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SWINE F ARMING IN SRI LANKA Country Presentation to the WEPA Group Workshop on Pig Wastewater Management in Asia 2122 February, Chiang Mai,Thailand Dinushka Fernando Environmental Officer Central Environmental Authority Sri Lanka Session 2(2)Pollution Control Measures and Policy Measures for Pig Wastewater

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Page 1: SWINE ARMING IN RI ANKAwepa-db.net/3rd/jp/meeting/20170221/PDF/14_S2-2_4_Sri Lanka_022… · Introduction Cont.. • Total land area 65,610 Km² • Total population 21.0 million

SWINE FARMING IN SRI LANKACountry Presentation to 

the WEPA Group Workshop on Pig Wastewater Management in Asia

21‐22 February, Chiang Mai, Thailand

Dinushka FernandoEnvironmental Officer

Central Environmental Authority

Sri Lanka

Session 2(2)‐ Pollution Control Measures and Policy Measures for Pig Wastewater

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Content 

1. Introduction

2. Distribution of Swine Farms in Sri Lanka

3. Swine Industry and Sri Lanka Economy

4. Government policy of swine farming 

5. Legal aspect 

6. Swine farm vs. Environment

7. Pollution Control Techniques 

8. Problems  associated with Swine Industry 

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3

1. Introduction 

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Introduction Cont..

• Total land area  65,610 Km²  

• Total population  21.0 million people 

• Per capita income  USD 3,924 in 2015. 

• Sinhalese 74.9%, Sri Lankan Tamil 11.2%, Sri Lankan Moors 9.2%, Indian Tamil 4.2%, other 0.5% (2012 est.)

• Diverse landscapes range from rainforest and arid plains to highlands and sandy beaches

• Diverse climate

4

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02. Distribution of Swine Farms in Sri Lanka

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Population of SwineDISTRICT  1998 2001 2004 2007

Colombo 2683 2401 4000 3770

Gampaha 14508 12987 15970 22800

Kaluthara 3668 3284 4800 3800

Kandy 1202 1076 750 800

Matale 2535 2269 3740 3800

Nuwara Eliya 376 337 220 360

Galle 981 878 770 970

Matara 90 81 110 500

Hambanthota 680 609 1340 1580

Kurunegala 14609 13077 11370 15080

Anuradhapura 5328 4769 7230 7210

Polonnaruwa 1173 1050 2900 2260

Kegalla 1090 976 1320 1140 6

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3. Swine Industry and Sri Lanka Economy

Item 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Contribution of Agriculture to GDP ( Rs Mn)

233615 241122 262271 289906 333114 417353

Contribution of livestock to GDP ( Rs. Mn)

15981 17093 21318 25428 29829 40650

Contribution to livestock to Agric. GDP (Rs. Mn)

6.8 7.1 8.1 8.8 9.0 9.7

No of pigs slaughtered  25628 29752 29240 30249 20935 30973

Pork production (Mt/year) 923 1071 1053 1089 754 1115

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Statistics in 2014

• Swine Population 71,838

• Number of Animal Slaughtered 23,764

• Pork Production (MT) 7,080.00

• Per Capita Availability (Kg/year) 0.34

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Classification of Swine Farms

• Based on number of adult animals per farm

• Domestic scale ‐ 1‐4 adult animals

• Small scale ‐ 5‐ 25 adult animals

• Medium scale ‐ 26‐49 adult animals

• Large scale ‐ > 50 adult animals

Age of animal > 4 months  consider as adult animals

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4. Government policies ‐swine farming 

Department of Animal Production and Health, Sri Lanka developed the National Livestock Breeding Policy in 2010. the policy provides;Provisions for setting National Animal Breading Committee

Animal Management System (castles & buffalos, goats & sheep, swine)  

Animal types  ( draught, meat, dual)  

Agro climatic zones and animal farming in country

The Master Plan for Industrial and Investment Promotion in Sri Lanka (2000) Creation of environmental friendly and sustainable society. 

Haritha Lanka (2009‐2016)

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Government policy on swine farming (pollution Control)

National Environment Policy ‐ 2003 

To promote the sound management of Sri Lanka's environment balancing the needs for social and economic development and environment integrity 

Cleaner Production Policy – 2004 

To incorporate the cleaner production concept and

practices into all development sectors of the country

National Policy on Solid Waste Management – 2007

National Policy on Protection and Conservation of Water Sources, their Catchments and Reservations in Sri Lanka (Ministry of Land and Land Development, February 2014) 

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5. Legal Aspects of Swine Farming 

Main regulations 

Environmental regulationsControlling environmental pollution caused by swine farms 

maintaining environmental quality

Livestock  productions and health fieldBreeding and caring of effective animal fleet and producing secure 

and healthy meat  

Addressing nuisance and Amenity Addressing social, cultural matters, issues other than 

environmental, etc  

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Environmental Law & Regulations Environmental LawNational Environment Act ( No 47 of 1980 as amended by acts No.56 of 1988 and 53 of 2000)

Provisions of the NEAsection 23A (2) of the NEA : no person shall discharged, deposit, or emit waste into the environment which will cause pollution except under the authority of a license issued by the CEA and in accordance with such standards and other criteria as may be prescribed under the NEA. Regulations published under the NEAPrescribed activities – activities in which require Environmental Protection Licenses for operation(published in the Gazette No.1533/16, dated 25.01.2008)Environmental (Protection & Quality) Regulations in which provide procedure & criteria for issuing EPL 13

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Regulatory control Environment Protection License( EPL)1‐5 animals ‐ need no EPL(backyard farming)5‐50 animals ‐B category License(3 years)> 50 animals ‐A category license ( 1 year)

Administrative control Environment recommendation (ER)The CEA issues prior to establish a farm instructing the way of setting a farm controlling environmental pollution in comply with Sri Lankan standards and criterion. 

14

Environmental Regulations

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CEA 

• Enforcement institute of  NEA

• Issue EPLs , Site clearance

• Monitoring the farms

• Wastewater standards and regulations

• Legal actions against unauthorized and pollution caused farms  

• Collaborating with Local Authorities

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Regulations Regarding Livestock Productions and Health field

Animal Act No 26 of 1958 amended in 1964

Animal Diseases Act No 59 of 1992

Animal Feed Act No 15 of 1986

Veterinary Surgeons and Practitioners  Act No 46 of 1956 amended in 1964. 

Animal fleet and health control mechanism through Vet SurgeonRegistration at  area veterinary surgeon’s office 

Consent of veterinary surgeon of are prior to establish a farm

Expansion is allowed once  veterinary surgeon recommends 

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Regulations Regarding Human Health and Local Authorities

Vaccination for Japanese encephalities is compulsory

MOH’s supervision 

Trade license

House keeping 

Labor facilities and safety 

Solid Waste disposal

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Regulations support to address other issues related to swine farming  

• Criminal Procedure Code No 15 of 1979 (section 98 )‐ public nuisance 

• Penal Code (Section 261) ‐ public nuisance • Constitution• Police Ordinance, No 16 of 1865• Nuisance Ordinance, No. 15 of 1982• Local Authority Acts

• Municipal Councils Ordinance, No.29 of 1947 (Part IV – Powers and Duties as to Public Health)

• Urban Councils Ordinance, No. 61 of 1939 (Part IV ‐ Powers and Duties as to Public Health)

• Pradeshiya Sabhas Act, No. 15 of 1987 (Part IV ‐ Powers and Duties as to Public Health)

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6. Swine farms vs. Environmental

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Swine farm vs. Environment..

1. Water pollution(  washing water, by fecal materials and food waste)

2. Odor (by fecal materials and food waste)

3. Solid waste ( non degradable materials coming with foods as polythene, plastics, waste from cleaning of farms, waste due to animal breeding)

4. Noise pollution (bellowing of animals)  

5. Visual pollution

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Water pollution

• By washing of animals and pens

• Fecal materials of animals 

• Domestic wastewater generated by workers

• Washing of vehicles which used for animal and feeding materials transportation

• Cleaning of slaughter houses and equipment

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State of waste water in swine farms

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Parameter( basic parameters to control)

Non treated water                ( Swine farms)

Non treatedwater                ( slaughter houses)

National standards for discharging treated waste water

Inland surface water

Irrigation purposes

pH 6.5‐7.5 6.0‐7.0 6.0‐8.5 5.5‐9.0

BOD 3000‐4000 3000‐4500 30mg/L 250mg/L

COD 5000‐8000 5000‐11000 250mg/L 400mg/L

TSS 200‐500 4000‐60000 50 ppm 50 ppm

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Mitigation of  Water pollution Water pollution Cont. 

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07. Pollution Control Techniques

• For small scale farms‐ Simple treatment method with a soakage pit 

• For medium and large scale farms –Advanced treatment methods such as biogas plant

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Water pollution control Cont. 

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Treatment System Without Bio gas plant 

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Bio gas Plant

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Water pollution control Cont. 

Treatment plant

Bio gas‐mixture of CH4 55‐70%CO2 30%‐ 45%

small amount of CO, N2, H2, H2S

Anaerobic digestion

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Digester (Anaerobic digestion)

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Organic polymers• (Proteins/ Carbohydrate/ Lipids)

Mono and Oligomers

(Amino acids/ Sugars/ fatty acids)

Volatile  fatty acids 

( Lactate/ Ethanol)

CH 4/ CO2

H2/ CO2 Acetate

Water pollution control Cont. 

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Digesters Types

Digesters

Microbial attachment

Suspended growth

Attached growth

Feeding Type

Continuous Batch

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CH4+CO2

Effluent

Effluent

Sludge blanket

Filter bed

CH4+CO2

Effluent

Water pollution control Cont. 

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Microbial attachment  types digesters

• Suspended growth• Apply bacteria suspension in to the digester

• Attached growth • Provide media to adhere microorganism  Ex :  Metal/ Plastic media 

/ Coir fiber media

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Water pollution control Cont.…..

• Feeding type Continuous type ( vertical tank system/ horizontal tank 

system/ multiple tank system)

• Complex

• Organic material constantly feed into digester

Batch type • Simple

• Load digester with organic materials , allow to digest.Once digestion is complete , the effluent is removed andprocess is repeated

• Retention time is dependent 32

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Conditions for swine farms

• All wastewater should be directed into biogas plant or totreatment plant

• Treated wastewater should be used for washing purpose/irrigation purposes / discharge in to inland surface water( 1:8 dilution) when comply with CEA standards

• Should be construct a separate drainage system for stormwater

• Zero CH4 emission for environment and need to becompletely burnt

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Water pollution control Cont.…..

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Solid waste management in swine farms

• Fecal materials

• Dead animals

• Domestic waste

• Polythene

• Paper waste

• Food waste

• Sludge in biogas plant34

Solid waste in swine farms

Improper discharge of solid waste cause water pollution

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Solid waste management in swine farms

• If use swill as feeding material

• Separate place for swill storing 

• Always keep in a enclosed vassal

• Prevent use of poultry feathers as feeding material

• Avoid usage of swills  for more than one day

• Cooked swills  is recommended for prevent  odor 

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• Other solid waste• Store separately within a covered place• Dispose via Local Authority

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• Cultural behavior and living style of small and medium scale farms is an issue for effectively controlling farms in means of environment.

• Their socio economic background is affecting to the pollution control

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08.Problems  Associated with Swine Industry 

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08.Problems  Associated with Swine Industry Cont.

• Total land area   2.83 km²

• Total households ‐916 around 500 householders are engage in to pig farming.

• Waste water discharge in to wetland and it is connecting  with Negombo lagoon and Muthurajawela.

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Example Piggeries in Ja‐ela Area (Dandugama)

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Unauthorized constructions and encroachments  ex.:‐wet lands

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Problems in Sri Lanka related to Swine Industry Cont..

Lack of money to mitigate the pollution most farm owners

having low income level

40

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

< 10,000 10,000‐ 20,000 20,000‐30,000 30,000‐40,000 not presented

Num

ber o

f fam

ilies

(%)

monthly income (Rs)

Monthly income of farmers

系列2

Source: piggery survey in Ja‐ela Area

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Problems in Sri Lanka related to Swine Industry Cont..

Lack of education to mitigate the pollution 

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Grade 1‐5 Grade 5‐10 O/L A/L Higher studies

Num

ber o

f farmers(%)

Educational levels

Educational Qualifications of farmers

Source: piggery survey in Ja‐ela Area

Ex:‐ In Ja‐ela Area

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Problems in Sri Lanka related to Swine Industry Cont..

Open dumping of solid waste discharging of untreated effluent

done by some farmers 

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Policy  Issues related to groundwater pollution

• Absence of policy for the industrial pollution of groundwater

• Lack of facilities to measure the amount of water pollution

• Difficult to monitor the effectiveness of protection measures

• Lack of coordinated groundwater information program and proper groundwater planning system

• Not identified the vulnerable area

• The ownership of groundwater is not defined clearly in legislations

• Institutional disagreements & lack of inter coordination among responsible agencies  Lack of public information or awareness 

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• The establishment of environment friendly sustainable development swine farming area ‐to minimize the bad social and environmental effects. 

• The ecofriendly way such as Eco‐Industrial Park System including common bio gas plant 

• The separation of farming/ industrial area from residential area is good for minimizing the social and health effects. 

• It is better to strengthen the existing rules and regulation 

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Proposed solution

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Ongoing Activities to Mitigate the Problems 

• Issue EPLs and monitoring 

• Awareness programs for farmers

• Funding to farmers through the Department of Animal Production & Health   EX:‐ Bio gas fund

• Legal action against authorized farms done by NEA and Under the public nuisance 

• Guidelines and publications 45

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Thank You

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