Daniella Galea

Kate Lovell

Luisa Marconi

Andrew Mole

DRUG CRIME

By Andrew Mole

DRUG CRIME

Drug related crime in Australia is closely related to many other acts of crime and criminal activities. The culture of drug use and its relationship to crime has changed dramatically over the last two centuries, and continues to do so.“Cannabis plants were sent to Australia by Sir Joseph Banks on the First Fleet, in hope that the new colony might grow enoughhemp to supply the British Navy with rope.” (Bolt 2010. Drugs and the law). “Cannabis importation and use was prohibited by federal legislation in 1926 (implementing the 1925 Geneva Convention on Opium and Other Drugs)” (Bolt 2010. Drugs and the law).In 1953 Australia was the worlds’ largest user, per capita, of heroin. Heroins’ prohibition came about as a result of international pressure to conform to laws already in place in other countries. The Australian Medical Association displayed strong opposition, as there had been no major social issue with the drug, before this time.“The notion of making drug use illegal did not really emerge in western societies until the late nineteenth century.” (Bolt, online addition 2011. Drugs and the law) www.legalanswers.sl.nsw.gov.au

Image source – www.drugs.health.gov.au

THE ACT OF CRIME

Drug crimes are committed by a vast range of criminals, be it as individuals or an organised crime group, also known as a drug ring or syndicate. There are many variations of drug crimes, the most serious offences relate to the production and supply of illicit substances.“The illicit drug market is the primary criminal market that organised crime groups operate in. Other illicit markets include fraud and financial crime, firearms markets and intellectual property crime. Although drugs are likely to remain the primary market that organised criminal groups operate in, the future of organised crime may involve new sectors and activities.”(Annual report Ch.2 Criminal Intelligence, page 42 – Serious and Organised Crime 2011-2012)www.crimecommision.gov.au

The Australian Institute of Criminology states, “In its most recent annual report the AIC presented findings that two in every three offenders (66%) detained by the police tested positive to at least one drug, not including alcohol” (Gaffney et al. 2010).

Source: AIC DUMA Q3/4 2009 [computer file] (Gaffney et al.2010) www.aic.gov.au

INFAMOUS CRIMINALS

Terry ClarkTerry Clark became the head of the “Mr Asia” heroin syndicate (spanning across New Zealand, Australia, Singapore, Thailand, England and America) in Australia in the late 1970’s after killing Martin Johnstone, his “partner in crime”. Clark was renowned for murdering to solve business disputes. The title of “Mr Asia” came from a New Zealand journalist who knew of Johnstones’ involvement in drug crimes but could not release his name. Johnstone had made a fortune selling buddah sticks (Cannabis) in New Zealand and wanted to capitalise on the heroin trade in Australia. The two men, Johnstone and Clark moved to Australia in the mid-seventies and soon flooded Australias’ streets with high quality China White heroin, importing hundreds of kilograms of heroin into the country.Clark was arrested in England for the murder of Johnstone and died of a suspected heart attack in prison in 1983. (adapted from an article from The Daily Telegraph 22/5/10, and Richard Hall - The Mr Asia Connection: The True Story of Underbelly’s Terry Clark, The Five Mile Press 2010)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/archive/d/d3/20130108213207!Terrance_John_Clark.jpgRobert Trimbole

Robert Trimbole masterminded large amounts of cannabis grown on several properties around the Griffith area throughout the 1970’s. He kept face in the community having a panel beating shop and his empire grew rapidly, building a portfolio of many different types of businesses, funded by the proceeds of the supply of cannabis. He was known to have police on his payroll to inform him of possible raids on his properties and eventually became involved in the heroin trade after meeting Terry Clark, through a business partner, who knew that Trimbole had the connections to help them evade police harassment. He laundered a lot of his money through gambling and was also known to be involved in race fixing. It was alleged that Trimbole had put a hit out on a man named Donald Mackay, after Mackay informed the Sydney drug squad of one of Trimboles’ crops, which was then raided seized and four people were arrested. Trimbole eventually fled overseas and escaped extradition from Ireland in 1984. He died in Spain in 1987, aged 56.

The Fixer: The Rise and Fall of Australian Drug Lord Robert Trimbole. BY Patrick Bellamy.Robert Trimbole, image sourced from - (www.trutv.com - <Crime Library>)

HISTORICAL CRIMES

Sallie-Anne Huckstep – www.smh.com.au

The murder of Sallie-Anne Huckstep was one of the most controversial murders in Sydneys’ history. Huckstep was a prostitute and a heroin addict, who had been dating a heroin dealer Warren Lanfranchi. Huckstep claimed that Lanfranchi had been murdered in 1981 by an alleged corrupt detective, Roger Rogerson. Huckstep made several media allegations about a relationship between Rogerson and notorious criminal Arthur (Neddy) Smith, and claimed that Rogerson had murdered her boyfriend, Lanfranchi.These allegations and the allegations from another detective, Michael Drury, that Rogerson had tried to bribe him to change evidence (about to be used in a trial), sparked a major investigation into police corruption.Sallie-Anne was murdered in Centennial Park in 1986 and Smith was charged with her murder but then later acquitted. Smith was a convicted rapist and armed robber who then got into heroin dealing, after becoming a stand over man for Murry Riley, a former Australian representative in rowing, who had started a heroin supply syndicate.There are many unanswered questions and a great deal of speculation surrounding the murder and corruption issues. One thing is for certain though, heroin played a very big role in society and crime in Sydney throughout the 1970’s and 1980’s. (Fairfax press releases)

THE LEGAL SYSTEM

The original laws against drugs were mainly import duties on Opium, the first being in 1857, then later, regulation and control of medicinal substances (under various state Poisons Acts). Over time this changed to incorporate separate laws in regards to trafficking, supply, possession and consumption. In 1985 a focus was put on Harm reduction in federal and state parliaments although ‘supply reduction’ was still the main issue for resource allocation, in regards to drug related crime.

“The Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act 1985The NSW Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act 1985 classifies a wide range of drugs as 'prohibited drugs' (and 'prohibited plants' in the case of cannabis, opium and coca). The Act creates offences for:• use of prohibited drugs• possession of prohibited drugs• supply and trafficking of prohibited drugs (with the seriousness of the offence depending

on the quantities involved)• cultivation and possession of prohibited plants• manufacture of prohibited drugs• aiding and abetting and taking part in offences involving prohibited drugs or plants• possession of drug-use implements.

Specific offences are covered in more detail the section, Possession, use and supply.The drugs covered by the Act are listed in a schedule. They include the common street drugs - cannabis (marijuana), heroin, ecstasy, amphetamines, LSD, cocaine, methadone - and many others.”

(Drugs and the law by Steve Bolt, online edition 2011.)www.afp.gov.au provides a media release (through media centre) about Australias’ largest ever ‘ice’ seizure. It includes the media released article as well as eight photos and a two minute video of some of the scenes from the seizure.

The policing of drug laws is maintained by state and federal police as well as customs and border control and is subject, to which jurisdiction “the act of the crime” comes under. In most cases drug trafficking is a major operation that involves very sophisticated criminal organisations.

Image source – www.afp.gov.au

GANG RELATED CRIME

By Daniella Galea

Gang crimes means the attempt to commit, conspiring to commit, or solicitation or two or more criminal acts, provided the criminal acts were committed on separate dates or by two or more persons who are members of, or belong to,

the same criminal street gang”

These can consist of assault with a deadly weapon or by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury; robbery; Unlawful homicide or manslaughter; Sale, possession for sale, transportation, manufacture, offer for sale, or offer to

manufacture controlled substances; Shooting at an inhabited dwelling or occupied motor vehicle; Discharging or permitting the discharge of a firearm from a motor vehicle; Arson; Intimidation of witnesses and victims; Grand

theft; Grand theft of any firearm, vehicle, trailer, or vessel; Burglary; Rape; Looting; Money laundering; Kidnapping; Mayhem; Aggravated mayhem; Torture; Felony extortion; Felony vandalism; Carjacking; Sale, delivery, or transfer of

a firearm; Possession of a pistol, revolver, or other firearm; Threats to commit crimes resulting in death or great bodily injury; Theft or unlawful taking or driving of a vehicle; Counterfeiting, designing, using, or attempting to use

an access card; Felony fraudulent use of an access card or account information; Unlawful use of personal identifying information to obtain credit, goods, services, or medical information; Wrongfully obtaining Department of Motor

Vehicles documentation; Prohibited possession of a firearm; Carrying a concealed firearm; Carrying a loaded firearms.

(http://gangs23456.tripod.com/id3.html)

GANG RELATED CRIME

Alphonse GangitanoAlphonse Gangitano was one of the biggest members of

the Melbourne Underground Crime. As a child he dreamed of being a gangster, his first arrest was in

1970’s in which he then joined the ‘Carlton Crew’. He was named ‘The Black Prince of Lygon Street’. As the

group expanded they then go involved within gambling and methamphetamine labs. He worked very

closely with Mick Gatto and Jason Moran. Alphonse had a love for violence and committed his first killing for cold hard cash. He had two children who he loved dearly. His life came to an end when he was murdered

in 1998 in his own laundry.

Brian Leslie O’CallaghanBrain O’Callaghan was described as Melbourne’s heaviest underworld figures during the 1970’s. He

was a well known robber whom was highly regarded among gang criminals. He escaped from Long Bay prison in 1979 when his mate Raymond

Bennett was murdered. He worked with the Kangaroo Gang getting jewellery. Bookie robbery was his greatest talent but his heroin addiction

drove him broke. He died at age 62.

(Capo, Herald Sun, October 12th 2010)

INFAMOUS CRIMINALS

HISTORICAL CRIMES

. Melbourne Gangland WarsMelbourne Ganglands wars was made aware from early 1990’s right up until April 2010. Many different men were involved as well

as their wife's. It was brought to everyone's attention within 1998 when Alphonse Gangitano was murdered. Different guys from different areas of Melbourne were in different gangs. Main gang was ‘The Carlton Crew’ which was ran by Mick Gattothey were highly involved with amphetamines and “speed” market as well as gambling. This then lead to deaths and shootings trying to out do one another and be the best in the market. Police were always trying to get on top of it and trying to bringdown all the big ones! Some got caught up in the moment then some won their cases and sent them to jail!!

Below is a link to a timeline of Melbourne’s Underworldhttp://www.3aw.com.au/blogs/3aw-generic-blog/timeline-of-melbournes-underworld/20100419-sou8.html

. Milperra MassacreMil[erra Massacre was a firearm battle between a rival motorcycle gang members on Father’s Day September 2nd 1984. It began

because a group of Comancheros broke away and formed their own group, being the first Bandidos Motorcycle Club chapter in Australia. Seven people were killed that day, six motorcycle gang members and one 14 year old female bystander, 28 people were injured with 20 of them needing medical help. It started about one 1pm when both the motorcycle clubs went to a motorcycle swap meet in the Viking Tavern heavily armed, cars full with heavy machinery. Each clubs were positioned on ether side of the car parks when William George Ross also known as “Jock” waived his machete in the air signaling fight and both clubs charged at each other. Over 200 police turned up at the scene during the massacre but they members of the gang continued to fight. A total of 43 people were charged with seven counts of murder.

LEGAL SYSTEM

Legal system has only recently within the last few years come down harder more than ever on gang crimes around Australia, a lot more murders and crimes such as drug trafficking has some up to the surface. The technology today allows it easier for the

police to catch people and keep a close watch on them. Each state in Australia has different laws for example NSW just bannedMotorcycle Club in wearing their club patch out in public as well as riding around in groups as they cause to much public

disturbance. Victoria on the other hand stated that their laws are already tough enough for dealing with organised crime so they wont be introducing a new law.

Victoria introduced certain powers making sure that the Victorian Police had the power to investigate organised crime.

They implemented:The Crimes (Controlled Operations) Act 2004, which enables police to engage in activities which may otherwise be illegal, while

undertaking ‘undercover’ duties;The Surveillance Devices (Amendment) Act 2004, which provides police with powers in relation to the installation, use,

maintenance and retrieval of surveillance devices for the purposes of investigating serious and organised crime;Tthe Crimes (Assumed Identities) Act 2004, which allows for the lawful acquisition and use of assumed identities to facilitate

investigations and intelligence gathering; and

The Evidence (Witness Identity Protection) Act 2004, which provides for the protection of the identity of covert operatives who may be required to give evidence.

(Bartel, 2010, p.7)

LEGAL SYSTEM CONT…

Jurisdiction Legislation South Australia-

Statutes Amendment (Anti-Fortification) Act 2003Statutes Amendment (Liquor, Gambling and Security Industries) Act 2005Statutes Amendment (Power to Bar) Act 2008 Serious and Organised Crime (Control) Act 2008

New South Wales-

Crimes Legislation Amendment (Gangs) Act 2006 Crimes (Criminal Organisations Control) Act 2009

Western Australia - Corruption and Crime Commission Act 2003

Queensland-

Criminal Proceeds Confiscation Act 2002 Police Powers and Responsibilities Act 2000

Victoria-

Crimes (Assumed Identities) Act 2004 Crimes (Controlled Operations) Act 2004 Evidence (Witness Identity Protection) Act 2004Major Crimes (Investigative Powers) Act 2004 Surveillance Devices (Amendment) Act 2004

Tasmania-

Police Offences Amendment Act 2007

Northern Territory-

Justice Legislation (Group Criminal Activities) Act 2006 Serious Crime Control Act 2009

Australian Capital Territory-Crimes (Controlled Operations) Act 2008 Crimes (Assumed Identities) Act 2009

(Bartels, L, 2010,p1, table 1)

VIOLENT CRIME

By Kate Lovell

VIOLENT CRIME

Violent crime is any crime that includes the use of un-consensual violent act/s against a person/victim. This includes the offences of homicide, assault, sexual assault and robbery. Violent crimes are not just

limited to an act of violence, threatening to use violence is also an offence.

Violence is in our television shows, news, movies and video games almost on a daily basis, young children are exposed to it and its effects everyday. Seeing violent activities everyday makes us believe that violent crimes are happening constantly. However of every 100 crimes recorded by the police in Australia, less than 10% were violent, whilst public opinion believed that 80% were violent crimes.

(Hayes & Prenzler, 2012)

However some violent crimes are not reported especially sexual assaults and rapes. This unknown number is called the dark figure of crime, which we may never fully know. (Hayes & Prenzler, 2012)

Violence however is not necessarily a crime, depending on context. Context and reason are also considered in a court to determine if an act of violence is a crime.

A wife who has been beaten by her husband fights back whilst this is a violent act it is considered self-defense and not a criminal action.

INFAMOUS CRIMINALS

Ivan Milat- the backpacker murders

The backpacker murderer, Ivan Milat, possibly the most famous serial killer in Australia killed at least several

people in the New South Wales outback. All of Milat’svictims were backpackers or tourists aged between 19-22. He was arrested on May 22 in 1994 after a pair of trial runners discovered the corpses of Caroline Clark

and Joanne Walters, eventually more victims followed. All of his victims had bee stabbed and dumped in

Belanglo State Forest. He is currently serving seven consecutive life sentences plus 18 years.

(Murderpedia.com, N.D.)

Martin Bryant- port author massacre

Born in Tasmania, Martin Bryant had a low I.Q. and worked as a handyman. However on April 28, 1996 he walked into a café at Port Arthur and shot and killed 35

people, the next day he was under arrest. He received 35 life sentences and is residing at Tasmania’s Risdon Prison. Unfortunately it is not fully known why he embarked on this massacre, many books have been written trying to comprehend this tragedy. There are also a number of

conspiracy theories surrounding that fateful day in April.(Bryant Martin, 2013)

HISTORICAL CRIMESNed Kelly

Australia’s most famous thief, Ned Kelly born in 1855 in Victoria became the leader of the Kelly gang. He was in and out of police custody for theft related crimes until Ned shot 3 police dead. The wanted men went on to take over sheep stations, hotels and banks taking their gold and money. Ned was armed with his infamous headpiece, breast piece, back piece and apron which weighed 41kg altogether.

In 1880 Ned and his gang were involved in a shootout with the police. Most of the gang was shot and killed. Ned was captured and in October of the same year he was sentenced to death.

Kelly was hanged on 11th November 1880. His last words were speculated to be ‘Such is life’.(Barry, J.,1975)

Myall Creek Massacre

In the early days of British settlement in Australia there were countless massacres of the aboriginal people, the massacre at Myall Creek on Sunday 10th June 1838 was special however. Eleven stockmen came across a group of 28 aborigines camping by the creek.

The stockmen brutally slaughtered everyone camping there, including women and children. The stockman were arrested, the first time in Australia’s history were Caucasian men were arrested, charged and hanged for the murder of aboriginals. People were horrified by the massacre with bodied being dismembered and burnt. On the 18th December 1838 several men were hung for the part in the massacre. (Myall Creek Massacre, N.D.)

To find law regarding violent acts for the Commonwealth of Australia it is best to consult the Criminal Law Consolidation Act of 1935. Each state has their own separate codes and laws that may differ in definition or punishment. Part 3 – offences against the person etc. of the Criminal Law Consolidation Act of 1935 revolves around violent acts.

MURDER Part 3 Division 1 (Commonwealth of Australia, 1935)

Sect 11- Murder:Any person who commits murder shall be guilty of an offence and shall be imprisoned for life

Murder is an extreme offence that those convicted receive life imprisonment. Section 12A goes on to explain that any intentional act of violence that causes the death of another is also guilty of murder.

MANSLAUGHTER Part 3 Division 1 (Commonwealth of Australia, 1935)

Section 13-1) Any person who is convicted of manslaughter shall be liable to be imprisoned for life or to pay such fine as the court awards or to both such imprisonment and fine.

Section 13 goes on to address death by motor vehicle, that the convicted person must be disqualified from holding or obtaining a driver’s license for a minimum of 10 years. Section 13a delves into issues of suicide and assisted suicide.

RAPE/SEXUAL ASSUALT Part 3 Division 11 (Commonwealth of Australia, 1935)

Section 481) A person (the "offender") is guilty of the offence of rape if he or she engages, or continues to engage, in sexual intercourse with another person who—a) does not consent to engaging in the sexual intercourse; orb) has withdrawn consent to the sexual intercourse,and the offender knows, or is recklessly indifferent to, the fact that the other person does not so consent or has so withdrawn consent (as the case may be).

Maximum penalty for someone convicted of rape is life imprisonment, per accusation of rape. Division 11 also includes sexual manipulation, unlawful sexual intercourse, indecent assault and many more sexual offences.

To view more in-depth copy of each Division a full copy can be viewed at

http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/clca1935262/

THE LEGAL SYSTEM

SERIAL KILLERS

By Luisa Marconi

There are a broad range of possible definitions for the terms ”Serial Murder” or “Serial Killer” therefore Australian academics and crime specialists tend to use the classification used by the FBI;

“Serial murders are those that involve three or more separate events (Douglas et al. 1992), and most importantly, are repetitive sequential homicides of any nature”.

The Australian Institute of Criminology has what they call the National Homicide Monitoring Program (NHMP). The NHMP researches and collects data on all known homicides and reports on the details of the crime and the characteristics of the

offender(s). During a period beginning July 1989 and ending June 2006, the NHMP have reported that there were over 5,000 homicides and that included 11 groups of Serial Murder with 13 identified killers. All but one of these groups only involved 1

offender (the exclusion being the “Snowtown Murders” as mentioned below. Twelve out of the 13 serial killers were male and the majority were unemployed at the time of their arrest (Mouzos and West; 2007).

Serial Killers have been divided into four basic categories to classify their motivation behind their behavior (Holmes & DeBurger1998);

Visionary Voices or visions in the killers mind (usually from God/Angels or the Devil/Demons) encouraging the murders,

HedonisticGenerally motivated by Lust or by the thrill. Lust killings generally coincide with sex (before, during or after death),

Mission-orientatedDriven by the outcome that murder will achieve, such as removing pedophiles from society – they have a sense of achievement, like they have done a good deed,

Control/Power orientatedThey have the need to feel important and powerful. They achieve this by taking total control of the victim and the situation. Killers who are power driven tend to draw out the murder over a period of time to prolong the sense of satisfaction and achievement

These categories have been divided further over the years so that each murderer can be classified into a unique group, givingreference to their behaviours, motivations and characteristics. In general, research conducted throughout the world suggests that most serial murders are sexually driven. The offenders are on average more intelligent that other criminals andmore often than not, Caucasian males between 20 and 40 years of age.

SERIAL KILLERS

Male serial killers are found to use more personal and physical modes of killing such as strangulation, beating and using weapons to stab their victims. Men are

likely to target the face, head or genital region and also are more likely to constrain the victim and sexually assault them.

Women as serial murderers on the other hand are less personal. Females tend to be somewhat removed from the victim physically, and will generally poison

their victim when they are acting alone. Males and females are usually driven by different motives. Women are generally motivated by revenge, security or

financial gain where as men are driven more by power, sex and the thrill of the crime. (Kraemer, Lord & Heilbrun 2004; Hickey and Homes 1991; Ridel 1998).

SERIAL KILLERS

John Justin Bunting(Pictured on the right along with co-accused Robert Joe Wagner)

Bunting has been described as Australia’s worst serial killer. With eleven victims in total, he used his hatred for homosexuals and pedophiles to select his male victims which led

to one of Australia’s largest investigations – the “Bodies in the Barrels Murders”.

The alleged murders carried out between 1992 and 1999 have made the mid-north South Australian town called Snowtown, infamous for the hideous crimes which were

discovered in the vault of an old bank. Only one murder was actually carried out in Snowtown, the other 10 victims being killed in various suburbs surrounding Adelaide.

Using his hate for obese people, homosexuals, drug users and suspected pedophiles, Bunting formed a group of 4 males, of which he was the leader. He would select their

victims from people known to himself or his followers before torturing and beating them to death. Twelve people in total fell victim to the groups desire to kill, but John

Bunting was only found guilty for 11 of those murders.

SERIAL KILLERS

Leonard John Fraser

Known as “The Rockhampton Rapist”, Fraser was convicted of the rape and murder of three women and a nine year old girl. Suspected of being responsible

for several disappearances in the Rockhampton community but was never convicted of any charges relating to those victims, despite having confessed to

raping and murdering them.

There was insufficient evidence to formally charge Fraser for the crimes to which he confessed although there were many tokens and even locks of hair from other unknown victims. Many of the females whose whereabouts remain

unknown from the time that Fraser took his first victim, are thought to have been lost to Fraser’s murderous urge.

SERIAL KILLERS

Serial killings are covered under the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 Section 11 – Murder.

“Any person who commits murder shall be guilty of an offence and shall be imprisoned for life”

In Australia, the death penalty was abolished in 1968 under the Death Penalty Abolition Act 1973:

“An Act to abolish Capital Punishment under the Laws of the Commonwealth, of the States and of the

Territories, and under certain other Laws in relation to which the Powers of the Parliament extend”

Since the law to abolish the death penalty was introduced, the criminal act of serial murder is now sentenced under the same laws as murder (the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 Sect. 11 – as mentioned previously). Offenders, if convicted are sentenced to one Life Sentence for every victim

they are found guilty of murdering. A Life Sentence (also known as “Penal Servitude for Life”) has no exact length of time, but rather the minimum term is set at sentencing.

SERIAL KILLERS & THE LAW

DRUG RELATED CRIME

State Library of NSW – Hot topics series, No.59 revised in 2011.

(Bolt 2010. Drugs and the law) and (Bolt online edition 2011. Drugs and the law)

www.legalanswers.sl.nsw.gov.au

Department of Health and Ageing - Heroin - Image source

www.drugs.health.gov.au

Australian Crime Commission – Annual reportCh.2 Criminal Intelligence page 42. Serious and Organised Crime

www.crimecommission.gov.au

Australian Institute of Criminology – Table 2 – Image source(gaffrey et al.2010)

www.aic.gov.au

The Daily Telegraph 22/05/10

Terry Clark – Image source - http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/archive/d/d3/20130108213207!Terrance_John_Clark.jpg

(Hall 2010. The Mr Asia Connection) The Five Mile press 2010.

(Bellamy online publication for crime library - The Fixer) www.trutv.com

Fairfax press (Bacon and others) Sallie-Anne Huckstep – Image source - www.smh.com

ICE – Police Image – www.afp.gov.au

GANG RELATED CRIME

http://mafiatoday.com/tag/melbourne-gangland/

Federal and State Definitions, 2012, Retrieved from 13th May 2013, from<http://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/Content/Documents/Definitions.pdf

Gangs in Australia, Wikipedia, 2001, Retrieved from 13th May 2013, from<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangs_in_Australia

National Gang Centre, Retrieved from 13th May 2013, from<http://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/Survey-Analysis/Gang-Related-Offenses

Aussie Criminals and Crooks Do not Enter, Robbo, 2012, Retrieved from 13th May 2013, from>http://aussiecriminals.com.au/tag/gangs-2/

Capo, Melbourne Gangland figure dies, 2010, Retrieved from 13th May 2013, from< http://mafiatoday.com/tag/melbourne-gangland/

Aussie Criminals and Crooks Do not Enter, Robbo, 2012, Retrieved from 13th May 2013, from<http://aussiecriminals.com.au/2012/05/15/the-milperra-massacre/

Bartels,L, 2010, 2nd Ed., “ The Status of laws on outlaw motorcycle gangs in Australia”, Australian Institute of Criminology”, AustrlianGovernment, p.1-10

Getty/Ferlong, C., Photography, 2012<http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/crime-and-justice-blog/2012/feb/08/met-police-new-gang-crime-initiative

Wikipedia. (n.d.). Australia-Image.Retrieved 18th May 2013, from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Australia_locator-MJC_coloured.png/350px-Australia_locator-MJC_coloured.png

VIOLENT CRIMEHayes, Hennessey and Tim Prenzler 2012. An Introduction to Crime and Criminology, 3ed. Pearson Australia.

unknown (n.d.). Ivan Robert Marko MILAT. Retrieved 13 may 2013, from http://murderpedia.org/male.M/m/milat-ivan.htm

Bryant Martin. (2013). The Biography Channel website. Retrieved May 13, 2013, from http://www.biography.com/people/martin-bryant-235987.

Commonwealth of Australia. (1935). Criminal Law Consolidation Act of 1935. Retrieved 13 may 2013, from http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/clca1935262/

unknown (n.d.). THE MYALL CREEK MASSACRE. Retrieved 13 may 2013, from http://www.myallcreekmassacre.com/Myall_Creek_Massacre/About_this_site.html

Barry, J. (1975). Kelly, Edward (Ned) (1855–1880). Retrieved 13 may 2013, from http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/kelly-edward-ned-3933

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SERIAL KILLERS

An examination of Serial Murder in Australia” by Jenny Mouzos and David West (2007); Australian Institute of Criminology; Located at www.aic.gov.au

SERIAL KILLERS CONT…

Holmes & DeBurger (1998). “Profiles in terror: the serial murderer”, in Holmes & Holmes , Contemporary perspectives on serial murder.

Ranker Website;“Famous Australian Serial Killers”; located at www.ranker.com Murderpedia

Juan Ignacio Blanco. “Leonard John Fraser”; located at http://murderpedia.org/male.F/f/fraser-leonard.htm

Find the Data website; located at http://serial-killers.findthedata.org/d/d/Australia

Aussie Criminals website; located at www.aussiecriminals.com

The Brisbane Times Website; “Inquest begins into serial killer's death in custody” by Courtney Trenwith (16th June 2010); Located at http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/inquest-begins-into-serial-killers-death-in-custody-20100616-yegj.html

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