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Syllabus for “Korean History & Culture” Hanyang University International Winter School Dec 29 th 2017 ~ Jan 5 th 2017 9am-3pm Prof. David A. Mason Tourism Department, Sejong University, Seoul [email protected] 010-9734-9753 www.san-shin.org Course Objectives The objective of this course will be to make beginning-level students become familiar with the general themes and most interesting aspects of Korea's cultural history, from its origins until the present day. Emphasis will be placed on the cultural arts and customs that are most visible and fascinating to foreign visitors, and most useful to know. The lectures will be practical and vivid, and therefore memorable for the students. Textbook Information Professor’s Handouts will be the main text used. A few relevant academic articles and Professor’s Handouts will be the main texts used, as posted on the website, and exams will be slightly based on them (but mainly the lectures). Students have the option of reading “Korea: a Religious History ” by Dr. James Huntley Grayson, Korean Buddhism by the Jogye Order, the Samguk-yusa in translation, or others. Students should read the assigned handout material before the lecture, and come prepared to ask questions and engage in active discussion. Assessment Criteria This course will be graded based on: 90% all Exams 10% Attendance Record and Professor’s assessment of student participation Exams will include both factual knowledge and short essay questions. They are not cumulative. The professor will present much information during

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Page 1: Syllabus for Korea’s Cultural History - Sacred mountains€¦  · Web viewSyllabus for “Korea’s Cultural History”, ... individualism, instant / complete enlightenment,

Syllabus for “Korean History & Culture”

Hanyang University International Winter School

Dec 29th 2017 ~ Jan 5th 2017 9am-3pm

Prof. David A. MasonTourism Department, Sejong University, Seoul

[email protected] 010-9734-9753 www.san-shin.org

Course Objectives The objective of this course will be to make beginning-level students become familiar with the general themes and most interesting aspects of Korea's cultural history, from its origins until the present day. Emphasis will be placed on the cultural arts and customs that are most visible and fascinating to foreign visitors, and most useful to know. The lectures will be practical and vivid, and therefore memorable for the students.

Textbook InformationProfessor’s Handouts will be the main text used. A few relevant academic articles and Professor’s Handouts will be the main texts used, as posted on the website, and exams will be slightly based on them (but mainly the lectures). Students have the option of reading “Korea: a Religious History” by Dr. James Huntley Grayson, Korean Buddhism by the Jogye Order, the Samguk-yusa in translation, or others. Students should read the assigned handout material before the lecture, and come prepared to ask questions and engage in active discussion.

Assessment CriteriaThis course will be graded based on:90% all Exams 10% Attendance Record and Professor’s assessment of student participation

Exams will include both factual knowledge and short essay questions. They are not cumulative. The professor will present much information during his lectures that is not covered in the reading, and this material will be included on the exam – therefore, students should take careful notes during the lectures, and ask for clarification of anything not understood.

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Topics of Each Lecture:

01 Fri 12/29 Introductions, and Opening Themes of Korea’s Cultural History Origins of Korean Culture in Myths, Legends and History

02 Tues 1/02 Exam Early Korean Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms First “Golden Age” of Korean Culture in Late 3 Kingdoms

03 Wed 1/03 First “Golden Age” of Korean Culture under Unified Shilla

04 Thurs 1/04 Exam The Long Decline of Shilla, and Introduction of Seon

05 Fri 1/05 The Rise of Goryeo’s Buddhist Culture – the Cheongja Era The Tragic Goryeo Decline

06 Mon 1/08 Exam The Rise of the New Joseon Order – Neo-Confucianism

07 Tues 1/09 The Peak of the New Joseon Order – Third Golden Age Middle of Joseon Dynasty – Philosophical Responses to Wars

08 Wed 1/10 Exam The Late Joseon Dynasty, and its Tragic End

09 Thurs 1/11 Korea's Cultural Changes in the 20th Century

10 Fri 1/12 Final Discussion of Korea in the Early 21st Century, and Final Exam

01 Fri 12/29 Introductions, and Opening Themes of Korea’s Cultural History

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Origins of Korean Culture in Myths, Legends and History

Introductions of Students and Professor

Historical and Religious Themes of Korea, and Scholarship of its History

Geographical setting of Korea and its influence on culture

Romanization of Han-geul

Basic points of Bronze-Age Shamanism

Basic points of Chinese Confucianism and Daoism

Basic points of Buddhism India China;

Bronze-Age Pre-History (Manchuria and Peninsula); formation of identity and Shamanism

King Dan-gun and Foundation Myths of the Three Kingdoms; Samguk-yusa

The continuing influence of this story on contemporary Korean culture

Sanshin Mountain-spirits

Continuation of Shamanism

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02 Tues 1/02 Early Korean Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms First “Golden Age” of Korean Culture in Late 3 Kingdoms

Formation of the Sam-han, and Lolang Commandery 108 BC under Emperor Han Wu-ti.

Introduction of Chinese Iron-Age Culture, Kingship and Buddhism by missionaries and trade; Mason’s “one package theory”

4th Cen Chinese Buddhism – its state-oriented and protective-guardian character – Hoguk Bulgyo Inwang-gyeong “Benevolent King Sutra”

The Three Kingdoms 삼국시대 三國時代 early conditions and cultural formation of Goguryeo 고구려 高句麗 (north) Baekje 백제百濟 (SW) Shilla 신라 新羅 (SE)

Stele of Goguryeo King Gwanggaeto was erected near his tomb in 414 by his son King Jangsu, in what is today the city of Ji'an along the Yalu River. Granite, ~7 meters tall, ~4 meters wide, 1802 Classical Chinese characters. Major primary source extant for the history of Goguryeo.

magic, healing, faith & rituals

Missionaries – Ado Hwasang

Resistance / acceptance issues – story of King Beobheung and Yi Cha-don

Grey unglazed stoneware pottery remains as Shilla’s shamanist ceramic style.

Korean monks went to north China and India to study under the greatest Masters

Great Master-Monk Won-gwang 圓光法士 (to Ch 589, return 599, traveled through Sui)

5 Principles of Hwarang-do: (demonstrates “one package” theory)

Loyalty to king, parents & friends; fight w/o retreat; kill only when necessary and then with compassion

Hwangryong-sa built by King Jinpyeong in 558 palace temple for Wongwang

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Koreanization of Buddhism; Daoism, Confucianism and Shamanism blended in

Early transmission of culture to Japan – royalty, Hyecho tutors crown prince @600

Sui attack Goguryeo 612-16, repulsed by General Eulji Mundeok 을지문덕 乙支文德

Queens Seondeok (r.632-47) and Jindeok (r.647-54) poem-letter to Tang Emp

Great Master-Monk Jajang-yulsa (자장 율사 慈藏律師 590-658)

young genius, but rejected office. went to China 636, returned 643

established Vinaya / yul – rules of Monastic Order

established Royal Office of Buddhism, registration of Monks and Temples

Wutai-san – met Munsu-bosal – relics – Odae-san – Korea as Holy-Land

relics in Diamond Altar at Tongdo-sa and four other temples in north-east SK

gave Buddhist names to mountains along East Coast

built Jeokmyeol-bogung temples and other temples

said he found “Mother of Munsu-bosal” on Munsu-bong Peak of holy Taebaek-san

advised building of great 71-meter Pagoda at Hwangryong-sa 황룡사 皇龍寺

“Unification of Korea” 663~677 created by General Kim Yu-shin 김유신 金庾信 under Great Kings Taejong Muryeol 태종 무열왕 太宗 武烈王 (r.654-61) and Munmu 문무대왕 文武大王 (r.661-681)

China & Shilla defeat Goguryeo & Baekje in 680s, Chinese occupy Baekje but are driven outcalled the Unified Shilla Dynasty Tong-il Shilla 통일 신라 統一新羅 (668 CE - 935 CE)

the Balhae Kingdom in former Goguryeo territory lasts 699-926.

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03 Wed 1/03 First “Golden Age” of Korean Culture under Unified Shilla

Master-Monk Uisang-josa (의상 義湘 625-702) introduces the Hwa-eom-jong (華嚴; Huáyán; Jp: Kegon; Skt:Avatamsaka, Flower Garland Sutra, centered on Biro-bul) after study with Huayan master Zhiyan 智儼, friends with Fazang 法藏).

He wrote the mandala-like Haein-do (Ocean Seal diagram'), and founded up to 70 great temples.

Story of Myo-hwa Dragon-Girl and building of Buseok-sa (Floating-Rock Temple)

Master-Monk Wonhyo-daesa (원효 元曉 617-686) self-enlightened, independent

Genius scholar, wrote Sastras, founded Haedong Sect, Harmonization of Sutras, shared love of Hwaeom with his doban Uisang; contributed to Seon/Zen theory.

Spread Amita-bul cult (Pure Land Buddhism) to common people; Unorthodox

Sex-scandal with princess Seol Chong 설총 薛聰 and Idu writing, Shilla Confucianism

Attributed with founding 66 temples that still exist.

Goguryeo Master Bodeok studied Daoism, rejected, fled to Baekje due to its rise

Gyeongju at its peak, flowering of all arts. Nam-san and other sites.

Sinification, but Bone-Rank castes -- no social mobility, belief in bloodlines

Bulguk-sa 불국사 佛國寺 and Seokgur-am 석굴암 石窟庵 750-775built by poor boy Prime Minister Kim Dae-seong 김대성 金大城 700-774

Emille Bell story

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04 Thurs 1/04 The Long Decline of Shilla, and Introduction of Seon

Introduction of Seon (Ch’an or Chán 禪 or 禅 or Zen) Buddhism in China by Bodhidharma 菩提達摩, Pútídámó or Dámó. K: Dalma-josa FL. 520 CE (early 6th Cen)at Solim-sa or Shaolin Monastery 少林寺 Shàolínsì at Sōng Shān 嵩山 in Henan 477

6th Patriarch Dajian Huineng (慧能 Huìnéng 638–713) Korean: Yukjo Hyeneung -seonsaPlatform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch (六祖壇經) Southern Chan Sect (頓教) Sudden EnlightenmentLegend says that his skull was buried under Main Hall of Ssanggye-sa by founders; now in stone pagoda

Beomnang studied under 4th Patriarch, in 640 under Queen Seondeok Shinheung-sa 新興寺 was founded as “first meditation temple” in 652 by Jajang-yulsa

800s Seon gets rooted in Korea – the 9 Mountain sects: Gusan-Seonmun 九山禅門

Spontaneity, individualism, instant / complete enlightenment, meditation instead of doctrine/scriptures/statues.

Tea 茶 cha / da Korean tea grown 828 at Jiri-san Ssanggye-sa 지리산 쌍계사 智異山 雙磎寺

Late Shilla Confucianism develops institutions – Gukhak and Mun-myo

Choi Chi-won 최치원 崔致遠 (857-?) Pen-name Go-un 고운孤雲 or Hae-un 해운 海雲genius, official career in China, returned to save his nation Shilla, in 894 submitted his "Ten Urgent Points of Reform" simu sipyeojo (시무십여조 時務十餘條) to Queen Jinseong (887-897), but his advice ignored. Wandered as Daoist to Jiri-san, Busan, etc, wrote histories for temples, architect, named Haeun-dae Beach; became Shinseon at peak of Gaya-san above Haein-sa.

Rebellions by aristocrats, then farmers, then Later Baekje and Later Goguryeo

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05 Fri 1/05 The Rise of Goryeo’s Buddhist Culture – the Cheongja Era The Tragic Goryeo Decline Taejo Wang Geon (b.877, r.918-43) and his relation to Haein-sa & other Temples

Doseon-guksa ( 827-98) Korea’s Pungsu-jiri Geomancy (Feng Shui / fēngshuǐ 風水)and first concept of Baekdu-daegan theory, left advice for Goryeo Dynasty, Taejo WG followed.

Gaeseong capital City, flowering of State-led Buddhist Culture, Guksa 국사 國師 & Wangsa

Cheongja blue-green Celadon pottery, giant paintings; stone mireuk statues

Palgwan-hoe Festivals huge wealthy temples, ceremonies, golden buddhas

Tiantai (天台宗 T'ien T'ai) Cheontae in Korea Tendai in Japan. Great Chinese Bud Sect that systematizes all of the Sutras under Lotus Sutra 妙法蓮華經 Korean: Myobeom-nyeonhwa-gyeongFounder: Zhiyi (智顗, Chih-I, 538–597) in the late 500s, at Tiantai-shan 天台山 in Zhejiang Province. Korean monk Payak had studied Tiantai under its greatest master in 600sChegwan-daesa (d.970) bought Tiantai or Cheontae Buddhism back to China

Unification of Korean Buddhism was attempted using Cheontae by Uicheon Daegak-guksa (의천 義天 대각국사 大覺國師 1055-1101) Prince toured China collecting books, built royal library

Unification of Korean Buddhism was accomplished by Jinul Bojo-guksa (1158-1210) created Jogye Order 조계종 at Songgwang-sa 송광사 松廣寺 which is at Korea’s Jogye-san (named after China’s Caoqi-shan / Caoxi-shan 曹溪山, Huineng’s mtn). It is mainly Seon, but includes others.

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Mongol conquest (1231-59) and rule (1260-1350)Korea’s worldly but enslaved condition; royalty slowly becomes mongolMongols attacked Japan with Korean labor and wood-shipbuilding from Jeju Nov 1274 and Aug 1281 (kamikaze, 4000 ships lost)population reduction, debauchery of everything

wood & metal printing innovations. Buncheong-ware pottery.

Tripitaka Koreana / Palman-daejang-gyeong 고려팔만 대장경 高麗八萬大藏經carved on Ganghwa-do 1236-51 (moved to Haein-sa 1399) 81,000 blocks! 52mil words!

The 3 Jewels Temples: Tongdo-sa (B), Haein-sa (D), Songgwang-sa (S) only in Korea!Sambo-Sachal

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06 Mon 1/08 The Rise of the New Joseon Order – Neo-Confucianism

Han Yu 韓愈 around 800 in Tang, makes protest against Buddhism. Suppression of Buddhism in 845

Chu Hsi (Zhū Xī 朱熹 1130-1200) created Neo-Confucianism 理學 Lǐxué / 道學 Dàoxué from the Four Classic Books and the teachings of the Five Sages of the 1000-1100s.Four Books: 四書 Sì Shū: Great Learning 大學 Dàxué, Doctrine of the Mean 中庸 Zhōngyōng, Analects of Confucius 論語 or 论语 Lúnyǔ, and Mencius 孟子 Mèngzǐ

Introduction to K of Seong-i-hak Neo-Confucianism by An Hyang (1243-1306) Established the Seonggyun-gwan Univ. The Sosu-seowon was built for him by Toegye

Taejo 태조太祖 Yi Seong-gye 이성계李成桂(1335-1408) coup, Ming Relations, meaning of Joseon

Jeong Mong-ju (1337-92), Jeong Do-jeon (1342-98) were leading Neo-Confucianistsand Geomancer-Monk Jacho Muhak-daesa (1327-1405); Hanyang (Seoul) becomes capital.

Early Joseon (1390–1591) society and politics, the rise of the Yangban clans; Neo-Confucian doctrine & Culture established with radical social changes (strict patriarchy, clan-lineages, primogeniture and etc);

King Taejong (r.1400-1418) oppressed the seoja and Buddhism

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07 Tues 1/09 The Peak of the New Joseon Order – Third Golden Age Middle of Joseon Dynasty – Philosophical Responses to Wars

King Sejong –daewang 세종대왕 世宗大王 (r.1418-50) – Han-geul, science, good-Gov

King Sejo (r.1455-68) / (killed Danjong) – became devout Buddhist, made system of Laws

King constrained by advisors – Wangdo ideals – Sarim-pa radicals got influence, but then were purged – Jo Gwang-jo (1482-1519). Factionalism!

Toegye Yi Hwang 퇴계 退溪 (1501-70) Korea’s greatest philosopherOrthodox, followed Chu Hsi exactly. Made 10 Diagrams of Sage Learning

rival with Yulgok Yi I 율곡이이 栗谷李珥 (1536-84)

– his mother Shin Saimdang 신사임당 申師任堂 (1504-1551) artist, Eojin Eomeoni "Wise Mother"

Baekja white w/blue porcelain pottery, Chinese-style paintings & arts by Yangban aristocratsHanok Hanbok Hanshik Hanyak

Heo Jun (허준, 許浚, 1546 – 1615) Doctor who adapted Chinese herbal & etc medicine to Korean plants & conditions, wrote Dongui bogam the key text of Traditional Korean medicine.Influence spread to China and Japan as one of the classics of Oriental medicine, still today.Worked for royal family but also treated common people, used han-geul. Exiled to southwest.

1592–1630: invasions by Japan & Manchus, destruction & theft of Arts.Imjin War 임진왜란 壬辰倭亂 suddenly invasion by Hideyoshi, lasts 1592-98.

defence by local groups & Buddhist monks; Masters Seosan 西山大師 & Samyeong-dang 四溟堂 leads to Namhan-Sanseong 9 temples

Naval victories by Chungmu-gong Yi Sun-shin 충무공 忠武公 Martial Loyalty Lord 이순신 李舜臣

Non-gae 논개 論介 and the Cult of Loyalty. She killed a famous Japanese General (but who?) in 1593 at the Uiam 의암 義巖, "righteousness rock" of Jinju. Family rewarded and Shrines built.

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Assistance from Ming China 1593 and 1598. Gratitude for that. But then submission to the Manchus by 1630.

1630–1850: conservative “hermit kingdom” under philosophy of U-am Song Shi-yeol 우암송시열 尤庵 宋時烈 (1607–1689) – strict Neo-Confucianism enforced, devotion to the MingOppression and Decline, but Endurance, of both Shamanism and Buddhism

Exile / Gosan Yun Seon-do 孤山尹善道 (1587-1671) lived on Bogil-do. Sijo Poetry ( haiku)

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08 Wed 1/10 The Late Joseon Dynasty, and its Tragic End

Chunhyang 春香 Story, mother was gisaeng; romance with Yi Mong-ryong, Amhaeng-eosa 暗行御史

Shilhak – Practical Learning – “Dasan” Jeong Yak-yong 다산 茶山 정약용 丁若鏞 (1762-1836)

progress of arts; Construction of Suwon Hwaseong Castle by King Jeongjo / Dasan 1794-6

Choui-seonsa revived Han-guk Chado tradition, wrote book, friends with him and Chusa

Catholicism intro and Persecutions late 1700s through 1800s. Great killing 1866, French

1850–1910: first Western contacts, introduction of Protestant Christianity

All nations struggle for Korea; King Gojong and Queen Min / Minbi / Myeongseong

Attempted reforms fail. the Donghak Rebellion fails 1894, leading to Cheondo-gyo 천도교

Japan defeats China in 1895, and Queen Min was Murdered

Christian Missionaries try to assist and inspire – but mostly in futility

Japan defeats Russia in 1905. USA just stands by.

the “Great Revival” starts in Pyeongyang 1907, spreads nationwide

“Independence” & “Empire” declared 1897, then Japanese Colonial Occupation from 1910

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09 Thurs 1/11 Korea's Cultural Changes in the 20th Century

Japanese Colonial Occupation from 1910 to 1945

early modern nationalism led by American Christian influence, Cheondo-gyo and Buddhists

Reactions to loss of sovereignty varied. Some cooperate, collaborate, others resist

Aftermath of WW-I (USpresident Wilson) & Gojong’s funeral ==> 1919 March First Movement (Sam-il-jeol)

the 1920s Cultural Nationalism under Japanese Colonial Occupation.

Japanese-style ‘householder’ Buddhism imposed, but rejected after the 1950s

Steady growth of Protestant Christianity.

Repression in the 1930s, then WW-II.

Cultural effects of Liberation and Division 1945-49, RoK established 1948 by the UN,and then the Korean War 1950-53.

Great Masters of 20th-Century Korean Buddhism:

Gyeong-heo and his disciple Mangong

Beophui

Man-hae Han Yong-eun

Hyo-bong

Gu-san

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Cheong-dam

Seong-cheol

Seung-sahn

all of them revived traditions of Korean Buddhism, or modernized it, and/or internationalized it – creating foreign centers and monks for the first time

Temple-Stay Program created 2002 for the World Cup

Seoul vs. Pyeongyang; North Korea’s pseudo-communist cultish dictatorship;

Kim Il-sung’s Juche ideology and destruction of traditional culture in the North

American-style culture influences the South

Radical social changes and the cultural changes that have accompanied them;

ROK military dictatorship and resistance to it

relations with America, Japan & the world. Vietnam War sparks Industrialization.

South Korea's new generations and social changes

the strong growth of Protestant Christianity

the revival of Korean Buddhism

the endurance of Korean Confucianism and Shamanism – and the New Cults

the 1988 Seoul Olympics

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North Korea fails at attempts to open up under Kim Jong-il, despite pressures, leading to ongoing famine and nuclear weapons crisis

SK splitting away from the USA and the new cultural nationalism; the 2002 World Cup

Revived relationships with China and Japan

Cultural aspects of Kim & Roh’s Sunshine Policy towards North Korea

Revival of Conservatives, even as society keeps becoming more Liberal

Important ROK Presidents:

1948-1960 Syngman Rhee / Yi / I / Lee Seung-man

1961-1979 Park Chung Hee / Bak Jeong-hui

1980-1987 Chun Doo Hwan / Jeon Duhwan

1988-1992 Roh Tae Woo / No Tae-u

1993-1997 Kim Young Sam / Gim Yeong-sam

1998-2002 Kim Dae Jung / Gim Dae-jung

2003-2007 Roh Moo Hyun / No Mu-hyeon

2008-2012 Lee Myung Bak / I Myeong-bak

2013-2017 Park Geun Hye / Bak Geun-hye

2017-2022 Moon Jae In / Mun Jae-in

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10 Fri 1/12 Final Discussion of Korea in the Early 21st Century, and Final Exam

Korea’s cultural present reality

Prospects of Korea’s cultural future

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Gaecheon-jeol [Opening Heaven Day], Gojoseon [Ancient Joseon Kingdom] and

Dan-gun [Altar King] the “Founder of Korea”The Korean Myth of National Origin, First Story in the Samguk-Yusa

Hwanin 환인 桓因, the King of Heaven or Jeseok, was asked by Hwanung, one of his younger sons or a son by a secondary wife (a junior Prince), to send him down to earth to govern his own land. Hwanin surveyed the mountains of the earth and chose Mount Taebaek-san 태백산 太伯山 as the best site, Opened Heaven (gaecheon) and sent down his son To Benefit Humanity (hongik-ingan). Hwanung descended with three heavenly seals or treasures and 3000 followers, to a sacred sandalwood tree on the peak of Taebaek-san. Here he established a sacred city (Shinshi 신시 神市 spirit-city). He marshaled the noble spirits of Wind, Rain and Clouds as his Ministers. A government was established with 360 departments to rule with laws and moral codes about agriculture, grain-storage, hunting, fishing, sickness and medicine, education, the arts, family-life, determination of good and evil, and etc.

A bear and a tiger both came to Holy Hwanung and prayed (begged) to become human beings. The Heavenly Prince decided to give them a chance, and gave them a bundle of mugwort and twenty bulbs of garlic and told them that if they ate only these sacred food and stayed in the cave (out of the sunlight) for one hundred days that they would become human. The tiger shortly gave up in impatient hunger and left the cave. The bear remained and after 21 days was transformed into a woman.

The bear-woman (Ungnyeo; 웅녀; 熊女) was very grateful and made offerings to Hwanung at the stone altar by the sacred tree on the peak. She had no husband, however, and prayed for a son. Hwanung was moved by her prayers to transform himself as a human man, and mated with her. Nine months later she gave birth to a son, who was named Dan-gun Wanggeom 단군 왕검 檀君王儉. (the original character 壇 “altar” changed to the similar 檀 “sandalwood” with same pronunciation dan, more Buddhist meaning)

Dan-gun founded the first Korean kingdom, with its capital at what is now Pyeongyang and then moved to Asadal, probably at Mt. Guwol-san in Hwanghae Province, and named it Joseon (Choson) “Human-Land” “Morning Fresh” – in the 50th year of the reign of the Emperor Yao (China’s mythical sage-emperor ). We now call this legendary kingdom “Gojoseon” – go- means “old”, “ancient” or “former”.

1,500 years later, in the year 1122 BCE, Founding-King Wu / Wen of the Zhou Dynasty (Zhōu Cháo Wuwang 周朝武王) enfeoffed Jizi* to Joseon (bringing iron-age culture).

King Dangun moved his capital again, but then returned to Asadal and abdicated his throne, hiding himself in the mountains, becoming an immortal San-shin (Mountain-spirit) at the age of 1,908.

*Jizi (箕子 ji1 zi3, Gija 기자 in Korean, “Viscount of Ji”, was a semi-legendary Chinese sage who is said to have ruled Korea in the 12th century BC. His family name was Zi (子) and given name was Xuyu (胥餘). Since the title of Viscount of Ji was bestowed on him, he is usually called Jizi. He may

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have been a prince or noble of the corrupt Shang Dynasty, who helped King Wu overthrow it. Wu then sent him to conquer Korea?

Buddhas and Bodhisattvas in Korean BuddhismFive Great Buddhas:

Sanskrit(English)

Korean(romanized)

Chinese IdentityFunction

Sect

Sakyamuni Seokka-bul orSeokkamoni-bul

喬達摩 悉達多, or 瞿曇 悉達多

Original,Historical

(5th Cen BCE)

All,esp

SeonAmithabha,

Amita Amita-bul阿彌陀佛, Āmítuó Fó

Compassion,Western Paradise,or “the Pure Land”

Pure Land

VairocanaBiro-bul orBirojana-bul

毘盧遮那佛 Dàrì Rúlái or Piluzhenafo

Universal BuddhaInfinite Cosmic Light

Source of Buddhahood

Hwaeom(Huayen)

Bhaisajya-guru Yaksa-yeoraeor Yaksa-bul

藥師佛Yàoshīfó

“Master of Healing” or Medicine Buddha

general(folk)

Maitreya Mireuk-bulMireuk-bosal

彌勒菩薩 Mílè Púsa

Buddha of Future Salvation (in this world). Actually a bodhisattva who

will be next Buddha, bring PlentyFamous for Benevolence

MireukCults(folk)

Four Principal Bodhisattvas: (K: bosal Ch: 菩萨 or 菩薩 púsà)Sanskrit(English)

Korean(romanized)

Chinese ChineseHome

KoreanHome

IdentityFunction

Manjusri Munsu-bosal 文殊Wen Shu

Wǔtái-shān五台山(in Shānxī)

Odae-san오대산五台山

+ Jiri-san,Geumgang

Wisdom keen awarenessDiamond Sutra

Samanta-bhadra

Bohyeon-bosal 普賢Pu Xian

Éméi Shān峨眉山(in Sìchuān)

Myohyang-san (NK)묘향산 benevolent action

practice of meditation

Avalokitesvara Gwanse-eum-

bosalor Gwaneum관세음보살

觀音GuanYin

blended with Ma-tzu

Pǔtuó Shān 普陀山(island off Zhèjiāng)

33 on coastsNaksanBori-amBusan

Ganghwa

Compassion "Hearer of Cries"shown with bottle, feminine / beautiful

108 vows, 108 arms, 11 headsassociated with Yong-wang Dragon-Kingspecial devotion by women and fishers

rocky coastal areas

Ksitigarbha Jijang-bosal지장보살 地藏Di Zang

Jiǔhuá-shān九華山九华山(in Ānhuī)

in mostTemples

Jeon-nam Daewon-sa

Salvation / relief from suffering in Hellmain figure of funeral services

smooth green “hair”, staff with ringsspecial “Judgment Hall” in every temple, with Ten Kings of Hell

Arhant(16 of them)

Nahan 나한 or Arahan 아라한

羅漢 Luóhànor 阿羅漢 āluóhàn

Disciple of Sakyamuni Buddhaspiritual practitioner who hasattained full enlightenment,

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Related toShin-seon

or 真人 zhēnrén (Daoist Immortal)

has magical & spiritual powers

General Eulji Mundeok destroys Sui Army and retains Korea’s Independence

This is a poem originally written by General Eulji Mundeok 을지문덕 of the Goguryeo Kingdom to an Army Commander of China's Sui Dynasty in 612. The Sui Emperor Yangdi (son of Sui Wen-ti the Great) had invaded Goguryeo with an army over a million members strong, maybe the largest in history by that point. After defending fortresses against the Sui army and navy for several months, Gen. Eulji misled the Sui's army across the Yalu River with guerilla tactics, even to chase them across the Salsu River (in North Korea), too far from their supply centers.

After Sui's soldiers crossed the river, Gen. Eulji moved all soldiers, food and crops into the Pyeongyang Fortress and poisoned all wells outside the fortress. When Sui's army was running out of food and water, and many soldiers were falling sick, General Eulji sent this poem to Sui's General Yu Zhongwen, calling for him to retreat.

The poem reads as follows:

Hangul Hanja English 신책구천문 神策究天文 Your divine plans have plumbed the heavens; 묘산궁지리 妙算窮地理 Your subtle reckoning has spanned the earth; 전승공기고 戰勝功旣高 You win every battle, your military merit is great;지족원운지 知足願云止 Why then not stop the war and be content…?Or:Heaven knows how marvelous you are in your strategy,Earth knows how shrewd you are in your calculation,Your fame already knows no bounds in this war,Isn’t it time to know satisfaction in your efforts…?

While belatedly retreating back across the Salsu River, Sui's troops were defeated by an ambush (flooded river) and suffered massive casualties, which led to an overall campaign loss of all of the remaining 305,000 Sui soldiers, including General Yu Zhongwen, except for 2,700 that are recorded to have made it back to the Great Wall.

Goguryeo forces, although outnumbered, wiped-out the million Sui troops and thus preserved Korea’s independence from China. Mighty Sui collapsed in bankruptcy in 617, resulting in the birth of the grand Tang Dynasty in 618.

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