swine enteric coronavirus diseases...national pork board and dr. steve meyer . systems of response...
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Swine Enteric Coronavirus Diseases Craig Shultz, DVM
Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture
Bureau of Animal Health and Diagnostic Services
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Where Pigs are Located in the United States
Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Lab
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What is Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus? • A coronavirus
• Causes intestinal damage
• Villous atrophy
• Resulting malabsorption syndrome
• Clinical signs in swine are indistinguishable from transmissible gastroenteritis, also a corona viral disease.
• Not a food safety or public health concern Iowa State University,
Veterinary Diagnostic Lab
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Disease History
• TGE-like outbreaks in the UK and elsewhere in Europe in the early 1970s.
• Observed in young and growing pigs.
• Considered insignificant today
• More recently, severe disease in Southeast Asia with severe outbreaks and persistent endemic situations in China and South Korea
• First Diagnosed in US swine in May 2013
Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Lab
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February 2014
June 2014
Disease Progression in the United States
• Index case diagnosed in Ohio in May 2013
• 5500 cases in 28 states nationwide by April 2014
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Factors in Disease Spread
• Transport vehicles, lairage at collection points and animal movement.
• Dual usage of vehicles for transport of animals to positive slaughter plants and movement of production swine.
• Ability of virus to overcome intensive biosecurity measures
• Massive amounts of viral particle shedding compared to TGE
• Area spread – especially where there are high concentrations of breeding herds
Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
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Disease Characteristics
• Virus Shedding
• Extraordinary Level of shedding
• >10 million viral particles in one quarter teaspoon of infected feces
• Viral persistence in the presence of maternal antibody
• Infected sow units take over 90 days to produce negative pigs
• Environmental samples remain positive up to 6-8 weeks post exposure
• Mixed response to conventional TGE disease management techniques (“feed back”).
• Massive viral dose is the problem
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Magnitude of Disease Impact
• Reports of on-farm losses of thousands of piglets
• Irreversible malabsorption syndrome in very young animals
• Devastating to farrowing and nursery operations
• Adult pigs show very mild clinical signs
• Transient diarrhea Iowa State University
Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
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Additional Viral Strains/ Reinfections • In recent months a second coronavirus with effects similar to
PEDV has emerged
• Porcine Delta Corona Virus (PDCoV).
• This virus has been diagnosed in Pennsylvania swine.
• The disease complex is now referred to as swine enteric coronavirus diseases (SECD)
• There are documented incidents of herds considered to be immune having become re-infected.
• This was not characteristic of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGE)
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International Trade
National Pork Board and Dr. Steve Meyer
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Systems of Response Required for Effective Disease Containment and Continuity of Business • Swift, Calculated, Coordinated and Firm
• Built around continuity of business plans
• Compartmentalization
• For safe, secure, and continuous movement of food from unaffected farms in disease control zones
Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
Milk, Egg, Pork, Turkey industries are developing plans
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Regulatory Strategy
• Since July 2013 USDA has provided a weekly PEDV update to state animal health officials and industry stakeholders
• USDA Federal Order issued June 5, 2014
• Producers, veterinarians and diagnostic laboratories are now required to report all cases of new SECD including PEDV and PDCoV.
• Federal/State collaboration to manage disease in a manner to support business continuity for producers and maintain a plentiful supply of pork
• Operators of premises found to be infected must work with their herd veterinarian or state or federal animal health officials to develop and implement a disease management plan.