Syntactic Web

Pragmatic Web

Semantic Web

1

23

Possibility

Necessity

Actuality

Gary Richmond, City University, New Yorkgaryrichmond@rcn.com

Interoperability as Desideratum, Problem,

and Process

Image by Dave Pape at the Electronic Visualization Laboratory

http://www.evl.uic.edu/pape/

– Ontological commitment in relation to ontology creation

– Three Webs

– UF or W3C?

– SOA and loose coupling

– Outlook

Ontology versus ontology

•Philosophy: Ontology as a particular system . . . accounting for a certain vision of the world

•AI: ontology referring to an engineering artifact

ontology versus Ontology

“[I]n order to solve the terminological impasse we need to choose one of [the two readings of ontology], inventing a new name for the other: we shall adopt the AI reading, using the word conceptualization to refer to the philosophical reading.” — N. Guarino

“The meaning of being would seem to far exceed the meaning of AI.”

Ontology versus ontology

•International Conference on Conceptual Structures (ICCS)

•International Conference on Ontologies (ICO)

ontology & Ontology ontology & Ontology

““It is an obvious obligation on the developer of an ontology

to discuss and defend his choice

of theory and the ontological

commitments to which it gives rise.””

P. Øhrstrøm, J. Andersen, H. Scharfe

Ontological Commitment

“We must philosophize, said . . . Aristotle—if only to avoid philosophizing. Every [one] has a metaphysics, and has to have one; and it will influence his life

greatly. Far better, then, that that metaphysics should be criticized and not

be allowed to run loose.”—C. S. Peirce

“We must philosophize, said . . . Aristotle—if only to avoid philosophizing. Every [one] has a metaphysics, and has to have one; and it will influence his life

greatly. Far better, then, that that metaphysics should be criticized and not

be allowed to run loose.”—C. S. Peirce

Semantic Web2Actuality

Three Webs:1

Possibility

Syntactic Web

3Necessity

Pragmatic Web

mathematicssciences of discovery: |> philosophy (as cenoscopic):

sciences: |> sciences of review special sciencespractical sciences

phenomenology (as trichotomic)|> metaphysicsnormative sciences: esthetics theoretical grammar:

|> logic (as semeiotic): |> rhetoric (methodeutic)ethics critic

Classification of the Sciences

10-ADICCLASSIFICATION

OFSIGNS:11

1111

22

1111

33

1111

22

2211

22

2222

33

2222

33

3311

33

3322

33

3333

33

2211

9-ADIC SIGN RELATIONS:

qualisign (tone)legisign (type)

sinsign (token)

as to the sign itself:as to the sign itself:

iconsymbol

index

as to the object:as to the object:

rheme (propositional function)

dicisign (proposition)argument

as to the interpretant:as to the interpretant:

Theoretical Grammar:3-ADIC SIGN ELEMENTS:

signsigninterpretantinterpretant

objectobject

triad

monad

dyad

Valencies

Reduction ThesisAll relations of

more than three elementsare reducible

to triadic relations, but triadic relationsare not reducible to dyadic and monadic

relations.

1ns

2ns3ns

Three Peircean categories

something 1other2

medium3

possibilitynecessity

actuality

UNIVERSAL:UNIVERSAL:

qualityintellect & imaginationreaction

EXISTENTIAL:EXISTENTIAL:

vague,

specific, !!general,

LOGICAL:LOGICAL:

1/2 /31/2 /3

Logic as Semeiotic:

Theoretical grammar (syntactics)

Critical logic (semantics)

Theoretical rhetoric/methodeutic (pragmatics)

10-ADIC CLASSIFICATION

OF SIGNS:11

1111

22

1111

33

1111

22

2211

22

2222

33

2222

33

3311

33

3322

33

3333

33

2211

9-ADIC SIGN RELATIONS:

qualisign (tone)legisign (type)

sinsign (token)

as to the sign itself:as to the sign itself:

iconsymbol

index

as to the object:as to the object:

rheme (propositional function)

dicisign (proposition)argument

as to the interpretant:as to the interpretant:

Theoretical Grammar:

3-ADIC SIGN ELEMENTS:signsign

interpretantinterpretantobjec

tobject

Rule/case/result:

result (these beans are white)

case (these beans are from this bag)

rule (all the beans from this bag are white)

The Three Kinds of Inference:

abduction (representation vector): ththis handful of beans that I find on the table are white; All the beans from this particular bag are white, this handful of beans are POSSIBLYPOSSIBLY from this bag.

induction (determination vector): all these beans are white; all the beans in the bag are PROBABLYPROBABLY white.white. ThThese beans are drawn from this bag,

deduction (analytical vector): these beans will NECESSARILYNECESSARILY be white. All of the beans from this bag are white, these beans are drawn from this bag;

3/3/1/2

3/3/2/1

2/2/1/3

(RULE, RESULT; CASE)

(RULE, CASE; RESULT)

(CASE, RESULT; RULE)

Inquiry:

Abduction (hypothesis formation)

Induction (actual experiment)

processvector

Deduction (of implicationsof hypothesis for testing)

Inquiry:

Abduction (hypothesis formation)

Induction (actual experiment)

processvector

Deduction (of implicationsof hypothesis for testing)

Critical logic (semantics)

Logic as Semeiotic:

Theoretical grammar (syntactics)

Theoretical rhetoric/methodeutic (pragmatics)

The Semantic Web (as conceived by W3C)

•Good features–URIs–Unicode–XML

•Problematic feature–RDF

The Semantic Web (as conceived as UF)

•Adopts ISO standard for Common Logic (CL)– Mappings of RDF and OWL into CL – CL includes XCP (an XML notation)

•Basic principle: “Impoverished highest level” (John Sowa)– Rich in types; poor in axioms– Axioms deleted from UF available as

modules/microtheories

“Things should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler.” — A. Einstein

“Artificial dependencies should be reduced to the minimum, but real dependencies should not be altered.” — H. He

“Things should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler.” — A. Einstein

“Artificial dependencies should be reduced to the minimum, but real dependencies should not be altered.” — H. He

Principles of Service-Oriented Architecture

(SOA)• Simple/ubiquitous interfaces• Common semantics encoded at the interfaces• Interfaces available for all service

providers/clients• Descriptive—mainly not prescriptive—messages

delivered through the interfaces• Interfaces constrained by an extensible schema

limiting the vocabulary and structure of the messages

• Messages restricted in format, structure, and vocabulary (yet cognizant that increasing restriction decreases extensibility & vice versa)

• Since extensibility is yet crucial, establishing a balance of restriction and extensibility [21]

• Simple/ubiquitous interfaces• Common semantics encoded at the interfaces• Interfaces available for all service

providers/clients• Descriptive—mainly not prescriptive—messages

delivered through the interfaces• Interfaces constrained by an extensible schema

limiting the vocabulary and structure of the messages

• Messages restricted in format, structure, and vocabulary (yet cognizant that increasing restriction decreases extensibility & vice versa)

• Since extensibility is yet crucial, establishing a balance of restriction and extensibility

Semantic Web2Actuality

Web Architectures:

1Possibility

Syntactic Web

3Necessity

Pragmatic Web

...Syntactic Web.

Pragmatic Web involves...

...Semantic Web which in turn involves...

(Analytical vector)

Syntactic Web(technical structure)

Pragmatic Web (for collaboratorial & creative purposes)

Semantic Web (of meaningful relations)

(Order vector)

Vectorsprocessorder

representation

analysis

determinationaspiration

1

2

3

1st: Tools in a possible suite of tools are proposed for use in a project by an actual small working group quite familiar with this facet of the project;

1/2/3

3rd: the group reflects on the significant relations involved by means of *k diagram observation & manipulation.2nd: the tools are

considered by themselves and in possible combination, and especially in relation to the constraints of the project (financial, personal, etc.);

4th: A possibly optimal ordering of relationships of elements, individuals, stages of projected development, etc., involving the suite of tools is adopted;

1/3/2

5th: the various individuals involved work to contribute creatively as collaborative participants in the process employing the suite of tools agreed upon;6th: the project is

facilitated through the use of the tools by the individuals using them to accomplish the particular purposes of the project.

“Nothing can better satisfy the needs of augmentation of human cognition and relational thinking than the fusion of technologies.” — Bernard Vetant

“Data without a social context is meaningless. . . It must have a social context for it to support the growth of knowledge.”  — Eric K. Neumann

“Nothing can better satisfy the needs of augmentation of human cognition and relational thinking than the fusion of technologies.” — Bernard Vetant

“Data without a social context is meaningless. . . It must have a social context for it to support the growth of knowledge.”  — Eric K. Neumann

by Gary RichmondCopyright © Gary Richmond

garyrichmond@rcn.com

Produced by Benjamin A. Udell in PowerPoint

Interoperability as Desideratum, Problem,

and Process

Copyright ©Gary Richmond