syllabus (b.sc. hons. in botany) core i

SYLLABUS (B.Sc. Hons. In Botany)

Core I (CBCS 2014-BOTANY Regular)

The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda

(CBCS 2014-BOTANY Regular)

Core I (B.Sc. Hons. In Botany)

COURSE CODE

SEMESTER – I

CREDITS

BOT 1101 Plant Kingdom I (2) BOT 1102 Plant Kingdom I I (3) BOT 1103 Botany Practical –I (3)

SEMESTER – II

BOT 1201 Angiosperm Morphology and Taxonomy (2) BOT 1202 Cell Biology (3) BOT 1203 Botany Practical – II (3)

SEMESTER – III

BOT 1301 Plant Anatomy (2) BOT 1302 Basic microbiology and Plant Physiology (3) BOT 1303 Practical Botany III (3)

SEMESTER – IV

BOT 1401 Plant Ecology and Instrumentation (2) BOT 1402 Economic Botany (3) BOT 1403 Practical Botany IV (3)

SEMESTER – V BOT 1501 Plant physiology (2) BOT 1502 Plant Ecology (2) BOT 1503 Horticulture and Plant breeding (2) BOT 1504 Biochemistry and Reproductive Biology (4) BOT 1505 Diversity of Non-flowering Plants (4) BOT 1506 Practical -V (3) BOT BOT BOT

1507 1508 1509

Practical –VI Biodiversity and Bioresources ( Core Elective) Landscaping and Gardening ( Core Foundation)

(3) (2) (2)

SEMESTER –VI

BOT 1601 Evolution and Angiosperm Systematics (4) BOT 1602 Biotechnology (4) BOT 1603 Genetics and Molecular Biology (4) BOT 1604 Applied Botany and Analytical methods (4) BOT 1605 Plant pathology (2) BOT 1606 Practical -VII (3) BOT 1607 Practical -VIII (3)

Total Credits (80)

DISTRIBUTION OF CREDITS FOR DIFFERENT SEMESTERS

(UG Botany)

Semester Theory Credits Practical Credits Total

Core

Principal

Core

Elective

Core

Foundation

I 5 - - 3 8

II 5 - - 3 8

III 5 - - 3 8

IV 5 - - 3 8

V 14 2 2 6 24

VI 18 - - 6 24

Total 56 2 2 22 80

Total credits to be obtained from Core I: 76 Credits (in 6 semesters)

Total credits to be obtained from Core II: 32 Credits (in 4 semesters)

Total credits to be obtained from Elective Courses:

Discipline specific 12 Credits (in 4 Semesters)

Core Elective 2 Credits (in 5th Semester)

Open 4 Credits (in 3rd & 4th Semesters)

Total credits to be obtained from Foundation Courses:

Compulsory 6 Credits (in 4 Semesters)

Core Foundation 2 Credits (in 5th Semester)

Elective 10 Credits (in 5 semesters)

Total 144 Credits (In 6 Semesters)

DETAILED SYLLABUS FOR B.SC (HONS.) IN BOTANY

SEMESTER I

Course BOT – 1101 (2 Credits) Plant Kingdom I

Unit I Classification of Kingdoms and Bacteria: Criteria (according to Mayr, the seven kingdoms of living

organisms); Introduction to different branches of botany (conventional and recent) Bacteria (including Cyanobacteria): Group characters, Occurrence, morphological forms, ultrastructure and economic importance; Thallus organization and reproductive methods in the following types: Nostoc, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Rivularia, Spirulina

Unit II Algae: General characters, classification and economic importance, important features and life history

of: Chlorophyceae: Volvox, Ulothrix Xanthophyceae:Diatoms Phaeophyceae: Sargassum Rhodophyceae: Batrachospermum Suggested Reference Books:

1. Gangulee, S. C., Das, K.S, Dutta, C.D. and Kar, A.K. (1968) College Botany Vol. I 2. Smith, G. M. - (1972) Cryptogamic Botany Vol. I, McGraw-Hill 3. Vashishta, B.R. - (2008) Botany for Degree Students - Vol.I Algae. 4. Verma, J.P. - (1968) The Bacteria, Vikas Pyblications 5. Clifton, A. (1950) Introduction to Bacteria, McGraw - Hill

Course BOT – 1102 (3 Credits) Plant Kingdom II

Unit I Fungi: General characters, classification and economic importance; important features and life history

of Mastigomycotina:Phytophthora Zygomycotina:Mucor Ascomycotina :Eurotium Basidiomycotina: Puccinia, Agaricus A general account of lichens, morphological types and their examples Unit II Bryophytes: Classification (Smith, 1955) and general study of morphology, anatomy and reproduction

in: Hepaticopsida: Riccia Anthocerotopsida: Anthoceros Bryopsida: Funaria

Pteridophytes: Classification (Smith, 1955), general study of morphology, anatomy and reproduction in: Psilophyta: Psilotum Lycophyta: Selaginella Pterophyta: Nephrolepis

Unit III Gymnosperms: General features of gymnosperms, Classification (Sporne, ) and economic importance; important features and life history of Cycadopsida: Cycas Coniferopsida: Pinus

Suggested Reference Books: 1. Gangulee, H. C, K. S. Das, C. Datta and Kar, A.K. (1968) College Botany Vol. II 2. Parihar, N.S. -(1956) Bryophyta 3. Parihar, N.S. -(1955) Pteridophyta 4. Smith, G.M. - (1972) Cryptogamic Botany Vol II 5. Vashishta, B.R. -(1962) Botany for Degree Students: Vol. II Fungi 6. Vashishta, B.R. - (2006) Botany for Degree Students: Vol. III Bryophyta. 7. Vashishta, P.C. (2006) Botany for Degree Students: Vol. IV Pteridophyta

Course BOT - 1103 Practical Botany I (3 credits)

The practical course will be based on the above theory units

SEMESTER II

Course BOT – 1201 (2 Credits) Angiosperm Morphology and Taxonomy

Unit I Vegetative, Floral and Fruit morphology: Root: Different regions and general functions, types of root systems

Stem: Various parts, normal functions (Different types of buds, vegetative and reproductive), forms of stem. Leaf: Structure and normal functions. Simple and compound leaves Seed: Definition, structure and types

Bracts, peduncle and inflorescence: Basic types and functions Flower: Structure of a typical flower, definition and examples of different types of flowers. Introduction to the floral whorls Fruits: Definitions of true, false and parthenocarpic fruits. Major types of fruits.

Unit II Angiosperms: Unique features of angiosperms and diversity; identification, nomenclature and

classification (Bentham & Hooker’s system); primitive and advanced features; the international code of botanical nomenclature. Families: Major angiosperm families, detailed account of Malvaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Lamiaceae

Suggested Reference Books: 1. Gangulee, H.C., Das, K.S, Dutta, C.D. and Kar, A.K. (1968) College Botany Vol. III 2. Dutta A.C. - (1964) Botany for degree students. 3. Hickey M, King .C.(2002) The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms, Cambridge

University press. 4. Sporne K.R. - (1968) The morphology of vascular plants. 5. Tyagi Y.D. &. Kshetrapal S - (1973) An Introduction to Taxonomy of Angiosperms. 6. N.S. Subramanyam -(1968) Modern Plant Taxonomy 7. Sharma O.P - (1968) Plant Taxonomy 8. Pandey B.P. - (1968) Taxonomy of Angiosperms. 9. Vashishta P.C - (1968) Taxonomy of Angiosperms. 10. Daniel M. – (2009) Taxonomy – Evolution at work

Course BOT– 1202 (3 Credits) Cell Biology

Unit I Structural diversity of Plant cell:

Comparative account of cell in Animal and Plants (Bacteria, Mycoplasma, Algae, and Fungi ) Simple tissues: Living (collenchyma and parenchyma) and dead (sclerenchyma) cell types Complex Tissues: Xylem and Phloem elements, structure and function

Cell wall: Layers, function, formation of cell wall Intercellular communications: Plasmodesmata, pits - structure, types and functions

Unit II Cell Components I and Cell Division

Membranes: Different types of bio-membranes; their constituents and organization; different models Endoplasmic Reticulum: Morphology, different types, structural and ultra structural features, origin and functions. Structure and Functions of Nucleus: Ultra structure, nuclear membrane; nucleolus

Chromosome Organization: Morphology; centromere and telomere; sex chromosomes. Mitosis & Meiosis: Different stages, chromosomal behavior, characteristic features and significance,

Unit III Cell Components II Golgi complex: Morphology, structural and ultra structural peculiarities, different components;

origin and functions Lysosomes: Origin, different types; structural peculiarities, chemical constituents and functions.

Plastids: Pigments, different types; classification and morphology; ultra structure of chloroplast and chemical constituents

Mitochondria: Distribution, morphology, structural and ultra structural peculiarities, chemical composition and functions Ribosome: Occurrence, types, differences in 70S and 80S ribosomes, structure, different constituents and functions.

Suggested Reference Books:

1. A Fahn - (1994) Plant Anatomy 2. C.P. Swanson - The cell. 3. W.A. Jensen - The plant cell. 4. C.B. Powar - (1977) Cell biology. 5. P.S. Verma and V.K. Agarwal - (1968) Cell biology, molecular biology, genetics and evolution. 6. G.B. Wilson and J.H. Morrison - (1968) Cytology 7. E.D.P. De Robertis and E.M.F. De Robertis - (1968) Cell & Molecular Biology. 8. P.K. Gupta - (1998) Cell Biology. 9.

Course BOT – 1203 Practical Botany II (3 credits)


SEMESTER III

Course BOT- 1301 ( 2 Credits) Plant Anatomy

Unit I Tissue systems: Epidermal tissues : general organization, cuticle, trichomes and stomatal types Secretory tissues : gum and resin ducts, laticifers, hydathodes, floral and extrafloral nectaries Vascular tissue: Secondary xylem (basic structure of wood). Secondary phloem. Secondary growth: Normal and anomalous secondary growth in different Angiosperms. Periderm and lenticel - structure and development

Unit II Organisation of the higher plant body: The shoot and root systems; variation in habit and longevity;

environmental influences Meristems and development: Shoot apical meristem, root apical meristem, lateral meristems and their functions. Nodal Anatomy: Leaf trace, leaf gap Root stem transition


1. H.C. Gangulee, K.S. Das A.K. Kar & D.C. Datta - (1968) College Botany, Vol. I & II.

2. A.C. Dutta - (1964) Botany for degree students.

3. K. Esau - (1961) Plant Anatomy.

4. A Fahn - (1968) Plant Anatomy.

5. B.P. Pandey - (1978) Plant Anatomy.

6. S.N. Pandey, S.P. Mishra and P.S. Trivedi –(1968) Textbook of Botany Vol.II.

Course BOT-1302 (3 Credits) Basic Microbiology and Plant Physiology

Unit I Discovery of Microorganisms, Structure and classification of microbes, Systematic position of

microorganisms in biological world; classification of microorganisms and characteristic features of different groups. Methods in Microbiology: Basic principles of staining of Bacteria and Fungi, sterilization methods, culture media, pure culture methods, methods for population estimation, growth determination.

Unit II Ultra structure of Microorganisms: Prokaryotic microorganisms, fine structure of prokaryotic cell,

Ultrastructure of fungal and algal cell., Viruses – properties and classification; bacteriophage T4 and TMV Genetic recombination in Prokaryotes: Conjugation, transformation and transduction. Industrial application of microorganisms: Alcohol, food processing, milk products, and antibiotics.

Unit III Plant Physiology Water relations: Absorption of H2O - mechanisms, ascent of sap, various theories.

Transpiration (Loss of H2O) - types, mechanism, stomatal movements Mineral nutrition: Criteria of essentiality of elements, essential elements (Major/minor), their role and deficiency symptoms. Growth movements: Phototropism, Gravitropism and their reaction mechanism


1. Verma, J.P (1992). - The Bacteria 2. Pelczar (1993) _ Introductory Microbiology

3. Clifton, A. (1958) Introduction to Bacteria

4. P.J. Kramer (1983) - Water relations in plants.

5. F.B. Salisbury & C.W. Ross - (1974) Plant Physiology.

6. L. Taiz & E. Zeiger – (2002) Plant Physiology

Course BOT- 1303 Practical Botany III (3 credits)


SEMESTER IV

Course BOT- 1401 (2 Credits) Plant Ecology and Instrumentation

Unit I Plant Ecology Concept and structure of ecosystem, Food chain, food web, Ecological pyramids, Basic ideas about ecosystem functioning, energy flow, organic production, biogeochemical cycles and ecological instruments . Ecological classifications of plants, Adaptations in hydrophytes, mesophytes, xerophytes, halophytes and epiphytes Air, water and land pollution, causes and control measures

Unit II Instrumentation

Principle and working of pH meter, spectrophotometer, conductivity meter, turbidity meter and centrifuge Biostatistics Introduction , sampling methods in biological experiments and applications, Methods of presentation of data: Tables, graphs, diagrams and frequency distribution. Measures of central tendency – Mean median and mode for raw and grouped data

Suggested Reference Books: 1. P. D. Sharma – (1974) Ecology and Environment

2. J.E. Weaver & F.E. Clements - (1938) Plant ecology.

3. R.S. Ambasht - (1969) A text book of plant ecology. 4. M.A. Pallniswamy - (2002) Basic statistics for biologist.

Course BOT- 1402 (3 Credits) Economic Botany

Unit I

Domestication of Plants: Origin of cultivated plants, Vavilov’s centre of origin, primary and secondary centers of diversity, plant introductions. A general account of major food crops, cereals, pulses, vegetables, nuts and fruits. Their source, botanical name, family, morphological value and use. Fodder legumes- a brief account. Vegetable and essential oil sources: Mustard, Sesame, Groundnut, Cotton , Soybean and Coconut – a brief account. Ethnobotany: Introduction, historical background . The folklore of Gujarat - Major tribal groups and their distribution in different parts of Gujarat. Use of plants and plant products by the ethnic groups for various purposes.

Unit II Plant fibers: Cotton, jute and coir- A brief account and its uses. Timber and firewood species: Identification and uses of five major species in Gujarat. Medicinal Plants: A brief account of ten important plant drugs and their chief constituents used in indigenous / allopathic systems of medicine. Natural rubber, insecticides and dyes: A concise account. Ornamental Plants: Major ornamental plants (Trees, shrubs and herbs) in Gujarat.

Unit III

Horticulture: - Importance, Plant propagation through various methods – cutting, layering, grafting and budding. Tissue Culture: Plant tissue culture, principles, types and technique Phytoremediation: Bacterial, fungal and algal remediation Remote sensing:its use in assessing vegetal cover


1. A. Hill - (1972) Economic Botany. 2. P.L. Kochar -(1981) Economic Botany. 3. S.D. Sabnis and M. Daniel – (1990) A Phytochemical Approach to economic Botany

Course BOT- 1403 Practical Botany IV (3 credits)


SEMESTER V

Course BOT- 1501 (2 Credits) Plant Physiology

Unit I : Photosynthesis: Process, significance, structure and composition of photosynthetic apparatus, PS I &

II composition & functions, pathways of carbon fixation C3, C4, CAM, photorespiration, factors affecting photosynthesis. Transport of organic substances: Transport of photosynthate; source-sink relationship; the mechanism of translocation in phloem. Respiration: Substrates, mechanism (Glycolysis, TCA Cycle, HMP shunt and oxidative phosphorylation)

Unit II: Nitrogen metabolism: Biological nitrogen fixation, reduction of N2 into ammonia; nif genes; regulation

of nitrate reductase and nitrogenase; nitrate and ammonium assimilation.

Growth and development: Growth distribution, phases, cell cycle, growth curve, measurements, senescence. Phytohormones: Structure, distribution, bioassay, role in plant growth and practical applications of auxin, cytokinin, gibberellic acid, ethylene, abscissic acid, jasmonic acid, brassinosteroids and polyamines.


1. R.M. Devlin – (1974) Plant Physiology 2. P.S. Verma & P.K. Agarwal -(1977) Plant Physiology. 3. S.N. Pandey & B.K. Sinha - (1972) Plant Physiology. 4. P.J. Kramer - Water relations in plants. 5. F.B. Salisbury & C.W. Ross - (1974) Plant Physiology. 6. L. Taiz & E. Zeiger – (2002) Plant Physiology 7. Noggle & Fritz – (1982) Plant Physiology

Course BOT- 1502 (2 Credits) Plant Ecology

Unit 1. Environmental factors: Climatic, edaphic, and biotic factors influencing the growth of plants,

Populations: Population characteristics, population dynamics, r and K-selection, factors affecting population growth, population interactions. Plant communities: Concept, principles, properties, structure, development, methods & purpose of studying plant communities. Plant Productivity: Concept, importance, methods for measuring plant productivity, variations across ecosystems.

Unit 2. Ecological niche: Concept, types, examples.

Species diversity: Dominance, spatial & temporal variations, endemism, ecotone and concept of edge effect, species extinction & biodiversity, plant geography, major biomes of the world & India. Role of anthropogenic factors: Man & environment, Natural energy resources, , biological indicators, other environmental changes. Conservation : Concept, problems of depletion of natural vegetation, loss of species, and genetic diversity, endangered & extinct plant, Methods of conservation, national parks, sanctuaries and reserves.


1. Chapman, J. L. and Reiss, M. J. (1992). Ecology – Principles and Applications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK: 294 p

2. Odum, E. P. and Barrett, G. W. (2005). Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th Edition, Cengage Learning, New Delhi, India; 598 p

3. Sharma, P. D. (2009). Ecology and Environment, 10th Revised Edition, Rastogi Publications, Merrut, India: 600 p

4. Smith, T. M. & Smith, R. L. (2006). Element of Ecology, 6th Edition, Pearson Education, New Delhi, India; 658 p

Course BOT- 1503 (2 Credits) Horticulture and Plant Breeding

Unit I. General introduction: Definition and scope, utility aspects.Bonsai. Plant propagation: seed advantages, seed dormancy, seed germination – types and factors

controlling, maintenance of purity, harvesting, processing, storage, factors affecting germination, ,asexual methods, advantages, techniques of propagation by cutting (root, stem, leaf) types , rooting - conditions required, establishment – factors affecting, layering types including natural modes of plant modification for propagation. Plant improvement: Types (grafting, budding), process, advantages, techniques, factors affecting, introduction of varieties. .

Unit II. Plant breeding:Introduction to plant breeding, objectives, some important achievements of plant

breeding. Hybridization: Objectives, types and procedure of hybridization. Apomixis: concept,development, potential for crop improvement.

Breeding for disease resistance: disease resistance, vertical and horizontal resistance, sources of disease resistance, methods of breeding for disease resistance. Selection methods: Mass, Pure line, Pedigree and clonal selection. Release of new varieties: Evaluation, identification of entries for release, multiplication and seed certification.

Suggested Reference Books: 1. H.J. Hartmann & D.F. Kester - (2007) Plant propagation principles and practice. 2. J.P. Mahlstede & E.S. Haber - Plant propagation. 3. Adams - Art of Bonsai. 4. Desai - Planning, designing of home garden. 5. G. Aquaah – (2002) Plant propagation. 6. M. K. Sadhu –Plant Propagation

Course BOT- 1504 (4 Credits) Biochemistry and Reproductive Biology

Unit I. Plant metabolism: Basics, biosynthetic pathways; primary and secondary metabolites.Introduction to

alkaloids, terpenoids and phenolics Unit II: Lipid metabolism: Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids; fatty acid biosynthesis; oxidation of fatty

acids; storage and metabolization of fatty acids. Carbohydrate metabolism: Classification, structure of some representative examples of monosaccharides stereoisomers, enantiomers and epimers, polysaccharides,; biosynthesis and degradation of sucrose, starch and cellulose.

Unit III. Amino acids and protein metabolism: Structure, characteristics and classification of amino acids,

protein and non-protein amino acids; amino acid biosynthesis; GS/GOGAT cycle; transamination; peptide bond and polypeptide chain; protein targeting; protein degradation.

Unit IV. Vegetative and sexual reproduction, functions of flower.

Structure of Anther: Anther wall, tapetum, sporogenous tissue Microsporogenesis; formation of pollen grains; pollen germination; pollen tube growth

Structure of Pistil: Types of ovules, nucellus, megaspropgenesis; Types of embryosac, Double fertilization, Polyembryony; Types and causes

Seed and fruit: Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons seeds, Endosperm, their types and functions,Seed dormancy


1. S.S. Bhojwani & S.P. Bhatnagar - (1999) The Embryology of Angiosperms. 2. P. Maheshwari - (1971) An Introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms. 3. K.R. Shivanna & B.M. Johri - (1974) The Angiosperm Pollen : Structure & Function. 4. Eames –(1974) Morphology of vascular plants (lower groups). 5. A.C. Lehninger- (1970) Biochemistry. 6. J.L. Jain - Fundamentals in Biochemistry. 7. E.S. Lenhoff - Tools of Biology. 8. L. Taiz & E. Zeiger –(2002) Plant Physiology

Course BOT- 1505 (4 Credits) Diversity of Non-flowering plants

Unit I. Algae: Occurrence and outline classification(Smith). Typical life histories of algae : Chlorella, Oedogonium, Chara, Vaucheria, Dictyota, Polysiphonia Role of algae in human welfare.

Unit II . Bryophytes: Occurrence and outline classification(Smith). Morphology, anatomy and reproduction in: Marchantia, Pellia, Notothylas, Sphagnum and Polytrichum; Economic importance

Unit III. Pteridophytes: Occurrence and outline classification(Smith).

Morphology, anatomy and reproduction in : Psilotum, Lycopodium, Isoetes Equisetum, Marsilea and Adiantum

Economic importance

Unit IV. Gymnosperms: Occurrence and Outline classification (Sporne). Detailed life cycles: Cycadales (Zamia), Coniferales (Araucaria) and Gnetales (Ephedra). Economic importance

Suggested Reference Books: 1. Smith, G.M. -(1972) Cryptogamic Botany Vol. I and II 2. Vasishtha, B.R. - (1974) Botany for Degree Students - Vol.I Algae. 3. Vasishtha, B.R. - (1974) Botany for Degree Students: Vol. II Fungi 4. Vasishtha, B.R. - (1974) Botany for Degree Students: Vol. III Bryophyta. 5. Vasishtha, P.C. (1974) Botany for Degree Students: Vol.IV Pteridophyta 6. Vasishtha, P.C. (1976) Botany for Degree Students: Vol.V Gymnosperms 7. B. Johri & Biswas . (1984) Gymnosperms. 8. Bhatnagar & Moitra –(1992) Gymnosperms.

Course BOT- 1506 Practical Botany V (3 Credits)

The practical course will be based on the theory units

Course BOT- 1507 Practical Botany VI (3 Credits)


Course BOT-1508 (2 credits) Elective: Discipline Specific

Biodiversity and Bioresource

Unit I: Biodiversity

Introduction to biodiversity: Definition , components, scope, and constraints of biodiversity .

International and national effect, CBD, NBA and GBB

Techniques of Biodiversity Monitoring, Ethno- Botanical approach, traditional knowledge

and intellectual property right...

Natural resource management and society- role of society, scope of livelihood, ethics of

development, sustainable development ,traditions and conservation

Ecosystem services- Concept of Economic value, scope, application and examples and

management, governance and policy in resources management.

Unit II: Herbal Cosmetics and Oils

Types of cosmetics, advantages of herbal cosmetics.

Major plant resources utilized in cosmetics, their cosmetic and medicinal value, common

preparative methods.

Volatile oils: Sources of volatile oils .Extraction of volatile oils .Use of volatile oils in

aromatherapy

References : 1. Chopra, Kadekodi, and Murthy,(1990). Participatory Development: People and Common

property Resources. Sage Publications

2. Gupta and Das, (1997). Environmental Accounting, Wheeler Publishing, New Delhi.

3. Harris, J.M.(2006). Environmental and Natural Resources Economics: A Contemporary

Approach, 2nd edition. Houghton Mifflin.

4. Kareiva and Marview (2010) Conservation Science: Balancing the needs of people and

Nature. Roberts and Company.

5. Manjunath, (2006). Environmental Studies –Pearson Education

6. Odum and Barrett (2007). Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th edition. Thomson Books

7. Pullin, A.S. (2002). Conservation Biology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

8. Rajagopalan, (2005). Environmental studies , Oxford Publication

9. Uberio, N.K. (2000). Environmental management, Excel books , New Delhi

10. Chattopadhyay, P.K., (2008). Herbal cosmetics and Ayurvedic medicines

11. Panda, H( 2004), Herbal cosmetic Handbook, Asia Pacific Buisness Press, Delhi

Course BOT-1509 (2 credits) Foundation Compulsory

Landscaping & Gardening

Unit I

Landscaping

Principle and elements of Landscaping.

History of Gardens. Garden Styles; Types of Gardens

Principles of Design and Planning Information.

Designing of Gardens

.Identification and Use of Plants,

Selection of suitable plants for the climate and site.

Problems with plants;

Other components of gardens : Paths, Walls and Fences, Water Features, Garden Artefacts

Unit II

Gardening- Execution

Essentials of garden establishment: Equipments: Manual Tools and Equipment Power tools

for landscaping.

Green House Technology Different types and their significance

Management and Maintenance of Gardens Replanting; Pruning; Weed Control; Pest

control

Potting mixes; Ingredients of potting mixes , Soils & Nutrition. Fertilizers; Deficiencies and

toxicities; N:P:K ratios; Salting; Fertilizer programming; Compost. Irrigation : Sprinkler

Systems; Micro Irrigation; Planning an Irrigation System, Use of Watering System;

Automatic Watering Systems.

Reference books :

1. Bhattacharjee, S K (2012) Landscape Gardening and Design with Plants Nabhi Publications

2. Bose T K & Chowdhury B. ( 2001) Tropical Garden Plants in Colour Nabhi Publications

3. Dorling Kindersley (2010) Gardening Step By Step, Royal Horticultural Society

4. Sinha Amita (2006) Landscapes in India: Forms and Meanings University Press of Colorado

http://www.jainbookdepot.com/servlet/jbdispinfo?offset=0&searchtype=Author&text1=S%20K%20Bhattacharjee

http://www.jainbookdepot.com/servlet/jbdispinfo?offset=0&searchtype=Author&text1=T%20K%20Bose

SEMESTER VI

Course BOT- 1601 (4 Credits) Evolution and Angiosperm Systematics

UnitI. Basic concept of evolution: Account of origin of life, changes in atmosphere, theory of special

creation. Chemical evolution; experimental evidences for chemical evolution: Miller's, Fox and Urey's experiments. Evidences for evolution, Theories of evolution: Lamarck, Darwin, Mutation and Neo-Lamarckism, Neo-Darwinism and it's present understanding. Synthetic theory of evolution: Steps involved,chromosomal variation and Natural selection of organisms, Reproductive isolation ,, origin of species: Species, racial differences in species,reproductive isolation , sibling sps. and isolating mechanisms. Major trends: Origin of higher categories, rate of evolution and evolutionary constancy.

Unit II. Introduction: Aims and components of systematics; introduction to identification, nomenclature and classification..

Systematics in Practice: Importance of herbarium specimens and their preparation; role of herbaria and botanical gardens; documentation (floras, monographs, journals, indices and dictionaries); keys for identification of plants – single access and multi access; review

Taxonomic hierarchy: Taxonomic categories; species concept . Botanical nomenclature: Principles and rules; ranks and names; type method; principle of priority and

its limitations; names of hybrids and cultivars. Unit III. Phylogeny of angiosperms: A general account of the origin and evolution of angiosperms (special

reference to Bennettitalean, Gnetalean, Caytonialean and herbaceous origin theories); primitive living angiosperms- basal angiosperms; co-evolution of angiosperms and animals. Systems of Classification: Bentaham and Hookers Classification; Engler and Prantl’s system, Hutchinson’s system, Modern and Molecular Taxonomy: Supporting evidences for taxonomy; taxonomy in relation to anatomy, embryology, palynology, ecology, cytology; chemotaxonomy. cladistics. Different approaches and their utility for taxonomy review only.

Unit IV. Diagnostic characters and economically important members of the following families: Annonaceae, Cappariadaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Meliaceae, Vitaceae, Anacardiaceae, Mimosaceae, Myrtaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapotaceae, Asclepiadacea, Verbenaceae, Amaranthacea, Euphorbiacea, Cannaceae, Liliaceae and Poaceae.


1. G.S. Mani - (2000) Evolutionary dynamics of genetic diversity. 2. G.L. Stebbins - (1974) Process of Organic evolution. 3. G.L. Stebbins - (1984) Variation and evolution in plants. 4. T.H. Dobzhanski - (1982) Genetics & Origin of species. 5. F. J. Ayala –Population and Evolutionary genetics: A primer 6. Gangulee, S.C., Das, K.S, Dutta, C.D. and Kar, A.K. (1972) College Botany Vol. II & III 7. K.R. Sporne - (1973) The morphology of vascular plants. 8. Y.D. Tyagi & S. Kshetrapal - (1973) An Introduction to Taxonomy of Angiosperms. 9. N.S. Subramanyam - (1984) Modern Plant Taxonomy 10. O.P. Sharma -(1984) Plant Taxonomy 11. B.P. Pandey - (1980) Taxonomy of Angiosperms. 12. P.C. Vashishta - (1974) Taxonomy of Angiosperms.

Course BOT- 1602 (4 Credits) Biotechnology

Unit I. Genetic engineering of plants: vectors for gene delivery; selectable markers and reporter genes,

methods of gene delivery; development of transgenics; Agrobacterium – the natural genetic engineer; salient achievements in crop biotechnology (with suitable examples) and prospects.

Unit II. Recombinant DNA technology: Restriction endonucleases, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cloning

vectors; genomic and cDNA libraries; Southern and Northern Analysis, various techniques of gene mapping and DNA fingerprinting (RFLP, RAPD, AFLP); chromosome walking, polymerase chain reaction; DNA sequencing.

Unit III. Plant Tissue culture: History, Cellular differentiation and totipotency; organogenesis and

embryogenesis; protoplast isolation and culture; somatic hybridization, clonal propagation; . Unit IV. Industrial Botany:Antibiotics, Production of acids and enzymes, Introduction to preparations of a few

herbal drugs, biopesticides, natural dyes and biofertilisers Mushroom cultivation: Commercially cultivated edible mushrooms – biology and cultivation aspects., Medicinal mushrooms.


1. H. S. Chawla - (1974) Introduction to Plant Biotechlology 2. M. K. Razdan –(1982) Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture 3. C. Giri – (1994) Plant Biotechnology 4. P.S. Verma -(1995) A textbook of plant physiology, biochemistry and biotechechnollgy

5. Ignacimuthu –(2008) Biotechnology an Introduction

6. K. R. Aneja –Experiments in Microbial Plant pathology and Mushroom cultivation

Course BOT -1603 (4 Credits) Genetics and Molecular Biology

Unit I: Genetic Inheritance: Mendelism; laws of segregation and independent assortment; gene

interactions; linkage analysis; allelic and non-allelic interactions. DNA the genetic material: DNA structure; replication; DNA-protein interactions; the nucleosome model; genetic code; satellite and repetitive DNA Genetic variations: Mutations, spontaneous and induced; transposable genetic elements; DNA damage and repair.

Unit II: Cytogenetics:

Chromosome variations- nature and consequences of altered chromosomal structure, Deletions, Duplications, Inversions, translocations. Ploidy: Variations in chromosome number, haploids, diploids and Polyploids, auto and allopolyploids, aneuploids and their importance, linkage or genetic mapping, Insitu hybridization, Flow cytometry in karyotype analysis.

Unit III. Population Genetics: Populations and genepools, Genetic variation and evolution; Genotypic and

genic frequencies; Measuring genetic variation; Polymorphism and heterozygosity; Genetic variations in natural populations; Evolutionary change and the Hardy-Weinberg law; applications of the Hardy-Weinberg law; Migration; random genetic drift; Founder effect and bottlenecks.

Unit IV. Gene expression: Structure of gene; transfer of genetic information; transcription, tRNA; ribosomes;

translation, protein synthesis, primary, secondary and tertiary structure of proteins and its regulaton, post-translational modification of proteins; regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes (operon concept) and eukaryotes; Extranuclear genome: Presence and function of mitochondrial and plastid DNA; plasmids.


1. C.B. Powar - (1977) Cell biology. 2. P.S. Verma and V.K. Agarwal - (1968) Cell biology, molecular biology, genetics and evolution. 3. P.K. Gupta - (1998) Genetics. 4. E.J. Gardner - (1968) Principles of genetics. 5. M.W. Strickberger -(1968) Genetics. 6. U. Sinha and S. Sinha (1976) - Cytogenetics, Plant breeding and Evolution. 7. E.D.P. De Robertis and E.M.F. De Robertis - (1968) Cell & Molecular Biology. 8. William D. Stansfield - (1968) Theory & Problems of genetics. 9. Stephen H. Howell (1998). Molecular genetics of Plant development, Cambridge University, Press.

10. Anthony, J.F. Griffiths, Jeffrey H. Miller, David T. Suzuki, Richard C. Lewontin and William M. Gelbart (2003). An Introduction to genetic analysis (8th edition) – W.H.

Course BOT -1604 (4 Credits) Applied Botany and Analytical methods

Unit I. Forestry : Silviculture – General silvicultural practices, special approaches; Silviculture of important trees Acacia nilotica, Albizzia lebbeck, Butea monosperma,Dalbergia sisoo, Emblica officinalis, Tectona grandis Agroforesrty – scope and necessity; agro-forestry systems under different agro-ecological zones; role of multipurpose trees and NTFPs

JFM: principles, objectives, methodology, scope, benefits and role of NGOs.

Unit II. Microscopy: Principles of light and electron microscopy; phase contrast and fluroscence microscopy;

TEM, SEM and STEM Spectroscopy: Principle and applications of X-ray, UV, Visible and IR spectroscopy Unit III. Chromatography: Principles and types of various chromatographic techniques.

Electrophoresis: Principle of electrophoresis; instrumentation and different kinds of electrophoretic techniques. Centrifugation: Principle of centrifugation , types of centrifuges.

Unit IV. Biostatistics Introduction: Sampling methods in biological experiments, Data generation and

compilation Measures of variation: Types, mean deviation, standard deviation and standard error. Probability distribution: Types of Probability, Relevance in biological sampling Testing the Data: Chi-square test, t-test, Analysis of Variance Regression & Correlation: Components, utility aspect, applications in biological research, statistical analysis, graphics and simulation studies.


1. Wilson & Walker -(1975) Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2. M. Daniel – (1989) Basic Biophysics for Biologists 3. E.S. Lenhoff - Tools of Biology. 4. M.A. Pallniswamy - Basic statistics for biologist. 5. G.W. Snedcor and W.G. Cochran - Statistical methods. 6. P. N. Arora & P. K. Mohan Biostatistics 7. Zar –(2006) Biostatistical Analysis 8. H.G. Champion – (1964) A handbook of forests and forestry 9. S. S. Negi – (1995) A textbook of forest utilization (timber and non-timber) 10. P. Dwivedi – (1981) A textbook of Silviculture

Course BOT- 1605 (2 Credits) Plant pathology

Unit 1.General Account of Plant Pathogens: Historical developments, general account of diseases caused

by plant pathogens Pathogen attack and defense mechanisms: Plant-microbe interactions, Physical, physiological,

biochemical and molecular aspects. Plant disease management: Chemical, biological; IPM systems; biopesticides Unit II . Major Plant Diseases: Differentiation between bacterial, viral and fungal diseases using

morphological symptoms; Study of the following diseases in detail i.e. symptoms, causal organism, disease cycle and disease control. Bacterial diseases – Citrus Canker, Angular leaf spot of cotton Viral diseases -Leaf curl of papaya, Yellow vein mosaic in bhindi. Fungal diseases- White rust of crucifers, red rot of sugarcane, Tikka disease of groundnut. Stripe rust of wheat. Phytoplasma diseases: Little leaf brinjal, Sandal spike.


1. K.S. Bilgrami and H.C. Dube - (1984) A text book of modern plant pathology. 2. R.S. Mehrotra - (1988) Plant Pathology. 3. G. Rangaswami - Diseases of crop plants in India. 4. G.N. Agrios - (1974) Plant Pathology.

Course BOT- 1606 Practical Botany VII (3 Credits)


Course BOT- 1607 Practical Botany VIII (3 Credits)


syllabus (b.sc. hons. in botany) core i

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