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Syllabus

B.Sc. BOTANY (Hons)

w.e.f. the Academic Year 2016-2017

Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

BERHAMPUR UNIVERSITY

BHANJA BIHAR, BERHAMPUR-760007

ODISHA

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Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

Syllabus for B.Sc. BOTANY (Hons), Berhampur University w.e.f. the Academic Year

2016-2017

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Semester – I Credits

Core-I Microbiology and Phycology

(Theory)

4

Practical/Lab work Practical/Lab work (Core-I) 2

Core-II Biomolecules and Cell Biology

(Theory)

4

Practical/Lab work Practical/Lab work (Core-II) 2

GE-I (Generic Elective) <From other subject> 4

GE-I (Practical/Lab work) <From other subject>

(Practical/Lab work)

2

AECC-I(Ability

Enhancement Compulsory

Course)

Environmental Studies (Theory) 2

Semester – II

Core-III Mycology and Phytopathology

(Theory)

4

Practical/Lab work Practical/Lab work (Core III) 2

Core-IV Archegoniate (Theory) 4

Practical/Lab work Practical/Lab work (Core IV) 2

GE-II(Generic Elective) <From other subject> 4

GE-II (Practical/Lab work) <From other subject> (Practical/Lab

work)

2

AECC-II(Ability

Enhancement Compulsory

Course)

MIL Communication 2

Semester – III

Core-V Anatomy of Angiosperms (Theory) 4

Practical/Lab work Practical/Lab work (Core V ) 2

Core-VI Economic Botany (Theory) 4

Practical/Lab work Practical/Lab work (Core VI) 2

Core-VII Genetics (Theory) 4

Practical/Lab work Practical/Lab work (Core VII ) 2

GE-III(Generic Elective) <From other subject> 4

GE-III (Practical/Lab

work)

<From other subject> (Practical/Lab

work)

2

SEC-I(Skill Enhancement

Course)

Communicative English 2

Semester – IV

Core-VIII Molecular Biology (Theory) 4

Practical/Lab work Practical/Lab work (Core VIII) 2

Core-IX Plant Ecology and Phytogeography

(Theory)

4

Practical/Lab work Practical/Lab work (Core IX) 2

Core-X Plant Systematics (Theory) 4

Practical/Lab work Practical/Lab work (Core X) 2

GE-IV(Generic Elective) <From other subject> 4

GE-IV(Generic Elective) <From other subject>

Practical/Lab work

2

3

3

SEC-II(Skill Enhancement

Course)

<From the pool of SEC courses> 2

Semester – V

Core-XI Reproductive

Biology of Angiosperms (Theory)

4

Practical/Lab work Practical/Lab work (Core XI) 2

Core-XII Plant Physiology (Theory) 4

Practical/Lab work Practical/Lab work (CoreXII) 2

DSE-I (Discipline Specific

Elective) Stress Biology (Theory) 4

Practical/Lab work Practical/Lab work (DSE-I) 2

DSE-II (Discipline Specific

Elective) Plant Breeding (Theory) 4

Practical/Lab work Practical/Lab work (DSE -II) 2

Semester – VI

Core-XIII Plant Metabolism (Theory) 4

Practical/Lab work Practical/Lab work (Core XIII) 2

Core-XIV Plant Biotechnology (Theory) 4

Practical/Lab work Practical/Lab work (Core XIV) 2

DSE-III(Discipline

Specific Elective) Natural Resource Management

(Theory)

4

Practical/Lab work Practical/Lab work (DSE-III) 2

DSE-IV(Discipline

Specific Elective)

Biostatistics (Theory) 4

Practical/Lab work Practical/Lab work (DSE-IV) 2

Total 140

Note: There is no midterm Exam for the practical/Lab papers

Two Generic Elective Courses (GE) meant for Honours Students of other Disciplines (Each course is of 4+2= 6 credits)

I. Biodiversity (Microbes, algae , Fungi and Archegoniate)

II. Economic Botany and Plant Biotechnology

Skill Enhancement Courses (SEC)

I. Biofertilsers

II. Ethnobotany

III. Mushroom Culture Technology

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SEMESTER-I

Core Courses I

Microbiology and Phycology (Theory)

UNIT-I

Introduction to microbial world, microbial nutrition, growth and metabolism.

Viruses: Discovery, physiochemical and biological characteristics; classification

(Baltimore), general structure with special reference to viroids and prions; replication

(general account), DNA virus (T-phage), lytic and lysogenic cycle; RNA virus (TMV).

Economic importance of viruses.

Bacteria: Discovery, general characteristics, types-archaebacteria, eubacteria, wall-less

forms (mycoplasma and spheroplasts), cell structure, nutritional types, reproduction-

vegetative, asexual and recombination. Economic importance of bacteria

UNIT-II

Algae: General characteristics: distribution; range of thallus organization; Cell structure

and components; cell wall, pigment system, reserve food, flagella; and methods of

reproduction; classification of algae given by Fritsch, significant contributions of important

phycologists (F.E. Fritsch and M.O.P. Iyengar). Economic importance of algae.

Cyanophyta: General characteristics: distribution, cell structure, ultrastucture, heterocyst,

reproduction; Morphology and life-cycle of Oscillatoria and Nostoc; Economic importance

of Cyanophyta.

UNIT-III

Rhodophyta: General characteristics, occurrence, range of thallus organization, cell

structure and reproduction. Morphology and life-cycle of Polysiphonia.

Phaeophyta: Characteristics, occurrence, range of thallus organization, cell structure and

reproduction. Morphology and life-cycles of Fucus.

UNIT-IV

Xanthophyta: General characteristics; range of thallus organization; Occurrence,

morphology and life-cycle of Vaucheria.

Chlorophyta: General characteristics, occurrence, range of thallus organization, cell

structure and reproduction. Morphology and life-cycles, Volvox, Oedogonium,

Coleochaete.

Charophyta: General characteristics; occurrence, morphology, cell structure and life-cycle

of Chara; evolutionary significance.

Practical/ Lab work (Core course I)

Types of Bacteria to be observed from temporary/permanent slides/photographs- (bacteria,

binary fission, endospore, conjugation, root Nodule)

Gram staining

Endospore staining with malachite green using the (endospores taken from soil bacteria)

Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of Nostoc, Chlamydomonas (electron

micrographs), Volvox, Oedogonium,Coleochaete, Chara, Vaucheria, Fucus and Polysiphonia,

temporary preparations and permanent slides.

Suggested Readings

1. Lee, R.E. (2008). Phycology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 4th edition.

2. Prescott, L.M., Harley J.P., Klein D. A. (2005). Microbiology, McGraw Hill, India. 6th edition.

3. Kumar, H.D. (1999). Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East-West Press, Delhi.

4. Sahoo, D. (2000). Farming the ocean: seaweeds cultivation and utilization. Aravali International,

New Delhi.

5. Campbell, N.A., Reece J.B., Urry L.A., Cain M.L., Wasserman S.A. Minorsky P.V., Jackson R.B.

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(2008). Biology, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, USA. 8th edition.

6. Pelczar, M.J. (2001) Microbiology, 5th edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Co, New Delhi

Core Course II

Biomolecules and Cell Biology (Theory)

UNIT-I

Biomolecules: Types and significance of chemical bonds; Structure and properties of

water; pH and buffers.

Carbohydrates: Nomenclature and classification; monosaccharide, Disaccharides

Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.

Lipids: Definition and major classes of storage and structural lipids. Storage lipids. Fatty

acids structure and functions. Essential fatty acids. Triacyl glycerols structure, functions

and properties.

Proteins: Structure of amino acids; Peptide bonds; Levels of protein structure-primary,

secondary, tertiary and quarternary; Isoelectric point; Protein denaturation and biological

roles of proteins.

Nucleic acids: Structure of nitrogenous bases; Structure and function of nucleotides;

Types of nucleic acids; Structure of A, B, Z types of DNA;Types of RNA; Structure of

tRNA.

UNIT-II

Bioenergenetics: Laws of thermodynamics, concept of free energy, endergonic and

exergonic reactions, coupled reactions, redox reactions.ATP: structure and its role as a

energy currency molecule

Enzymes: Structure of enzyme: holoenzyme, apoenzyme, cofactors, coenzymes and

prosthetic group; Classification of enzymes; Features of active site, substrate specificity,

mechanism of action (activation energy, lock and key hypothesis, induced - fit theroy),

Michaelis – Menten equation, enzyme inhibition and factors affecting enzyme activity.

UNIT-III

The cell: Cell as a unit of structure and function; Characteristics of prokaryotic and

eukaryotic cells; Origin of eukaryotic cell (Endosymbiotic theory).

Cell wall and plasma membrane: Chemistry, structure and function of cell wall.

Overview of membrane structure and function; fluid mosaic model; Chemical

composition of membranes; Membrane transport – Passive, active and facilitated

transport, endocytosis and exocytosis.

Cell organelles: Chloroplast, mitochondria and peroxisomes: Structural organization;

Function; Semiautonomous nature of mitochondria and chloroplast.

Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles

UNIT-IV

Nucleus; Structure-nuclear envelope, nuclear porecomplex, nuclear lamina, molecular

organization of chromatin; nucleolus.

Cytoskeleton: Role and structure of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediary

filament

Cell division: Eukaryotic cell cycle and regulation, different stages of mitosis and meiosis

Practical/ Lab work (Core course II)

Qualitative tests for carbohydrates, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and proteins.

Study of plant cell structure with the help of epidermal peel mount of Onion/Rhoeo/Crinum.

Demonstration of the phenomenon of protoplasmic streaming in Hydrilla leaf.

Measurement of cell size by the technique of micrometry.

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Counting the cells per unit volume with the help of haemocytometer. (Yeast/pollen grains).

Study the phenomenon of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis.

Study different stages of mitosis and meiosis using acetocarmine and acetoorcine method.

Suggested Readings

1. Campbell, MK (2012) Biochemistry, 7th ed., Published by Cengage Learning

2. Campbell, PN and Smith AD (2011) Biochemistry Illustrated, 4th ed., Published by Churchill

Livingstone.

3. Tymoczko JL, Berg JM and Stryer L (2012) Biochemistry: A short course, 2nd ed.,

W.H.Freeman

4. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL and Stryer L (2011) Biochemistry, W.H.Freeman and Company

5. Nelson DL and Cox MM (2008) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th Edition., W.H.

Freeman and Company.

6. Karp, G. (2010). Cell Biology, John Wiley & Sons, U.S.A. 6th edition.

7. Hardin, J., Becker, G., Skliensmith, L.J. (2012). Becker’s World of the Cell, Pearson

Education Inc. U.S.A.8th edition.

8. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. 2009 The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 5th edition. ASM

Press & Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.

9. Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. 2009 The World of the Cell. 7th

edition.Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco

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SEMESTER-II

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Core Course III

Mycology and Phytopathology (Theory)

UNIT-I Introduction to true fungi

Fungi: General characteristics: affinities with plants and animals; thallus organization;

cell wall composition; nutrition; classification, Economic importance of fungi

Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota: characteristic features; ecology and significance;

thallus organisation; reproduction; life cyclewith reference to Synchytrium, Rhizopus .

UNIT-II Ascomycota: General characteristics (asexual and sexual fruiting bodies); Ecology;

Life cycle, Heterokaryosis

and parasexuality; Life cycle and classification with reference to Saccharomyces,

Aspergillus, Alternaria and Neurospora

Basidiomycota: General characteristics; Ecology; Life cycle and Classification with

reference to black stem rust

on wheat Puccinia (Physiological Specialization), loose and covered smut (symptoms

only), Agaricus; Bioluminescence and Mushroom Cultivation.

UNIT-III Oomycota: General characteristics; Ecology; Life cycle and classification with

reference to Phytophthora, Albugo.

Symbiotic associations: Lichen – Occurrence; General characteristics; Growth forms

and range of thallus organization;

Nature of associations of algal and fungal partners; Reproduction; Mycorrhiza-

Ectomycorrhiza, Endomycorrhiza and their significance.

UNIT-IV Phytopathology:Terms and concepts; General symptoms; Geographical distribution of

diseases; Etiology;

Symptomology; Host-Pathogen relationships; Disease cycle and environmental

relation;

prevention and control of plant diseases, and role of quarantine.

Bacterial diseases – Citrus canker and angular leaf spot of cotton. Viral diseases –

Tobacco

Mosaic viruses, vein clearing. Fungal diseases – Early blight of potato, Black stem rust

of wheat,

White rust of crucifers.

Practical/ Lab work (Core course III)

Rhizopus, Aspergillus and Penicillium: study of asexual stage from temporary mounts and

sexual structures through permanent slides/photographs

Alternaria: Specimens/photographs and temporary mounts.

Puccinia: specimens of Black Stem Rust of Wheat and infected Barberry leaves; sections/

mounts of spores on wheat and permanent slides of both the hosts.

Agaricus: Specimens of button stage and full grown mushroom; sectioning of gills of

Agaricus, fairy rings and bioluminescent mushrooms to be shown.

Albugo: Study of symptoms of plants infected with Albugo; asexual phase study through

section/ temporary mounts and sexual structures through permanent slides.

Lichens: Study of growth forms of lichens (crustose, foliose and fruticose) on different

substrates. Study of thallus and reproductive structures (soredia and apothecium) through

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permanent slides. Mycorrhizae: ectomycorrhiza and endomycorrhiza (Photographs)

Phytopathology: Herbarium specimens of bacterial diseases; Citrus Canker; Angular leaf

spot of cotton, Viral diseases: TMV, Vein clearing, Fungal diseases: Early blight of potato,

Black stem rust of wheat and White rust of crucifers.

Suggested Readings

1. Agrios, G.N. (1997) Plant Pathology, 4th edition, Academic Press, U.K.

2. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology, John Wiley &

Sons (Asia) Singapore. 4th edition.

3. Webster, J. and Weber, R. (2007). Introduction to Fungi, Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge. 3rd edition.

4. Sethi, I.K. and Walia, S.K. (2011). Text book of Fungi and Their Allies, Macmillan

Publishers, India Ltd.

5. Sharma, P.D. (2011). Plant Pathology, Rastogi Publication, Meerut, India

Core Course IV

Archegoniate (Theory)

UNIT-I Introduction: Silent features of archegoniate; Transition to land habit; Alternation

of generations.

Bryophytes: General characteristics; Adaptations to land habit; Classification;

Range of thallus organization.

UNIT-II Type Studies- Bryophytes

Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Riccia,

Marchantia, Porella, Anthoceros and Sphagnum; Reproduction and evolutionary

trends in Riccia, Marchantia, Anthoceros and Sphagnum (developmental stages not

included). Ecological and economic importance of bryophytes with special reference

to Sphagnum.

UNIT-III Pteridophytes :General characteristics; Classification (up to family), morphology,

anatomy and reproduction of Early land plants (Rhynia), Psilotum, Selaginella,

Equisetum and Pteris (Developmental details not to be included).Apogamy, and

apospory, heterospory andseed habit, telome theory, stelar evolution; Ecological and

economic importance.

UNIT-IV Gymnosperms: General characteristics, classification (up to family), morphology,

anatomy and reproduction of Cycas, Pinus and Gnetum (Developmental details not

to be included); Ecological and economic

importance.

Practical/ Lab work (Core course IV)

Marchantia- (all temporary and permanent slides); Anthoceros- Morphology of thallus,

dissection of sporophyte (to show stomata,

spores,pseudoelaters, columella) (temporary slide), vertical section of thallus (permanent

slide). Pellia, Porella- Permanent slides, Sphagnum- Morphology of plant, whole mount of

leaf (permanent slide only).

Funaria: study of gametophyte and sporophorophyte (permanent slide

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Psilotum- Study of specimen, transverse section of synangium (permanent slide).

Selaginella: permanent slide

Equisetum- Morphology, transverse section of internode, longitudinal section of strobilus,

transverse section of strobilus, whole mount of sporangiophore, whole mount of spores (wet

and dry) (temporary slide), transverse section of rhizome (permanent slide).

Pteris- Morphology, transverse section of rachis, vertical section of sporophyll, wholemount

of sporangium, whole mount of spores (temporary slides), transverse section of rhizome,

whole mount of prothallus with sex organs and young sporophyte (permanent slide).

Cycas- Morphology (coralloid roots, bulbil, leaf), whole mount of microsporophyll,

transverse section of coralloid root, transverse section of rachis, vertical section of leaflet,

vertical section of microsporophyll, whole mount of spores (temporary slides), longitudinal

section of ovule, transverse section of root (permanent slide).

Pinus- Morphology, transverse section of Needle, transverse section of stem, longitudinal

section of / transverse section of male cone, whole mount of microsporophyll, longitudinal

section of female cone, tangential longitudinal section &radial longitudinal sections stem

(permanent slide).

Gnetum- Morphology (stem, male & female cones), transverse section of stem, vertical

section of ovule (permanent slide)

Suggested Readings

1. Vashistha, P.C., Sinha, A.K., Kumar, A. (2010). Pteridophyta. S. Chand. Delhi, India.

Bhatnagar, S.P. & Moitra, A. (1996). Gymnosperms. New Age International (P) Ltd

Publishers,New Delhi, India.

2. Parihar, N.S. (1991). An introduction to Embryophyta: Vol. I. Bryophyta. Central Book

Depot.Allahabad.

3. Raven, P.H., Johnson, G.B., Losos, J.B., Singer, S.R. (2005). Biology. Tata McGraw Hill,

Delhi.

4. Vanderpoorten, A. & Goffinet, B. (2009) Introduction to Bryophytes. Cambridge University

Press.

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SEMESTER-III

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Core Course V

Anatomy of Angiosperms (Theory)

UNIT-I Introduction and scope of Plant Anatomy; Applications in systematics, forensics and

pharmacognosy.

Tissues: Classification of tissues; Simple and complex tissues (no phylogeny);

cytodifferentiation of tracheary elements and sieve elements; Pits and

plasmodesmata; Wall ingrowths and transfer cells, adcrustation and incrustation,

Ergastic substances. Hydathodes, cavities, lithocysts and laticifers.

UNIT-II Apical meristems: Evolution of concept of organization of shoot apex (Apical cell

theory, Histogen theory, Tunica Corpus theory, continuing meristematic residue,

cytohistological zonation); Types of vascular bundles; Structure of dicot and

monocot stem. Origin, development, arrangement and diversity in size and shape of

leaves; Structure of dicot and monocot leaf, Kranz anatomy. Organization of

root apex (Apical cell theory, Histogen theory, Korper-Kappe theory).

UNIT-III Vascular Cambium and Wood: Structure, function and seasonal activity of cambium;

Secondary growth in root and stem.

Axially and radially oriented elements; Types of rays and axial parenchyma; Cyclic

aspects and reaction wood; Sapwood and heartwood; Ring and diffuse porous wood;

Early and late wood, tyloses; Dendrochronology. Development and composition of

periderm, rhytidome and lenticels.

UNIT-IV Epidermal tissue system, cuticle, epicuticular waxes, trichomes(uni-and

multicellular, glandular and non-glandular, two examples of each), stomata

(classification); Adcrustation and incrustation;

Anatomical adaptations of xerophytes and hydrophytes.

Practical/Lab work (Core course V)

Study of anatomical details through permanent slides/temporary stain mounts/ macerations/

museum specimens with the help of suitable examples

Apical meristem of root, shoot and vascular cambium, distribution and types of parenchyma,

collenchyma and sclerenchyma

Xylem: Tracheary elements-tracheids, vessel elements; thickenings; perforation plates;

xylem fibres; Wood: ring porous; diffuse porous; tyloses; heart- and sapwood

Phloem: Sieve tubes-sieve plates; companion cells; phloem fibres

Epidermal system: cell types, stomata types; trichomes: non-glandular and glandular.

Root: monocot, dicot, secondary growth of Stem: monocot, dicot - primary and secondary

growth; periderm; lenticels

Leaf: isobilateral, dorsiventral, C4 leaves (Kranz anatomy)

Adaptive Anatomy: xerophytes, hydrophytes; Secretory tissues: cavities, lithocysts and

laticifers.

Suggested Readings

Dickison, W.C. (2000). Integrative Plant Anatomy. Harcourt Academic Press, USA.

Fahn, A. (1974). Plant Anatomy. Pergmon Press, USA.

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Mauseth, J.D. (1988). Plant Anatomy. The Benjammin/Cummings Publisher, USA.

Evert, R.F. (2006) Esau’s Plant Anatomy: Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body:

Their Structure, Function and Development. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Core Course VI

Economic Botany (Theory)

UNIT-I Origin of Cultivated Plants: Concept of Centres of Origin, their importance with

reference to Vavilov’s work. Examples of major plant introductions; Crop

domestication and loss of genetic diversity; evolution of new crops/varieties,

importance of germplasm diversity.

UNIT-II Cereals and Legumes: Nutritional values of cerials, millets and pulses, Wheat and

Rice, millets (Pannicetum, Sorghum Eleusine), legumes (Chick pea, Pigeon pea and

fodders, their origin, cultivation and processing, Importance to man and ecosystem.

Sources of sugars and starches: Morphology and processing of sugarcane, products

and by-products of sugarcane industry. Potato – morphology, propagation & uses.

UNIT-III Spices: Listing of important spices, their family and part used. Economic importance

with special reference to fennel, saffron, clove and black pepper

Sources of oils and fats: General description, uses and health implications of

groundnut, linseed, soybean, mustard and coconut (Botanical name, family & uses).

Essential Oils: General account, extraction methods, comparison with fatty oils &

their uses.

UNIT-IV Drug-yielding plants: Therapeutic and habit-forming drugs with special reference to

Cinchona, Digitalis, Papaver and Cannabis; Tobacco (Morphology, processing, uses

and health hazards).

Biofuel plants: Bioethanol (maiz and sugarcane) Biodiesel (Jatropha carcus)

cultivation and and processing,

Natural Rubber: Para-rubber: tapping, processing and uses.

Timber plants: General account with special reference to teak and pine.

Fibers: Classification based on the origin of fibers; Cotton, Coir and Jute

(morphology, extraction and uses).

Practical/Lab work Core course VI)

Collection, identification and preparation of list of locally available plants/plant products

(specimen/ photographs) with proper description:-Cereals, Legumes, Spices, Beverages, oil

yielding plants, Drug-yielding plants, Woods, Fiber-yielding plants

Suggested Readings

1. Kochhar, S.L. (2012). Economic Botany in Tropics, MacMillan & Co. New Delhi, India.

2. Wickens, G.E. (2001). Economic Botany: Principles & Practices. Kluwer Academic

Publishers,The Netherlands.

3. Chrispeels, M.J. and Sadava, D.E. 1994 Plants, Genes and Agriculture. Jones & Bartlett

opublishers

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Core Course VII

Genetics (Theory)

UNIT-I Mendelian genetics and its extension: Mendelism: History; Principles of

inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Incomplete dominance and co-

dominance; Multiple alleles, Lethal alleles, Epistasis, Pleiotropy, Recessive and

Dominant trait; extra chromosomal inheritance, epigentics, autosomes and sex

chromosomes; chromosome morphology and karyotype.

UNIT-II Linkage, crossing over and chromosome mapping: Linkage and crossing over,

Cytological basis of crossing over; Recombination

frequency, two factor and three factor crosses; Interference and coincidence; Gene

mapping; Sex Linkage.

UNIT-III Variation in chromosome structure and number: Deletion, Duplication, Inversion,

Translocation, Position effect, Euploidy and Aneuploidy, induction of polyploidy

Gene mutations: Types of mutations: spontaneous and induced, Molecular basis of

mutations; Mutagens – physical and chemical agents (Base analogs, deaminating,

alkylating and intercalating agents); Transposons. DNA damage and repair,

UNIT-IV Gene and gene concept: Classical vs molecular concepts of gene; Cis-Trans

complementation test..

Population and evolutionary genetics: Allele frequencies, Genotype frequencies,

Hardy-Weinberg Law, role of natural selection, mutation, genetic drift.

Practical/Lab work (Core course VII)

Mendel’s laws through seed ratios. Laboratory exercises in probability and chi-square.

Chromosome mapping using point test cross data

Pedigree analysis for dominant and recessive autosomal and sex linked traits.

Incomplete dominance and gene interaction through seed ratios (9:7, 9:6:1, 13:3, 15:1, 12:3:1,

9:3:4).

Photographs/Permanent Slides showing Translocation Ring, Laggards and Inversion Bridge.

Suggested Readings

1. Gardner, E.J., Simmons, M.J., Snustad, D.P. (1991). Principles of Genetics, John Wiley &

sons, India. 8th edition.

2. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010). Principles of Genetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,

India. 5th edition.

3. Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, C.A. (2009). Concepts of Genetics. Benjamin

Cummings, U.S.A. 9th edition.

4. Griffiths, A.J.F., Wessler, S.R., Carroll, S.B., Doebley, J. (2010). Introduction to Genetic

Analysis. W. H. Freeman and Co., U.S.A. 10th edition.

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SEMESTER-IV

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Core Course VIII

Molecular Biology (Theory)

UNIT-I Nucleic acids as the genetic material: Historical perspective; Griffith’s, Hershey &

Chase, Avery, McLeod & McCarty experiments)

The Structures of DNA and RNA/Genetic Material: DNA Structure: Miescher to

Watson and Crick- historic perspective, DNA structure, Salient features of double helix,

types of DNA, denaturation and renaturation, cot curves; Organization of DNA-

Prokaryotes, Viruses, Eukaryotes; RNA Structure. Chromatin structure- Euchromatin,

Heterochromatin , Organisation of eukaryotic chromsosme, Nucleosome,

UNIT-II DNA replication: General principles of DNA replication – bidirectional, semiconservative

and semi discontinuous replication; Enzymes involved in DNA replication. Prokasryotic

and eukaryotic DNA polymerases, Mechanism of DNA replication of prokaryotes and

eukaryotes, telomere shortening and telomerase, inhibitors of replication

UNIT-III Central dogma and genetic code: Key experiments establishing-The Central Dogma;

Genetic code (deciphering & salient features)

Transcription: RNA polymerase, initiation, elongation and termination of transcription,

principles of transcriptional regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: transcription factors;

Gene silencing.

UNIT-IV Processing and modification of RNA: Eukaryotic RNA transcription, and maturation:

introns and exons, removal of introns, spliceosome machinery, RNA splicing, group I and

group II intron splicing, alternative splicing eukaryotic mRNA processing (5’ cap, 3’

polyA tail). Inhibitors of transcription.

Translation: Ribosome structure and assembly, mRNA; Charging of tRNA, aminoacyl

tRNA synthetases; Various steps in protein synthesis, proteins involved in initiation,

elongation and termination of polypeptides; Fidelity of translation; Inhibitors of protein

synthesis

Gene regulation: Operon concept, induction and repression: Lac operon and Trp operon;

and in Eukaryotes.

Practical/Lab work (Core course VIII)

DNA estimation by diphenylamine reagent/UV Spectrophotometry.

Study of DNA replication mechanisms through photographs (Rolling circle, Theta replication

and semi-discontinuous replication).

Study of structures of prokaryotic RNA polymerase and eukaryotic RNA polymerase II through

photographs.

Study of the following through photographs: Assembly of Spliceosome machinery; Splicing

mechanism in group I & group II introns; Ribozyme and Alternative splicing of instruments used

to measure microclimatic variables: Soil thermometer, maximum and minimum thermometer,

anemometer, psychrometer/hygrometer, rain gauge and lux meter

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Suggested Readings

1. Watson J.D., Baker, T.A., Bell, S.P., Gann, A., Levine, M., Losick, R. (2007). Molecular

Biology of the Gene, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, CSHL Press, New York, U.S.A. 6th

edition.

2. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010). Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and Sons Inc.,

U.S.A. 5th edition.

4. Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, C.A. (2009). Concepts of Genetics. Benjamin

Cummings. U.S.A. 9th edition.

3. Russell, P. J. (2010). i-Genetics- A Molecular Approach. Benjamin Cummings, U.S.A. 3rd

edition.

4. Griffiths, A.J.F., Wessler, S.R., Carroll, S.B., Doebley, J. (2010). Introduction Genetic

Analysis. W. H. Freeman and Co., U.S.A. 10th edition

Core Course IX

Plant Ecology and Phytogeography (Theory)

UNIT-I Introduction: Basic concepts of ecology; Levels of organization. Inter-relationships

between the living world and the environment, the components and dynamism,

homeostasis.

Climatic factors: Environmental complex, interaction of ecological factors; Light

factor; temperature factor; atmospherics –gases; wind factor; fire factor.

Soil factor: Importance; origin; formation; composition; physical; chemical and

biological components; soil profile; role of climate in soil development.

Water: Importance, states of water in the environment; atmospheric moisture;

Precipitation types (rain, fog, snow, hail, dew); Hydrological Cycle; Water in soil;

Ecological groups of plants and their adaptations (Hydrophytes, Xerophytes)

UNIT-II Biotic interactions: Trophic organization, basic source of energy, autotrophy,

heterotrophy; symbiosis, commensalism, parasitism; food chains and webs; ecological

pyramids; biomass, standing crop.

Population ecology

Characteristics and Dynamics .Ecological Speciation

UNIT-III Plant communities

Concept of ecological amplitude; Habitat and niche; Characters: analytical and synthetic;

Ecotone and edge effect; Dynamics: succession – processes, types; climax concepts.

Ecosystems: Structure; Processes; Trophic organisation; Food chains and Food webs;

Ecological pyramids.

UNIT-IV Functional aspects of ecosystem

Principles and models of energy flow; Production and productivity; Ecological

efficiencies;

Biogeochemical cycles; Cycling of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus.

Phytogeography Principles; Continental drift; Theory of tolerance; Endemism; Brief description of major

terrestrial biomes (one each from tropical, temperate & tundra); Phytogeographical

division of India; Local Vegetation.

Practical/Lab work (Core course IX)

Determination of pH of various soil and water samples (pH meter, universal

indicator/Lovibond comparator and pH paper)

Determination of dissolved oxygen of water samples from polluted and unpolluted sources.

Study of morphological adaptations of hydrophytes and xerophytes (four each).

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Study of biotic interactions of the following: Stem parasite (Cuscuta), Root parasite

(Orobanche) Epiphytes, Predation (Insectivorous plants).

Determination of minimal quadrat size for the study of herbaceous vegetation in the college

campus, by species area curve method (species to be listed).

Quantitative analysis of herbaceous vegetation in the college campus for frequency and

Comparison with Raunkiaer’s frequency distribution law.

Quantitative analysis of herbaceous vegetation for density and abundance in the college

campus.

Field visit to familiarise students with ecology of different sites.

Suggested Readings

1. Odum, E.P. (2005). Fundamentals of ecology. Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

5th edition.

2. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P., Gupta, S. (2006). Ecology Environment and Resource Conservation.

Anamaya Publications, New Delhi, India.

1. Sharma, P.D. (2010). Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India. 8th

edition.

3. Wilkinson, D.M. (2007). Fundamental Processes in Ecology: An Earth Systems Approach.

Oxford University Press. U.S.A.

4. Kormondy, E.J. (1996). Concepts of ecology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, India. 4th

edition.

Core Course X

Plant Systematics (Theory)

UNIT-I Significance of Plant systematics

Introduction to systematics; Plant identification, Classification, Nomenclature. Evidences

from palynology, cytology, phytochemistry and molecular data. Field inventory;

Functions of Herbarium; Important herbaria and botanical gardens of the world and

India; E-flora; Documentation: Flora, Monographs, Journals; Keys: Single access and

Multi-access.

Taxonomic hierarchy

Concept of taxa (family, genus, species); Categories and taxonomic hierarchy; Species

concept (taxonomic, biological, evolutionary).

UNIT-II Botanical nomenclature

Principles and rules (ICN); Ranks and names; Typification, author citation, valid

publication,

rejection of names, principle of priority and its limitations; Names of hybrids.

Systems of classification

Major contributions of Theophrastus, Bauhin, Tournefort, Linnaeus, Adanson, de

Candolle, Bessey, Hutchinson, Takhtajan and Cronquist; Classification systems of

Bentham and Hooker (up to series) and Engler and Prantl (up to orders). Brief reference

of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG III) classification.

UNIT-III Study of Angiosperms families:

Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae, Myrtaceae , Umbelliferae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae,

Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Liliaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae

UNIT-IV Phylogeny of Angiosperms: Terms and concepts (primitive and advanced, homology

and analogy, parallelism and convergence, monophyly, Paraphyly, polyphyly and

clades). Origin and evolution of angiosperms; Co-evolution of angiosperms and animals;

Methods of illustrating evolutionary relationship (phylogenetic tree, cladogram).

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Practical/Lab work (Core Course X)

Study of vegetative and floral characters of the following families (Description, V.S. flower,

section of ovary, floral diagram/s, floral formula/e and systematic position according to

Bentham & Hooker’s system of classification):

Ranunculaceae - Ranunculus, Delphinium

Brassicaceae - Brassica, Alyssum / Iberis

Myrtaceae - Eucalyptus, Callistemon

Umbelliferae - Coriandrum /Anethum / Foeniculum

Asteraceae - Sonchus/Launaea, Vernonia/Ageratum, Eclipta/Tridax

Solanaceae - Solanum nigrum/Withania

Lamiaceae - Salvia/Ocimum

Euphorbiaceae - Euphorbia hirta/E.milii, Jatropha

Liliaceae - Asphodelus/Lilium/Allium

Poaceae - Triticum/Hordeum/Avena/Rice

Field visit (local), Mounting of a properly dried and pressed specimen of any wild plant with

herbarium label (to be submitted in the record book)

Suggested Readings 1. Singh, (2012). Plant Systematics: Theory and Practice Oxford & IBH Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

3rdedition.

2. Jeffrey, C. (1982). An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy. Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge.

3. Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.F. (2002). Plant Systematics-A

Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associates Inc., U.S.A. 2nd edition.

4. Maheshwari, J.K. (1963). Flora of Delhi. CSIR, New Delhi.

5. Radford, A.E. (1986). Fundamentals of Plant Systematics. Harper and Row, New York.

SEMESTER-V

***

Core Course XI

Reproductive Biology of Angiosperms (Theory)

.UNIT-I Introduction: History (contributions of G.B. Amici, W. Hofmeister, E. Strasburger, S.G.

Nawaschin, P. Maheshwari, B.M. Johri, W.A. Jensen, J. Heslop-Harrison) and scope.

Anther and Pollen biology: Anther wall: Structure and functions, microsporogenesis,

Microgametogenesis; Pollen wall structure Pollen wall proteins; Pollen viability, storage

and germination.

UNIT-II Ovule: Structure; Types; Special structures–endothelium, obturator, aril, caruncle and

hypostase; Female gametophyte– megasporogenesis (monosporic, bisporic and

tetrasporic) and megagametogenesis

(details of Polygonum type); Organization and ultrastructure of mature embryo sac.

UNIT-III Pollination and fertilization: Pollination types and significance; adaptations; structure of

stigma and style; path of pollen tube

in pistil; double fertilization.

Self incompatibility: Basic concepts (interspecific, intraspecific, homomorphic,

heteromorphic, GSI and SSI); Methods to overcome self- incompatibility: mixed

pollination, bud pollination, stub pollination; in vitro fertilization

UNIT-IV Embryo, Endosperm and Seed: Structure and types; General pattern of development of

dicot and monocot embryo and endosperm; Suspensor: structure and functions; Embryo-

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endosperm relationship; Nutrition of embryo; Unusual features; Embryo development in

Paeonia. Seed structure, importance and dispersal mechanisms

Polyembryony and apomixes: Introduction; Classification; Causes and applications

Practical/Lab work (Core course XI)

Anther: Wall and its ontogeny; Tapetum (amoeboid and glandular); MMC, spore tetrads,

uninucleate, bicelled and dehisced anther stages through slides/micrographs, male germ unit

(MGU) through photographs and schematic representation.

Pollen grains: Fresh and acetolyzed showing ornamentation and aperture, psuedomonads,

polyads, pollinia (slides/photographs,fresh material), ultrastructure of pollen wall(micrograph);

Ovule: Types-anatropous, orthotropous, amphitropous/campylotropous, circinotropous

(permanent slides/specimens/photographs); Unitegmic, bitegmic; Tenuinucellate and

crassinucellate (permanent slides/specimens/photographs).

Special structures: Endothelium, obturator, hypostase, caruncle and aril (permanent

slides/specimens/photographs).

Embryogenesis: Study of development of dicot embryo through permanent slides; dissection of

developing seeds for embryos at various developmental stages; Study of suspensor through

electron micrographs.

Suggested Readings

1. Bhojwani, S.S. and Bhatnagar, S.P. (2011). The Embryology of Angiosperms, Vikas Publishing

House. Delhi. 5th edition.

2. Shivanna, K.R. (2003). Pollen Biology and Biotechnology. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.

Ltd. Delhi.

3. Raghavan, V. (2000). Developmental Biology of Flowering plants, Springer, Netherlands.

4. Johri, B.M. l (1984). Embryology of Angiosperms, Springer-Verlag, Netherlands.

Core Course XII:

Plant Physiology (Theory)

UNIT-I Plant-water relations: Water Potential and its components, water absorption by roots,

pathway of water movement, symplast, apoplast, transmembrane pathways, root pressure,

guttation. Ascent of sap cohesion-tension theory. Transpiration and factors affecting

transpiration, mechanism of stomatal movement.

UNIT-II Mineral nutrition: Essential and beneficial elements, macro and micronutrients, mineral

deficiency symptoms, roles of essential elements, chelating agents.

Nutrient Uptake: Soil as a nutrient reservoir, transport of ions across cell membrane,

passive absorption, electrochemical gradient, facilitated diffusion, active absorption, role

of ATP, carrier systems,proton ATPase pump and ion flux, uniport, co-transport, symport,

antiport.

UNIT-III Translocation in the phloem: Experimental evidence in support of phloem as the site of

sugar translocation. Pressure–Flow Model; Phloem loading and unloading; Source–sink

relationship.

Plant growth regulators: Discovery, chemical nature (basic structure), bioassay and

physiological roles of Auxin, Gibberellins, Cytokinin, Abscisic acid, Ethylene,

Brassinosteroids and Jasmonic acid.

UNIT-IV Physiology of flowering: Photoperiodism, flowering stimulus, florigen concept,

vernalization, seed dormancy.

Phytochrome, crytochromes and phototropins: Discovery, chemical nature, role in

photomorphogenesis, low energy responses (LER) and high irradiance responses (HIR),

mode of action.

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Practical/Lab work (Core Course XII)

Determination of osmotic potential of plant cell sap by plasmolytic method.

Determination of water potential of given tissue (potato tuber) by weight method.

Study of the effect of wind velocity and light on the rate of transpiration in excised twig/leaf.

Calculation of stomatal index and stomatal frequency from the two surfaces of leaves of a

mesophyte and xerophyte.

To calculate the area of an open stoma and percentage of leaf area open through stomata in a

mesophyte and xerophyte (both surfaces).

To study the phenomenon of seed germination (effect of light).

Suggested Readings

1. Hopkins, W.G. and Huner, A. (2008). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley and

Sons.U.S.A. 4th edition.

2. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., MØller, I.M. and Murphy, A (2015). Plant Physiology and Development.

Sinauer Associates Inc. USA. 6th edition.

3. Bajracharya D. (1999). Experiments in Plant Physiology-A Laboratory Manual. Narosa

Publishing House, New Delhi.

SEMESTER-VI

***

Core Course XIII

Plant Metabolism (Theory)

UNIT-I Concept of metabolism: Introduction, anabolic and catabolic pathways, regulation of

metabolism

Carbon assimilation: Historical background, photosynthetic pigments, role of

photosynthetic pigments, antenna molecules and reaction centres, photochemical

reactions, photosynthetic electron transport, PSI, PSII, Q cycle, CO2 reduction,

photorespiration, C4pathways; Crassulacean acid metabolism; Factors affecting CO2

reduction.

UNIT-II Carbon Oxidation: Glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA

cycle, mitichondrial electron transort (ETC), factors affecting respiration.

Mechanism of ATP synthesis, substrate level phosphorylation, chemiosmotic mechanism

(oxidative and photophosphorylation), ATP synthase, role of uncouplers.

UNIT-III Lipid metabolism: Synthesis and breakdown of triglycerides, β-oxidation, glyoxylate

cycle, gluconeogenesis and its role in mobilisation of lipids during seed germination, α

oxidation.

UNIT-IV Nitrogen metabolism : Nitrate assimilation, biological nitrogen fixation (examples of

legumes and non-legumes);

Physiology and biochemistry of nitrogen fixation; Ammonia assimilation and

transamination

Practical/Lab work (Core course XIII)

Chemical separation of photosynthetic pigments.

To study the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis.

Effect of carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis.

To compare the rate of respiration in different parts of a plant.

Demonstration of fluorescence by isolated chlorophyll pigments.

Demonstration of absorption spectrum of photosynthetic pigments.

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Suggested Readings

1. Hopkins, W.G. and Huner, A. (2008). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley and Sons.

U.S.A. 4th edition.

2. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., MØller, I.M. and Murphy, A (2015). Plant Physiology and Development.

Sinauer Associates Inc. USA. 6th edition.

3. Harborne, J.B. (1973). Phytochemical Methods. John Wiley & Sons. New York.

Core Course XIV

Plant Biotechnology (Theory)

UNIT-I Plant Tissue Culture: Historical perspective; Composition of media; Nutrient and

hormone requirements (role of vitamins and hormones); Totipotency; Organogenesis;

Embryogenesis (somatic and zygotic);

Protoplast isolation, culture and fusion; Tissue culture applications (micropropagation,

androgenesis, virus elimination, secondary metabolites

UNIT-II Recombinant DNA technology: Restriction endonucleases (History, Types I-IV,

biological role and application); Cloning Vectors: plasmid, Lambda phage, Cosmid, YAC.

Gene Cloning : PCR, Recombinant DNA, Bacterial Transformation and selection of

recombinant clones, PCR mediated gene cloning; Gene Construct; construction of

genomic and cDNA libraries, screening DNA libraries to obtain gene of interest by

genetic selection, colony hybridization.

UNIT-III Methods of gene transfer: Agrobacterium-mediated, Direct gene transfer by

Electroporation, Microinjection, Microprojectile bombardment; Selection of transgenics ,

selectable marker and reporter genes (Luciferase, GUS, GFP).

UNIT-IV Applications of Biotechnology: Pest resistant (Bt-cotton); herbicide resistant plants

(Round Up Ready soybean); Transgenic crops with improved quality traits (Flavr Savr

tomato, Golden rice); Role of transgenics in bioremediation ,Superbug; edible vaccines;

Industrial enzymes ( Protease, Lipase); Gentically Engineered Products/Geneticaly

modified food; Biosafety

Practical/Lab work (Core Course XIV)

Preparation of MS medium.

Study of anther, embryo and endosperm culture, micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis &

artificial seeds through photographs.

Study of methods of gene transfer through photographs: Agrobacterium-mediated, direct gene

transfer by electroporation, microinjection, microprojectile bombardment.

Study of steps of genetic engineering for production of Bt cotton, Golden rice, Flavr Savr

tomato through photographs.

Suggested Readings 1. Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K., (1996). Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice. Elsevier

Science Amsterdam. The Netherlands.

2. Glick, B.R., Pasternak, J.J. (2003). Molecular Biotechnology- Principles and Applications of

recombinant DNA. ASM Press, Washington.

3. Bhojwani, S.S. and Bhatnagar, S.P. (2011). The Embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas

Publication House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 5th edition.

4. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010). Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and Sons, U.K.

5th edition.

Stewart, C.N. Jr. (2008). Plant Biotechnology & Genetics: Principles, Techniques and

Applications. John Wiley & Sons Inc. U.S.A.

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Discipline Specific Elective

Discipline Specific Elective (DSE-I)

Stress Biology (Theory)

UNIT-I Defining plant stress: Acclimation and adaptation.

UNIT-II Environmental factors: Water stress; Salinity stress, High light stress; Temperature

stress; Hypersensitive reaction; Pathogenesis related (PR) proteins; Systemic acquired

resistance; Mediation of insect and disease resistance by jasmonates.

UNIT-III Stress sensing mechanisms in plants: Calcium modulation, Phospholipid signaling,

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), production and scavenging mechanisms

UNIT-IV Developmental and physiological mechanisms that protect plants against

environmental stress: Adaptation in plants; Changes in root: shoot ratio; Aerenchyna

development; Osmotic adjustment; Compatible solute production.

Practical/Lab work (Core Course DSE-I)

Quantitative estimation of peroxidase activity in the seedlings in the absence

and presence of salt stress.

Superoxide activity in seedlings in the absence and presence of salt stress.

Zymographic analysis of peroxidase.Zymographic analysis of superoxide dismutase

activity.

Quantitative estimation and zymographic analysis of catalase.

Quantitative estimation and zymographic analysis of glutathione reductase.

Estimation of superoxide anions.

Suggested Readings

1. Hopkins, W.G. and Huner, A. (2008). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley and

Sons. U.S.A. 4th edition.

2. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., MØller, I.M. and Murphy, A (2015). Plant Physiology and

Development. Sinauer Associates Inc. USA. 6th edition.

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Discipline Specific Elective (DSE-II)

Plant Breeding (Theory)

UNIT-I Plant Breeding: Introduction and objectives. Breeding systems: modes of

reproduction in crop plants. Important achievements and undesirable consequences of

plant breeding

UNIT-II Methods of crop improvement: Introduction: Centres of origin and domestication of

crop plants, plant genetic resources;

Acclimatization; Selection methods: For self pollinated, cross pollinated and

vegetatively propagated plants; Hybridization: For self, cross and vegetatively

propagated plants – Procedure, advantages and limitations.

UNIT-III Quantitative inheritance: Concept, mechanism, examples of inheritance of Kernel

colour in wheat.monogenic vs polygenic Inheritance.

UNIT-IV Inbreeding depression and heterosis: History, genetic basis of inbreeding depression

and heterosis; Applications.

Crop improvement and breeding: Roles of polyploidy and mutation in crop

improvement; Distant hybridization, role of biotechnology in crop improvement.

Practical/Lab work (DSE-II)

Practical related to theory

Suggested Readings

1. Singh, B.D. (2005). Plant Breeding: Principles and Methods. Kalyani Publishers. 7th edition.

2. Chaudhari, H.K. (1984). Elementary Principles of Plant Breeding. Oxford – IBH. 2nd

edition.

3. Acquaah, G. (2007). Principles of Plant Genetics & Breeding. Blackwell Publishing.

Discipline Specific Elective (DSE-III)

Natural Resource Management (Theory) UNIT-I Natural resources: Definition and types. Sustainable utilization:

concept, approaches (economic, ecological and socio-cultural).

UNIT-II Land: Utilization (agricultural, pastoral, horticultural, silvicultural); Soil degradation

and management.

Water: Fresh water (rivers, lakes, groundwater, aquifers, watershed); Marine; Estuarine;

Wetlands; Threats and management strategies.

UNIT-III Biological Resources: Biodiversity-definition and types; Significance; Threats;

Management strategies; Bioprospecting; IPR; CBD; National Biodiversity Action Plan.

UNIT-IV Forests: Definition, Cover and its significance (with special reference to India); Major

and minor forest products; Depletion; Management.

Energy: Renewable and non-renewable sources of energy; Waste management; National

and international efforts in recourse management and conservation

Practical/Lab work (DSE-III)

Estimation of solid waste generated by a domestic system (biodegradable and non -

biodegradable) and its impact on land degradation.

Collection of data on forest cover of specific area.

Measurement of dominance of woody species by DBH (diameter at breast height)

method.

Calculation and analysis of ecological footprint.

Ecological modeling.

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Suggested Readings 1. Vasudevan, N. (2006). Essentials of Environmental Science. Narosa Publishing House,

New Delhi.

2. Singh, J. S., Singh, S.P. and Gupta, S. (2006). Ecology, Environment and Resource

Conservation. Anamaya Publications, New Delhi.

4. Rogers, P.P., Jalal, K.F. and Boyd, J.A. (2008). An Introduction to Sustainable

Development. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.

Discipline Specific Elective (DSE-IV)

Biostatistics UNIT-I Biostatistics : Definition - statistical methods - basic principles. Variables -

measurements, functions, limitations and uses of statistics.

UNIT-II Collection of data primary and secondary: Types and methods of data collection

procedures - merits and demerits. Classification -

tabulation and presentation of data - sampling methods.

UNIT-III Measures of central tendency: Mean, median, mode, geometric mean - merits &

demerits. Measures of dispersion - range, standard deviation, mean deviation, quartile

deviation - merits and demerits; Co- efficient of

variations.

UNIT-IV Correlation: Types and methods of correlation, regression, simple regression equation,

fitting prediction, similarities and dissimilarities of correlation and regression

Hypothesis - simple hypothesis - student 't' test - chi square test.

Practical/Lab work (DSE-IV)

Calculation of mean, standard deviation and standard error

Calculation of correlation coefficient values and finding out the probability

Calculation of ‘F’ value and finding out the probability value for the F value.

Suggested Readings 1. Biostatistic, Danniel, W.W., 1987.New York, John Wiley Sons.

2. An introduction to Biostatistics, 3rd edition, Sundarrao, P.S.S and Richards, J. Christian Medical

College, Vellore

3. Statistical Analysis of epidemiological data, Selvin, S., 1991. New York University Press.

4. Statistics for Biologists, Campbell, R.C., 1998.Cambridge University Press.

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Generic Elective Course

Generic Elective I (GE-I)

Biodiversity (Microbes, Algae, Fungi & Archegoniate)

(Theory) UNIT-I Microbes: Viruses - Discovery, general structure, replication (general account), DNA

virus (T-phage); Lytic and lysogenic cycle, RNA virus (TMV); Economic importance.

Bacteria - Discovery, General characteristics and cell structure; Reproduction -

vegetative, asexual and recombination (conjugation, transformation and transduction);

Economic importance.

UNIT-II Algae: General characteristics; Ecology and distribution; Range of thallus

organization and reproduction; Classification of algae; Morphology and life-cycles of

the following: Nostoc, Chlamydomonas, Oedogonium, Vaucheria, Fucus, Polysiphonia.

Economic importance of algae

Fungi: Introduction- General characteristics, ecology and significance, range of thallus

organization, cell wall composition, nutrition, reproduction and classification; True

Fungi- General characteristics, ecology and significance, life cycle of Rhizopus

(Zygomycota) Penicillium, Alternaria (Ascornycota), Puccinia, Agaricus

(Basidiomycota); Symbiotic Associations-Lichens: General account, reproduction and

significance; Mycorrhiza: ectomycorrhiza and endomycorrhiza and their significance

UNIT-III Archegoniate: Introduction to Archegoniate Unifying features of archegoniates,

Transition to land habit, Alternation of generations.

Bryophytes : General characteristics, adaptations to land habit, Classification, Range of

thallus organization. Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and

reproduction of Marchantia and Funaria. (Developmental details not to be included).

Ecology and economic importance of bryophytes with special mention of Sphagnum.

UNIT-IV Pteridophytes: General characteristics, classification, Early land plants (Cooksonia

and Rhynia). Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and reproduction of

Selaginella, Equisetum and Pteris. (Developmental details not to be included).

Heterospory and seed habit, stelar evolution. Ecological and economical importance of

Pteridophytes.

Gymnosperms: General characteristics, classification. Classification (up to family),

morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Cycas and Pinus. (Developmental details not

to be included).Ecological and economical importance.

Practical/ Lab work (GE- I)

Types of Bacteria to be observed from temporary/permanent slides/photographs.

o bacteria, binary fission, endospore, conjugation, root Nodule

Gram staining

Endospore staining with malachite green using the (endospores taken from soil bacteria)

Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of Nostoc, Chlamydomonas (electron

micrographs), Volvox, Oedogonium,Coleochaete, Chara, Vaucheria, Fucus and

Polysiphonia, temporary preparations and permanent slides.

Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of Marchantia, Funaria, Cooksonia,

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Rhynia, Selaginella, Equisetum and Pteris (Permanent slide or temporary slides or live

speciemen.)

Cycas- Morphology (coralloid roots, bulbil, leaf), whole mount of microsporophyll,

transverse section of coralloid root, transverse section of rachis, vertical section of leaflet,

vertical section of microsporophyll, whole mount of spores (temporary slides), longitudinal

section of ovule, transverse section of root (permanent slide).

Pinus- Morphology, transverse section of Needle, transverse section of stem, longitudinal

section of / transverse section of male cone, whole mount of microsporophyll, longitudinal

section of female cone, tangential longitudinal section &radial longitudinal sections stem

(permanent slide).

Gnetum- Morphology (stem, male & female cones), transverse section of stem, vertical

section of ovule (permanent slide)

Suggested Readings

1. Kumar, H.D. (1999). Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East-West. Press Pvt. Ltd. Delhi. 2nd

edition.

2. Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R., Case, C.L. (2010). Microbiology: An Introduction, Pearson

Benjamin Cummings, U.S.A. 10th edition

3. Sethi, I.K. and Walia, S.K. (2011). Text book of Fungi & Their Allies, MacMillan

Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.

4. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology, John

Wiley and Sons (Asia), Singapore. 4th edition.

1. Raven, P.H., Johnson, G.B., Losos, J.B., Singer, S.R., (2005). Biology. Tata McGraw

Hill, Delhi, India.

2. Vashishta, P.C., Sinha, A.K., Kumar, A., (2010). Pteridophyta, S. Chand. Delhi, India.

3. Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra, A. (1996). Gymnosperms. New Age International (P) Ltd

Publishers, New Delhi, India.

4. Parihar, N.S. (1991). An introduction to Embryophyta. Vol. I. Bryophyta. Central Book

Depot, Allahabad.

Generic Elective II (GE-II)

Economic Botany and Plant Biotechnology (Theory) UNIT-I Origin of Cultivated Plants: Concept of centres of origin, their importance with

reference to Vavilov’s work

Cereals: wheat, Origin, morphology and uges

Legumes: General account with special reference to Gram and soybean

Spices :General account with special reference to clove and black pepper (Botanical

name, family, part used)

UNIT-II Beverages: Tea (morphology, processing, uses); Oils and Fats: General description

with special reference to groundnut

Fibre Yielding Plants: General description with special reference to Cotton (Botanical

name, family, part used)

UNIT-III Introduction to plant biotechnology, Plant tissue culture: Micropropagation; haploid

production through androgenesis and gynogenesis; brief account of embryo and

endosperm culture with their applications

UNIT-IV Recombinant DNA Techniques: Blotting techniques: Northern, Southern and Western

Blotting, DNA Fingerprinting; Molecular DNA markers i.e. RAPD, RFLP, SNPs; DNA

sequencing, PCR and Reverse

Transcriptase-PCR.

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Practical/ Lab work (GE- II)

Study of economically important plants : Wheat, Gram, Soybean, Black pepper, Clove

Tea, Cotton, Groundnut through specimens, sections and microchemical tests

Familiarization with basic equipments in tissue culture.

Study through photographs: Anther culture, somatic embryogenesis, endosperm and

embryo culture; micropropagation.

Suggested Readings

1. Kochhar, S.L. (2011). Economic Botany in the Tropics, MacMillan Publishers India

Ltd., New Delhi. 4th edition.

2. Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K., (1996). Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice.

3. Elsevier Science Amsterdam. The Netherlands. Glick, B.R., Pasternak, J.J. (2003). Molecular

Biotechnology- Principles and Applications of recombinant DNA. ASM Press, Washington.

Skill Enhancement Course

Skill Enhancement Course-I

(SEC-I)

Biofertilisers (Theory)

UNIT-I General account about the microbes used as biofertilizer – Rhizobium – isolation,

identification, mass multiplication, carrier based inoculants, Actinorrhizal symbiosis.

UNIT-II Azospirillum: isolation and mass multiplication – carrier based inoculant, associative

effect of different microorganisms.Azotobacter: classification, characteristics – crop

response to Azotobacter inoculum, maintenance and mass multiplication

UNIT-III Cyanobacteria (blue green algae), Azolla and Anabaena azollae association, nitrogen

fixation, factors affecting growth, blue green algae and Azolla in rice cultivation

Mycorrhizal association, types of mycorrhizal association, taxonomy, occurrence and

distribution, phosphorus nutrition, growth and yield – colonization of VAM –its

influence on growth and yield of crop plants

UNIT-IV Organic farming – Green manuring and organic fertilizers, Recycling of biodegradable

municipal, agricultural and Industrial wastes – bio-compost making methods, types and

method of vermin-composting – field Application.

Suggested Readings

1. Dubey, R.C., 2005 A Text book of Biotechnology S.Chand & Co, New Delhi.

2. Kumaresan, V. 2005, Biotechnology, Saras Publications, New Delhi.

3. John Jothi Prakash, E. 2004. Outlines of Plant Biotechnology. Emkay _Publication, New

Delhi.

4. Sathe, T.V. 2004 Vermiculture and Organic Farming. Daya publishers.

5. Subha Rao, N.S. 2000, Soil Microbiology, Oxford & IBH Publishers, New _Delhi.

6. Vayas,S.C, Vayas, S. and Modi, H.A. 1998 Bio-fertilizers and organic _Farming Akta Prakashan, Nadiad

26

26

Skill Enhancement Course-II

(SEC-II)

Ethnobotany (Theory)

UNIT-I Ethnobotany: Introduction, concept, scope and objectives; Ethnobotany as an

interdisciplinary science.The relevance of ethnobotany in the present context; Major and

minor ethnic groups or Tribals of India, and their life styles. Plants used by the tribals: a)

Food plants b) intoxicants and beverages c) Resins and oils and miscellaneous uses.

UNIT-II Methodology of Ethnobotanical studies: a) Field work b) Herbarium c) Ancient

Literature d) Archaeological findings e) temples and

sacred places

UNIT-III Role of ethnobotany in modern Medicine: Medico-ethnobotanical sources in

India;Significance of the following plants in ethno botanical practices (along with their

habitat and morphology) a) Azadiractha indica b) Ocimum sanctum c) Vitex negundo. d)

Pongamia pinnata e) Cassia auriculata f) Indigofera tinctoria. Role of ethnobotany in

modern medicine with special example Rauvolfia sepentina, Trichopus zeylanicus,

Artemisia,Withania.

UNIT-IV Ethnobotany and legal aspects: Ethnobotany as a tool to protect interests of ethnic

groups. Sharing of wealth concept with few examples from India. Biopiracy,

Intellectual Property Rights and Traditional Knowledge

Suggested Readings

1. S.K. Jain, Manual of Ethnobotany, Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, 1995.

2. S.K. Jain (ed.) Glimpses of Indian. Ethnobotny, Oxford and I B H, New Delhi – 1981

Lone et al,. Palaeoethnobotany

3. S.K. Jain (ed.) 1989. Methods and approaches in ethnobotany. Society of ethnobotanists,

_Lucknow, India.

4. S.K. Jain, 1990. Contributions of Indian ethnobotny.Scientific publishers, Jodhpur

5. Colton C.M. 1997. Ethnobotany – Principles and applications. John Wiley and sons –

Chichester

6. Rama Ro, N and A.N. Henry (1996). The Ethnobotany of Eastern Ghats in Andhra

7. Pradesh, India.Botanical Survey of India. Howrah._8) Rajiv K. Sinha – Ethnobotany The

Renaissance of Traditional Herbal Medicine – INA –SHREE Publishers, Jaipur-1996

8. Faulks, P.J. 1958.An introduction to Ethnobotany, Moredale pub. Ltd.

Skill Enhancement Course-III

(SEC-III)

Mushroom culture Technology (Theory)

UNIT-I Introduction, history. Nutritional and medicinal value of edible mushrooms; Poisonous

mushrooms.Types of edible mushrooms available in India - Volvariella volvacea,

Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Agaricus bisporus

UNIT-II Cultivation Technology : Infrastructure: substrates (locally available) Polythene bag,

vessels, Inoculation hook, inoculation loop, low cost stove, sieves, culture rack,

mushroom unit (Thatched house) water sprayer, tray, small polythene bag. Pure culture:

Medium, sterilization, preparation of spawn, multiplication. Mushroom bed preparation -

paddy straw, sugarcane trash, maize straw, banana leaves. Factors affecting the mushroom

bed preparation - Low cost technology, Composting technology in mushroom production.

UNIT-III Storage and nutrition : Short-term storage (Refrigeration - upto 24 hours) Long term

Storage (canning, pickels, papads), drying, storage in saltsolutions. Nutrition - Proteins -

amino acids, mineral elements nutrition - Carbohydrates, Crude fibre content - Vitamins.

UNIT-IV Food Preparation_:Types of foods prepared from mushroom.Research Centres - National

level and Regional level. Cost benefit ratio - Marketing in India and abroad, Export Value.

27

27

Suggested Readings 1. Marimuthu, T. Krishnamoorthy, A.S. Sivaprakasam, K. and Jayarajan. R (1991)

Oyster Mushrooms, Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural

University, Coimbatore.

2. Swaminathan, M. (1990) Food and Nutrition. Bappco, The Bangalore Printing and

Publishing Co. Ltd., No. 88, Mysore Road, Bangalore - 560018.

3. Tewari, Pankaj Kapoor, S.C., (1988). Mushroom cultivation, Mittal Publications,

Delhi.

5. Nita Bahl (1984-1988) Hand book of Mushrooms, II Edition, Vol. I & Vol. II.

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28

Syllabus

B.Sc. BOTANY (Regular)

w.e.f. the Academic Year 2016-2017

Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

BERHAMPUR UNIVERSITY

BHANJA BIHAR, BERHAMPUR-760007

ODISHA

29

29

B. Sc. BOTANY (Regular) under CBCS

w.e.f. the Academic Year2016-2017

Semester - I Credits

Core-A1 Microbiology and Phycology

(Theory) 4

Practical/lab work Practical/lab work (Core-A1) 2

Core-B1 <From other subject> 6

Core-C1 <From other subject> 6

AECC-I(Ability

Enhancement

Compulsory Course)

Environmental Studies 2

Semester - II

Core- A2 Plant Ecology and Taxonomy

(Theory) 4

Practical/lab work Practical/lab work (Core-A2) 2

Core- B2 <From other subject> 6

Core-C2 <From other subject> 6

AECC-II(Ability

Enhancement

Compulsory Course)

MIL Communication 2

Semester - III

Core- A3 Plant Anatomy and

Embryology (Theory)

4

Practical/ Lab work Practical/ Lab work (Core-A3) 2

Core- B3 <From other subject> 6

Core- C3 <From other subject> 6

SEC-I(Skill Enhancement

Course)

Communicative English 2

Semester - IV

Core- A4 Plant Physiology and

Metabolism (Theory)

4

Practical/ Lab work Practical/ Lab work (Core-A4) 2

Core- B3 <From other subject> 6

Core- C3 <From other subject> 6

SEC-II (Skill

Enhancement Course)

<From the pool of SEC

courses>

2

Semester - V

DSE- A1(Discipline

Specific Elective)

Cell and Molecular Biology 4

Practical/ Lab work Practical/ Lab work (DSE- A1) 2

DSE-B1 (Discipline

Specific Elective)

<From other subject> 6

DSE-C1(Discipline

Specific Elective)

<From other subject> 6

SEC-III (Skill

Enhancement Course)

<From the pool of SEC

courses>

2

30

30

Semester - VI

DSE-A2 (Discipline

Specific Elective)

Economic Botany and Plant

Biotechnology (Theory) 4

Practical/ Lab work Practical/ Lab work (DSE-A2) 2

DSE-B2(Discipline

Specific Elective)

<From other subject> 6

DSE-C2(Discipline

Specific Elective)

<From other subject> 6

SEC-IV (Skill

Enhancement Course)

<From the pool of SEC

courses>

2

Total 120

Skill Enhancement Courses (SEC) IV. Biofertilsers

V. Ethnobotany

VI. Mushroom Culture Technology

31

31

Semester-I

*** Core Course

Core Course A1

Microbiology and Phycology

(Theory) UNIT-I Introduction to microbial world, microbial nutrition, growth and metabolism.

Viruses: Discovery, physiochemical and biological characteristics; classification (Baltimore),

general structure with special reference to viroids and prions; replication (general account),

DNA virus (T-phage), lytic and lysogenic cycle; RNA virus (TMV). Economic importance

of viruses.

Bacteria: Discovery, general characteristics, types-archaebacteria, eubacteria, wall-less forms

(mycoplasma and spheroplasts), cell structure, nutritional types, reproduction-vegetative,

asexual and recombination. Economic importance of bacteria

UNIT-II

Algae: General characteristics: distribution; range of thallus organization; Cell structure and

components; cell wall, pigment system, reserve food, flagella; and methods of reproduction;

classification of algae given by Fritsch, significant contributions of important phycologists

(F.E. Fritsch and M.O.P. Iyengar). Economic importance of algae.

Cyanophyta: General characteristics: distribution, cell structure, ultrastucture, heterocyst,

reproduction; Morphology and life-cycle of Oscillatoria and Nostoc; Economic importance

of Cyanophyta.

UNIT-III

Rhodophyta: General characteristics, occurrence, range of thallus organization, cell structure

and reproduction. Morphology and life-cycle of Polysiphonia.

Phaeophyta: Characteristics, occurrence, range of thallus organization, cell structure and

reproduction. Morphology and life-cycles of Fucus.

UNIT-IV

Xanthophyta: General characteristics; range of thallus organization; Occurrence, morphology

and life-cycle of Vaucheria.

Chlorophyta: General characteristics, occurrence, range of thallus organization, cell structure

and reproduction. Morphology and life-cycles, Volvox, Oedogonium, Coleochaete.

Charophyta: General characteristics; occurrence, morphology, cell structure and life-cycle of

Chara; evolutionary significance.

Practical / Lab work (Core course-A1)

Types of Bacteria to be observed from temporary/permanent slides/photographs (bacteria, binary

fission, endospore, conjugation, root Nodule)

Gram staining, Endospore staining with malachite green using the (endospores taken from soil

bacteria)

Collection and identification of algae/ fungi from the college/University campus.

Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of Nostoc, Chlamydomonas (electron micrographs),

Volvox, Oedogonium,Coleochaete, Chara, Vaucheria, Fucus and Polysiphonia, temporary

preparations and permanent slides.

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32

Suggested Readings

1. Lee, R.E. (2008). Phycology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 4th edition.

2. Prescott, L.M., Harley J.P., Klein D. A. (2005). Microbiology, McGraw Hill, India. 6th edition.

3. Kumar, H.D. (1999). Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East-West Press, Delhi.

4. Sahoo, D. (2000). Farming the ocean: seaweeds cultivation and utilization. Aravali International,

New Delhi.

5. Campbell, N.A., Reece J.B., Urry L.A., Cain M.L., Wasserman S.A. Minorsky P.V., Jackson

R.B.(2008). Biology, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, USA. 8th edition.

6. Pelczar, M.J. (2001) Microbiology, 5th edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Co, New Delhi.

Semester II

*** Core Course – A2

Plant Ecology and Taxonomy

(Theory)

UNIT-I Introduction to ecology, Ecological factors: Soil: Origin, formation, composition, soil

profile. Water: States of water in the environment,

Precipitation types. Light and temperature: Variation Optimal and limiting factors;

Adaptation of hydrophytes and xerophytes

UNIT-II Plant communities: Characters; Ecotone and edge effect; Succession; Processes and types.

Ecosystem: Structure; energy flow; food chains and food webs, Ecological pyramids

production and productivity; Biogeochemical cycling; Cycling of carbon, nitrogen and

Phosphorous

UNIT-III Introduction to plant taxonomy; Identification, Classification, Nomenclature. Functions of

Herbarium, important herbaria and botanical gardens of the world and India;

Documentation: Flora, Keys: single access and multi-access

Taxonomic evidences from palynology, cytology, phytochemistry and molecular data.

UNIT-IV Taxonomic hierarchy: Ranks, categories and taxonomic groups

Botanical nomenclature: Principles and rules (ICN); ranks and names; binominal system,

typification, author citation, valid publication, rejection of names, principle of priority and

its limitations.

Classification: Types of classification-artificial, natural and phylogenetic. Bentham and

Hooker (upto series), Engler and Prantl (upto series).

Practical / Lab work (Core course –A2)

Determination of pH of two soil samples

Comparison of bulk density, porosity and rate of infiltration of water in soil of three

habitats.

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33

Study of morphological adaptations of hydrophytes and xerophytes (four each).

Determination of minimal quadrat size for the study of herbaceous vegetation in the

college campus by species area curve method. (species to be listed)

Quantitative analysis of herbaceous vegetation in the college campus for frequency and

comparison with Raunkiaer’s frequency distribution law

Study of vegetative and floral characters of the following families (Description, V.S.

flower, section of ovary, floral diagram/s, floral formula/e and systematic position

according to Bentham & Hooker’s system of classification):Brassicaceae , Asteraceae,

Solanaceae - Liliaceae

Mounting of a properly dried and pressed specimen of any wild plant with herbarium label

(to be submitted in the record book)

Suggested Readings

1. Kormondy, E.J. (1996). Concepts of Ecology. Prentice Hall, U.S.A. 4th edition.

Sharma, P.D. (2010) Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India. 8th

edition.

1. Simpson, M.G. (2006). Plant Systematics. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA,

U.S.A.

2. Singh, G. (2012). Plant Systematics: Theory and Practice. Oxford & IBH Pvt. Ltd., New

Delhi. 3rd edition.

Semester III

*** Core Course-A3

Plant Anatomy and Embryology

(Theory) UNIT-I Meristematic and permanent tissues: Root and shoot apical meristems; Simple and

complex tissues. Structure of dicot and monocot root stem and leaf.

UNIT-II Secondary Growth: Vascular cambium – structure and function, seasonal activity.

Secondary growth in root and stem, Wood (heartwood and sapwood).

Adaptive and protective systems: Epidermis, cuticle, stomata; General account of

adaptations in xerophytes and hydrophytes

UNIT-III Structural organization of flower: Structure of anther and pollen; Structure and types of

ovules; Types of embryo sacs, organization and ultrastructure of mature embryo sac.

Pollination and fertilization: Pollination mechanisms and adaptations; Double

fertilization; Seed-structure appendages and dispersal mechanisms.

UNIT-IV Embryo and endosperm: Endosperm types, structure and functions; Dicot and monocot

embryo; Embryo and endosperm relationship.

Apomixis and polyembryony: Definition, types and practical applications.

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34

Practical/ Lab work (Core Course-A3)

Study of meristems through permanent slides and photographs.

Tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma); Macerated xylary elements, Phloem

(Permanent slides/photographs)

Stem: Monocot: Zea mays; Dicot: Helianthus; Secondary: Helianthus (only Permanent slides).

Root: Monocot: Zea mays; Dicot: Helianthus; Secondary: Helianthus (only Permanent slides).

Leaf: Dicot and Monocot leaf (only Permanent slides).

Adaptive anatomy: Xerophyte (Nerium leaf); Hydrophyte (Hydrilla stem).Structure of anther

(young and mature), tapetum (amoeboid and secretory) (Permanent slides).

Types of ovules: anatropous, orthotropous, circinotropous, amphitropous/Campylotropous;

Female gametophyte: Polygonum (monosporic) type of Embryo sac Development (Permanent

slides/photographs).

Ultrastructure of mature egg apparatus cells through electron micrographs.

Pollination types and seed dispersal mechanisms (including appendages, aril, caruncle)

(Photographs and specimens)

Suggested Readings

1. Bhojwani, S.S. & Bhatnagar, S.P. (2011). Embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas

Publication House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 5th edition

2. Mauseth, J.D. (1988). Plant Anatomy. The Benjamin/Cummings Publisher, USA.

Semester IV

*** Core Course-A4

Plant Physiology and Metabolism

(Theory) UNIT-I Plant-water relations: Importance of water, water potential and its components;

Transpiration and its significance; Factors affecting transpiration; Root pressure and

guttation.

Mineral nutrition: Essential elements, macro and micronutrients; Criteria of essentiality

of elements; Role of essential elements; Transport of ions across cell membrane, active

and passive transport, carriers, channels and pumps.

Translocation in phloem: Composition of phloem sap, Phloem loading and unloading

UNIT-II Enzymes: Structure and properties; Mechanism of enzyme catalysis and enzyme

inhibition

Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic Pigments (Chl a, b, xanthophylls, carotene);

Photosystem I and II, reaction center, antenna molecules; Electron transport and

mechanism of ATP synthesis; C3, C4 and CAM pathways of carbon fixation;

Photorespiration.

UNIT-III Respiration: Glycolysis, anaerobic respiration, TCA cycle; Oxidative phosphorylation,

Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway.

Nitrogen metabolism: Biological nitrogen fixation; Nitrate and ammonia assimilation

UNIT-IV Plant growth regulators: Discovery and physiological roles of auxins, gibberellins,

35

35

cytokinins, ABA, ethylene.

Plant response to light and temperature: Photoperiodism (SDP, LDP, Day neutral

plants); Phytochrome (discovery and structure), red and far red light responses on

photomorphogenesis; Vernalization.

Practical/ Lab work (Core Course-A4)

Determination of osmotic potential of plant cell sap by plasmolytic method.

To study the effect of two environmental factors (light and wind) on transpiration by

excised twig.

Calculation of stomatal index and stomatal frequency of a mesophyte and a xerophyte.

To study the effect of light intensity and bicarbonate concentration on O2 evolution in

photosynthesis.

Comparison of the rate of respiration in any two parts of a plant.

Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography.

Suggested Readings

1. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., (2010). Plant Physiology. Sinauer Associates Inc., U.S.A. 5th Edition.

2. Hopkins, W.G., Huner, N.P., (2009). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley & Sons,

U.S.A. 4th Edition.

3. Bajracharya, D., (1999). Experiments in Plant Physiology- A Laboratory Manual. Narosa

Publishing House, New Delhi.

36

36

Discipline Specific Elective

SEMESTER V

*** Discipline Specific Elective

DSE-A1 Cell and Molecular Biology (Theory)

UNIT-I Cell as a unit of Life: The Cell Theory; Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Cell size and

shape; Eukaryotic Cell components.

Cell Membrane and Cell Wall: The functions of membranes; Models of membrane

structure; Faces of the membranes; Selective permeability of the membranes; Cell wall

structure and function.

UNIT-II Cell Organelles: Mitochondria: Structure, marker enzymes, composition; emiautonomous

nature, mitochondrial DNA. Chloroplast: Structure, composition; semiautonomous nature,

chloroplast DNA. ER, Golgi body & Lysosomes: Structures and roles. Peroxisomes and

Glyoxisomes:Structures, composition, functions in animals and plants and biogenesis.

Nucleus:_Nuclear Envelope- structure of nuclear pore complex; chromatin; molecular

organization, DNA packaging in eukaryotes, euchromatin and heterochromatin, nucleolus

UNIT-III DNA is a Genetic material: DNA structure, types of DNA, types of genetic material.

DNA replication (Prokaryotes and eukaryotes): bidirectional replication, semi–

conservative, semi discontinuous RNA priming, Ǿ (theta) mode of replication, replication

of linear and ds-DNA

UNIT-IV Transcription (Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes): Types of structures of RNA (mRNA, tRNA,

rRNA), RNA polymerase- various types.

Translation (Prokaryotes and eukaryotes), genetic code.

Regulation of gene expression: Prokaryotes: Lac operon and Tryptophan operon; and in

Eukaryotes.

Practical/ Lab work (DSE-A1)

1. Study of the photomicrographs of cell organelles

2. To study the plant cell structure through temporary mounts.

3. Study of mitosis and meiosis (temporary mounts and permanent slides).

4. Study the effect of temperature, organic solvent on semi permeable membrane.

5. Demonstration of dialysis of starch and simple sugar.

6. Study of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis on Rhoeo leaf.

7. Measure the cell size (either length or breadth/diameter) by micrometry.

8. Study the structure of nuclear pore complex by photograph (from Gerald Karp) Study of

special chromosomes (polytene & lampbrush) either by slides or photographs.

9. Study DNA packaging by micrographs. Preparation of the karyotype and ideogram from given

photograph of somatic metaphase chromosome.

Suggested Readings

1. Karp, G. 2010. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. 6th Edition.

John Wiley & Sons. Inc.

37

37

2. De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. 2006. Cell and Molecular Biology. 8th

edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.

3. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. 2009. The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 5th

edition. ASM Press & Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.

4. Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. 2009. The World of the

Cell. 7th edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco.

Semester VI ***

Discipline Specific Elective DSE-A2

Economic Botany and Plant Biotechnology

(Theory) UNIT-I Origin of Cultivated Plants: Concept of centres of origin, their importance with reference to

Vavilov’s work

Cereals: wheat, Origin, morphology and uges

Legumes: General account with special reference to Gram and soybean

Spices :General account with special reference to clove and black pepper (Botanical name,

family, part used)

UNIT-II Beverages: Tea (morphology, processing, uses); Oils and Fats: General description with

special reference to groundnut

Fibre Yielding Plants: General description with special reference to Cotton (Botanical name,

family, part used)

UNIT-III Introduction to plant biotechnology, Plant tissue culture: Micropropagation; haploid

production through androgenesis and gynogenesis; brief account of embryo and endosperm

culture with their applications

UNIT-IV Recombinant DNA Techniques: Blotting techniques: Northern, Southern and Western

Blotting, DNA Fingerprinting; Molecular DNA markers i.e. RAPD, RFLP, SNPs; DNA

sequencing, PCR and Reverse, Transcriptase-PCR.

Practical/ Lab work (DSE-A2)

1. Study of economically important plants: Wheat, Gram, Soybean, Black pepper, Clove Tea,

Cotton, Groundnut through specimens, sections and microchemical test.

2. Familiarization with basic equipments in tissue culture.

3. Study through photographs: Anther culture, somatic embryogenesis, endosperm and embryo

culture; micropropagation.

4. Study of molecular techniques: PCR, Blotting techniques by Photographs or video

Suggested Readings

4. Kochhar, S.L. (2011). Economic Botany in the Tropics, MacMillan Publishers India

Ltd., New Delhi. 4th edition.

5. Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K., (1996). Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice.

6. Elsevier Science Amsterdam. The Netherlands. Glick, B.R., Pasternak, J.J. (2003). Molecular

Biotechnology- Principles and Applications of recombinant DNA. ASM Press, Washington.

38

38

Skill Enhancement Course

Skill Enhancement Course-I

(SEC-I)

Biofertilisers (Theory)

UNIT-I General account about the microbes used as biofertilizer – Rhizobium – isolation,

identification, mass multiplication, carrier based inoculants, Actinorrhizal symbiosis.

UNIT-II Azospirillum: isolation and mass multiplication – carrier based inoculant, associative

effect of different microorganisms.Azotobacter: classification, characteristics – crop

response to Azotobacter inoculum, maintenance and mass multiplication

UNIT-III Cyanobacteria (blue green algae), Azolla and Anabaena azollae association, nitrogen

fixation, factors affecting growth, blue green algae and Azolla in rice cultivation

Mycorrhizal association, types of mycorrhizal association, taxonomy, occurrence and

distribution, phosphorus nutrition, growth and yield – colonization of VAM –its

influence on growth and yield of crop plants

UNIT-IV Organic farming – Green manuring and organic fertilizers, Recycling of biodegradable

municipal, agricultural and Industrial wastes – bio-compost making methods, types and

method of vermin-composting – field Application.

Suggested Readings

7. Dubey, R.C., 2005 A Text book of Biotechnology S.Chand & Co, New Delhi.

8. Kumaresan, V. 2005, Biotechnology, Saras Publications, New Delhi.

9. John Jothi Prakash, E. 2004. Outlines of Plant Biotechnology. Emkay _Publication, New

Delhi.

10. Sathe, T.V. 2004 Vermiculture and Organic Farming. Daya publishers.

11. Subha Rao, N.S. 2000, Soil Microbiology, Oxford & IBH Publishers, New _Delhi.

12. Vayas,S.C, Vayas, S. and Modi, H.A. 1998 Bio-fertilizers and organic _Farming Akta

Prakashan, Nadiad

Skill Enhancement Course-II

(SEC-II)

Ethnobotany (Theory)

UNIT-I Ethnobotany: Introduction, concept, scope and objectives; Ethnobotany as an

interdisciplinary science.The relevance of ethnobotany in the present context; Major and

minor ethnic groups or Tribals of India, and their life styles. Plants used by the tribals: a)

Food plants b) intoxicants and beverages c) Resins and oils and miscellaneous uses.

UNIT-II Methodology of Ethnobotanical studies: a) Field work b) Herbarium c) Ancient

Literature d) Archaeological findings e) temples and

sacred places

UNIT-III Role of ethnobotany in modern Medicine: Medico-ethnobotanical sources in

39

39

India;Significance of the following plants in ethno botanical practices (along with their

habitat and morphology) a) Azadiractha indica b) Ocimum sanctum c) Vitex negundo. d)

Pongamia pinnata e) Cassia auriculata f) Indigofera tinctoria. Role of ethnobotany in

modern medicine with special example Rauvolfia sepentina, Trichopus zeylanicus,

Artemisia,Withania.

UNIT-IV Ethnobotany and legal aspects: Ethnobotany as a tool to protect interests of ethnic

groups. Sharing of wealth concept with few examples from India. Biopiracy, Intellectual

Property Rights and Traditional Knowledge

Suggested Readings

9. S.K. Jain, Manual of Ethnobotany, Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, 1995.

10. S.K. Jain (ed.) Glimpses of Indian. Ethnobotny, Oxford and I B H, New Delhi – 1981 Lone et

al,. Palaeoethnobotany

11. S.K. Jain (ed.) 1989. Methods and approaches in ethnobotany. Society of ethnobotanists,

_Lucknow, India.

12. S.K. Jain, 1990. Contributions of Indian ethnobotny.Scientific publishers, Jodhpur

13. Colton C.M. 1997. Ethnobotany – Principles and applications. John Wiley and sons –

Chichester

14. Rama Ro, N and A.N. Henry (1996). The Ethnobotany of Eastern Ghats in Andhra

15. Pradesh, India.Botanical Survey of India. Howrah._8) Rajiv K. Sinha – Ethnobotany The

Renaissance of Traditional Herbal Medicine – INA –SHREE Publishers, Jaipur-1996

16. Faulks, P.J. 1958.An introduction to Ethnobotany, Moredale pub. Ltd.

Skill Enhancement Course-III

(SEC-III)

Mushroom culture Technology (Theory)

UNIT-I Introduction, history. Nutritional and medicinal value of edible mushrooms; Poisonous

mushrooms.Types of edible mushrooms available in India - Volvariella volvacea,

Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Agaricus bisporus

UNIT-II Cultivation Technology : Infrastructure: substrates (locally available) Polythene bag,

vessels, Inoculation hook, inoculation loop, low cost stove, sieves, culture rack,

mushroom unit (Thatched house) water sprayer, tray, small polythene bag. Pure culture:

Medium,

sterilization, preparation of spawn, multiplication. Mushroom bed preparation - paddy

straw, sugarcane trash, maize straw, banana leaves. Factors affecting the mushroom bed

preparation - Low cost technology, Composting technology in mushroom production.

UNIT-III Storage and nutrition : Short-term storage (Refrigeration - upto 24 hours) Long term

Storage (canning, pickels, papads), drying, storage in saltsolutions. Nutrition - Proteins -

amino acids, mineral elements nutrition - Carbohydrates, Crude fibre content - Vitamins.

UNIT-IV Food Preparation_:Types of foods prepared from mushroom.Research Centres - National

level and Regional level._Cost benefit ratio - Marketing in India and abroad, Export

Value.

Suggested Readings 1. Marimuthu, T. Krishnamoorthy, A.S. Sivaprakasam, K. and Jayarajan. R (1991).Oyster

Mushrooms, Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,

Coimbatore.

2. Swaminathan, M. (1990) Food and Nutrition. Bappco, The Bangalore Printing and Publishing

Co. Ltd., No. 88, Mysore Road, Bangalore - 560018.

3. Tewari, Pankaj Kapoor, S.C., (1988). Mushroom cultivation, Mittal Publications, Delhi.

4. Nita Bahl (1984-1988) Hand book of Mushrooms, II Edition

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