syllogistic figures
TRANSCRIPT
Syllogistic Figures and Moods/Modes
� Syllogistic figure: disposition of the middle term with respect to the major and minor terms in the premises
� Syllogistic moods/modes: arrangement of the premises according to quantitiy (U or P) and quality (+ or -)
4 syllogistic figures:
1.M PS M____S P
2.P MS M____S P
3. M PM S____S P
4.P MM S____S P
4 types of modes:
� A = Universal affirmative (u + p)� E = Universal negative (u – p)� I = Particular affirmative (p + p)� O = Particular negative (p – p)
16 theoretical combination of syllogistics figures and modes:
1.AA
2. AE
3. AI
4. AO
5. E A
6. EE
7. EI
8. EO
9. IA
10. IE
11. II
12. IO
13. OA
14. OE
15. OI
16. OO
Violation of law 6 (no 2 negative propositions):
EE
EO
OE
OO
Violation of law 8 (no 2 particulars):
II
IO
OI
Violation of law 2 (no particular in conclusion if it was universal in proposition):
� I : Beberapa binatang melata bisa terbang� (pM + pP)� E : Tiada katak yang binatang melata � (pS – uM)� Tiada katak yang bisa terbang � (uS + uP)
Valid syllogistic figures:
A A A AA E I O
E EA I
IA
OA
Figure 1:
� M P� S M� S PThe minor premise must be affirmative; the
major premise must be universal
A uM + pPA uS + pM
uS + pP(valid)
A uM + pPE uS - uM
uS - uP(illicit major)
A uM + pPI pS + pM
pS + pP(valid)
A uM + pPO pS - uM
pS - uP(illicit major)
E uM – uPA uS + pM
uS - uP(valid)
E uM – uPI pS + pM
pS – uP(valid)
I pM + pPA uS + pM
uS + pP(undistributedMiddle)
O pM – uPA uS + pM
uS - uP(undistributedMiddle)
Fidure 1: illicit major
� A: Semua pinsil adalah alat kantor� E: Semua sendok bukan pinsil� Semua sendok bukan alat kantor� A: Semua garpu adalah alat makan� E: Semua sendok bukan garpu� Semua sendok bukan alat makan
A uM + pPE uS - uM
uS - uP
Figure 1: undistributed middle
� I: Beberapa orang kaya adalah orang Betawi� A: Semua tuan tanah adalah orang kaya� Semua tuan tanah orang Betawi� I: Beberapa orang Betawi miskin� A: Semua tuan tanah adalah orang Betawi� Semua tuan tanah miskin I pM + pP
A uS + pMuS + pP
Figure 1: valid
� Every passion causes emotional instability� Greed is pasion� Greed causes emotional instability� Excessive hoarders of money are misers� Some lawyers are excessive hoarders of
money� Some lawyers are misers (next ….)
� No quadrupleds have wings� All donkeys are quadrupleds� No donkeys have wings� No thieves will prosper� Some politicians are thieves� Some politicians will not proper
Figure 2:
� P M� S M� S POne premise must be negative; the major
premis must be universal.
A uP + pMA uS + pM
uS + pP(UndistributedMiddle)
A uP + pME uS - uM
uS – uP(Valid)
A uP + pMI pS + pM
pS + pP(UndistributedMiddle)
A uP + pMO pS - uM
pS – uP(Valid)
E uP - uMA uS + pM
uS - uP(Valid)
E uP - uMI pS + pM
pS - uP(Valid)
I pP + pMA uS + pM
uS + pP(UndistributedMiddle)
O pP - uMA uS + pM
uS - uP(Illicit major)
Figure 2: undistributed middle
� I: Semua reptilia melata� A: Semua ular melata� Semua ular adalah reptilia� I: Semua buaya melata� A: Semua ular melata� Semua ular adalah buaya
A uP + pMA uS + pM
uS + pP
Figure 2: illicit major
� O: Sebagian wanita tidak menghasilkan sperma
� A: Semua pria menghasilkan sperma� Semua pria bukan wanita� O: Sebagian yang berotot tidak maskulin� A: Semua pria berotot� Semua pria bukan maskulin
O pP - uMA uS + pM
uS - uP
Figure 2: valid
� All men are rational� No monkeys are rational� No monkeys are men� All cars are mobile� Some phones are not mobile� Some phones are not cars
� No poor people are money lenders� All bankers are money lenders� No bankers are poor people� No real nationalists burn national flags� Some demonstrators burn national flags� Some demonstrators are not real
nationalists
Figure 3:
� M P� M S� S PThe minor premise must be affirmative; the
conclusion must be particular; one of the premises must be universal
A uM + pPA uM + pS
pS + pP(valid)
A uM + pPE uM - uS
uS - uP(illicit major)
A uM + pPI pM + pS
pS + pP(valid)
A uM + pPO pM - uS
uS - uP(illicit major)
E uM - uPA uM + pS
pS - uP(valid)
E uM - uPI pM + pS
pS - uP(valid)
I pM + pPA uM + pS
pS + pP(valid)
O pM - uPA uM + pS
pS – uP(valid)
Figure 3: illicit major
� A: Semua pedagang K5 berakal sehat� E: Semua pedagang K5 bukan elit politik� Semua elit politik tidak berakal sehat� A: Semua pedagang K5 berpolitik� E: Semua pedagang K5 bukan elit politik� Semua elit politik tidak berpolitik
A uM + pPE uM - uS
uS - uP
Figure 3: valid
� All birds have wings� All birds are bipeds� Some bipeds have wings� All fools think themselves wise� Some fools are professors� Some professors think themselves wise
� No pigs are vegetable� All pigs are mamal� Some mamals are not vegetable� No bodies are immaterial� Some bodies are elements� Some elements are not immaterial
� Some PRD members are revolutionary� All PRD members are radicals� Some radicals are revolutionary� Some criminals do not steal� All criminals are lawbreakers� Some lawbreakers do not steal
Figure 4
� P M� M S� S PIf the major premise is affirmative, the minor
premise must be universal; if the minor premise is affirmative, the conclusion must be particular; if one of the premises is negative, the major premise must be universal
A uP + pMA uM + pS
pS + pP(valid)
A uP + p ME uM - uS
uS - uP(valid)
A uP + pMI pM + pS
pS + pP(UndistributedMiddle)
A uP + pMO pM - uS
pS - uP(UndistributedMiddle)
E uP - uMA uM + pS
pS - uP(valid)
E uP - uMI pM + pS
pS + pP(valid)
I pP + pMA uM + pS
pS + pP(valid)
O pP - uMA uM + pS
pS - uP(illicit major)
Figure 4: Undistributed Middle
� A: Semua mantan pengungsi terlantar� I: Sebagian orang yang terlantar menjadi
gelandangan� Beberapa gelandangan adalah mantan
pengungsi� A: Semua kucing suka daging� I: Semur daging disukai tikus� Beberapa tikus adalah kucing
A uP + pMI pM + pS
pS + pP
Figure 4: Illicit major
� O: Sebagian alas kaki bukan untuk olah raga� A: Semua olah raga memerlukan sepatu� Beberapa sepatu bukan alas kaki� O: Sebagian sepatu bukan untuk olah raga� A: Semua olah raga memerlukan alas kaki� Beberapa alas kaki bukan sepatu
O pP - uMA uP + pS
pS - uP
Figure 4: Valid
� A: All murders are crimes� A: All crimes are something detestable� Something detestable is murder� All animals are sentient beings� No sentient beings are lifeless beings� No lifeless beings are animals
� No plants are sentient beings� All sentient beings are living beings� Some living beings are not plants� No inorganic bodies are living beings� Some living beings are sentient beings� Some sentient beings are not inorganic
bodies
� Some bodies are plant� All plants are living beings� Some living beings are bodies