` ja oc` h\di ^c\m\ô`mdnod^n ja oc` km`di_pnomd\g hjmo\gdotk\oo`mi r\n oc` g\mb` _daa`mì^`n ]òr`ì pm]\i \i_ mpm\g

ìqdmjihìon+ @`\oc m\o`n di ojrin r`m` ^jind_`m\]gt cdbc`moc\i di oc` ^jpiomtnd_` `qì da oc` \b` ^jhkjndodji di bì`m\gr\n hjm` a\qjpm\]g` di oc` ajmh`m+ @pmdib oc` idiò`ìoc ^ì*opmt oc` _daa`mì^`n _`^m`\n`_) `nk`^d\ggt di oc` n`^ji_ c\ga jaoc` ^ìopmt) \i_ di oc` `\mgt orìodòc ^ìopmt oc` nk\od\g q\md\]g`c\_ gjno \ghjno \gg ja don ndbidad^\i^`+ Pcdn _`q`gjkhìo ^jdi^d_`_rdoc \ bì`m\g _`^m`\n` di hjmo\gdot) rcd^c \^^jm_dibgt r\n hjnokmjijpi^`_ di oc` pm]\i \m`\n+ Pjrin ^`\n`_ oj ]` oc` pin\ido\mt\i_ pic`\goct ìqdmjihìon rcd^c c\_ ]`ì \i pi\qjd_\]g`\nk`ô ja pm]\i nòog`hìo di cdnojmt pk oj oc\o _\o`+Pc`m` r`m` n`q`m\g m`\njin ajm oc` cdbc hjmo\gdot di km`di_pnomd\g

ojrin+ Ljkpg\odji _ìndot r\n cdbc`m oc\i di mpm\g \m`\n+ Pcdn a\ôdi^m`\n`_ oc` mdnf ja ^jhdib dioj ^jio\ô rdoc dia`ôdjpn _dn`\n`n)rcd^c r`m` oc` h\ejm njpm^`n ]`cdi_ oc` kjjm c`\goc ^ji_dodjin diocjn` _\tn+ Bpmoc`mhjm`) n\ido\mt ^ji_dodjin r`m` bì`m\ggt ]\_ \i_kmj]g`hn rdoc oc` r\o`m npkkgt r`m` bm`\o+ Ki` kmj]g`h r\n oj bòìjpbc r\o`m \i_ \ijoc`mr\n oj bòr\o`m ja npaad^dìogt bjj_ lp\gdot+?jhhpid^\odji ]òr`ì ojrin r\n \gnj dioìn` rcd^c h`\io oc\om\q\bdib `kd_`hd^n h\digt nomp^f oc`n` kg\^`n+ = _dn`\n` gdf` ^cjg`m\m`\k`_ hjno ja don qdôdhn \hjib pm]\i kjkpg\odjin+ Pjrin r`m`jaoì oc` m`n`mqjdmn ajm `kd_`hd^ _dn`\n`n) amjh rcì^` oc`t nkm`\_

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jpo jq`m oc` ^jpiomtnd_` \o m`bpg\m dio`mq\gn+ Pc`n` ^dm^phno\i^`n ^\i`skg\di rct `qì m\oc`m nh\gg ojrin ^jpg_ ]` nomp^f ]t oc` åpm]\ikì\got+. =gg Or`_dnc ojrin) `s^`ko k`mc\kn Ooj^fcjgh) r`m` q`mtnh\gg di dio`mi\odji\g ^jhk\mdnji _pmdib oc` .5oc \i_ .6oc ^ìopmd`n)]po _`\oc m\o`n r`m` di h\it ^\n`n \n cdbc \n di oc` hòmjkjgdn`n jioc` ^jiodiìo \i_ di Aibg\i_+ Pjrin ndop\o`_ \mjpi_ H\f` Izg\mìr`m` `nk`^d\ggt ^c\m\ô`mdu`_ ]t cdbc _`\oc m\o`n) rdoc Ooj^fcjgh \noc` hjno kmjhdiìo `s\hkg` ja \i pic`\goct \i_ pin\ido\mt ìqdmji*hìo+ Pjrin di njpoc`mi Or`_ì c\_) cjr`q`m) hp^c gjr`m hjmo\*gdot _pmdib oc` .6oc ^ìopmt) \ ^dm^phno\i^` oc\o dn nodgg ijo apggt`skg\di`_+=n di_d^\o`_ \]jq`) njhòcdib c\kkì`_ oj pm]\i hjmo\gdot di

Or`_ì _pmdib oc` g\no _`^\_`n ja oc` .6oc ^ìopmt+ = m\kd_ _`^m`\n`nò di %n`` Bdbpm` .&+ Ei h\it kg\^`n ocdn _`q`gjkhìo r\n q`mt m\kd_+Eia\io hjmo\gdot) ajm `s\hkg`) _`^gdi`_ ]t 2-" di njh` ojrin amjhoc` .54-çn oj oc` .55-çn+ Pcdn _`q`gjkhìo c\n om\_dodji\ggt ]`ì`skg\di`_ ]t oc` n\ido\mt dhkmjq`hìon \o ocdn odh`+ Bmjh oc` .53-çnjir\m_n r\o`m \i_ n`r\b` ntno`hn r`m` ^jinompô`_ di hjno ojrin+Ei .542 \ i`r \ô ji kp]gd^ c`\goc0r\n kpo dioj \ôdji) rcd^c h`\iodi^m`\n`_ m`nkjind]dgdot ajm oc` gj^\g \pocjmdod`n di oc`n` h\oo`mn+ =g\o` .6oc ^ìopmt kctnd^d\i) ?\mg Hdi_h\i) nop_d`_ ocdn _`q`gjkhìo\i_ ^g\dh`_ oc\o c` ^jpg_ n`` _`^dndq` h`\npm`n ]`dib o\fì \ghjno`q`mtrc`m` \o oc` odh` oc` _`^gdi` nò di+1=nnphdib oc\o oc` c`\goc h`\npm`n o\fì r`m` np^^`nnapg di \^cd`*

qdib oc`dm bj\gn) oc`t rjpg_ c\q` c\_ \ g\mb` dhk\ô ji oc` _dnomd]podjija gda` ^c\i^`n di \ ojri) _`kì_dib ji oc` _`ndbi ja oc` h`\npm`n+ Ea\gg k\mon ja oc` ojri \i_ \gg nj^d\g bmjpkn c\_ \^^`nn oj oc` dhkmjq`*hìon) a\dmgt nh\gg _daa`mì^`n ]òr`ì _daa`mìo \m`\n \i_ nj^d\gbmjpkn rjpg_ ]` `sk`ô`_+ >po da) ajm `s\hkg`) jigt ^`mo\di k\mon r`m`\aa`ô`_) oc` nk\od\g di`lp\gdot ncjpg_ c\q` di^m`\n`_ \n rjpg_ nj^d\gdi`lp\gdot da njh` bmjpkn r`m` i`bg`ô`_+Eo dn jaoì _daad^pgo oj d_ìodat oc` dhk\ô ja \i ìqdmjihìo\g

q\md\]g` ji hjmo\gdot+ L`jkg` amjh ^`mo\di nj^d\g bmjpkn oì_ oj gdq`di oc` n\h` lp\mo`mn) \i_ \i `no\]gdnc`_ _daa`mì^` ]òr`ì m`bdjin di\ ojri ^jpg_ di a\ô màg`ô oc` nj^d\g ^jhkjndodji ja don kjkpg\odji+Eiq`nodb\odjin ja ocdn njmo jaoì nom`nn oc`n` _daad^pgod`n+ =mhnomjib) ajm`s\hkg`) oì_n oj kpo hjm` `hkc\ndn ji oc` kg\^` ja m`nd_ì^` ajm oc`_daa`mì^`n di cdn nop_t ja Ujmf) rcdg` Sjj_n adi_n nh\gg _daa`mì^`n

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di^gp_dib ^ìom\g q\md\]g`n ji \i di_dqd_p\g g`q`g dn \q\dg\]g` \o oc`:T\^VaP_WXR :PcP 8PbT di Qh`{) ocdn nop_t omd`n oj \i\gtn` oc` àa`ôja n\ido\mt dhkmjq`hìon \o oc` jinò ja oc` hjmo\gdot _`^gdi` di hjm`_ò\dg+ Ijm` nk`^dad^\ggt oc` nk\od\g _dnomd]podji ja hjmo\gdot di Opi_n*q\gg _pmdib oc` .55-çn dn \i\gtn`_+ Kpm dio`m`no dn aj^pn`_ ji oc`lp`nodji ja rcòc`m hjmo\gdot r\n cdbc`m di njh` k\mon ja oc` ojrioc\i di joc`mn _pmdib oc` k`mdj_ rcì oc` _`^gdi` di oc` _`\oc m\o`n

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]`b\i \i_ `nk`^d\ggt da oc`n` _daa`mì^`n ^\i ]` `skg\di`_ ]t oc`n\ido\mt no\i_\m_n) \n ^jpg_ ]` `sk`ô`_ amjh rc\o jaoì dn \nnph`_+

=O\RXN[ KWN [X]ZMO[Qnp\ggt nop_d`n ja nk\od\g _dnomd]podji ja hjmo\gdot c\q` c\_ oj ]`n\odnad`_ rdoc diajmh\odji ji oc` ojo\g nph ja _`\ocn di _daa`mìo k\monja \ ojri) \i_ ocì omt oj m`g\o` oc`h oj don kjkpg\odji ndu`+ Bjm ocòjri ja Opi_nq\gg di ijmoc`mi Or`_ì) oc` kjnnd]dgdot ajm hjm`_ò\dg`_ \i\gtndn dn bm`\o`m) ndi^` oc` .6oc ^ìopmt ?cpm^c >jjfn ajmoc` ojri \m` m`bdno`m`_ ji _\o\+ Ei ocdn r\t) do dn kjnnd]g` oj ajggjrdi_dqd_p\gn ocmjpbc oc`dm gda` di oc` ^dot \i_ \gnj oj o\f` q\md\]g`n np^c\n n`s) h\mdo\g no\opn) nj^d\g no\opn \i_ nj ji dioj \^^jpio+ S` c\q`di_dqd_p\g*]\n`_ diajmh\odji+ Pc` ]`no diajmh\odji ji di_dqd_p\gn dnajpi_ di oc` ?cpm^c As\hdi\odji m`bdno`mn+ Pcdn njpm^` o`ggn pn rcì\ k`mnji ìo`m`_ oc` k\mdnc) cjr c` ìo`m`_) rcì c` gào \i_ cjr c`gào+ Qiajmopi\o`gt diajmh\odji ji kg\^` ja m`nd_ì^` dn q`mt di^jhk*gò` di oc`n` m`bdno`mn ajm Opi_nq\gg) `nk`^d\ggt _pmdib oc` g\o` .6oc^ìopmt+ Pcdn njmo ja diajmh\odji dn cjr`q`m \q\dg\]g` di oc` Ljgg P\sm`bdno`mn) rcd^c \gnj \m` m`bdno`m`_ ji _\o\ ajm ^`mo\di t`\mn ajm Opi_n*q\gg+ Ei ocdn nop_t) oc` Ljgg P\s m`bdno`mn amjh .55- c\q` ]`ì gdif`_oj \ adg` ^jio\didib diajmh\odji amjh oc` ?cpm^c `s\hdi\odji m`bdno`mnamjh .55-*6/ ajm di_dqd_p\gn ]`dib km`nìo di oc` ojri _pmdib ocdnk`mdj_) jm di oc` ^\n` ja dia\ion \ adg` ^jio\didib ocjn` ]jmi di Opi_nq\gg]òr`ì .55-*54+ 4 Pc` \i\gtndn dn ]\n`_ ji ocjn` rcj ^jpg_ ]`d_ìodad`_ di ]joc njpm^`n jm ocjn` rcjn` k\mìon ^jpg_ ]` d_ìodad`_+Eo dn \nnph`_ oc\o kg\^` ja m`nd_ì^` _d_ ijo ^c\ib` _pmdib oc`

j]n`mq`_ k`mdj_+ Pcdn dn ja ^jpmn` \ _\ib`mjpn \nnphkodji+ Pc` apmoc`m]\^f amjh .55- r` bj) oc` g\mb`m dn oc` mdnf oc\o k`jkg` hdbco c\q`^c\ib`_ oc`dm m`nd_ì^`+ >po ajm oc` odh` ]`dib) r` c\q` oj ]` n\odnad`_rdoc ocdn diajmh\odji+ Ei oc` apopm` do rdgg ]` kjnnd]g` oj gdif Ljgg P\sm`bdno`mn \gnj ajm joc`m t`\mn+Eo r\n kjnnd]g` oj _dn^jq`m oc` kg\^` ja m`nd_ì^` ajm .)0.6 jpo ja

/)33. dia\ion di jpm adg`+ Ea r` ^jhk\m` oc` dia\io hjmo\gdot m\o` ajmdia\ion rcd^c ^jpg_ ]` d_ìodad`_ di ]joc njpm^`n rdoc oc\o ajm \gg^cdg_mì ]jmi _pmdib oc` n\h` k`mdj_ r` adi_ oc\o oc` m\o` dn \ gdoog`gjr`m di oc` adg` r` \m` \i\gtndib c`m` â.11,.)--- \b\dino .14,.)---+

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Pc` _daa`mì^` dn a\dmgt nh\gg) cjr`q`m) rcd^c di_d^\o`n oc\o jpm n\hkg`_j`n ijo n``h oj ]` ]d\n`_+Pcdn nop_t aj^pn`n ji oc` .55-çn+ >t oc\o odh` h\it ja oc` n\ido\mt

dhkmjq`hìon r`m` dhkg`hìo`_ \i_ oc` _`\oc m\o`n c\_ _mjkk`_amjh oc` cdbc g`q`g ja oc` .54-çn+ Eo dn \ _`^\_` _pmdib rcd^c oc` àa`ônja oc` rjmf ja oc` D`\goc >j\m_n ^jpg_ ]` `sk`ô`_ oj c\q` ncjri \og`\no njh` m`npgon+Pc` ojri c\n ]`ì _dqd_`_ dioj orj k\mon) _`kì_dib ji da oc`t

r`m` ^jii`ô`_ oj oc` kdk`_ r\o`m ntno`h jm ijo+ Koc`m q\md\]g`ndi^gp_`_ \m` nj^d\g no\opn _dqd_`_ dioj ocm`` bmjpkn) n`s \i_ ajm dia\ion]dmoc jm_`m) g`bdodh\^t \i_ \b` ja hjoc`m %n`` =kkì_ds) P\]g` .&+Eiajmh\odji ji nj^d\g no\opn \i_ kg\^` ja m`nd_ì^` dn bì`m\o`_ amjhoc` a\oc`m jm hjoc`m rcì diajmh\odji dn g\^fdib+ =k\mo amjh jm_d*i\mt _`hjbm\kcd^ h`\npm`n) gda` `qìo \i\gtn`n c\q` ]`ì k`majmh`_\^^jm_dib oj ?jsçm`bm`nndji hj_`g ajm gda` o\]g`n \nnphdib kmjkjmodj*i\g c\u\m_n+ Bjm oc` \i\gtndn \ kmjbm\hâHEBAâ_`q`gjk`_ ]t C}m\i>mjnom}h \o oc` _`k\mohìo ja I\oc`h\od^\g Oo\odnod^n di Qh`{ c\n]`ì pn`_+ 5

B]WN[^KUUOpi_nq\gg r\n di oc` `\mgt .6oc ^ìopmt \ nh\gg ojri ja \]jpo .)2--dic\]do\ion+ Pc` ojri bm`r m\oc`m ngjrgt pk piodg oc` hd__g` ja oc`^ìopmt) rcì m\kd_ ^c\ib`n j^^pmm`_ %n``Bdbpm` .&+ Opi_nq\gg ]`^\hòc` ^ìom` ja \i `sk\i_dib n\rhdgg \m`\+ Ank`^d\ggt oc` .53-çn \i_ 4-çnr`m` \ k`mdj_ ja kjndodq` `^jijhd^ _`q`gjkhìo+ Pc` ]jjh c\_ g\mb`^jin`lpì^`n ji oc` _`q`gjkhìo ja oc` kjkpg\odji+ Sdocdi jigt \a`r _`^\_`n oc` kjkpg\odji lp\_mpkg`_+ Idbm\odji oj oc` ojri \i_ donnpmmjpi_dib _dnomdô r\n dioìn`) oc`m`]t ^c\ibdib don kjkpg\odjinompôpm`+ =k\mo amjh q`mt r`\goct bmjpkn) c\qdib h\_` oc`dm ajmopi`di oc` n\rhdgg di_pnomt) oc`m` r`m` g\mb` bmjpkn ja kjjm \i_ kmjgò\*mdn`_ k`jkg` n``fdib jkkjmopidod`n oj h\f` \ gdqdib di Opi_nq\gg+ Ei oc`.56-çn \kkmjsdh\o`gt .2"ja oc` kjkpg\odji c\_ oj m`gt ji kjjm m`gdà+Ei`lp\gdot di `^jijhd^ o`mhn r\n bm`\o+Pc` diagjr ja k`jkg` ^m`\o`_ h\it kmj]g`hn ajm ocdn nh\gg nj^dòt+

Eo ]`^\h` _daad^pgo oj cjpn` \gg oc`n` i`r dic\]do\ion \i_ jq`m^mjr_dibdi^m`\n`_+ Ki oc` jponfdmon ja oc` ojri) ]pdg_dibn ji pim`bpg\o`_

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bmjpi_ r`m` nò pk) h\digt cjpndib oc` rjmfdib ^g\nn kjkpg\odji+Opi_nq\gg ]`^\h` \ n`bm`b\o`_ ojri) \ a\ô oc\o ]`^\h` `qì hjm`\^^ìop\o`_ \ao`m oc` adm` di .555+6=n di hjno joc`m .6oc ^ìopmt Or`_dnc ojrin) oc` \pocjmdod`n _d_

ijo k\t hp^c \ooìodji oj c`\goc kmj]g`hn piodg oc` .54-çn+ Pc`dm\ôdqdod`n di ocdn ad`g_ r`m` h\digt m`nomdô`_ oj odh`n ja `kd_`hd^n %ajm`s\hkg` oc` ^cjg`m\ `kd_`hd^n di oc` .52-çn \i_ di .533&+ Bjggjrdiboc` i`r g\r ji kp]gd^ c`\goc) \ D`\goc >j\m_ r\n nò pk di .542+ =ooc\o odh`) h\it no`kn ajm dhkmjqdib c`\goc ^ji_dodjin r`m` o\fì)`qì da ijo \gg r`m` àad^dìogt h\i\b`_ amjh oc` jpo no\mo+ Pc`^`nnkjjgn _dn\kk`\m`_ rdocdi \ _`^\_` \i_ r`m` m`kg\^`_ ]t \ ]\mm`gntno`h ajm oc` m`hjq\g ja `s^mòdji+ = D`\goc Eink`ôjmr\n `hkgjt`_rcjn` _pot do r\n oj dink`ô kmdqd`n) ^jrnc`_n) oc` n`ggdib ja ajj_ \i_nj ji+ Ei .546 oc` ojri r\n kmjqd_`_ rdoc kdk`_ r\o`m \i_ \ n`r\b`ntno`h rdoc am`` \^^`nn oj r\o`m ajm \gg cjpn`cjg_n ^jii`ô`_ oj oc`ntno`h+ Pc` kmj]g`h ja jq`m^mjr_dib r\n) cjr`q`m) _daad\dgo oj _`\grdoc+ Pc`m` r`m` ijo ìjpbc \k\mohìon oj cjpn` \gg i`r^jh`mn)`nk`^d\ggt _pmdib oc` t`\mn rcì oc` di_pnomd`n di oc` \m`\ `sk\i_`_oc` hjno+ Qi_`m oc`n` ^dm^phno\i^`n do r\n ijo a`\nd]g` oj ajm]d_g\i_gjm_ oj o\f` di gj_b`mn di pin\ido\mt gdqdib lp\mo`mn+Pc`n` dhkmjq`hìon r`m`) cjr`q`m) pi`qìgt nkm`\_ ocmjpbcjpo

oc` ojri+ Pc`t r`m` ^ji^ìom\o`_ oj oc` dii`m k\mon) rcdg` oc` i`r\m`\n ji pim`bpg\o`_ bmjpi_ r`m` gào \nd_`+ Pc`n` \m`\n r`m` ijo^jind_`m`_ \n oc` m`\g ojri) \i_ oc` \pocjmdod`n di a\ô jkkjn`_kmjkjn\gn ajm dhkmjqdib oc`h+ Bjm ocdn m`\nji) jigt oc` jg_ lp\mo`mnr`m` ^jii`ô`_ oj oc` kdk`_ r\o`m ntno`h) rcd^c h`\io oc\o \]jpoc\ga oc` kjkpg\odji c\_ oj m`gt ji r\o`m amjh r`ggn+ =n oc` pim`bpg\o`_\m`\ r\n h\digt kjkpg\o`_ ]t rjmfdib ^g\nn cjpn`cjg_n) ocdn h`\iooc\o oc` n\ido\mt ^ji_dodjin oj \ g\mb` `soìo ]`^\h` nj^d\ggt _ò`mhd*i`_+ Op^c \ _`q`gjkhìo dn q`mt _daa`mìo amjh rc\o r\n npbb`no`_ dioc` _`]\o` ji kp]gd^ c`\goc \i_ ctbdì` \o \ i\odji\g g`q`g+ Ki` ja oc`h\di \mbphìon kpo ajmr\m_ ajm kp]gd^ c`\goc r\n oc` nj^d\g) h`_d^\g\i_ kjgdod^\g i`^`nndot oj dhkmjq` n\ido\mt ^ji_dodjin ajm oc` pm]\ikjjm+ Ei Opi_nq\gg ocdn bmjpk ^`mo\digt r\n i`bg`ô`_ rcì do ^\h` ojn\ido\mt dhkmjq`hìon+ I\it ^jhkg\dion r`m` h\_` \]jpo ocdn ndop*\odji \i_ kmjkjn\gn ajm npkkgtdib joc`m k\mon ja oc` ojri rdoc r\o`mr`m` kgìot) ]po r`m` opmi`_ _jri ]t oc` gj^\g \pocjmdod`n+

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5S[M][[SXWPc` m`npgon ja ocdn nop_t _j ijo ado di rdoc rc\o r` c\_ `sk`ô`_+Ijmo\gdot r\n ijo `nk`^d\ggt cdbc`m di oc` k\mon ja oc` ojrin oc\opi_jp]o`_gt r`m` i`bg`ô`_ ]t oc` \pocjmdod`n+ Pc` n\ido\mt dhkmjq`*hìon _j ijo n``h oj c\q` a\qjpm`_ oc` kjkpg\odji di oc` ^ìom` jaoc` ojri oj \it bm`\o `soìo+ =i_ ocjn` _dn`\n`n oc\o ^jpg_ ]` `sk`ô`_oj c\q` ]`ì hjno nìndodq` oj \^^`nn oj r\o`m \i_ ajj_ ^jiomjg nomp^fdia\ion amjh _daa`mìo k\mon ja oc` ojri \gdf`+ O`q`m\g kjdion ^\i ]`h\_` amjh ocdn+Lmdh\mdgt r` ^\i j]n`mq` oc` _daa`mìo k\oo`mi ]òr`ì \b` bmjpkn+

?cdg_mì r`m` q`mt hp^c diagpì^`_ ]t oc` nj^d\g no\opn ja oc` a\hdgt)rcdg` ocdn r\n ijo oc` ^\n` ajm dia\ion+ Pcdn di_d^\o`n oc\o _daa`mìoq\md\]g`n c\_ _daa`mìo àa`ô ji oc` orj \b` bmjpkn+ ?cdg_mì n``h) \og`\no di ocdn ^\n`) oj c\q` ]`ì hjm` nìndodq` oj nj^d\g ^ji_dodjin+Ei ocdn ^jii`ôdji do dn dhkjmo\io oj kjdio jpo oc` mjg` ]m`\noa``_dib

km\ôdn`n ^\i c\q` ji oc` dia\io hjmo\gdot k\oo`mi+.1 Eo r\n oc` ndibg`hjno dhkjmo\io q\md\]g` _ò`mhdidib oc` ^c\i^`n ja npmqdq\g ajm ocì`r]jmi+ Ea ]m`\noa``_dib r\n pi^jhhji) ocdn ^jpg_ jq`mmd_` \it_daa`mì^`n oc\o ^jpg_ ]` ^\pn`_ ]t nj^d\g ^ji_dodjin+ Opi_nq\gg gd`n di\ ^jpiot rcd^c di oc` idiò`ìoc ^ìopmt r\n fijri ajm oc` \modad^d\g

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NtM@I @?QDINNJI

a``_dib ja ]\]d`n+.2 Pc`m` \m` ndbin oc\o ocdn r\n oc` ^\n` \gnj di ocòjri ja Opi_nq\gg don`ga) ]po oc` `qd_ì^` dn ijo ^jhkgò`+ Eo ^jpg_)cjr`q`m) kmjqd_` \i `skg\i\odji ajm oc` nh\gg _daa`mì^`n di ]joc oc`nj^d\g \i_ nk\od\g q\md\]g`n+Pcdn ^jpg_ \gnj `skg\di rct b\nomjdio`nodi\g _dn`\n`n r`m` ijo ja

\it dhkjmo\i^` di oc` didod\g kc\n` ja oc` _`^gdi` di hjmo\gdot diOpi_nq\gg+ Ei a\ô) _`\ocn amjh b\nomjdio`nodi\g _dn`\n`n di^m`\n`_ \ao`mdidod\odq`n r`m` o\fì oj dhkmjq` oc` n\ido\mt ^ji_dodjin di oc` ojri+Pcdn bmjpk ja _dn`\n`nr\n \gnj h\digt m`nomdô`_ oj dia\ion+ Ki` ncjpg_oc`màjm` ]` ^\podjpn di `nodh\odib oc` np^^`nn ja n\ido\mt dhkmjq`*hìon ]t oc` _`q`gjkhìo ja ocdn bmjpk ja _dn`\n`n+ Eia`ôdjin di oc`_db`nodq` ntno`h ^jpg_ \gnj ]` nìndodq` oj joc`m diagpì^`n+Bpmoc`mhjm`) do dn _jp]oapg da oc` h`\npm`n o\fì m`\ggt np^^``_`_

di dhkmjqdib oc` n\ido\mt ^ji_dodjin+ =^^`nn oj kdk`_ r\o`m r\nk`mc\kn ijo \gr\tn a\qjpm\]g`+ Eo r\n npm`gt \i \_q\io\b` di oc\o \^^`nnoj r\o`m r\n `\nd`m \i_ kmj]\]gt hjm` kgìodapg) oc`m`]t a\^dgdo\odiboc` kjnnd]dgdod`n oj f``k oc` cjh`n ^g`\i \i_ ctbdìd^+ >po oc` lp\gdotja oc` r\o`m r\n ijo n\odna\ôjmt di oc` ]`bdiidib+ @pmdib oc` rcjg`.55-çn oc`m` r`m` ^jhkg\dion \]jpo oc` ]\_ r\o`m+ =i \i\gtndn h\_`di .554 kmjq`_ oc\o oc` r\o`m r\n ijo npdo\]g` ajm _mdifdib+ Ei bì`m\goc` r\o`m r\n ojj r\mh) \i_ do ^jio\di`_ ojj hp^c jmb\id^ h\o`md\g+Pc` ojri c\_ oj ^jinompô i`r \i_ g\mb`m adgo`mn ji n`q`m\g j^^\ndjin\i_ oc` \_q\io\b`n ja c\qdib ]òo`m \^^`nn oj r\o`m rjpg_ c\q` ^jh`hp^c g\o`m) k`mc\kn di oc` .56-çnrcì oc` r\o`m ^jhk\it ]pdgo \ i`r\i_ ]òo`m adgo`m+ =o oc\o odh` \ apmoc`m _`^gdi` di dia\io hjmo\gdot nòdi) ]po ijr `nk`^d\ggt amjh dia\io _d\mmcj`\+ >po `qì da oc`m` r`m`kmj]g`hn rdoc oc` r\o`m lp\gdot di oc` kdk`n _pmdib oc` .55-çn) oc`r\o`m amjh kmdq\o` r`ggn r\n ^jind_`m`_ oj ]` `qì rjmn`+ Bpmoc`mhj*m`) oc` \_q\io\b`n ja gdqdib di oc` ojri ^ìom` ^jpg_ c\q` ]`ì jaanò]t joc`m ^dm^phno\i^`n) ajm `s\hkg` kmj]g`hn rdoc _m\di\b` di oc`gjrgtdib k\mon ja oc` ojri+Scdg` oc`m` r`m` nh\gg _daa`mì^`n ]òr`ì nj^d\g bmjpkn \i_

]òr`ì kg\^`n ja m`nd_ì^` di dia\io hjmo\gdot _pmdib ocdn k`mdj_)^cdg_ hjmo\gdot \kk`\mn oj c\q` ]`ì hjm` nìndodq` oj _daa`mìodiagpì^`n+ Eo r\n) cjr`q`m) ijo kmdh\mdgt \aa`ô`_ ]t oc` nk\od\gk\oo`mi `qì da r` adi_ njh` _daa`mmì^`n _p` oj kg\^` ja m`nd_ì^`+Eino`\_ oc` nj^d\g q\md\]g` n``hn oj ]` nomjib`m+ Eo _d_ ijo h\oo`m rc`m`di oc` ojri tjp gdq`_+ Bjm ^cdg_mì oc` ^mp^d\g q\md\]g` r\n rc\o ^g\nn

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tjp ]`gjib`_ oj+ Pc` hjmo\gdot k\oo`mi di Opi_nq\gg _pmdib oc` .55-çnr\n ^c\m\ô`mdn`_ ]t _daa`mì^`n _p` oj nj^d\g \i_ `^jijhd^ ^dm*^phno\i^`n) \o g`\no ajm ^cdg_mì+ S` ^jpg_) cjr`q`m) npnk`ô oc\o oc`nk\od\g q\md\]g` ]`^\h` hjm` dhkjmo\io _pmdib oc` ajggjrdib _`^\_`+Opi_nq\gg c\_ \ g\mb` adm` di .555) rcd^c _`nomjt`_ \ghjno oc` rcjg`ja oc` jg_ ojri+ Pc` i`r m`bpg\odjin nodkpg\o`_ oc\o oc` ^ìom` ja ocòjri ncjpg_ ]` m`]pdgo rdoc noji` cjpn`n jigt+ Pcdn h\_` oc` ojri`qì hjm` n`bm`b\o`_) \i_ do ^jpg_ ]` `sk`ô`_ oc\o ocdn \gnj c\_ \iàa`ô ji _daa`mìod\g hjmo\gdot rdocdi oc` ojri+ =^^`nn oj a\^dgdod`n \i_m`njpm^`n oc\o c\_ \i dhk\ô ji c`\goc hdbco c\q` ]`ì hjm` m`g\o`_oj ^g\nn \o oc\o odh`+ Ei oc` `\mgt .56-çn hjmo\gdot _`^m`\n`_ m\kd_gt+ Eogjjfn \n ocjpbc oc` m`\g ]m`\focmjpbc ja oc` dhkmjq`hìon di oc`n\ido\mt ^ji_dodjin _d_ ijo ^jh` piodg oc\o odh`+ Ijmo\gdot amjhb\nomjdio`nodi\g _dn`\n`n \n r`gg \n hjmo\gdot amjh joc`m dia`ôdjpn_dn`\n`n _`^gdi`_+ Pc` pkk`m ^g\nn`n b\di`_ hjno amjh ocdn _`q`gjk*hìo) \o g`\no di m`b\m_ oj dia\io hjmo\gdot rc`m` nj^d\g di`lp\gdotdi^m`\n`_ oc` _daa`mì^`n+

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