SYNTHETIC PARAFFINICJET FUEL

Ramin Abhari, P.E.Senior Process EngineerSyntroleum Corporation

A bright spot in recent alternative fuel news…

A-10 Thunderbolt synthetic fuel flight; March 25, 2010

F/A-18 synthetic fuel flight; April 28, 2010

C-17 synthetic fuel flight;Oct. 22, 2007

B-52 synthetic fuel flight; Sept. 26, 2006

What’s up with all the synthetic fuel flight tests?

DoD intends to catalyze commercial industry to produce clean fuels for the military from secure domestic resources using environmentally sensitive process as a bridge to the future

- Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007

By 2016, 50% of all fuel for the continental U.S. fleet will be purchased domestically from alternate sources

- Air Force Policy Document 90-17

What is synthetic jet fuel…and how is it made?

Same components as petroleum jet fuel…

…except for the “bad” and the “ugly”

”The good,

the bad,

and theugly!”

Petro Synthetics

Two ways tosynthetic paraffinic jet fuel

1. Low Temperature Fischer-Tropsch

2 C + ½ O2 + H2O à CO + 2 H2 + CO2

CO + 2 H2 + CO2 à –[CH2]n– + H2O + CO2

Gasification:Carbon to syngas

Fischer-Tropsch:Syngas to n-paraffins

Carbon Feedstock:· Coal (~80% C)· Woody biomass (~50% C)

–[CH2]n– + H2 à +–[CH(CH2)]n-m–

+ –[CH2]m–

Hydrocracking:n-paraffins to shorter n- and iso-paraffins

Synthetic Jet Fuel to Distillation and Shipping

2. Hydroprocessing of Fats and Oils

C17H33COOH + 4 H2 à C18H38 + H2O

C18H38 + H2 à n-C9H20 + i-C9H20

Liquid Biomass Feed:· Fats/Oils/Greases· Algae oils

Synthetic Jet Fuel to Distillation and Shipping

Hydrocracking:n-paraffins to shorter n- and iso-paraffins

Hydrodeoxygenation:Fatty acid/glycerides to n-paraffins

5 10 15 20 25 30Time-->

5163 R-8

4909 S-8

Weight % n-Paraffins

C7-C9 C10-C13 C14-C16 C17-C19

5163 3.0 7.8 1.7 0.0634909 4.1 10.8 2.2 0.10

C11C12

C13

C14 C15 C16 C17 C18

C10C9

C8C7

C19

5 10 15 20 25 30Time-->

5163 R-8

4909 S-8

Weight % n-Paraffins

C7-C9 C10-C13 C14-C16 C17-C19

5163 3.0 7.8 1.7 0.0634909 4.1 10.8 2.2 0.10

Weight % n-Paraffins

C7-C9 C10-C13 C14-C16 C17-C19

5163 3.0 7.8 1.7 0.0634909 4.1 10.8 2.2 0.10

C11C12

C13

C14 C15 C16 C17 C18

C10C9

C8C7

C19

C11C12

C13

C14 C15 C16 C17 C18

C10C9

C8C7

C19

Same fuel from both processes

Hydro-processed Renewable Jet (HRJ

or Bio-SPK)

Fischer Tropsch (FT or SPK)

Feedstock

Process

Synthetic Jet Fuel

How does synthetic jet fuel perform?

Three key performance advantages

2. Lower Emissions

JP-8 R-8 50/50 R-80

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

IdleCruise

Em

issio

n I

nd

ex (

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5 p

ar-

ticle

s/k

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uel)

1. Lower Emissions

2. Better Low Temperature Performance

Synthetic

3. Less carbon deposit in fuel system

Fuel Description

15-Hr Mass Accumulation (μg/cm2)

R-8 (Syntroleum Bio-SPK)

0.3

S-8 (Syntroleum FT SPK)

0.4

JP-8 3.0

Oct. 2010

Dynamic Fuels LLC, Geismar, LAStarts Up as First Supplier of Bio-SPK

June 2011

Bio-SPK Certified for Commercial Aviation through ASTM D7566 Standard for Synthetic Jet Fuel

June 2011

Paris-Amsterdam Flight Makes History as First Passenger Flight on Biofuel

Nov. 2011

Alaska Airlines Flies First Set of Domestic Flights on Bio-SPK

“Great Green Fleet” US Navy Exercises on Bio-SPK jet fuel and Renewable Diesel

July 2012USS Nimitz

Summary

Strong interest by military and commercial purchasers

Superior fuel properties Two processes, abundant

feedstocks Domestic commercial

production capacity since 2010

Some of the Contributors to the Success…