Swine and The Swine IndustrySwine and The Swine Industry

Origin and Domestication of SwineOrigin and Domestication of Swine

• Today’s swine originated from:

• European Wild Boar – still exist in Europe

• Black and gray or brown

• East Indian Pig (several types)

• These two crossed to form modern swine breeds

Swine BreedsSwine Breeds

1.1. Maternal breedsMaternal breeds – typically white; excel in litter – typically white; excel in litter size, fertility, milk production.size, fertility, milk production.

2.2. Paternal (sire) breedsPaternal (sire) breeds – typically colored; excel in – typically colored; excel in leanness, muscling, growth rate.leanness, muscling, growth rate.

3.3. Corporate swine breeding companiesCorporate swine breeding companies• ie. DeKalb, Pig Improvement Company (PIC).ie. DeKalb, Pig Improvement Company (PIC).• sell synthetic “lines” of breeding stocksell synthetic “lines” of breeding stock• hybrids of 2 or more breeds to form “lines”hybrids of 2 or more breeds to form “lines”• sire/terminal or maternal linessire/terminal or maternal lines

YorkshireYorkshire

maternal breed – 1maternal breed – 1stst in in USAUSA

England (Large White)England (Large White)

white, erect earswhite, erect ears

excels in:excels in:

– litter sizelitter size

– milk productionmilk production

– fertilityfertility

Chester WhiteChester White

maternal breed – 7maternal breed – 7thth in in USAUSA

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

white, small drooping earswhite, small drooping ears

excels in:excels in:– litter sizelitter size– milk productionmilk production– fertilityfertility

LandraceLandracematernal breed 4maternal breed 4thth in in USAUSA

DenmarkDenmark

white, large drooping white, large drooping ears excels in:ears excels in:– litter sizelitter size– milk productionmilk production– fertilityfertility

DurocDuroc

paternal breed – 2paternal breed – 2ndnd in in USAUSA

New York/New JerseyNew York/New Jersey

solid red colorsolid red color

excels in:excels in:– leannessleanness– growthgrowth– musclingmuscling

HampshireHampshire

paternal sire – 3paternal sire – 3rdrd in in USAUSA

Boone County, KYBoone County, KY

black, white beltblack, white belt

excels in:excels in:– leannessleanness– growthgrowth– musclingmuscling

Spots (Spotted)Spots (Spotted)

paternal sire – 5paternal sire – 5thth in in USAUSA

Putnam County, INPutnam County, IN

black and white spotsblack and white spots

drooping earsdrooping ears

excels in:excels in:

– leannessleanness

– growthgrowth

– musclingmuscling

Poland ChinaPoland China

Dual purpose – 8Dual purpose – 8thth in in USAUSA

Warren County, OHWarren County, OH

black, white on legs, black, white on legs, snout and tailsnout and tail

drooping earsdrooping ears

excels in:excels in:– growthgrowth– litter sizelitter size

BerkshireBerkshire

Paternal sire – 6Paternal sire – 6thth in in USAUSA

EnglandEngland

black, white on legs, black, white on legs, snout and tailsnout and tail

erect earserect ears

excels in:excels in:– growthgrowth– litter sizelitter size

Swine Breeds

Few (< 1%) purebred hogs in US Used in some purebreed crossing systems

Crossbreds: 20-30% more efficient in production

Use terminal and maternal lines and corporate hybrids e.g. Landrace x Yorkshire sows Hampshire x Duroc boars

Premier Swine Breeding Company

MATERNALLINES

TERMINALLINES

Grading Pork Carcasses

No standard Quality grades Must have “acceptable” quality to meet standard

Grading System USDA # 1, 2, 3, 4, Utility

Lean yield from ham, loin, blade shoulder and picnic shoulder 1 > 53% 2 50 – 52.9 3 47- 49.9 4 < 47

Based upon back-fat and muscling score

Ideal Market Hog-Primary Product

Standards set by National Pork Producers Council Market weight = 260 lbs Days to 260 lbs = 160 days avg. Loin eye area = 6.8 sq. in. avg. High fat free lean index from terminal crossbreeding program

Swine BreedsSwine Breeds

Few (< 1%) purebred hogs in USFew (< 1%) purebred hogs in USUsed in some purebreed crossing systemsUsed in some purebreed crossing systemsSource of known genetics for development of Source of known genetics for development of

hybridshybrids Crossbreds: 20-30% more efficient in production = Crossbreds: 20-30% more efficient in production =

HETEROSISHETEROSIS Use terminal and maternal lines and corporate Use terminal and maternal lines and corporate

hybridshybridse.g. Landrace x Yorkshire sowse.g. Landrace x Yorkshire sowsHampshire x Duroc boarsHampshire x Duroc boars

Pork Quality – PSE porkPork Quality – PSE pork

Pork Quality – PSE porkPork Quality – PSE pork

Pale, soft Pale, soft less appealing to consumerless appealing to consumerwater loss affects yield and profitability for water loss affects yield and profitability for

processorsprocessorsassociated with porcine stress syndromeassociated with porcine stress syndrome

homozygous recessivehomozygous recessivelean, heavily muscled hogslean, heavily muscled hogs

Swine FacilitiesSwine FacilitiesFinisher

Nursery or Finisher with

Lagoons Sow Farm

Free Range