synergies and trade-offs between energy efficiency and ...trade-off between energy intensity (all...

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Synergies and Trade-offs betweenEnergy Efficiency and SustainablityIndicators: The EU-28 Study of Sustainable Energy Use

Jari Kaivo-oja, Jyrki Luukkanen & Jarmo Kaivo-oja

Session 6, Futures of Energy

June 2017, Turku

Finland Futures Research Centre,

Turku School of Economics, University of Turku, Finland

Background analyses

Conventional synergy: Economiccycles are not smoothened

Long-run stabilized synergy: Calculation based on MovingAverage of variables to compensate the impacts of economic cycles and smoothenthe results in order to reveal thetrends

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Final energy consumption in the EU-28 countries (Million TOE, tonnes of oil equivalent), 1990-2014

900,0

1 100,0

1 300,0

1 500,0

1 700,0

1 900,0

2 100,0

2 300,0

2 500,0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Mill

ion

TO

E

Years

Final Energy Consumption in the EU-28 Countries (Million TOE, tonnes of equivalent)

United Kingdom

Sweden

Finland

Slovakia

Slovenia

Romania

Portugal

Poland

Austria

Netherlands

Malta

Hungary

Luxembourg

Lithuania

Latvia

Cyprus

Italy

Croatia

France

Spain

Greece

Ireland

Estonia

Germany (until 1990 former territory of the FRG)

Denmark

Czech Republic

Bulgaria

Belgium

European Union (28 countries)

Final energy consumption per capita (all Fuels, kWh/cap) in the EU-28 Countries, Years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2014, Eurostat.

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Energy Consumption per Capita, the EU-28 Countries, Gross Inland Consumption, ktoe/cap in Years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2014, Eurostat

1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014

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Changes in final energy consumption per capita (all Fuels, kWh/cap) in the EU-28 Countries, Years 1995-2000, 2005-2010, 2010-2014, Eurostat

-2000

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Changes in Energy Consumption per Capita, the EU-28 Countries, Gross Inland Consumption, ktoe/capin Between Years 1995-2000, 2000-2005, 2005-2010, 2010-2014, Eurostat

In 1995-2000 in 2000-2005 in 2005-2010 in 2010-2014

Total changes in final energy consumption per capita (all Fuels, kWh/cap) in the EU-28 Countries, Years 1995-2014, Eurostat.

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Total Change in Energy Consumption per Capitain the EU-28 Countries, Gross Inland Consumption, ktoe/cap, Years 1995-2014

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Primary energy intensity (toe/Meuros) in the EU-28 Countries, Years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2014, Eurostat

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Primary Energy Intensity in the EU-28 Countries, toe/Meuros 2010, Years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2014, Eurostat

1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014

Changes in primary energy intensity (toe/Meuros) in the EU-28 countries, years 1995-2000, 2005-2010, 2010-2014, Eurostat

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

Changes in Primary Energy Intensity in the EU-28 Countries, toe/Meuros 2010, Between Years 1995-2000, 2000-2005, 2005-2010, 2010-2014, Eurostat

In 1995-2000 in 2000-2005 in 2005-2010 in 2010-2014

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Carbon intensity (kg CO2/toe) in the EU-28 countries, years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2014, Eurostat

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Carbon Intensity in the EU-28 Countries, kg CO2/toe, Years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2014, Eurostat

1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

Total Change in Carbon Intensity in the EU-28 Countries, kg CO2/toe, years 1995-2014

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

Total Change in Carbon Intensity in the EU-28 Countries, kg CO2/toe, years 1995-2014

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Population (First of Jan) in the EU-28 countries in 1995-2015

0

10 000 000

20 000 000

30 000 000

40 000 000

50 000 000

60 000 000

70 000 000

80 000 000

90 000 000

Population (First of Jan) in the EU-28 countries in 1995-2015

1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014

Urban population in the EU-28, years, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2014 (World Bank 2016 Data)

0

10000000

20000000

30000000

40000000

50000000

60000000

70000000

Urban population in the EU-28, years, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2014 (World Bank 2016 Data)

1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014

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Analysis 1. Synergy analyses and trade-off-analyses

*Energy intensity and Value added*Energy Intensity and Population*Energy intensity and Urban population

Average stabilised synergy level analysis in 1985-2014: Synergy analysis between energy intensity and value added in the EU-28 countries.

-0,60

-0,50

-0,40

-0,30

-0,20

-0,10

0,00

0,10

0,20

Average Stabilised Synergy Level Analysis in 1985-2014: Synergy analysis between Energy Intensity and Value Added in the EU-28 Countries (SynergyStabilised-EI-VA)

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Trade-off analysis between energy intensity and value added in the EU-28 countries. Average stabilised synergy level analysis in 1985-2014

-500 000,0

0,0

500 000,0

1000 000,0

1500 000,0

2000 000,0

2500 000,0

Val

ue

Ad

ded

, Mill

ion

eu

ros,

cu

rren

t p

rice

s eu

ros

gro

gro

ss

Energy Intensity (toe/Million euros 2010)

Trade-off between Energy Intensity (All Fuels, toe/Meuros 2010) and Value Added (Gross, Million Euros, current prices euros) in theEU-28 countries, (Average of variables in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2014)

Average stabilised synergy level analysis in 1985-2014: Synergy analysis between energy intensity and population in the EU-28 countries.

-1,00

-0,80

-0,60

-0,40

-0,20

0,00

0,20

0,40

0,60

Average Stabilised Synergy Level Analysis in 1985-2014: Synergy analysis between Energy Intensity and Population in the EU-28 Countries (SynergyStabilised-EI-VA)SynergyStabilised-EI-POP

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Trade-off analysis between energy intensity and population in the EU-28 countries. Average stabilised synergy level analysis in 1985-2014.

0

10 000 000

20 000 000

30 000 000

40 000 000

50 000 000

60 000 000

70 000 000

80 000 000

90 000 000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Po

pu

lati

on

Energy Intensity, toe/Meuros 2010

Trade-off between Energy Intensity (All Fuels, toe/Meuros 2010) and Population (Number in First day of Jan) in the EU-28 countries, (Average of variables in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2014)

Average stabilised synergy level analysis in 1985-2014: Synergy analysis between energy intensity and urban population in the EU-28 countries.

-1,00

-0,80

-0,60

-0,40

-0,20

0,00

0,20

0,40

0,60

Average Stabilised Synergy Level Analysis in 1985-2014: Synergy analysis between Energy Intensity and Urban Population in the EU-28 Countries (SynergyStabilised-EI-VA) SynergyStabilised-EI-POP(SynergyStabilised-EI-URBPOP)

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Trade-off analysis between energy intensity and urban population in the EU-28 countries. Average stabilised synergy level analysis in 1985-2014.

0

10000000

20000000

30000000

40000000

50000000

60000000

70000000

0,0 100,0 200,0 300,0 400,0 500,0 600,0 700,0

Urb

an p

op

luat

ion

Energy Intensity, All Fuels, toe/Meuros 2010

Trade-off between Energy Intensity (All Fuels, toe/Meuros 2010) and Urban population (Number in First day of Jan) in the EU-28 countries, (Average of variables in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2014)


*Energy consumption per cap and Value added*Energy consumption per cap and Population*Energy consumption per cap and Urban population

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Average stabilised synergy level analysis in 1985-2014: Synergy analysis between average energy consumption per capita and average value added in the EU-28 countries

-0,60

-0,50

-0,40

-0,30

-0,20

-0,10

0,00

0,10

0,20

Average Stabilised Synergy Level Analysis in 1985-2014: Synergy analysis between Energy Consumption per Capita and Value Added in the EU-28 Countries (SynergyDynamic-EnerConsumptionPerCap-VA)

Trade-off analysis between energy consumption per capita and value added in the EU-28 countries. Average stabilised synergy level analysis in 1985-2014

-500 000,0

0,0

500 000,0

1000 000,0

1500 000,0

2000 000,0

2500 000,0

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Val

ue

Ad

ded

, Gro

ss, M

illio

n E

uro

s, c

urr

ent

pri

ves

Energy Consumption. Gross Inland Consumption, ktoe/cap

Trade-off between Energy Consumption per Capita (Gross Inland Consumption, ktoe/cap) and Value Added (Gross, Million Euros, current prices euro) in the EU-28 countries, (Average of variables in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2014)

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Average stabilised synergy level analysis in 1985-2014: Synergy analysis between average energy consumption per capita and average population in the EU-28 countries.

-1,00

-0,80

-0,60

-0,40

-0,20

0,00

0,20

0,40

0,60

Average Stabilised Synergy Level Analysis in 1985-2014: Synergy analysis between Energy Consumption per Capita and Population in the EU-28 Countries (SynergyStabilised EnergyConsumption per Cap-Pop)

Trade-off analysis between energy consumption per capita and population in the EU-28 countries. Average stabilised synergy level analysis in 1985-2014

0

10 000 000

20 000 000

30 000 000

40 000 000

50 000 000

60 000 000

70 000 000

80 000 000

90 000 000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Po

pu

lati

on

Energy Consumption per Capita, Gross Inland Consumption, ktoe/cap

Trade-off between Energy Consumption per Capita (Gross Inland Consumption, ktoe/cap) and Population (First of Jan) in the EU-28 countries, (Average of variables in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2014)

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Average stabilised synergy level analysis in 1985-2014: Synergy analysis between average energy consumption per capita and average urban population in the EU-28 countries

-1,00

-0,80

-0,60

-0,40

-0,20

0,00

0,20

0,40

0,60

Average Stabilised Synergy Level Analysis in 1985-2014: Synergy analysis between Energy Consumption per Capita and Urban Population in the EU-28 Countries (SynergyStabilised-EnergyConsumptionperCap-UrbPop)

Trade-off analysis between energy consumption per capita and urban population in the EU-28 countries. Average stabilised synergy level analysis in 1995-2014

0

10000000

20000000

30000000

40000000

50000000

60000000

70000000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Urb

an p

op

ula

tio

n

Energy Consumption per Capita, Gross Inland Consumption, ktoe/cap

Trade-off between Energy Consumption per Capita (Gross Inland Consumption, ktoe/cap) and Urban population (First of Jan) in the EU-28 countries, (Average of variables in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2014)

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*Final electricity consumption per cap and Value added*Final electricity consumption per cap and Population*Final electricity consumption per cap and Urban population

Average stabilised synergy level analysis in 1985-2014: Synergy analysis between final electricity consumption per capita and average value added in the EU-28 countries

-0,60

-0,50

-0,40

-0,30

-0,20

-0,10

0,00

0,10

0,20

Average Stabilised Synergy Level Analysis in 1985-2014: Synergy analysis between Final Electricity Consumption per Capita and Value Added in the EU-28 Countries (SynergyStabilised-Final Electricity Consumption-VA)

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Trade-off analysis between final electricity consumption per capita and value added in the EU-28 countries. Average stabilised synergy level analysis in 1985-2014

-500 000,0

0,0

500 000,0

1000 000,0

1500 000,0

2000 000,0

2500 000,0

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Val

ue

Ad

ded

, Gro

ss, M

illio

n E

uro

s

Final Electricty Consumption per Capita, All Fuels, kWh/cap

Trade-off between Final Electricty Consumption per Capita (All Fuels, kWh/cap) and Value Added (Gross, Million Euros, current prices euro) in the EU-28 countries, (Average of variables in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2014)

Average stabilised synergy level analysis in 1985-2014: Synergy analysis between final electricity consumption per capita and average population in the EU-28 countries

-1,00

-0,80

-0,60

-0,40

-0,20

0,00

0,20

0,40

0,60

Average Stabilised Synergy Level Analysis in 1985-2014: Synergy analysis between Final Electricity Consumption per Capita and Population in the EU-28 Countries (SynergyStabilised-Final Electricity Consumption per Capita-Pop)

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Trade-off analysis between final electricity consumption per capita and population in the EU-28 countries. Average stabilised synergy level analysis in 1985-2014

0

10 000 000

20 000 000

30 000 000

40 000 000

50 000 000

60 000 000

70 000 000

80 000 000

90 000 000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Po

pu

lati

on

Final Electricity Consumption per Capita, kWh/cap

Trade-off between Final Elecricity Consumption per Capita (All Fuels, kWh/cap) and Population (First of Jan) in the EU-28 countries, (Average of variables in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2014)

Average stabilised synergy level analysis in 1985-2014: Synergy analysis between final electricity consumption per capita and average urban population in the EU-28 countries

-1,00

-0,80

-0,60

-0,40

-0,20

0,00

0,20

0,40

0,60

Average Stabilised Synergy Level Analysis in 1985-2014: Synergy analysis between Final Electricity Consumption per Capita and Urban Population in the EU-28 Countries (SynergyStabilised-Final Electricity Consumption per Capita-UrbanPop)

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Trade-off analysis between final electricity consumption per capita and urban population in the EU-28 countries. Average stabilised synergy level analysis in 1985-2014

0

10000000

20000000

30000000

40000000

50000000

60000000

70000000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Urb

an p

op

luat

ion

Final Electricity Consumption per Capita, All fiels, kWh/cap

Trade-off between Final Elecricity Consumption per Capita (All Fuels, kWh/cap) and Urban population (First of Jan) in the EU-28countries, (Average of variables in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2014)

Synergy analyses 4-6

• There were synergy analyses 4-6 too, but these are not reported in detail in this presentation

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Energy intensity and sustainable societyindicators: SSI framework (21 indicators)

Methodological framework: Synergy between SSI system indicators and energy intensity indicators in the EU-28 region

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Example 1: EU-28 Synergy Analysis between Healthy Life and Energy Intensity.

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

EU-28 Synergy Analysis between Healthy Life and Energy Intensity

Synergy, Dynamic, Healthy Life-Energy Intensity Synergy, stabilised, Healthy Life-Energy Intensity

Example 2: EU-28 Synergy Analysis between Good Governance and Energy Intensity.

-0,8

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

EU-28 Synergy Analysis between Good Governance and Energy Intensity

Synergy, Dynamic, Good Governance-Energy Intensity Synergy, stabilised, Good Governance-Energy Intensity

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Example 3: EU-28 Synergy Analysis between Biodiversity of Forest Area and Energy Intensity.

-0,8

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

EU-28 Synergy Analysis between Biodiversity of Forest Area and Energy Intensity

Synergy, Dynamic, Biodiversity of Forest Area-Energy Intensity Synergy, stabilised, Biodiversity of Forest Area-Energy Intensity

Example 4: EU-28 Synergy Analysis between GDP and Energy Intensity

-1

-0,8

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

EU-28 Synergy Analysis between GDP and Energy Intensity

Synergy, Dynamic, GDP-Energy Intensity Synergy, stabilised, GDP-Energy Intensity

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Example 5: Value Added in the EU-28 countries, Value added, gross, in current prices, million euros

0,0

500 000,0

1000 000,0

1500 000,0

2000 000,0

2500 000,0

3000 000,0

Value Added in the EU-28 countries, Value added, gross, in current prices, million euros

1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014

Example 6: EU-28 Synergy Analysis between Employment and Energy Intensity.

-0,8

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

EU-28 Synergy Analysis between Employment and Energy Intensity

Synergy, Dynamic, Employment-Energy Intensity Synergy, stabilised, Employment-Energy Intensity

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Summary section

Summary and conclusions of explorative analyses (Analyses1-5)Synergy analysis Direction of synergy

between variables Trade-off analysis Exceptions among

EU-28 countries

1. Energy Intensity and Value Added

Negative in 26 EU -28 countries

The higher is value -added, the lower is energy intensity.

Luxembourg and Austria.

2. Energy Intensity and Population

Majority of EU -28 countries had negative synergies (18 countries). 9 EU -member countries had positive synergies. One country, Portugal had almost zero level synergy.

The lower is population, the higher is energy intensity.

No clear exceptions.

3. Energy intensity and urban population

Majority of EU -28 countries had negative synergies (21 countries). One country, Czech Republic had almost zero level synergy.

The lower is urban population, the higher is energy intensity.

No clear exceptions. Seven EU- countries had positive synergies.

4. Energy consumption per capita and value added

Majority of EU -28 countries had negative synergies (26 countries).

The higher is value -added, the lower is energy consumption pe r capita.


5. Energy consumption and population

Majority of EU -28 countries had negative synergies (17 countries). 11 EU -member countries had positive synergies. Slovakia had almost zero level synergy.

The higher is population, the lower is energy consumption per capita.


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Summary and conclusions of explorative analyses(Analyses 6-10)

1. Energy consumption and urban population

Majority of EU -28 countries had negative synergies (21 countries). Seven EU -member countries had positive synergies.

The higher is urban population, the lower is energy consumption per capita.


2. Final electricity consumption per capita and value added

Majority of EU -28 countries had negative synergies (26 countries). Two EU -member countries had positive synergies.

The higher is value added, the lower is final electricity consumption per capita


3. Final electricity consumption per capita and population

Majority of EU -28 countries had negative synergies (18 countries). In ten EU -member states is was positive.

The higher is population, the lower is final electricity consumption per capita.


4. Final electricity consumption per capita and urban population

Majority of EU -28 countries had negative synergies (21 countries). In seven EU-member states is was positive.

The higher is urban population, the lower is final electricity consumption per capita.


5. Primary energy intensity and value added

Majority of EU -28 countries had negative synergies (26 countries). In two EU -member states is was positive.

The higher is value added, the lower is primary energy intensity.


Summary and conclusions of explorative analyses(Analyses 11-15)

1. Primary energy intensity and population

Majority of EU -28 countries had negative synergies (21 countries). In nine EU -member states is was positive.

The higher is population, the lower is primary energy intensity.


2. Primary energy intensity and urban population

Majority of EU -28 countries had negative synergies (21 countries). In nine EU -member states is was positive. In Czech Republic it was almost zero.

The higher is urban population, the lower is primary energy intensity.


3. Carbon intensity and value added

Majority of EU -28 countries had negative synergies (22 countries). In four EU -member states is was positive. In Malta and Hungary it was zero.

The higher is value added, the lower is carbon intensity.

Czech Republic, Latvia, Luxembourg and Hungary.

4. Carbon intensity and population

Majority of EU -28 countries had negative synergies (15 countries). In el even EU-member states is was positive. In Malta it was zero.

The higher is population, the lower is carbon intensity.

Bulgaria and Romania had very positive synergy.

5. Carbon intensity and urban population

Majority of EU -28 countries had negative synergie s (21 countries). In seven EU-member states is was positive. In Malta it was zero.

The higher is urban population, the lower is carbon intensity.

Bulgaria, Estonia and Romania had very positive synergy. Belgium, Poland and Cyprus had very negative synergy.

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Sustainable society indicators and energyintensity: Results of synergy analysesSynergy analysis Direction of synergy

between variables Policy harmosation field

Special comments

1. Energy Intensity and Sufficient Food

Both positive and negative synergies identified

Basic needs Sustainability problems in some EU-member countries

2. Energy Intensity and Sufficient Drink



3. Energy Intensity and Safe Sanitation



4. Energy Intensity and Education

Negative synergy in majority of EU28 -countries

Health France and Sweden are clearly exceptions (strongest positive synergies in relative terms).

5. Energy Intensity and Healthy Life


Health Estonia and F inland are clearly exceptions (strongest positive synergies in relative terms).

Sustainable society indicators and energyintensity: Results of synergy analyses1. Energy Intensity

and Gender Equality


Health France and Finland are clearly exceptions (strongest positive synergies in relative terms).

2. Energy Intensity and Income Distribution

Positive synergy in majority of EU28 -countries

Personal and social development

France and Slovakia are clearly exceptions (strongest positive synergies in relative terms).

3. Population Growth Both positive and negative synergies identified


Lithuania and Estonia are clearly exceptions (strongest negative synergies in relative terms). Ireland and Cyprus are clearly exceptions (strongest positive synergies in relative terms.

4. Energy Intensity and Good Governance



Cyprus is clearly an exception (strongest negative synergy in relative terms). Hungary, Malta and the Netherlands are clearly exceptions (stron gest positive synergies in relative terms.

5. Energy Intensity and Biodiversity of Forest Area


Natural resources

Ireland is clearly an exception (strongest positive synergy in relative terms. Poland is clearly an exception (strongest negative synergy in relative terms.

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and Biodiversity, Protected Ares


Natural resources

Greece is clearly an exception (strongest positive synergy in relative terms. Portugal is clearly an exception (strongest negative synergy in relative terms.

2. Energy Intensity and Renewable Water


Natural resources

Negative synergies were found in Estonia, Finland and Greece.

3. Energy Intensity and Consumption


Climate and energy

Both Romania and Hungary have highest positive synergies. Strong negative synergies were observed in Cyprus, Lithuania and Poland.

4. Energy Intensity and Energy Use


Climate and energy

Ireland, Portugal and Slovakia have highest positive synergies. Strong negative synergy was observed in Finland.

5. Energy Intensity and Energy Savings


Climate and energy

Many EU-member states have negative synergies


and Greenhouse Gases


Climate and energy

Greece, Lithuania and Finland have negative synergies.

2. Energy Intensity and Renewable Energy


Climate and energy

Portugal shows very positive synergy. Very strong negative synergies were observed in Lithuania, Luxembourg and Romania.

3. Energy Intensity and Organic Framing


Transition Estonia, Greece, Latvia and Finland have positive synergies.

4. Energy Intensity and Genuine Savings


Transition Portugal is an exception with almost +0,80 synergy. Strong negative synergies have Germany, Estonia, Lithuania, Sweden and Finland.

5. Energy Intensity and Gross Domestic Product


Economy Ireland is an exception with strong positive synergy (over +0,50). Positive syner gies were observed in Spain, Croatia, Italy, Luxembourg and Finland.

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Sustainable society indicators and energyintensity: Results of synergy analyses

1. Energy Intensity and Employment

Negative synergy in narrow majority of EU28-countries

Economy France is an exception. It has -0,50 negative synergy. Austria is also an exception. It has almost +0,50 positive synergy.

2. Energy Intensity and Public Debt


Economy Many EU-member states have positive synergies

Conclusions

• These reported synergy analyses above reveal that in many EU member there are needs to correct incentive schemes of energy policy. The European Union also has knowledge based reasons to pay special attention to the following energy policy issues: (1) Improving energy efficiency in Central and Eastern European member states, (2) improving energy efficiency in the context of fast urbanization in European cities and metropolitan regions and (3) paying a special attention to energy and sustainability policy harmonisation in the EU member states.

• It is very important to critically evaluate the integration of sustainable development policy with energy savings and efficiency solutions. In some EU member countries, there are still some problems, as shown above, in the integration of these policy arenas. The results of this report reveal that the potential synergy differs from country to country and also overt time. The EUFORIE report gives us very detailed information about these differences, but also vital information about similarities. This report reveal also interesting linkages of sustainability policy. In this EUFORIE report we limited our synergy analyses on looking pairwise synergy/trade-off analysis of various key SSI and energy variables, which are relevant for energy saving/energy efficiency policies in the EU-28 region.

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Conclusions

• The synergy method serves us for envisaging the linkages among policy sectors and track the sustainable development in more integrated approach to develop coherent energy and sustainability policies in the EU-28 region. Also transition paths towards better sustainability can be analysed by such synergy analyses.

Thank you for attention!

Dr Jarmo Vehmas, FFRC,TSE, University of Turku

Dr Jyrki Luukkanen, FFRC,TSE, University of Turku

Dr Jari Kaivo-oja, FFRC,TSE, University of Turku

synergies and trade-offs between energy efficiency and ...trade-off between energy intensity (all...

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