Synonyms Freon-12 Genetron-12 Synonyms Freon-12 Genetron-12 Eskimon-12 CFC-12 R-12Eskimon-12 CFC-12 R-12

ASHRAE Naming American Society of Heating amp Refrigeration Engineering

[R or CFC or Brand]-(C-1)(H+1)F

Example Freon - 012StructureFluorine CarbonChlorine

The History of The History of IceIce

Ice has always been important for things

bullIn the early 1900rsquos ice was imported by ship to warm areas at around $500 Ton

bullMechanical Ice Machines started to become popular around the mid 1900rsquos

bullA mechanical refrigeration loop removes heat from a cold area with a pump refrigeration gas and a little physics

bull Early refrigerants were toxic corrosive and flammable

Ammonia ndash Corrosive

Sulfur Dioxide ndash Stinks

Methyl Chloride ndash Burns

ALTERNATIVES PLEASE

MWBP degC 76 Torr

Latent Heat Toxic Psi at 0degCPsi at 50degC

NH3 17 -34 24kJmole Yes 4atm 20atm

CO2 44 -78 25kJmole No 35atm gtgt60atm

SO2 64 -10 25kJmole Yes 2atm 9atm

CF2Cl2 121 -30 22kJmole No 3atm 12atm

Refrigerant PropertiesRefrigerant Properties

Lab Synthesis of R-12

(1) CCl4 + HF ndashSbCl2F3 (catalyst) rarr CFCl3 (Freon-11) + HCl + CF2Cl2 (Freon-12)

Used by Thomas Midgely of Dupont in 1928 Blew out a candle with R-12 at a 1930 ACS meeting

Catalyst SbCl5-xFx is a fluorinating catalyst

(2) SbCl5 + excess HF harr HCl + SbFCl4 harr HCl + SbF2Cl3 harr HCl + SbF3Cl2 harr HCl + SbF4Cl harr HCl + SbF5

Antinomy Pentafluoride is the most effective fluorinator

EnvironmentalEnvironmental ProblemsProblemsbull R-12 has been used for years as a propellant and

refrigerant

bull Non-toxic due very to stable C-F amp C-Cl bonds

bull Decomposes in the upper stratosphere

(1) CCl2F2 + hν (λ lt 220 nm) rarr Cl + CClF2

Basic Ozone Depletion(2) O3 + hν rarr O + O2

(3) O3 + Cl rarr ClO + O2

(4) O + ClO rarr Cl + O2

(5) Net O + O3 rarr 2O2

Polar Ozone Depletion(6) 2ClO + M rarr Cl2O2 + M(7) Cl2O2 + hν rarr 2Cl + O2

(8) 2(Cl + O3 rarr ClO + O2)(9) Net 2O3 + hν rarr 3O2

CFCrsquos are linked to 23 of polar ozone loss

Ozone depletion gives you sun burns or worse

Whatrsquos Being Whatrsquos Being DoneDonebullMontreal Protocol phased out CFCrsquos in industrial

countries in 1996

bullKyoto Seeks to further restrict ozone depleting chemicals

bull CFCrsquos are replaced with fluorocarbons ie R-134a CF3CH2F

Problems with HFCrsquos

bull C-F bonds absorb more IR radiation than C-Cl bonds

bull HFCrsquos have zero ODP and high GWP (relative to CO2)

Example CFC-12 has a GWP100=8500 and life=102 years

FC-116 (C2F6) ODP=0 GWP100=9500 amp life=10000 years

bull An alternative propellant for R-12 is CO2

bull Additional alternative refrigerants are hydrocarbon mixes

• The History of Ice
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Whatrsquos Being Done

The History of The History of IceIce

Ice has always been important for things

bullIn the early 1900rsquos ice was imported by ship to warm areas at around $500 Ton

bullMechanical Ice Machines started to become popular around the mid 1900rsquos

bullA mechanical refrigeration loop removes heat from a cold area with a pump refrigeration gas and a little physics

bull Early refrigerants were toxic corrosive and flammable

Ammonia ndash Corrosive

Sulfur Dioxide ndash Stinks

Methyl Chloride ndash Burns

ALTERNATIVES PLEASE

MWBP degC 76 Torr

Latent Heat Toxic Psi at 0degCPsi at 50degC

NH3 17 -34 24kJmole Yes 4atm 20atm

CO2 44 -78 25kJmole No 35atm gtgt60atm

SO2 64 -10 25kJmole Yes 2atm 9atm

CF2Cl2 121 -30 22kJmole No 3atm 12atm

Refrigerant PropertiesRefrigerant Properties

Lab Synthesis of R-12

(1) CCl4 + HF ndashSbCl2F3 (catalyst) rarr CFCl3 (Freon-11) + HCl + CF2Cl2 (Freon-12)

Used by Thomas Midgely of Dupont in 1928 Blew out a candle with R-12 at a 1930 ACS meeting

Catalyst SbCl5-xFx is a fluorinating catalyst

(2) SbCl5 + excess HF harr HCl + SbFCl4 harr HCl + SbF2Cl3 harr HCl + SbF3Cl2 harr HCl + SbF4Cl harr HCl + SbF5

Antinomy Pentafluoride is the most effective fluorinator

EnvironmentalEnvironmental ProblemsProblemsbull R-12 has been used for years as a propellant and

refrigerant

bull Non-toxic due very to stable C-F amp C-Cl bonds

bull Decomposes in the upper stratosphere

(1) CCl2F2 + hν (λ lt 220 nm) rarr Cl + CClF2

Basic Ozone Depletion(2) O3 + hν rarr O + O2

(3) O3 + Cl rarr ClO + O2

(4) O + ClO rarr Cl + O2

(5) Net O + O3 rarr 2O2

Polar Ozone Depletion(6) 2ClO + M rarr Cl2O2 + M(7) Cl2O2 + hν rarr 2Cl + O2

(8) 2(Cl + O3 rarr ClO + O2)(9) Net 2O3 + hν rarr 3O2

CFCrsquos are linked to 23 of polar ozone loss

Ozone depletion gives you sun burns or worse

Whatrsquos Being Whatrsquos Being DoneDonebullMontreal Protocol phased out CFCrsquos in industrial

countries in 1996

bullKyoto Seeks to further restrict ozone depleting chemicals

bull CFCrsquos are replaced with fluorocarbons ie R-134a CF3CH2F

Problems with HFCrsquos

bull C-F bonds absorb more IR radiation than C-Cl bonds

bull HFCrsquos have zero ODP and high GWP (relative to CO2)

Example CFC-12 has a GWP100=8500 and life=102 years

FC-116 (C2F6) ODP=0 GWP100=9500 amp life=10000 years

bull An alternative propellant for R-12 is CO2

bull Additional alternative refrigerants are hydrocarbon mixes

• The History of Ice
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Whatrsquos Being Done

MWBP degC 76 Torr

Latent Heat Toxic Psi at 0degCPsi at 50degC

NH3 17 -34 24kJmole Yes 4atm 20atm

CO2 44 -78 25kJmole No 35atm gtgt60atm

SO2 64 -10 25kJmole Yes 2atm 9atm

CF2Cl2 121 -30 22kJmole No 3atm 12atm

Refrigerant PropertiesRefrigerant Properties

Lab Synthesis of R-12

(1) CCl4 + HF ndashSbCl2F3 (catalyst) rarr CFCl3 (Freon-11) + HCl + CF2Cl2 (Freon-12)

Used by Thomas Midgely of Dupont in 1928 Blew out a candle with R-12 at a 1930 ACS meeting

Catalyst SbCl5-xFx is a fluorinating catalyst

(2) SbCl5 + excess HF harr HCl + SbFCl4 harr HCl + SbF2Cl3 harr HCl + SbF3Cl2 harr HCl + SbF4Cl harr HCl + SbF5

Antinomy Pentafluoride is the most effective fluorinator

EnvironmentalEnvironmental ProblemsProblemsbull R-12 has been used for years as a propellant and

refrigerant

bull Non-toxic due very to stable C-F amp C-Cl bonds

bull Decomposes in the upper stratosphere

(1) CCl2F2 + hν (λ lt 220 nm) rarr Cl + CClF2

Basic Ozone Depletion(2) O3 + hν rarr O + O2

(3) O3 + Cl rarr ClO + O2

(4) O + ClO rarr Cl + O2

(5) Net O + O3 rarr 2O2

Polar Ozone Depletion(6) 2ClO + M rarr Cl2O2 + M(7) Cl2O2 + hν rarr 2Cl + O2

(8) 2(Cl + O3 rarr ClO + O2)(9) Net 2O3 + hν rarr 3O2

CFCrsquos are linked to 23 of polar ozone loss

Ozone depletion gives you sun burns or worse

Whatrsquos Being Whatrsquos Being DoneDonebullMontreal Protocol phased out CFCrsquos in industrial

countries in 1996

bullKyoto Seeks to further restrict ozone depleting chemicals

bull CFCrsquos are replaced with fluorocarbons ie R-134a CF3CH2F

Problems with HFCrsquos

bull C-F bonds absorb more IR radiation than C-Cl bonds

bull HFCrsquos have zero ODP and high GWP (relative to CO2)

Example CFC-12 has a GWP100=8500 and life=102 years

FC-116 (C2F6) ODP=0 GWP100=9500 amp life=10000 years

bull An alternative propellant for R-12 is CO2

bull Additional alternative refrigerants are hydrocarbon mixes

• The History of Ice
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Whatrsquos Being Done

Lab Synthesis of R-12

(1) CCl4 + HF ndashSbCl2F3 (catalyst) rarr CFCl3 (Freon-11) + HCl + CF2Cl2 (Freon-12)

Used by Thomas Midgely of Dupont in 1928 Blew out a candle with R-12 at a 1930 ACS meeting

Catalyst SbCl5-xFx is a fluorinating catalyst

(2) SbCl5 + excess HF harr HCl + SbFCl4 harr HCl + SbF2Cl3 harr HCl + SbF3Cl2 harr HCl + SbF4Cl harr HCl + SbF5

Antinomy Pentafluoride is the most effective fluorinator

EnvironmentalEnvironmental ProblemsProblemsbull R-12 has been used for years as a propellant and

refrigerant

bull Non-toxic due very to stable C-F amp C-Cl bonds

bull Decomposes in the upper stratosphere

(1) CCl2F2 + hν (λ lt 220 nm) rarr Cl + CClF2

Basic Ozone Depletion(2) O3 + hν rarr O + O2

(3) O3 + Cl rarr ClO + O2

(4) O + ClO rarr Cl + O2

(5) Net O + O3 rarr 2O2

Polar Ozone Depletion(6) 2ClO + M rarr Cl2O2 + M(7) Cl2O2 + hν rarr 2Cl + O2

(8) 2(Cl + O3 rarr ClO + O2)(9) Net 2O3 + hν rarr 3O2

CFCrsquos are linked to 23 of polar ozone loss

Ozone depletion gives you sun burns or worse

Whatrsquos Being Whatrsquos Being DoneDonebullMontreal Protocol phased out CFCrsquos in industrial

countries in 1996

bullKyoto Seeks to further restrict ozone depleting chemicals

bull CFCrsquos are replaced with fluorocarbons ie R-134a CF3CH2F

Problems with HFCrsquos

bull C-F bonds absorb more IR radiation than C-Cl bonds

bull HFCrsquos have zero ODP and high GWP (relative to CO2)

Example CFC-12 has a GWP100=8500 and life=102 years

FC-116 (C2F6) ODP=0 GWP100=9500 amp life=10000 years

bull An alternative propellant for R-12 is CO2

bull Additional alternative refrigerants are hydrocarbon mixes

• The History of Ice
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Whatrsquos Being Done

EnvironmentalEnvironmental ProblemsProblemsbull R-12 has been used for years as a propellant and

refrigerant

bull Non-toxic due very to stable C-F amp C-Cl bonds

bull Decomposes in the upper stratosphere

(1) CCl2F2 + hν (λ lt 220 nm) rarr Cl + CClF2

Basic Ozone Depletion(2) O3 + hν rarr O + O2

(3) O3 + Cl rarr ClO + O2

(4) O + ClO rarr Cl + O2

(5) Net O + O3 rarr 2O2

Polar Ozone Depletion(6) 2ClO + M rarr Cl2O2 + M(7) Cl2O2 + hν rarr 2Cl + O2

(8) 2(Cl + O3 rarr ClO + O2)(9) Net 2O3 + hν rarr 3O2

CFCrsquos are linked to 23 of polar ozone loss

Ozone depletion gives you sun burns or worse

Whatrsquos Being Whatrsquos Being DoneDonebullMontreal Protocol phased out CFCrsquos in industrial

countries in 1996

bullKyoto Seeks to further restrict ozone depleting chemicals

bull CFCrsquos are replaced with fluorocarbons ie R-134a CF3CH2F

Problems with HFCrsquos

bull C-F bonds absorb more IR radiation than C-Cl bonds

bull HFCrsquos have zero ODP and high GWP (relative to CO2)

Example CFC-12 has a GWP100=8500 and life=102 years

FC-116 (C2F6) ODP=0 GWP100=9500 amp life=10000 years

bull An alternative propellant for R-12 is CO2

bull Additional alternative refrigerants are hydrocarbon mixes

• The History of Ice
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Whatrsquos Being Done

Whatrsquos Being Whatrsquos Being DoneDonebullMontreal Protocol phased out CFCrsquos in industrial

countries in 1996

bullKyoto Seeks to further restrict ozone depleting chemicals

bull CFCrsquos are replaced with fluorocarbons ie R-134a CF3CH2F

Problems with HFCrsquos

bull C-F bonds absorb more IR radiation than C-Cl bonds

bull HFCrsquos have zero ODP and high GWP (relative to CO2)

Example CFC-12 has a GWP100=8500 and life=102 years

FC-116 (C2F6) ODP=0 GWP100=9500 amp life=10000 years

bull An alternative propellant for R-12 is CO2

bull Additional alternative refrigerants are hydrocarbon mixes

• The History of Ice
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Whatrsquos Being Done