SYNOPSIS

SYNOPSIS

1. INTRODUCTION

Tribology is the science and technology of surfaces interacting in a relative motion.

Tribology comprises the fields of friction, wear and lubrication. It aims at the functional,

economic and ecological optimization of motion systems. The implementation of tribological

knowledge results in a reduction of wear and an optimization of friction systems.

Composites are one of the most widely used materials because of their adaptability

to different situations and the relative ease of combination with other materials to serve

specific purposes and exhibit desirable properties. The meaning of "hybrid" in hybrid

composite materials is the hybridization in macroscopic structure in the metallography scale.

Natural fiber-based polymer composites have found wide-scale application in the

construction sector. For instance, sandwich composite panels manufactured by hand lay-up

using natural fiber-based laminate as face material and corrugated sheet as core material

are lightweight and have excellent bending stiffness and good thermal and sound insulation.

Similarly, hybrid composites developed with glass, sisal and polyester resin have found use

in semi-structural applications.

In heavy transport vehicles, the composites are used in processing of component

parts with cost-effectiveness. Good reproductively and resilience handling by semi-skilled

workers are the basic requirements of a good composite material.

2. OBJECTIVE

To study the Tribological properties of Polymer matrix Composites (PMC). To develop a

Polymer matrix Composites (PMC) with enhanced tribological characteristics by addition

secondary reinforcement in form of particles which improve the present PMC.

3. MATERIAL SELECTIONIn this project used different materials. There are

1. Epoxy resin

2. Epoxy hardener

3. Coconut leaf bud sheath

4. Glass woven roving (610-gsm)

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4. METHODOLOGY

The methodology for the proposed project is shown in the Fig-1.

Fig.1- Methodology

5. METHOD

Hand layup method is used fabricate composites. The matrix material used was an

epoxy resin and a room temperature curing hardener. Leaf bud sheath is obtained from the

coconut tree. When these lightweight, non-carcinogenic plant fibers are reinforced in

polymeric matrices. The reinforcement used in Leaf bud sheath and Glass woven Roving

(EWR-610gsm). Fiber based composites are Molded in the five different methods. The

Literature Review

Development of Present Available PMC

Tribological Studies

Develop Hybrid PMC

Study and comparison of Tribological Properties

Conclusion

Addition of Lubricant Particles

Addition of Abrasive Particles

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composites were prepared in the form of blocks (260mm x 150mm x 3 mm) by the hand lay-

up technique using Wooden Die. The laminate was cured at room temperature for a period

of about 24 h. Before lay-up, the mold is prepared with a release agent to insure that the part

will not adhere to the mold. Reinforcing fibers can be cut and laid in the mold. It is up to the

designer to organize the type, amount and direction of the fibers being used. The resin must

then be catalyzed and added to the fibers. A brush, roller or squeegee can be used to

impregnate the fibers with the resin. Pressure was given as based on die holding Bolt and

Nut. The hand lay-up technician is responsible for controlling the amount of resin and the

quality of saturation.

6. TESTING OF THE MATERIALSThe ultimate tensile strength of the specimens was calculated from the load at which

a fracture occurred. This test method determines the in-plane tensile properties of polymer

matrix composite materials reinforced by high modulus fibers (as per ASTM D-3039m

standard). Fiber density is used to determine fiber strength and modulus both of a fiber

bundle and an individual filament. These properties are based on load or modulus slope over

an effective area. Fiber density may be used with lineal mass of the fiber to give an

approximation of effective tow area. Fiber density is used as a constituent property when

determining reinforcement volume and void volume based on reinforcement mass and

laminate density. 

Dry sliding wear test performed on the pin-on-disk apparatus that linked to a data

collection system .The apparatus consists of a stationary pin sliding on a rotating disk driven

by an electric motor. The disk material is EN32 steel having a hardness value of HRC65.

Wear test specimen (10mm x 10mm) was pasted to obtain cylindrical pins having a diameter

of 10 mm and height 40 mm. Before the test, all the contacting surfaces were polished,

cleaned with acetone, and dried. The wear losses of the specimens were measured using an

electronic balance of 0.0001 g precision. The sliding distance was fixed at 3000 m. The

differences in the weight measured before and after the test gave the dry sliding wear loss of

the composites, which was converted into the volume loss.

7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONDifferent testing to identified composites properties

7.1 TENSILE TEST

Composites are engineered materials comprised of two individual materials, each

with different chemical or physical properties. Used in a wide variety of applications,

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composites can be designed to exhibit specific material properties. The fabricated composite

tensile result shown in table 7.1

Table-6.1 Mechanical properties of prepared composites

Specimen

Code

E

MPA

P

N

UTS

MPAЄ at failure %

Decrease in

UTS, %

1 2960 2400 16 - 83.88

2 5920 4380 70.1 1.5 29.4

3 7840 4900 65.3 3.7 34.23

4 3470 3130 41.8 1.5 57.9

5 6280 7450 99.3 1.9 -

The strength of specimen-1 is less when compared to other specimen. Better

Strength for specimen-2 but brittle failure. Brittle fracture of specimen- better for compare

then other specimen and strength is 65MPa. Tensile strength specimen-4 is 43Mpa because

of fiber miss alignment for manufacturing which has good brittle fracture (Due to rolling

Problem). The tensile strength of specaimen-5 was approximately 99.3MPa.It have hybrid

two layer glass fiber causes an increase in the tensile strength.

7.2 WEAR BEHAVIOR

The pin-on-disk test is generally used as a comparative test in which controlled wear

is performed on the samples to study. The volume lost allows calculating the wear rate of the

material. Since the action performed on all samples is identical, the wear rate can be used

as a quantitative comparative value for wear resistance.Wear test is conducted on three

specimens using pin on disc apparatus. This test was done inorder to make a comparitive

study among themselves. Pin on Disk Based Wear testing Result for five specimens is given

in Table-6.2 .

The parameters of the wear test are given below

Load = 3 kgs.

Velocity = 3 m/s.

Time = 16 min 40 sec.

Distance = 3000m

Speed = 573 rpm

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Table-6.2 Pin on Disk Based Wear Rate

Distanc

e (m)

WEAR (micron)

Specimen-1 Specimen-2 Specimen-3 Specimen-4 Specimen-5

500 8 10 15 13 7

1000 10 13 23 21 14

1500 12 14 30 28 23

2000 16 13 32 31 25

2500 21 12 34 43 27

3000 23 15 35 45 17

The tribology understandably the minimization and elimination of unnecessary waste

at all level of technology. The pin on disk testing machine is calculated wear rate of five

different specimens. The wear rate calculated 3000m distance and speed 3m/s. The test

parameters can be adjusted and modules can be added to better simulate real-life wear

applications for Brakes, clutches, bolts, nuts, driving wheels etc.., and use productive

manner.

8. CONCLUSION: