sysc 5608 wireless communication system engineering h. yanıkömeroğlupage 1 of 89 cellular...

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Wireless Communication System Engineering

H. Yanıkömeroğlu of 89

CELLULAR EVOLUTION

Halim Yanikomeroglu

Department of Systems & Computer Engineering

Carleton University

Ottawa, Canada

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Cellular Basics

Importance of standards

Tedious standardization process, amortization period delay

Generations of technologies: 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G

Confusing terminology

Role of ITU (circular letters)

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Cellular: Earlier Generations

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Cellular Generations – A More Detailed Look

1G: AMPS, 1983 2G: GSM, 1991

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1G: AMPS, 1983 2G: GSM, 1991

3GPP Platform: “unites 6 telecom standard development organizations (ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TTA, TTC), and provides their members with a stable environment to produce the highly successful Reports and Specifications that define 3GPP technologies”. (Other platforms and organizations: 3GPP2, IEEE, …)

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201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000

R99 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10

2012

R11


1G: AMPS, 1983 2G: GSM, 1991

2013

3GPP Platform

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201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000

R99 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10

UM

TS

HS

PA

DL

HS

PA

UL LT

E

LTE

Adv

HS

PA

+

2012

R11


1G: AMPS, 1983 2G: GSM, 1991

2013

3GPP Platform

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201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000

R99 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10

UM

TS

HS

PA

DL

HS

PA

UL LT

E

LTE

Adv

HS

PA

+

2012

R11


1G: AMPS, 1983 2G: GSM, 1991

2013

ITU-R IMT-2000 circular letter ITU-R IMT-Advanced circular letter

3GPP Platform

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201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000

R99 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10

UM

TS

HS

PA

DL

HS

PA

UL LT

E

LTE

Adv

HS

PA

+

2012

R11


1G: AMPS, 1983 2G: GSM, 1991

3G: IMT-2000 compliant 4G: IMT-Advanced compliant

2013


3GPP Platform

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201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000

R99 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10

UM

TS

HS

PA

DL

HS

PA

UL LT

E

LTE

Adv

HS

PA

+

2012

R11

Release 12 Time Plan: • Stage 1 freeze – Mar 2013• Stage 2 freeze – Dec 2013• Stage 3 freeze – Jun 2014


1G: AMPS, 1983 2G: GSM, 1991

3G: IMT-2000 compliant 4G: IMT-Advanced compliant

2013


3GPP Platform

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Cellular Generations – HSPA and LTE Users

4gamericas.org

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Cellular Connections – 2G, 3G, 4G

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Cellular GenerationsDATA

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1G

2G

3G

4G

Mbps

kbps

bps

Mbps

kbps

bps

Gbps

20202010200019901980

AMPSAMPS

Mobile device for everyone

Time

Cellular Generations

Source: Huawei (circa 2010)

data

data

data

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1G

2G

3G

4G

5G

Mbps

kbps

bps

Mbps

kbps

bps

Gbps

20202010200019901980

AMPS

?

AMPS

? Mobile device for everyone

Time

Cellular Generations

Source: Huawei (circa 2010)

data

data

data

data

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Direction 1: Highly Capable Terminals

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Direction 2: IoT – Integration of Physical and Digital Worlds

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Access to Information

Books

Brick library

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Books

Brick library

Internet library


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Books

Brick library

Internet library

Data of all sorts


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Books

Brick library

Internet library

Data of all sorts

Easy access (I/F)


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Books

Brick library

Internet library

Data of all sorts

Easy access (I/F)

Available before you ask/think


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Diversification of Applications and Scenarios

Old Cellular:

unimodal Optimized for one application in one scenario Voice, outdoor, high power, mobile

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Diversification of Applications and Scenarios

Old Cellular:

unimodal Optimized for one application in one scenario Voice, outdoor, high power, mobile

New Wireless:

multimodal Will have to be optimized for various applications in various scenarios

Voice, video, haptics, 3D, … Outdoors, indoors Centralized, distributed/autonomous Scheduled, contention-based Human operated, MTC Rate – delay – reliability – energy …

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5G Requirements

x10 – x20: Peak rates

x100 – x1000: Area rates

x10 – x100: Device density

x0.1: Latency

x10 – x100: Energy efficiency

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5G Requirements

x10 – x20: Peak rates

x100 – x1000: Area rates

x10 – x100: Device density

x0.1: Latency

x10 – x100: Energy efficiency

LTE-A is already a very ambitious standard

Some of the above will have to wait for 6G!

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Latency in 3G & 4G Networks

3G 4G

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Evolving Performance Metrics

Bits/sec/Hz

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Bits/sec/Hz

Bits/sec/Hz/km2

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Bits/sec/Hz

Bits/sec/Hz/km2

Bits/sec/Hz/km2/$

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Bits/sec/Hz

Bits/sec/Hz/km2

Bits/sec/Hz/km2/$

Bits/sec/Hz/km2/$/joule

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Time for 5G Research?

StandardizationResearch Deployment

5G?

4GLTE, LTE-A, 802.16m

3G1X EV-DO, HSPA, HSPA+

2 - 56 Mbps100 Mbps mobile1 Gbps nomadic(IMT-Advanced compliant)

10s-100s Gbps ?

4G: 3GPP rel-8 (LTE), rel-9, rel-10 (LTE-A), rel-11, rel-12 (?), rel-13 (?)

5G: not defined at this point (keep an eye on EU framework program 8 projects: 2014 – 2020)

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• R8, R9, R10 LTE/LTE-A

Where We Are Now and Where We Are Heading To

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Key Technologies for LTE/LTE-Advanced (R8, R9, R10)

OFDM

MIMO

Spectrum aggregation

HetNet, Relay [to be matured]

CoMP (coordinated multipoint) [moved to R11]

A number of LTE/LTE-A technologies are ahead of their time

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• R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13


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3GPP Release 12 Workshop

Ljubljana, 11-12 June 2012

http://www.3gpp.org/Future-Radio-in-3GPP-300-attend

Priority Areas

Higher data rates

More capacity

Complimentary Areas

Energy saving

Cost efficiency

Support for diverse application and traffic types

Backhaul enhancements

Incredible resourceState-of-the-art in 3GPP

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3GPP Timelines

Samsung

Panasonic

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Some Key Technologies for beyond LTE-A

Spectrum aggregation

MIMO (multi-layer, adaptive beamforming)

Multihop relaying

Terminal relaying (cellular-assisted ad hoc)

Advanced CoMP (cloud-RAN)

HetNet (heterogeneous networks)

SON (self-organizing, self-configuring, self-healing networks)

FeICIC (further enhanced intercell interference coordination)

Interference cancellation

MUD (multiuser detection)

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HetNet (Heterogeneous Network) Architecture

Base Station

Wireless Terminal WT

Fixed Relay Station

DistributedAntenna Port

BS

WTWT

RoF

RoF

WT

WT

WT

WT

Legend

Across network routing

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• R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13

• EU Framework Program 8, Horizon 2020 (2014 – 2020)


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• R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13


• 5G PPP – The 5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership (2014)


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• R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13



• ITU WRC 2015


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• R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13



• ITU WRC 2015

• ITU circular letter: IMT-2020

• 5G


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• R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13



• ITU WRC 2015

• ITU circular letter: IMT-2020

• 5G

• Beyond…


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Time Scales

Near-term: Towards 2020 (4G evolution)

Middle-term: Around 2020 (5G)

Long-term: Beyond 2020 (5G evolution)

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Time Scales

Near-term: Towards 2020 (4G evolution)

Middle-term: Around 2020 (5G) around the corner

Long-term: Beyond 2020 (5G evolution)

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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G

voice

Time Scales

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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 20202010

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G

voice

data (video)

Time Scales

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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 20202010

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G

voice

data (video)

IoE

Time Scales

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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 20202010

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G

voice

data (video)

IoE concepts are ahead

of technology

IoE

Time Scales

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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 20202010

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G

voice

data (video)

IoE


of technology no time!

Time Scales

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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 20202010 20302025 2035

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G 5.5G 6G

voice

data (video)

IoE



Time Scales

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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 20202010 20302025 2035

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G 5.5G 6G

voice

L1



Time Scales

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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 20202010 20302025 2035

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G 5.5G 6G

voice

data (video)

L1 L2



Time Scales

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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 20202010 20302025 2035

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G 5.5G 6G

voice

data (video)

L1 L2 L3



Time Scales

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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 20202010 20302025 2035

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G 5.5G 6G

voice

data (video)

IoE

L1 L2 L3

VNcloud



Time Scales

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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 20202010 20302025 2035

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G 5.5G 6G

voice

data (video)

IoE

L1 L2 L3

VNcloud

computing



Time Scales

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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 20202010 20302025 2035

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G 5.5G 6G

voice

data (video)

IoE

L1 L2 L3

VNcloud

computing

math

optimization



Time Scales

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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 20202010 20302025 2035

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G 5.5G 6G

voice

data (video)

IoE

L1 L2 L3

VNcloud

computing

math

number theorydifferentialtopology

machine learningAI



Time Scales

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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 20202010 20302025 2035

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G 5.5G 6G

voice

data (video)

IoE

L1 L2 L3

VNcloud

computing

math

number theorydifferentialtopology

machine learningAI



more peoplemore resources

more interdisciplinarymore collaborations

Time Scales

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ICT: Mother of All Sectors…

5GICT

Entertainment

Agriculture

Hospitality

TransportationAutomotive

Health

Municipalities

Energy

Education

Defence Public Safety

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frequency

CCE： Control Channel Element, CCE = 9 REG

REG： RE group, REG = 4 RE

RE： Resource ElementFrequency domain: 15 kHz (one subcarrier)Time domain: one OFDM symbol (1/14 ms)

RB： Resource Block RB = 84 REThis figure shows one RB: 7 OFDM symbols in time domain (0.5 ms, one slot) 12 subcarriers in frequency domain (180 KHz)

timeOne OFDMsymbol

One subcarrier

Resource Block (RB)

Courtesy of Jing Dang

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DL-UL Configuration

Switch-point periodicity

Subframe number

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U

1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D

2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D

3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D

4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D

5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D

6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D

LTE-TDD DL/UL configuration

One slot, Tslot=15360Ts

GP UpPTSDwPTS

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms

One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms

30720Ts

One subframe, 30720Ts

GP UpPTSDwPTS

Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4Subframe #0 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9

One Frame• Time duration: 10 ms• Two half frame (5 ms each)• 10 subframes (1ms each)• Two slots per subframe (0.5 ms each)

LTE-TDD Frame Structure

Courtesy of Jing Dang

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• Channel reuse

• Co-channel interference, multiple access interference

• Radio access network (RAN)

Reuse and Interference

C2

C7

C4

C6

C3

C5

C1C1

C2

C7

C4

C6

C3

C5

C1C1

C1

Denser frequency reuseIncreased capacityIncreased interferenceDecreased quality

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S1

S2S3

Po

we

r

FrequencyS1

S2

S3

c) SFR

S1

S2S3

Po

we

r

FrequencyS1

S2

S3

d) PFR

S1

Po

we

r

Frequency

S2

S3

S1

S2S3

b) Reuse 3

S1

S2S3

Pow

er

FrequencyS1

S2

S3

a) Reuse 1

Partial frequency reuseSoft frequency resue

Resource Reuse Schemes

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Intercell Interference Coordination (ICIC)

Reuse factor: 1 / cluster size

1G, 2G: 1/7, 1/4

3G: 1/3

4G: 1

Ultimate reuse factor: 1 per cell (sector)

Conventional static (a priori) resource allocation (scheduling):

For the entire leased spectrum, or a big portion of it

One reuse factor

ICIC: Dynamic (aware) resource allocation for each RB, taking the channel and traffic into account

Different reuse factor for each RB

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• Static design: Can not cope up with channel and traffic variations

• Static and a priori resource allocation Dynamic resource allocation

Dynamic Design

C2

C7

C4

C6

C3

C5

C1C1

C2

C7

C4

C6

C3

C5

C1C1

C1

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• Static design: Can not cope up with channel and traffic variations

• Static and a priori resource allocation Dynamic resource allocation

• ICIC: Intercell interference coordination (R8 – LTE)

eICIC: enhanced ICIC (R10 – LTE-A)

FeICIC: Further enhanced ICIC (R11, R12)

Dynamic Design

C2

C7

C4

C6

C3

C5

C1C1

C2

C7

C4

C6

C3

C5

C1C1

C1

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• Limited cooperation between APs (for handoff)

• No cooperation between UEs

• Interference: handle with fixed assignments not a great concern

• RRM: easy; circuit-switched CBR applications power control

• Perfect each AP-UE link PHY

2G

C2

C7

C4

C6

C3

C5

C1C1

C2

C7

C4

C6

C3

C5

C1C1

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• Limited cooperation between APs


• Smaller cells

• Denser reuse (every cell, every sector)

• Interference: concern

Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR)

Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR)

• Scheduling: important

3G/3G+/4G-

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• HetNets (femto-/pico-APs, relay)

• Cooperation between APs (ICIC, eICIC)


• Scheduling: very important

• Interference: may become unpredictable, becoming a concern

4G

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• Hi-HetNet (C-RAN, femto-/pico-APs, DAS, various types of relays including terminal relays)

• Intense cooperation between select APs (feICIC, CoMP)

• Cooperation between UEs

• Interference: highly unpredictable (due to autonomous RRM decisions); major concern

sophisticated, robust, good (not necessarily optimal) decisions

partially centralized, partially distributed (opportunistically)

learning (artificial intelligence)

4G+/5G

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• Indoors: # of APs >> # of UEs• Short distance, dedicated links• Optimized air interface • 60-90 GHz carrier, FSO• Highly directional antennas • Super ultra rates• Atto-cell + FTTDesk

• Outdoor hot-spots: # of APs << # of UEs • Mesh connectivity• Issues similar to previous slide

5G+

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Evolution of Networks

1G 2G

N=7 N=3

N: Cluster size ↓

interference is a concern

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1G 2G 3G

N=7 N=3 FFR

N: Cluster size ↓



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1G 2G 3G 4G

N=7 N=3 FFR ICIC, eICIC

N: Cluster size ↓ HetNet



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centralized – CRAN, VRAN

1G 2G 3G 4G 5G

N=7 N=3 FFR ICIC, eICIC

N: Cluster size ↓ HetNet HiHetNet



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1G 2G 3G 4G 5G

N=7 N=3 FFR ICIC, eICIC distributed/autonomous

N: Cluster size ↓ HetNet HiHetNet random access



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1G 2G 3G 4G 5G

N=7 N=3 FFR ICIC, eICIC distributed/autonomous

N: Cluster size ↓ HetNet HiHetNet random access

Atto-cell

interference is not a concern


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Small Cell Deployment

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Small Cell Deployment

Interference ↑

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Stochastic Geometry

Source: U of Texas, Austin

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Traffic GenerationMaximum homogeneity: Lattice

Sub-Poisson: perturbation

Complete-randomness: Poisson

Super-Poisson:

• Time domain: MMPP, HMM, HHMM (NHMM)

• Space domain:

Clustering Perturbation

Sub-Poisson Poisson Super-Poisson

Courtesy of Meisam Mirahsan and Dr. Rainer Schoenen

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Advanced RAN with Advanced RRM

Any fixed assignment is inefficient cannot adapt to or exploit channel and traffic conditions

All decisions are dynamic and opportunistic No a-priori partitioning of radio resources No WT-BS assignment (dynamic routing in the mesh)

Reuse may be > 1

Wired elements (BS, DA) and fixed relays: Cooperative RRM for interference management and avoidance

Nomadic, moving, and terminal relays: Robust, distributed, plug-and-play, low-overhead, sub-optimum RRM algorithms cognitive radio (spectrum, OSA), dynamic feedback control, machine learning, artificial intelligence inter-disciplinary

Very different from conventional cellular networks

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Shift in Emphasis

A-RAN: Advanced radio access network HetNet, Cloud-RAN

A-RRM: Advanced radio resource management (layer-2 & -3)

cooperation, coordination, collaboration

A-PHY: Advanced physical layer

Well-integrated advanced RRM and advanced PHY in the presence of a powerful RAN, for

• handling interference• handling non-uniform traffic• maximization of the utilities

Cross-layer and across-network cooperation/coordination/collaboration

link cell network (not cellular in the classical sense)

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Emerging Tools

Optimization, Stochastic Optimization

↓ Stochastic Geometry

Game Theory

↓

Machine Learning, Control Theory

↓

Artificial Intelligence

Ex: Cognitive radio: sense, decide, learn

sysc 5608 wireless communication system engineering h. yanıkömeroğlupage 1 of 89 cellular...

Documents

cellular generations

r11 cellular generations

hspa ul lte adv hspa

gpp platform slide

detailed look

imtadvanced compliant

canada slide

earlier generations