synthesis of silver nanoparticles presentation

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Synthesis of silver nanoparticles By Ahmed Mostafa Hussein Assistant Lecturer, Dental Biomaterials Department Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University 2016 1

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Synthesis of silver nanoparticles

By

Ahmed Mostafa HusseinAssistant Lecturer, Dental Biomaterials Department Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University2016

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Silver nanoparticles

Items to be coveredIntroductionSynthesis of Silver nanoparticles * Physical approaches* Chemical approaches* Biological approachesApplications of Silver nanoparticles Mechanisms of antibacterial effectToxicity of silver nanoparticles

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IntroductionRecently, nanoparticle (NP) synthesis is among the most interesting scientific fields. Broadly speaking, there are two approaches to nanoparticle production: * Top-down: milling generates small particles from the corresponding bulk materials* Bottom-up: produces nanoparticles by starting from the atomic level4

There is growing attention to produce nanoparticles (NPs) using environmental friendly methods (green chemistry). Green synthesis approaches include polysaccharides, biological and irradiation methods which have advantages over conventional methods involving chemical agents associated with environmental toxicity.

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Various physical, chemical and biological synthetic methods have been developed to obtain silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) of various shapes and sizes.6

Methods for synthesis of silver nanoparticlesA. Physical approaches1) Evaporation-condensation2) Laser ablation7

B. Chemical approaches1) Reduction by tri-sodium citrate 2) Reduction by sodium borohydride 3) UV irradiation4) Gamma irradiation 5) Laser irradiation6) Microwave irradiation7) Sonochemical reduction8) Sonoelectrochemical method 9) Electrochemical method 10) Polysaccharide method 11) Tollens method8

C. Biological approaches 1) Synthesis of Ag NPs by bacteria 2) Synthesis of Ag NPs by fungi 3) Synthesis of Ag NPs by plants

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A) Physical approachesThe most important physical approaches include evaporation-condensation and laser ablation.1) Evaporation-condensation Vaporize the material into gas, and then cool the gas.a) Using a tube furnace has some disadvantagesThe tube furnace consumes a great amount of energy.Raises the environmental temperature around the source material.

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Requires power consumption of more than several kilowatts .Requires a preheating time of several tens of minutes to reach a stable operating temperature.b) Using a small ceramic heater with a local heating sourceThe evaporated vapor can cool faster than tube furnace.This physical method can be used for: 1. Formation of small nanoparticles in high concentration. 2. Formation of nanoparticles for long-term experiments for inhalation toxicity studies.

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B) Laser ablationLaser ablation of metallic bulk materials in solution.Laser ablation can vaporize materials that cannot readily be evaporated.12

Laser ablation in liquid medium

The produced Ag NPs depend upon:1. Wavelength of the laser2. The duration of the laser pulses (in the femto-, pico- and nanosecond regime)3. The ablation time duration4. The liquid medium5. The presence of surfactant13

Advantages of laser ablation technique compared to other methods for production of metal colloids: 1. Absence of chemical reducing agents 2. Pure and uncontaminated metal colloids can be prepared by this technique.

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Advantages of physical approaches in comparison with chemical processes1. Absence of solvent contamination in the prepared thin films 2. Uniformity of NPs distribution15

B) Chemical approachesThe most common approach for synthesis of silver nanoparticles is chemical reduction.In general, different reducing agents such as; Sodium citrate, Ascorbate, Sodium borohydride (NaBH4), Elemental hydrogen, Polyol process Tollens reagent are used for reduction of silver ions.16

The reducing agents reduce silver ions (Ag+) and lead to the formation of metallic silver (Ag0), which is followed by agglomeration into clusters. These clusters eventually lead to formation of metallic colloidal silver particles. It is important to use protective agents to stabilize dispersive nanoparticles during the course of metal nanoparticle preparation, and protect the nanoparticles, avoiding their agglomeration.17

The presence of surfactants comprising functionalities (e.g. thiols, amines, acids and alcohols) for interactions with particle surfaces can stabilize particle growth and protect particles from sedimentation and/or agglomeration.Stabilizers of nanoparticles include surfactants and polymers with different functional groups, such as COOH and NH2.18

Polymeric compounds such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) have been reported to be effective protective agents to stabilize nanoparticles.19

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Silver nanoparticles

1) Reduction by tri-sodium citrate Steps1. Dissolve 0.09 g AgNO3 in 500 ml water2. Heating near boiling (9598C)3. Add 1% tri-sodium citrate solution (0.1 g dissolved in 10 ml water) dropwise, one drop per second4. Continue heating 9598C (near boiling) for 1590 min. Yellow color indicates the formation of Ag NPs.

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5. Wait until reaching room temperature, and then store in the dark at 28C.Citrate ions simultaneously act as reducing and stabilizing agent.The silver colloidal particles possess a negative charge due to the adsorbed citrate ions; a repulsive force works along particles and prevents aggregation.22

At low and high citrate concentrations (5 x 10-5 and 1.5 x 10-3 mol litre-1, respectively), coarse and defective silver aggregates are formed. At intermediate concentrations of the stabilizing agent [in the range of (1-5) x 10-4 mol litre-1], spherical nanoparticles with a sufficiently narrow size distribution (8-11 nm in diameter) are obtained.Low citrate concentrations insufficient stabilization aggregation.High citrate concentrations destabilization.

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The maximum degree of reduction is reached: In 40 min for a molar ratio [Ag] : [cit] = 1 : 1 [c(AgNO3) = 1 mmol litre-1] In 15 min for [Ag] : [cit] = 1 : 5.24

2) Reduction by sodium borohydride (NaBH4)One of the first publications on the preparation of silver NP by the borohydride method described the reduction of AgNO3 solution cooled to 0C with a sixfold excess of NaBH4 solution on active stirring.Another method:1) 0.00386 g of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) was diluted with water to 50 mL in a volumetric flask. 2) Keep in an ice bath to prevent degradation.25

3. Weighing out 0.00442 g AgNO3 of which is diluted with water in a 25 ml volumetric flask. 4. Add 12 mL of the ice cold prepared aqueous solution of NaBH4 to 4 mL of the AgNO3 solution with vigorous stirring. This resulted in a color change to light yellow. 5. Stirring was continued until the reaction reached room temperature. This synthesis procedure routinely yields particles of narrow size distribution.

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The synthesis of Ag NPs stabilized by PVA was reported, which involved the reduction of AgNO3 in an aqueous solution with a 1.2-fold excess of NaBH4 in the presence of PVA.27

3) UV irradiationUV irradiation can be used for synthesis of Ag NPs in the presence of citrate, PVP or PVA.4) Gamma irradiation (-irradiation)Chitosan, as a stabilizer, can be used in the preparation of Ag NPs by gamma irradiation. Ag NPs can be synthesized by -ray irradiation of acetic water solutions containing AgNO3 and chitosan.Ag NPs can be produced by irradiating a solution, prepared by mixing AgNO3 and PVA.28

In case of - and UV-irradiationLarge number of hydrated electrons (eaq) and H are produced during radiolysis of aqueous solutions by irradiation. They are strong reducing agents. Therefore, they can reduce metal ions into zero-valent metal particles.29

An OH radical scavenger, such as primary or secondary alcohols or formate ions, is added into the precursor solutions before irradiation. For example, isopropanol can scavenge OH and H radicals and at the same time changes into the secondary radicals, which eventually reduce metal ions (M+) into zero-valent atoms (M0).30

5) Laser irradiationLaser irradiation (Nd:YAG 500nm) of an aqueous solution of silver salt and surfactant can produce Ag NPs with a well-defined shape and size distribution.6) Microwave irradiationMicrowaves in combination with polyol process were applied in the synthesis of Ag NPs using ethylene glycol and PVP as reducing and stabilizing agents, respectively.31

In a typical polyol process, inorganic salt is reduced by the polyol (e.g. ethylene glycol which serves as both a solvent and a reducing agent) at a high temperature.Large-scale and size-controlled Ag NPs could be rapidly synthesized under microwave irradiation from an aqueous solution of AgNO3 and tri-sodium citrate in the presence of formaldehyde as a reducing agent.

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7) Sonochemical reductionIt involves the usage of ultrasonic waves to induce cavitations, a phenomenon whereby the passage of ultrasonic waves through an aqueous solution yields microscopic bubbles that expand and ultimately burst.Sonolysis of water accounts for these sonochemical reductions; more specifically, sonochemically generated H radicals are considered to act as reducing agents.

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Often, organic additives (e.g. 2-propanol or surfactants) are added to produce a secondary radical species, which can significantly promote the reduction rate.

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8) Sonoelectrochemical method It utilizes ultrasonic power primarily to manipulate the material mechanically. The pulsed sonoelectrochemical synthetic method involves alternating sonic and electric pulses. The electrolyte composition plays a crucial role in shape formation.35

9) Electrochemical methodIt is possible to control particle size by adjusting the electrolysis parameters and to improve homogeneity of Ag NPs by changing the composition of the electrolytic solution.PVP can be used to protect Ag NPs from agglomeration, significantly reduces silver deposition rate and promotes silver nucleation & Ag NPs formation rate.

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Electrochemical method for synthesis of Ag NPs37

The rate of reaction was found to increase with: Decrease in the distance between the electrodes (12 cm) Increase in the voltage (550 V DC) Increase in the temperatureA longer reaction time resulted in: Larger size of Ag NPs Higher concentration of Ag NPs38

Alternatively, the cathode could be other metals such as platinum.The presence of PVA (1100 ppm): Acts as supporting electrolyte Accelerates the NP nucleation and growth Produces highly concentrated suspensions of NPs39

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Electrochemical method for synthesis of Ag NPs

10) Polysaccharide methodAg NPs can be prepared using water as an environmental friendly solvent and polysaccharides as reducing/capping agents. For instance, the synthesis of starch-Ag NPs can be carried out with starch (as a capping agent) and glucose (as a reducing agent).

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Also, Ag NPs can be synthesized by mixing two solutions of AgNO3 containing starch (as a capping agent) and NaOH solutions containing glucose (as a reducing agent).

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11) Tollens methodIt involves the reduction of [Ag(NH3)2]+ + (as a Tollens reagent) by an aldehyde. In the modified Tollens procedure, silver ions are reduced by saccharides in the presence of ammonia. [Ag(NH3)2]+(aq) + RCHO(aq) Ag(s)+RCOOH(aq) where RCHO is an aldehyde or a carbohydrate.

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Ag NPs with controllable sizes can be synthesized by reduction of [Ag(NH3)2]+ with glucose, galactose, maltose and lactose. The NP synthesis was carried out at various ammonia concentrations.44

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Silver nanoparticles

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Colors of silver nanoparticles: yellow, orange & brown

C) Biological approachesThe bioreduction of metal ions by combinations of biomolecules found in the extracts of certain organisms (e.g., enzymes/proteins, amino acids, polysaccharides and vitamins) is environmentally benign.

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1) Synthesis of Ag NPs by bacteriaCulture supernatants of bacteria can be used for synthesis of Ag NPs. Such as culture supernatants of E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, B. subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus licheniformis. Also, Lactobacillus strains can be used for synthesis of Ag NPs.48

2) Synthesis of Ag NPs by fungiSuch as Fusarium oxysporum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus.The stability of Ag NPs is due to capping by proteins.Proteins, enzymes, organic acids and polysaccharides are responsible for the formation of Ag NPs.49

3) Synthesis of Ag NPs by plantsAdvantages1) Green synthesis & eco-friendly2) Low cost3) Can be used for large scale synthesis4) No need to use high pressure, energy, temperature and toxic chemicals5) Not require any special culture preparation and isolation techniques50

Such as green tea extract, black tea leaf extract, Polyphenols, flavonoids, alfalfa, geranium, Brassica juncea, Datura metel leaf extract, Pinus desiflora, Diospyros kaki, Ginko biloba, Magnolia kobus, Platanus orientalis leaf broths, Nelumbo nucifera, Sorbus aucuparia leaf extract, Euphorbia hirta leaf extract, Eucalyptus citriodora, Ficus bengalensis, Garcinia mangostana leaf extract, Ocimum sanctum leaf extract, Cacumen platycladi extract and Cinnamon zeylanicum bark extract.51

* Green tea extract can be used as reducing and stabilizing agent for the biosynthesis of Ag NPs in an aqueous solution in ambient conditions.* Plants (especially plant extracts) are able to reduce silver ions faster than fungi or bacteria.* In biological synthetic methods, it was shown that the Ag NPs produced by plants are more stable in comparison with those produced by other organisms. 52

Applications of silver nanoparticlesIntroductionThe use of silver in wound management can be traced back to the 18th century, during which AgNO3 was used in the treatment of ulcers. The antimicrobial activity of the silver ions was first identified in the 19th century. Colloidal silver was accepted by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being effective for wound management in the 1920s.

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However, after the introduction of penicillin in the 1940s, antibiotics became the standard treatment for bacterial infections and the use of silver diminished.Silver began to be used again for the management of burn patients in the 1960s, this time in the form of 0.5% AgNO3 solution. 54

AgNO3 was combined with a sulphonamide antibiotic in 1968 to produce silver sulfadiazine cream, which created a broader spectrum silver-based antibacterial that continued to be prescribed mostly for the management of burns.More recently, clinicians have turned to wound dressings that incorporate varying levels of silver, because the emergence and increase of antibiotic-resistant bacteria have resulted in clinical limitations in the prescription of antibiotics.55

Ag NPs are of great interest due to their extremely small size and large surface to volume ratio, which lead to differences in their properties compared to their bulk counterparts.56

Medical and dental applications1) Bone cement 2) Implantable devices3) Additive in polymerizable dental materials4) Toothpastes5) Surgical gowns6) Face masks7) Wound dressing and burn treatments8) Coating plastic catheters9) Coating of endotracheal tube10) Disinfecting medical devices

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Nasal spray58

Toothpaste

Disinfectants59

Other applications1) Food storage packaging2) Textile coatings, socks and athletic clothing3) Packaging4) Cosmetics5) Water treatment6) Washing machines7) Detergents, soaps and shampoos8) Air and water filters60

Socks61

Mechanisms of antibacterial effect The bactericidal action of NPs increases as the particle size decreases.Ag NPs with diameters smaller than 10 nm can directly interact with a bacterium.Ag NPsAg NPs increase the permeability of membrane.Ag NPs bind to thiol groups (SH) in the respiratory enzymes and deactivate the enzymes.

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Ag NPs interact with respiratory enzymes and generate reactive oxygen species Oxidative stress apoptosis Ag NPs interact with DNA (phosphorus-containing compound) and inhibit its replication.Ag NPs undergo slow oxidation and form Ag+.

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Ag+Ag+ destructs peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall.Ag+ causes structural change in the bacterial cell wall & nuclear membrane.Ag+ affects ribosomes (binds to 30S ribosomal subunit) and inhibits protein synthesis. Ag+ interacts with thiol-containing proteins & enzymes.The most antibacterial to least: triangular, spherical, and then rod-shaped NPs.The triangular NPs have more active facets than spherical NPs.

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There is a positive synergistic effect of Ag NPs and different antibiotics against S. aureus and E. coli.Ag NPs are the powerful weapons against the multidrug-resistant bacteria such as ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli, erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.65

Ag NPs are more antimicrobial than copper, titanium, magnesium, zinc and gold NPs.Note: Ag NPs inhibit HIV-1 virus replication.

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Toxicity of silver nanoparticlesArgyria is the most frequent adverse outcome from exposure to Ag NPs. For instance, prolonged ingestion of colloidal silver can change the color of skin and cause blue-grey appearance of the face (the symptoms of argyria).

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Argyria68

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Argyria

Some authors have claimed that Ag NPs possess low or zero toxicity to human cells. However, other studies show that Ag NPs are toxic to mammalian cells derived from skin, liver, lung and brain. Generally, the toxicity of Ag NPs depends on their size, shape, chemical composition and surface modification.Uncoated Ag NPs are more toxic than coated Ag NPs.

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NotesThe most commonly used concentration of commercial Ag NPs is 0.02 mg/ml = 20 ppm ppm = g/ml = mg/L = mg/1000mlAldrich offers several Ag NPs suspended in a dilute aqueous citrate buffer which weakly associates with the NP surface.

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This citrate-based agent was selected, because the weakly bound capping agent provides long term stability and is readily displaced by various other molecules including thiols, amines, polymers and proteins.Ag NPs should be stored at 4C (2-8C) in the dark, because they are photosensitive.Ag NPs non-stabilized in a proper way undergo fast oxidation and easily aggregate in solutions.

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UV spectroscopy of silver nanoparticles

The solution color and absorption spectra give an approximate idea of the particle size.Nanoparticles were denoted as colloids until the invention of nanotechnology.

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PELCO NanoXact and BioPure Silver Colloids/Nanoparticles

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