synthesis paper final
TRANSCRIPT
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The Corrupt, The Commanding, The Cruel
Yawar Ali
One of the strongest human drives seems to be a desire for power. Write an essay in which you
discuss how a character in a novel or a drama struggles to free himself or herself from the power
of others or seeks to gain power over others. Be sure to demonstrate in your essay how the author
uses this power struggle to enhance the meaning of the work.
I have read and understand the sections in the Student Handbook regarding Mason High School's Honesty/Cheating
Policy. By affixing this statement to the title page of my paper, I am certifying that I have not cheated or plagiarizedin the process of completing this assignment. If it is found that cheating and/or
plagiarism did take place in the writing of this paper, I understand the possible
consequences of the act, which could include a "0" on the paper, as well as an "F" as a
final grade in the course.
English IV
Mrs. Wilson
28 May 2013
Sina, Jeremy, Wei, Eric, Brian
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Yawar Ali
Mrs. Wilson
English IV B
28 May 2013
The Corrupt, The Commanding, The Cruel
Frederick Douglass once said,Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did
and it never will. The influence of power on mankind has quenched the thirst forfulfillment and
has led the uprising and downfall of numerous civilizations. Yet, no power is more potent than
the one given to the common man: power that manipulates and feeds off the weakness of others,
harnessing their frailty to manifest itself. InRoom by Emma Donoghue,A Modest Proposalby
Jonathan Swift,The Chimney Sweeper by William Blake,and De Profundis by Elizabeth
Barrett Browning, the authors utilize the corruption and cruelty of the time period as well as the
pains of those subjected to such harsh treatments, in order to change the state of oppression by
those in power.To tackle the problems presented to society, these authors explore the problem at
its source: corruption.
The corrupt morals of individuals in power lead to unethical practices. Corruption itself
may lead to the rise in power or allow the one already in power to exercise uncontested rule over
the weak. In theRoom,a TV reporter asks Ma if [y]our experiences have given you, ah,
enormous empathy with the suffering children of the world. and Ma replies back with [n]ot
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just children ... [p]eople ... locked up in all sorts of ways (Donoghue 77). After experiencing
subjugation by Old Nick,Ma and Jack have experienced what its like being controlled and
manipulated by those who exercise corrupt practices in society.Although its true, power does
not have to be physical like what occurs with Ma and Jack. Rather, power can also be exercised
in ways that deal with the mind. For an example, in modern day, the government in extreme
cases uses psychological torture in order to get information from war criminals rather than
physical means. This psychological warfare allows the user in power (corrupt or not) to exert
control over the prisoner: constant temperature changes, sleep deprivation and isolation allow
them to divulge intel from even the toughest of opponents. InA Modest Proposal,... mothers,
instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to employ all their time in
strolling,to beg sustenance for their helpless (Swift 5-8). Swift is trying to explain that once
placed in a situation where they are the scum or lowest tier of society, mothers are further
forced to beg on the streets - forever kept at their current situation with no door to escape. Once
wrapped in the cycle of begging and being oppressed by the rest of society its ridiculously hard
for one to improve their own state of being and situation. The people who are already well off in
society in terms of political, economical or even social power often strive to remain in their
current state while ignoring the pleas of those without anything. The cry of the common citizen
is not heard in a society where the voice of the richest are listened to and the poorest neglected.
Going back to the cycle of poverty,William Blake writes about the chimney sweeper clothed in
the clothes of death and taught to sing the notes of woe (Blake 7-8). Like inHarry Potter,
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Dobby is not allowed to free his bonds of servitude unless the Malfoy family give him an article
of clothing, in the same sense,the narrator of The Chimney Sweeper is instead bounded by the
clothing given to him, forced to be seen in public as a mere chimney sweep. The children in this
time period and society are forced to work for those in power at an early age - an age where they
cant fight back,and once they can its already too late. This behavior is obviously unethical and
immoral - its one thing to manipulate those that have already done little with their life and
accept the way things are, but totally another when manipulating those who dont know any
better. Lastly,in De Profundis by Elizabeth Browning,she states [b]y anguish which made
pale the sun, / I heard Him charge with despair,/ However darkly days go on (Browning 91-
95). In this story, rather than being overpowered by someone in power, Browning allows herself
to be held captive by an event.She allows her grief over her brothers death to mold her path in
life and constantly suffer with the guilt she has to live with the rest of her life. In this way,
corruption is not limited to the individual but also concepts and perception. Death in this case
holds a tether on Browning, which only grows tighter as her grief becomes more profound.
To allow the readers to obtain a better understanding of corruption in society , the authors
provide context of the time period to further emphasize their point. InA Modest Proposal,
Jonathan Swift uses the Pretender (Swift 10) as the scapegoat for Irelands miseries,
harnessing the Irish peoples distaste of the crown and the king, James Francis Stuart. He
criticizes the Catholics who follow the Pretender as the most dangerous enemies (Swift 191-
192), broadening his blame to quite a bit of the Irish population. Therefore, those who read his
piece have a definite grasp of what the Irish people face under the commonwealth of England,
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not only politically but also socially and economically. William Blake talks about the conditions
of the chimney sweepers and their lifestyle,your chimneys I sweep & in soot I sleep (Blake 5)
to illustrate the state of the chimney sweepers and the tribulations they suffer through. With this,
it seems like hes trying to invoke empathy for these poor children and hopefully a response. By
using the context of the period and literary movements of the time, the authors are able to appeal
to the interest of the reader. The audience may not at first care at all about the topic at hand, but
they sure do care about the trends and reality around them - a fact that draws them into reading
the piece and taking interest.In De Profundis, Browning utilizes an allusion to the Bible to
convey her state of despair and grief when she writes,crown of sovran thorns (Browning
XVIII). This alludes to the crucifixion of Christ which aids the audience in understanding her
own grief or the extent of her despair. By referring to the Bible in a predominantly Christian
country, she automatically sparks a connection between her reader and her piece. Those in
power during these time periods have the authority to exert domination over those inferior,
domination that borderlines cruelty.
Too much power eventually molds the possessor, corrupts his mentality, which
eventually turns his actions cruel. Often women and children are the easiest to overpower and the
most susceptible to cruelty, though even the strongest of people can also be made to kneel under
the power of a cruel ruler. InRoom, Old Nick is able to lock up Ma and Jack in a small room,
tending to them only when it suits them - ignoring them otherwise. Not only are Ma and Jack
starved of social contact with anyone else around them, they are to be 100% subservient to Old
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Nick or else suffer his wrath. When Ma tries to escape the first time, she is injured and made to
fear for her sons safety. The fear harbored in her is a direct result from the cruel actions of Old
Nick and the constant threat of future acts of violence. Not only is Ma suffering through physical
torture, but psychological as well. Meanwhile Jack is completely oblivious to the danger, which
brings up an interesting point. Not everyone subjected to cruelty by those in power view it as a
bad thing; some may accept it as the way life is. The chimney sweepers at first accept reality and
continue to live out their short lives as chimney workers, yet as they grow older they soon dream
of freedom and open meadows. Jack eventually reaches this conclusion too with the help of his
mother guiding him. InA Modest Proposal, Jonathan Swift addresses the cruelty of abortions
and he states,[t]here is likewise another great advantage in my scheme, that it will prevent
those voluntary abortions, and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children ..
. (Swift 41-44). Of course his own scheme doesnt seem any more appealing,yet its obvious
that Swift is using satire to address the problem of abortions in his country. The mother in this
case is the one in power over her unborn child;in Swifts eyes its cruel. This is interesting
because it does not represent the common perception of corrupted person in power,yet its still
evident in todays society.This abnormal perception of a cruel power is further reinforced in De
Profundis in which Browning writes,This Nature, though the snows be down, / Thinks kindly
of the bird of June: / This little red hip on the tree / Is ripe for such. What is for me, / Whose
days so winterly go on? (Browning IX) . In this case, Nature is the one being personified as
cruel. The continuous and repetitive state of nature is a constant reminder of her grief. Spring,
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rather than being a season of growing and starting anew, mocks her and her suffering. In this
way, Nature holds a powerful grip on her life and even though it is an inanimate concept that
mankind cannot control - it can control mankind.
Its easy to see that whether human or not, corrupt power can express its cruel authority
in many forms. The works: Room by Emma Donoghue,A Modest Proposalby Jonathan Swift,
The Chimney Sweeper by William Blake,and De Profundis by Elizabeth Barrett Browning
allow us to recognize how corruption of the individual and society of the time period can
manifest itself into a cruel power; a power that has the potential to oppress the masses and hinder
society from growth.
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Yawar Ali
Mrs. Wilson
English IV B
28 May 2013
A Proposal: Satire At Its Best
Many at times, the worlds most obvious problems are the ones least cared for. Poverty
has plagued society since its earliest stages to modern dayvery rarely is such a problem
tackled, and even more rarely on a monumental scale. In A Modest Proposal, Jonathan Swift
incorporates stinging Juvenalian satire, unrelenting usage of rhetoric as well as a disdainful tone
towards British colonialism to express the pitiful state of the Irish people stricken in poverty
under the rule of the English crown in order to convey his proposal to fixing Irelands economic
burdens. Swifts obvious far-fetched solution attempts to stir up his people in dealing with the
rampant problem plaguing the country.
Swift wastes no time to point out the blatant problems holding back Ireland: he quickly
sets up the situation to the reader, using careful diction to draw them in. With words such as
deplorable state of the kingdom (Swift 14) and helpless infants (Swift 8) he proceeds to
appeal to the emotions of his audience. Yet, he quickly dissipates the air of sincerity with his
solution to the problem: quite simply - eat the babies. They shall contribute to the feeding, and
partly to the clothing, of many thousands (Swift 35-36) he says. Its indeed very clear that
Jonathan Swift is either a crazy cook or an impressive satirist; by drawing on the alarm and
surprise of his audience to his proposed solution he makes them that much more aware of the
problem facing their country. Quite frankly the proposal put forth by Swift is hardly the panacea
for Irelands ills; it seems to cause more ethical complications on top of the multitude of
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economic dilemmas afflicting the nation. He goes on to state that this food will be somewhat
dear, and therefore very proper for landlords (Swift 101-102). Not only does he provide
incentive for the poor to carry through with his plan (not having to provide for the child but also
making money off it), but also appeals to the wealthy classes taste buds. By placing emphasis on
the [i]nfants flesh (Swift 104) and the primary season throughout the year (Swift 104) it
will be fresh, hes attempting to make human meat a hard sought commodity. Lastly, he
completely disregards other possible proposals to cure the problems of the Irish. He refuses to
recognize the taxing our absolutes at five shillings a pound: Of using neither cloaths, nor
household furniture, except what is of our own growth and manufacture (Swift 256-257). Its
easy to see his satire is at full power in these passages since his entire presentation of his
proposal is based off his economist perspective, yet he rejects the fundamental principles of
supply and demand that other economists will overwhelmingly approve of. Instead, his close-
minded argument seeks no rebuttals (since he quickly presents and disproves their validity).
Juvenalian satire is at play as he utilizes harsh and quite cruel remarks in regards to the slaughter
of innocent children in order to provide for the masses while at the same time criticizing the very
same people for their lack of awareness of societys problems.
Throughout the essay, Swift appeals to the pathos of the people reading his pamphlet.
Right in the beginning, Swift paints the picture of streets crowded with beggars of the female
sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags and importuning every passenger for
alms (Swift 3-5). Clearly passages such as these are trying to appeal to the emotions of the
reader, to draw them into the problem at handto get them more involved with the problems
inner working in order to hopefully get them to accept his solution. Yet, he repulses his audience
with the gruesome details of sacrificing the poor innocent babies (Swift 40). Later, he uses
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ethos in order to establish his credibility, since he starts to sound like a lunatic as he continues
with the specific points of his argument. Swift references merchants in order to bring sense to his
argument such as when he says I am assured by our merchants, that a boy or girl . . . is no
salable commodity (Swift 68-69). Hoping to garner the respect of the reader by using
professionals of their field, Swift establishes his own credentials. Soon after, he states, I have
been assured by a very knowing American . . . that a young healthy child . . . is at a year old a
most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food (Swift 77-79). By taking time to mention
someone overseas, the reader might think that Swift has taken his ample time to assemble his
argument and consolidate his source where in reality these credentials are merely figments of
Swifts storytelling. He incorporates neoclassical reason as another technique in order to
persuade his audience while using satire and wit from the time period to entertain and convey the
argument more effectively. Through the combination of both these traits, his pamphlet reflects
the fundamentals of Augustan literature: satire and personal exploration of individuals and
society which was very effective art style of the early 18th century.
Finally, the tone Swift uses exemplifies his distaste towards English rule over Ireland.
Although born as an Anglo-Irishman he longed for a career in England rather than carry out his
priestly duties in the Church of Ireland for the rest of his life. Though later in his life, Swift
published anonymous pamphlets and became an Irish patriot, defending Ireland against the
oppressive policies of the English rulers. His dislike of England is depicted clearly in the first
paragraph when he talks about how helpless infants grow up to either turn thieves for want of
work, or leave their dear native country to fight for the Pretender in Spain (Swift 8-10). The
Pretender undoubtedly refers to Englands monarch, James Stuart, and his wars overseas
which the Irish people were obliged to partake in. Further on, he proceeds to criticize the
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Catholics of the Pretender as the most dangerous enemies (Swift 191-192). His hate for
England had many facets: economic, political, and religious all of which he believes the English
should refrain from involving themselves in Irelands affairs.
With the usage of stinging satire, copious amounts of rhetoric and disdainful tone
Jonathan Swift is successful in illustrating Irelands problems of poverty and social despair in A
Modest Proposal. By incorporating universal human principles and structured argument, he is
able to convey his point and pique the interest of the reader to bring about change.
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Yawar Ali
Mrs. Wilson
English IV B
28 May 2013
Woes of a Chimney Sweeper
The life of a child laborer carries many aches and pains. The laborer himself is unaware
of what the world has to offer him: having lived his entire life as a worker subjected to brutal
conditions without freedom in sight. In The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Innocence and
Experience) by William Blake, Blake attempts to criticize a culture which perpetuates the
existence of child chimney sweepers in inhumane conditions by exploring its hardships using
detailed imagery, extended metaphors and a despairing tone. Through utilizing these methods,
Blake seeks to bring awareness to society in pursuit of freeing these children from the atrocious
conditions they work in.
Blake makes it very evident in the very beginning that he means to expose an aspect of
society previously unknown or uncared for by the general public. He sets up the stage with his
narrator, a poor old boy forced to live out his early years as a chimney sweeper, When my
mother died I was very young / And my father sold me while yet my tongue / Could scarcely cry
weep! weep! weep! weep! (Blake 1-3). The narrator is forced to work as a chimney
sweeper after his mother passes away and hes abandoned by his father - essentially hes a slave
to his new owners. Swift then uses imagery to describe the conditions faced by a new chimney
sweeper, little Tom Dacre who cried when his head was shaved to avoid the soot [that now]
cannot spoil [his] white hair (Blake 5-8). By illustrating the scene, William Blake wants to
delve deeper into the lives of just a few chimney sweepers in order to make his audience more
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involved and establishing a personal connection with his poem. The boys are forced to shave
their head in order to prevent lice and vermin from getting into them while they work tirelessly
in the chimneys. These are just a few of the sacrifices they must make. The period of
Romanticism emphasizes the role of human achievement and intrinsic goals, all of which Blake
sets up perfectly when he transitions the poem from complete hopelessness to one of motivation
or light at the end of the road. He writes about a dream that Tom has where the sweepers are
down [in] a green plain, leaping, laughing,they run, / And wash in a river and shine in the Sun.
(Blake 15-16). Essentially in the dream-like world of Toms imagination, the boys are freed by
the Angel - free to live by their own rules and pursue their own imagination. Yet these scenes of
bliss and happiness that Blake depicts are quickly erased as Tom awakes to the cold, harsh
reality gets [his] bags & [his] brushes to work. (Blake 22). Tom realizes hes back to his daily
routine with the other chimney sweepers and if they continue on mindlessly doing their duty,
they need not fear harm. (Blake 24).
Unlike the Song of Innocence, the Song of Experience contains elements of a narrator
who realizes that his life is in a state of disarray and is more realistic of lifes expectations. The
narrator and Tom in the Song of Innocence are still praying for a glimpse of a prosperous future
and freedom, whereas Song of Experience accepts the reality and the loneliness that comes with
abandonment by his parents and the church (which does not accept the chimney sweepers).
Blake in the first poem speaks of the thousands of sweepers . . . locked up in coffins of black
(Blake 11-12) where coffins of black refers to the dismal surrounding in a chimney, but the
sweepers are soon freed by an Angel who had a bright key (Blake 13). The bright key most
likely referring to the key to the future or happiness, the escape from the lives as chimney
sweepers. These metaphors help contrast the bleak state of the children in their present condition
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to what they believe will greet them after they struggle through their lives as sweepers. This
represents characteristics of the Romantic Era because Blake emphasizes the individual and his
achievements. In the second poem, Blake talks about the boys and how theyre clothed in
clothes of death (Blake 7). The clothes of death most likely refers to the uniforms the boys
wear as they clean the chimneys, uniforms that they will die in as they breathe in the soot and
suffer in the coffins of death that are the chimneys.
Lastly, Blake utilizes a despairing or hopeless tone throughout the poems. Although at
points in the Song of Innocence, the boys are met with hope and prosperity (like the dream),
these dreams are quickly erased by the brutal realities of their daily routine which further
reinforces the despairing nature of their struggle. In both poems, the chimney sweepers cry out
and weep! weep! which establishes their current mind set towards the conditions theyre faced
with. They long for their parents, calling out [w]here are thy father and mother? Say! (Blake
3). These lines aid in formulating the tone of the poems, it is indeed despairing and hopeless.
What makes it more hopeless, according to Blake, is the lack of societys involvement in trying
to cure these ills facing these child workers who see no help in sight as they live out their lives in
brutal conditions that take many of their lives in the process.
Using detailed imagery, extended metaphors and a despairing tone, William Blake in
The Chimney Sweeper attempts to make society aware of the difficulties and conditions faced
by chimney sweepers. He attempts to garner the attention of the public towards these problems in
order to fix them. Yet, his main goal is to criticize society for turning a blind eye to these
problems that plague the nation and by exploring the life of a chimney sweeper; he makes them
guilty of their ignorance.
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Yawar Ali
Mrs. Wilson
English IV B
28 May 2013
Waves of Sorrow
After the idealistic, emotional era of passion and originality that was the Romantic
period, the world again deviated back into the practical and realistic perspectives of the Victorian
Era. Under the rule of Queen Victoria (1837-1901), England was met with great economic and
social prosperity with a shift towards progress and innovation. In this era, many authors and
artists took advantage of the various opportunities offered by the emerging markets and interests
in social classes and the drive towards becoming true Englishmen. The emerging authors
attempted to express moral idea or write literature of some practical purpose. In her own
literature, Elizabeth Barrett Browning expresses her resentment toward her current state of
affairs using repetition, allusion to scripture, and a somber tone in De Profundis.
Her constant usage of repetition is evident in every stanza of the poem. Through her
continuous repetition of [a]nd yet my days go on, go on (Browning I), Elizabeth Browning
illustrates the monotonous cycle of her life. Rarely is her day met with an event that brightens up
her mood on the current state of her life. She talks about how every morning is greeted with
[g]ood day which makes each day good yet is hushed away (Browning II) to leave her
stranded again with her own thoughts and the longing to experience what the new day brings.
More clearly is the repetition of go on (Browning I) throughout the literary piece, an indication
that the passage is primarily about living out a life which is not worth living. Browning questions
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her own reason to go on, asking herself and eventually proposing rhetorical questions to the
reader, with He reigns with Jealous God. Who mourns / Or rules with Him, while days go on?
(Browning XVIII). The definition of the title, De Profundis itself is a cry of appeal expressing
one's deepest feelings of sorrow or anguish, which begs the question as to what is Browning
mourning? At the time the poem was written, Brownings brother had drowned in Torquays bay
while accompanying her to the city against their fathers wishes. Browning took the cause of the
death upon herself, feeling guilty for her decisions - expressing her emotions on paper. She
strays slightly from the Victorian Era, expressing deep emotions in her paper about the
continuity of life and the mourning of a loss. Her poem is laden with sincere regret and
emotional pain paralleling the Romantic Era. Yet at the same time, she orderly structures her
poem in passages and ventures to question lifes purpose in a practical manner- staying true to
the Victorian age. De Profundis shares roots with A Modest Proposal and The Chimney
Sweeper with their utilization of pathos over any other rhetoric to appeal or convey their
purpose to the reader. Their arguments or illustrations revolve around the response of the
audience to the specific ideas being expressed - without the direct involvement or interest of the
reader, the poem itself would fall to pieces.
Later she transitions her poem away from the self-centric attitude towards that of God
and overarching principles. She alludes to the crown of sovran thorns (Browning XVIII) of the
scripture, illustrating an image of Jesus on the cross. Browning questions the legitimacy of the
suffering that she endures, stating [n]o mortal grief deserves that crown (Browning XX). Her
shift towards religion and God demonstrates a variety of elements in her poem. Browning strays
away from the Neoclassical view of Greek and Roman culture and Gods, rather towards a
monotheistic view. She then leaves behind the pure emotional state of her own individual (a drift
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from the Romantic Era). Her shift is marked by, Gods Voice, not Natures! Night and noon /
He sits upon the great white throne / And listens for the creatures praise / What babble we of
days and days? (Browning XVI) in which she rejects the conception of Nature as an answer of
her problems and instead looks to God. Unlike, The Chimney Sweeper Browning does not
blame her problems on society rather she accepts her state and seeks to improve on her life. Yet,
she cannot find the will to continue on until she illustrates her relationship with God. A Modest
Proposal blames its problems on that of England and references God very little, rather providing
statistics and appealing to pathos to convey Swifts argument.
Finally, the tone that transcends the entire poem drives the point home, Browning is
experiencing a state of distress. With diction like [c]ool deadly touch (Browning XI) or
anguish pierces to the bone (Browning V), Browning obviously isnt expressing her happiness.
She mourns over the accident that took her brothers life but the outcry over her own illness,
tuberculosis, which has plagued her entire life probably also trickles into her writing. Only at the
very ending of her poem does she talk about the love and passion that keeps her living through
her days, I praise Thee while my days go on; / I love Thee while my days go on: / Through dark
and dearth, through fire and frost (Browning XXIII). But that does not erase her distraught
displayed throughout most of her poem. She finds strength only with the spirit of God and in the
very last line of the poem she defiantly challenges her state of being, [s]miling - so I. THY
DAYS GO ON. (Browning XXIV). Unlike A Modest Proposal, she does not keep her cool
like Jonathan Swift; her very emotions aid her in expressing her conviction. The sudden change
between despair and hope shapes the poem and further nails in the point being conveyed. Life
goes on. Through the thick and thin, one has to survive through its misery and hope for a better
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tomorrow. Like the Victorian Age, the practicality of nature and life shines through, the morals
of life and continuing it rather than ending it also is expressed.
With frequent repetition, allusion to scripture, and continuous sombertone in De
Profundis, Elizabeth Browning expresses her lifes problems, yet strives through the despair to
a better, prosperous future. Like with A Modest Proposal and The Chimney Sweeper, the
utilization and manipulation of emotions draws the reader into the situation at hand and molds
their thought process on the subject. With combining purposeful prose and diction, all three
authors: Blake, Swift and Browning are successful in conveying their topic at hand using the
background and literary styles of the time period to do so.
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