Switching on the light: Switching on the light: encouraging ‘noticing’encouraging ‘noticing’

Alan MarshAlan Marsh

MATEFL MaltaMATEFL Malta

20122012

Sound familiar?Sound familiar?

I have 15 yearsI have 15 yearsHow much you want?How much you want?Do you can drive?Do you can drive?I been to SpainI been to SpainI didn’t been there yetI didn’t been there yetMy teacher is very sympatheticMy teacher is very sympatheticLast year I have been to EnglandLast year I have been to EnglandTonight we will go to MdinaTonight we will go to MdinaWe made a beautiful travelWe made a beautiful travel

Why don’t they learn what I Why don’t they learn what I teach them (sometimes)?teach them (sometimes)?

Put these grammatical Put these grammatical morphemes in the order in which morphemes in the order in which you think learners acquire themyou think learners acquire them..• a.a. auxiliary “auxiliary “bebe” “John ” “John isis going”going”• b.b. third person “third person “-s-s” “John like” “John likess books” books”• c.c. plural “plural “-s-s” “book” “bookss””• d.d. progressive “progressive “-ing-ing” “John go” “John goinging””• e.e. articles “articles “the/athe/a” “” “TheThe book” book”• f.f. possessive “possessive “’s’s” “John” “John’’ss book” book”• g.g. copula “copula “bebe” “John ” “John isis here” here”• h.h. irregular irregular past tensepast tense “John “John wentwent””

• Headway English File Language to Go Headway English File Language to Go Inside OutInside Out

• 1 Plural ‘s’: 1 Plural ‘s’: Not taught Not taught • ““bookbookss”” (NT) (NT) 2 2 42 2 4• 2 Progressive 2 Progressive • ‘‘inging’: ’: Error, NT Error, NT E-NT E-NT E-NT E-NT E-NT E-NT “ “John goJohn goinging” ” • 3 3 CopulaCopula ‘ ‘bebe’:’:• ““John John isis tired” tired” 11 11 11 11• 4 4 Auxiliary ‘be’Auxiliary ‘be’::• “ “John John isis going”going” 66 77 55 66• 5 Articles: 5 Articles: a/thea/the • ““thethe book” book” 44 33 Not taught Not taught Not Not

taughttaught• 6 6 Irregular past Irregular past • tensetense::• “ “John John wentwent”” 55 88 66 55• 7 Third person7 Third person• ‘ ‘-s’: -s’: • ““John likeJohn likess books books 33 44 44 33• 8 Possessive‘- 8 Possessive‘- ’s’s’: ’: • JohnJohn’’ss book book 22 66 33 22

• Dulay, H.C., & Burt, M.K. (1973), ‘Should we teach children syntax?’, Dulay, H.C., & Burt, M.K. (1973), ‘Should we teach children syntax?’, Language LearningLanguage Learning, 23/2, 245-258, 23/2, 245-258

Lockstep?Lockstep?

A learner’s A learner’s interlanguageinterlanguage

Noticing the gapNoticing the gap

• Between my interlanguage and Between my interlanguage and proficient language useproficient language use

How is ‘noticing’ facilitated?How is ‘noticing’ facilitated?

How is ‘noticing’ facilitated?How is ‘noticing’ facilitated?

Comparing learner output with proficient Comparing learner output with proficient language uselanguage use

Notice the gapNotice the gap

The light is switched onThe light is switched on

Noticing Activity 1: Noticing Activity 1: TranslationTranslation

Maltese Maltese 11 AA Jien inJien inħħobb nitgobb nitgħħallem l-Ingliż.allem l-Ingliż.

BB Jien ukoll. InJien ukoll. Inħħobb nitkellmu meta nista’.obb nitkellmu meta nista’.22 AA Mario dejjem tard!Mario dejjem tard!

BB Nixtieq li jiġi / jasal fil-Nixtieq li jiġi / jasal fil-ħinħin, imqar, imqar għal-darba. għal-darba.AA X’inhu n-numru tiegX’inhu n-numru tiegħu?ħu?BB Nixtieq li kont naf!Nixtieq li kont naf!

33 AA Xi dwejjaq ta’ party!Xi dwejjaq ta’ party!BB Kieku kont naf, ma kontx niġi.Kieku kont naf, ma kontx niġi.

44 AA Miniex f’sikkti / Ma tantx inħossni f’sikkti / Ma tantx Miniex f’sikkti / Ma tantx inħossni f’sikkti / Ma tantx qed inqed inħossni tajjeb/tajbaħossni tajjeb/tajba

BB Tridni nċempel it-tabib?Tridni nċempel it-tabib?55 AA Kemm domt fl-Istati Uniti?Kemm domt fl-Istati Uniti?

BB Ġejt lura ix-xahar li għadda.Ġejt lura ix-xahar li għadda.66 AA Kemm ilek hawn Malta?Kemm ilek hawn Malta?

BB GGħadni kif wasalt issa.ħadni kif wasalt issa.77 AA Kemm se ddum Malta?Kemm se ddum Malta?

BB Tliet ġimgħat b’kollox. Ilni hawn ġimgħa u għandi Tliet ġimgħat b’kollox. Ilni hawn ġimgħa u għandi / fadalli / baqagħli ġimagħtejn oħra . / fadalli / baqagħli ġimagħtejn oħra .

11 AA Jien inJien inħħobb nitgobb nitgħħallmu l- Ingliż.allmu l- Ingliż.BB Jien ukoll. InJien ukoll. Inħħobb nitkellmu meta nista’.obb nitkellmu meta nista’.

11 A A I like learning EnglishI like learning EnglishBB Me too. I like to speak it whenever I can.Me too. I like to speak it whenever I can.

22 AA Mario dejjem tard!Mario dejjem tard!BB Nixtieq li jiġi / jasal fil-Nixtieq li jiġi / jasal fil-ħinħin,, imgimgħħar ar għal-darba.għal-darba.AA X’inhu n-numru tiegX’inhu n-numru tiegħu?ħu?BB Nixtieq li kont naf!Nixtieq li kont naf!

22 AA Mario’s always late!Mario’s always late!BB (How) I wish he’d arrive on time, just for once!(How) I wish he’d arrive on time, just for once!AA What’s his number?What’s his number?BB I wish I knew!I wish I knew!

33 AA Xi dwejjaq ta’ party!Xi dwejjaq ta’ party!BB Kieku kont naf, ma kontx niġi.Kieku kont naf, ma kontx niġi.

33 AA What a boring party!What a boring party!B B If I’d known, I wouldn’t have come.If I’d known, I wouldn’t have come.

44 AA Miniex f’sikkti / Ma tantx inħossni f’sikkti / Ma tantx Miniex f’sikkti / Ma tantx inħossni f’sikkti / Ma tantx qed inqed inħossni tajjeb/tajbaħossni tajjeb/tajba

BB Tridni nċempel it-tabib?Tridni nċempel it-tabib?AA I’m feeling a bit under the weather.I’m feeling a bit under the weather.BB Do you want me to call the doctor?Do you want me to call the doctor?

55 AA Kemm domt fl-Istati Uniti?Kemm domt fl-Istati Uniti?BB Ġejt lura ix-xahar li għadda.Ġejt lura ix-xahar li għadda.AA How long were you in the States?How long were you in the States?BB I arrived back last month.I arrived back last month.

66 AA Kemm ilek hawn Malta?Kemm ilek hawn Malta?BB GGħadni kif wasalt issa.ħadni kif wasalt issa.AA And how long have you been here in Malta?And how long have you been here in Malta?BB I’ve only just arrived.I’ve only just arrived.

77 AA Kemm se ddum Malta?Kemm se ddum Malta?BB Tliet ġimgħat b’kollox. Ilni hawn ġimgħa u għandi / Tliet ġimgħat b’kollox. Ilni hawn ġimgħa u għandi / fadalli / fadalli / baqali ġimagħtejn oħra . baqali ġimagħtejn oħra . AA How long are you in Malta for?How long are you in Malta for?BB Three weeks in all. I’ve been here (for) a week (so Three weeks in all. I’ve been here (for) a week (so far) and I far) and I have another two weeks.have another two weeks.

‘‘Noticing’ questionsNoticing’ questions

• a.a. Instead of saying X, could we Instead of saying X, could we also also say say Y?Y?

• b.b. Is anything strange, or Is anything strange, or unfamiliar, to unfamiliar, to you?you?

• c.c. Is there anything you would like Is there anything you would like to to ask ask about?about?

• d.d. Do you want to ‘steal’ anything Do you want to ‘steal’ anything from from the text?the text?

InputInput11 A A I like learnI like learninging English English

BB Me tooMe too. I like . I like to speakto speak it it wheneverwhenever I can. I can.22 AA Mario’s always late!Mario’s always late!

BB I wish he’dI wish he’d arrive on time, arrive on time, just for oncejust for once!!AA What’s his number?What’s his number?BB I wish I knew!I wish I knew!

33 AA What aWhat a boring party! boring party!B B If I’d known, I wouldn’t have come.If I’d known, I wouldn’t have come.

44 AA I’m feelingI’m feeling a bit under the weathera bit under the weather..BB Do you want me toDo you want me to call the doctor? call the doctor?

55 AA How long How long werewere you in you in the Statesthe States??BB I arrived backI arrived back last month. last month.

66 AA How longHow long have you beenhave you been here in Malta? here in Malta?BB I’veI’ve onlyonly just arrivedjust arrived..

77 AA How long How long are youare you in Malta in Malta forfor??BB Three weeks Three weeks in allin all. . I’ve beenI’ve been here here (for(for)) a week a week (so (so farfar)) and I and I have have anotheranother two weeks. two weeks.

Activity 2: ‘Grammaring’ a Activity 2: ‘Grammaring’ a text:text:

RESCUE AT SEARESCUE AT SEA STORM RAGE SEA HEAVING BOAT BE FIRE WISH NEVER STORM RAGE SEA HEAVING BOAT BE FIRE WISH NEVER COME MALTA ALL START FRIEND SUGGEST HAVE WEEKEND COME MALTA ALL START FRIEND SUGGEST HAVE WEEKEND BREAK MALTA THINK GREAT IDEA SO OFF GO ARRIVE BREAK MALTA THINK GREAT IDEA SO OFF GO ARRIVE FRIDAY EVENING SATURDAY BOOK BOAT TRIP AROUND FRIDAY EVENING SATURDAY BOOK BOAT TRIP AROUND ISLAND HAVE WONDERFUL TIME ENJOY SUN SEA SUDDENLY ISLAND HAVE WONDERFUL TIME ENJOY SUN SEA SUDDENLY OUT BLUE STORM BREAK BOAT STRIKE LIGHTNING CATCH OUT BLUE STORM BREAK BOAT STRIKE LIGHTNING CATCH FIRE FORTUNATELY CREW QUICK PUT OUT BUT ENGINE CUT FIRE FORTUNATELY CREW QUICK PUT OUT BUT ENGINE CUT OUT NOT START CAPTAIN RADIO HELP MALTESE MILITARY OUT NOT START CAPTAIN RADIO HELP MALTESE MILITARY BOAT COME RESCUE AND RETURN SAFELY LAND STAY BOAT COME RESCUE AND RETURN SAFELY LAND STAY SHORE SUNDAY HAVE RELAX DAY BUT WONDER WHAT SHORE SUNDAY HAVE RELAX DAY BUT WONDER WHAT HAPPEN IF RADIO NOT WORK HAPPEN IF RADIO NOT WORK

• The storm was raging, the sea was heaving and our The storm was raging, the sea was heaving and our boat was on fire! I wish I’d never come to Malta!boat was on fire! I wish I’d never come to Malta!

• It all started when my/a friend/ a friend of mine It all started when my/a friend/ a friend of mine suggested having/suggested that we had a weekend suggested having/suggested that we had a weekend break in Malta. I thought it was a great idea so off we break in Malta. I thought it was a great idea so off we went. We arrived on Friday evening and on the went. We arrived on Friday evening and on the Saturday we booked a boat trip around the island.Saturday we booked a boat trip around the island.

• We were having a wonderful time (and [we We were having a wonderful time (and [we were])enjoying the sun and sea when suddenly out of were])enjoying the sun and sea when suddenly out of the blue a storm broke. The/our boat was struck by the blue a storm broke. The/our boat was struck by lightning and caught fire. Fortunately the crew lightning and caught fire. Fortunately the crew quickly put it out but the engine had cut out and quickly put it out but the engine had cut out and wouldn’t start. So the captain radioed for help. A wouldn’t start. So the captain radioed for help. A Maltese military boat came to our/the rescue/and Maltese military boat came to our/the rescue/and rescued us and we returned safely to land/returned rescued us and we returned safely to land/returned us safely to land. We stayed on shore on Sunday and us safely to land. We stayed on shore on Sunday and had a relaxing day but I wonder what would have had a relaxing day but I wonder what would have happened if the radio hadn’t worked/been working. happened if the radio hadn’t worked/been working.

Pre-Intermediate Level Pre-Intermediate Level Grammaring TextGrammaring Text

My teacher’s typical summer dayMy teacher’s typical summer day

DAY UP SIX THEN JOG PARK DAY UP SIX THEN JOG PARK WHEN HOME SHOWER AFTER WHEN HOME SHOWER AFTER BREAKFAST BREAKFAST

DRIVE SCHOOL WORK THREE DRIVE SCHOOL WORK THREE AFTER GO BEACH FRIENDS AFTER GO BEACH FRIENDS EVENING EVENING

DINNER HOME BED MIDNIGHTDINNER HOME BED MIDNIGHT

Possible reconstructionPossible reconstruction

Every day I get/wake up at six (am/o’clock). Every day I get/wake up at six (am/o’clock). Then I go jogging / go for a jog / jog in the Then I go jogging / go for a jog / jog in the park. When I get home I have a shower park. When I get home I have a shower and have breakfast. Then I drive to school. and have breakfast. Then I drive to school.

I work until three. After that, I go to the I work until three. After that, I go to the beach with some (of my) /my friends. beach with some (of my) /my friends.

In the evening I have dinner at home. I go to In the evening I have dinner at home. I go to bed at (about/around) midnightbed at (about/around) midnight

Noticing Activity 3: Error Texts Noticing Activity 3: Error Texts –find the mistakes–find the mistakesHello [Maria],Hello [Maria],

Seeing that we will spend some time together, I Seeing that we will spend some time together, I thought you’d like to know a bit about me. I’m thought you’d like to know a bit about me. I’m more than half-a-century old (more than half-a-century old (☺☺!), and from the !), and from the nationality point of view I’m a mixture in a bag. nationality point of view I’m a mixture in a bag. You see, I’m British but I am actually born in You see, I’m British but I am actually born in Malta. My father has been a British military man Malta. My father has been a British military man and he has met my mother – and then they had and he has met my mother – and then they had me - while he was in Malta. me - while he was in Malta. Recently I acquired Maltese Citizenship. I’m also Recently I acquired Maltese Citizenship. I’m also an italian citizen, by the way – I love picking out an italian citizen, by the way – I love picking out nationalities! I suppose I consider me to be nationalities! I suppose I consider me to be European, or a Mediterraneanised Brit!European, or a Mediterraneanised Brit!

a. Instead of saying X, could we also say Y? a. Instead of saying X, could we also say Y? b. Is anything strange, or unfamiliar, to you?b. Is anything strange, or unfamiliar, to you?c. c. Is there anything you would like to ask Is there anything you would like to ask

about?about?d. Do you want to ‘steal’ anything from the text?d. Do you want to ‘steal’ anything from the text?

Input:Input:Hello [Maria],Hello [Maria],Seeing that Seeing that we’re going to spend/we’re going to spend/we’ll be spendingwe’ll be spending some time together, I thought you’d like to know a bit some time together, I thought you’d like to know a bit about me. I’m more than half-a-century old (!) and about me. I’m more than half-a-century old (!) and nationality-nationality-wiswisee I’m I’m a bit of a mixed baga bit of a mixed bag. . You see, I’m British but I You see, I’m British but I waswas actually born in Malta. actually born in Malta. My father My father waswas a British a British soldiersoldier and he and he metmet my mother my mother – and then they had me - while he was in Malta. – and then they had me - while he was in Malta. Recently I Recently I acquiredacquired Maltese Maltese citizenshipcitizenship.. I’m also an I’m also an ItalianItalian citizen, by the way – I love picking citizen, by the way – I love picking up up nationalities! I suppose I consider nationalities! I suppose I consider myselfmyself to be to be European, or a Mediterraneanised Brit!European, or a Mediterraneanised Brit!

Learner letterLearner letter

Hi!Hi!My name Juan. I have 11 years old. I’m Spain. My name Juan. I have 11 years old. I’m Spain.

My town is Barcelona. Is wonderful town! I My town is Barcelona. Is wonderful town! I love very much the football. I like the music love very much the football. I like the music rap, too. And you? What you like? rap, too. And you? What you like?

I have two parent. My mum work in bank and I have two parent. My mum work in bank and my dad is teacher. I have two sister. my dad is teacher. I have two sister. Lourdes and Carmen. They have 14 and 26 Lourdes and Carmen. They have 14 and 26 years.years.

Next summer I go in England. Last summer I Next summer I go in England. Last summer I go in USA. In the future I want be musician.go in USA. In the future I want be musician.

You want we chat on Facebook?You want we chat on Facebook?JuanJuan

Pre-Intermediate / Pre-Intermediate / Intermediate (Extract)Intermediate (Extract)

• I am here since three days. My first impressions I am here since three days. My first impressions are that Malta is a very small island. There’s are that Malta is a very small island. There’s much building going on, and quite a bit of traffic. much building going on, and quite a bit of traffic. However, the people is friendly and easy to talk However, the people is friendly and easy to talk to and understand. to and understand.

• There are eight persons in my class and they are There are eight persons in my class and they are coming from different countries – Germany, coming from different countries – Germany, French, Spanien and Italien. I like them very French, Spanien and Italien. I like them very much. Our teacher is very sympathetic. She is much. Our teacher is very sympathetic. She is Maltese and I can understand all that she says. Maltese and I can understand all that she says. I’m looking with enthusiasm to the rest of the I’m looking with enthusiasm to the rest of the course.course.

Noticing Activity 4: Embedding Noticing Activity 4: Embedding in a storyin a story

11 Last weekend Last weekend

2 A Disastrous Day2 A Disastrous Day

33 ShoppingShopping

Listen again – and Listen again – and reconstructreconstruct• Last Saturday-shopping-clothes – ages Last Saturday-shopping-clothes – ages

-never have time - hard month, -never have time - hard month, so ..need so ..need - early-for shops - on way – - early-for shops - on way – car car - - breakdown service -15 mins- breakdown service -15 mins-not take long-sort problem - drive-not take long-sort problem - drive-arrive- town – buy -a load of clothes-arrive- town – buy -a load of clothes-one shop-go to pay-them - credit card – one shop-go to pay-them - credit card – refuse – no credit! – try refuse – no credit! – try brother - no brother - no credit on card! Clothes back - assistant credit on card! Clothes back - assistant - go home- go home

Shout STOP!!!!Shout STOP!!!!

I I ran out ofran out of time time

Instead of saying Instead of saying XX, could we also say , could we also say YY?? Is anything strange, or unfamiliar, to you?Is anything strange, or unfamiliar, to you? Is there anything you would like to ask about? Is there anything you would like to ask about? Do you want to ‘steal’ anything from the text? Do you want to ‘steal’ anything from the text?

Last Saturday I went shopping for some clothes. I had Last Saturday I went shopping for some clothes. I had been putting it off for ages as I never have time, but it had been putting it off for ages as I never have time, but it had to be done, and anyway it had been a hard month so I to be done, and anyway it had been a hard month so I needed to cheer up. So I set off early for the shops. But on needed to cheer up. So I set off early for the shops. But on the way there my car broke down. I phoned up the the way there my car broke down. I phoned up the breakdown service and they turned up after 15 minutes or breakdown service and they turned up after 15 minutes or so. They didn’t take long to sort the problem out.so. They didn’t take long to sort the problem out.

I drove on, arrived in town, bought a load of clothes I drove on, arrived in town, bought a load of clothes in one shop, went to pay for them in one shop, went to pay for them … but my credit card … but my credit card was refused. I’d run out of credit!was refused. I’d run out of credit!I tried to phone my brother, but I’d run out of credit on my I tried to phone my brother, but I’d run out of credit on my phone card too. So I handed my clothes back to the phone card too. So I handed my clothes back to the assistant and went back home.assistant and went back home.

Noticing Activity 5: Reduced Noticing Activity 5: Reduced DialoguesDialogues

The reduced versionThe reduced versionA: …… mind … ask ………………questions?A: …… mind … ask ………………questions?B: …….. all. Go ….B: …….. all. Go ….A: How ……….you in Malta …?A: How ……….you in Malta …?B: Two weeks………….B: Two weeks………….A: … how ………………………….here, so …?A: … how ………………………….here, so …?B: Eight days.B: Eight days.A: I …. When …… …………….to Germany?A: I …. When …… …………….to Germany?B: At ……… ………week, … five ………….B: At ……… ………week, … five ………….A: Yes, ….......! …….., thanks……………….. time.A: Yes, ….......! …….., thanks……………….. time.B: You’re …………… ………….B: You’re …………… ………….

The original versionThe original versionAA: : Do youDo you mind mind if Iif I ask ask you a fewyou a few questions? questions?B: B: Not atNot at all. Go all. Go ahead.ahead.AA: How : How long arelong are you in Malta you in Malta forfor??B: Two weeksB: Two weeks in allin all..AA: : AndAnd how how long have you beenlong have you been here, so here, so farfar??B: Eight days.B: Eight days.AA: I : I seesee. When . When do you go backdo you go back to Germany? to Germany?B: At B: At the end of thethe end of the week, week, inin five five days’ timedays’ time..AA: Yes : Yes of courseof course! ! AnywayAnyway, thanks , thanks for yourfor your time. time.B: You’re B: You’re welcomewelcome. . AnytimeAnytime..

Tom and Anna’s first dateTom and Anna’s first date

• Tom: Tom: ______ like ?______ like ?

• Anna: Anna: _________. _________.

• Tom: Tom: ______ like ?______ like ?

• Anna: Anna: __________ __________

• Tom: Tom: _______like ?_______like ?

• Anna: _________! It’s____!Anna: _________! It’s____!

• Tom: Tom: Do you like fish ?Do you like fish ?

• Anna: Anna: No I don’t. No I don’t.

• Tom: Tom: Do you like pasta ?Do you like pasta ?

• Anna: Anna: No I don’t.No I don’t.

• Tom: Tom: Do you like pizza ?Do you like pizza ?

• Anna: Yes I do! It’s yummy!Anna: Yes I do! It’s yummy!

Dialogue DictoglossDialogue Dictogloss

Alice: Alice: My new French student arrived yesterdayMy new French student arrived yesterdayBonnie: Oh yes? What’s her name?Bonnie: Oh yes? What’s her name?Alice: Alice: Marianne.Marianne.Bonnie: ___________ name! ______________?Bonnie: ___________ name! ______________?Alice: Alice: Really nice. I’m sure we’ll ______________. We Really nice. I’m sure we’ll ______________. We seem to ________________.seem to ________________.Bonnie: Oh really? ______________________?Bonnie: Oh really? ______________________?Alice: Alice: Well, ________ she _________________, just like Well, ________ she _________________, just like me. ___________ films, and the beach of course.me. ___________ films, and the beach of course.Bonnie: Oh, wait a minute! Bonnie: Oh, wait a minute! I saw you with someone this I saw you with someone this

morning. That __________________. morning. That __________________. ____________________________________?____________________________________?

Alice: Alice: Oh, quite tall, with long dark hair.Oh, quite tall, with long dark hair.Bonnie: Oh, ______________________ , then. She was Bonnie: Oh, ______________________ , then. She was blond.blond.Alice: Alice: ____________________________. I was giving ____________________________. I was giving

___________.___________.Bonnie: Oh yes, _______________________ ill. Bonnie: Oh yes, _______________________ ill.

________________?________________?Alice: Alice: _____________________, thank __________._____________________, thank __________.

Dialogue DictoglossDialogue DictoglossAliceAlice: : My new French student arrived yesterdayMy new French student arrived yesterdayBonnie:Bonnie: Oh yes? What’s her name? Oh yes? What’s her name?Alice: Alice: Marianne.Marianne.Bonnie:Bonnie: What a pretty name. What’s she like? What a pretty name. What’s she like?Alice:Alice: Really nice. I’m sure we’ll get on really well. We Really nice. I’m sure we’ll get on really well. We

seem to have seem to have a lot in common.a lot in common.Bonnie:Bonnie: Oh really? What does she like doing? Oh really? What does she like doing?Alice:Alice: Well, for a start she likes playing tennis, just like me. Well, for a start she likes playing tennis, just like me.

Art house Art house films, and the beach of course.films, and the beach of course.Bonnie:Bonnie: Oh, wait a minute! I saw you with someone this Oh, wait a minute! I saw you with someone this

morning. morning. That might have been her. What does she That might have been her. What does she look like?look like?

Alice:Alice: Oh, quite tall, with long dark hair.Oh, quite tall, with long dark hair.BonnieBonnie: Oh, that can’t have been her, then. She was blond.: Oh, that can’t have been her, then. She was blond.Alice.Alice. That must have been my niece. I was giving her a That must have been my niece. I was giving her a

lift.lift.Bonnie:Bonnie: Oh yes, I remember you saying she was ill. How is Oh yes, I remember you saying she was ill. How is

she?she?Alice:Alice: She’s on the mend, thank goodness.She’s on the mend, thank goodness.

• How were the following expressed in How were the following expressed in the dialogue?:the dialogue?:

– We’ll have a good relationshipWe’ll have a good relationship– We share a lot of interestsWe share a lot of interests– What kind of person is she?What kind of person is she?– What is her physical appearance?What is her physical appearance?– Possibly it was her.Possibly it was her.– It is impossible that it was her.It is impossible that it was her.– I suppose that it was my niece.I suppose that it was my niece.– I remember that you said she was ill.I remember that you said she was ill.– What is the state of her health?What is the state of her health?– She’s getting better (informal)She’s getting better (informal)

Elementary Dialogue Elementary Dialogue DictoglossDictogloss• A ________________________?A ________________________?• B Mmmm .. _______________!B Mmmm .. _______________!• A Sugar?A Sugar?• B Two please. No milk.B Two please. No milk.• A ________________.A ________________.• B Mmm, ________.B Mmm, ________.• A Would you like a cup of coffee?A Would you like a cup of coffee?• B Mmmm .. I’d love one!B Mmmm .. I’d love one!• A Sugar?A Sugar?• B Two please. No milk.B Two please. No milk.• A There you go.A There you go.• B Mmm, lovely.B Mmm, lovely.

Pre-Intermediate Dialogue DictoglossPre-Intermediate Dialogue Dictogloss• A ___________________ to a football match?A ___________________ to a football match?• B No, I haven’t. ________ you?B No, I haven’t. ________ you?• A Well yes, _______. Once.A Well yes, _______. Once.• B Really? _______________________?B Really? _______________________?• A Really exciting._________________!A Really exciting._________________!• B _____________?B _____________?• A Yes! I’d love to go againA Yes! I’d love to go again• A Have you ever been to a football match?A Have you ever been to a football match?• B No, I haven’t. What about you?B No, I haven’t. What about you?• A Well yes, actually. Once.A Well yes, actually. Once.• B Really? What was it like?B Really? What was it like?• A Really exciting. I really enjoyed it!A Really exciting. I really enjoyed it!• B Seriously?B Seriously?• A Yes! I’d love to go again A Yes! I’d love to go again

ConclusionConclusion

As well as the As well as the official syllabusofficial syllabus … …

We need a parallel We need a parallel ‘alternative ‘alternative syllabus’syllabus’

Full ofFull of noticing opportunities noticing opportunities

In the hope that …In the hope that …

If you’d like to send me any If you’d like to send me any comments or questions about this comments or questions about this presentation and workshop and/or presentation and workshop and/or would like the powerpoint slides, would like the powerpoint slides, please send me an email:please send me an email:

alanmarshinmalta@gmail.com alanmarshinmalta@gmail.com

ThanksThanks

AlanAlan