system design & cognitive task load - tu delft ocw · load design: model, methods and examples....
TRANSCRIPT
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Knowledge for business
Defence, Security and Safety
System Design & Cognitive Task Load
25-02-2009
95-00 Naval College00-02 TNO Research Institute
02-04 Hms Tromp04-08 TNO/TUD
08-… Platform design/project management
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Research goals - outline
Goal: Development of complex human-machine systems Situated Cognitive Engineering
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Situated Cognitive Engineering
OperationalDemands
Human FactorsKnowledge
EnvisionedTechnology
Requirements Baseline
Scenarios Claims Core Functions
Refine
Review
Comments
Prototype
HitL-test
UX
Simulation
Sim-Assess
Sim Results
Derive
Specify
Test
Refine
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1. Measuring Cognitive Task Load (CTL model)2. Manipulating CTL at design time (CTL method, evaluation, interface
design)3. Using CTL real time to adapt support
Research goals - outline
M. Neerincx, M.A. (2003). Cognitive task load design: model, methods and examples. In: E. Hollnagel (ed.), Handbook of Cognitive Task Design.
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Measuring CTL - CTL model -
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Old situationOld situation
Current situationCurrent situation
From Monitoring & Control to Supervision
Future situationFuture situation
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Cognitive Task Load (CTL) Model
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Cognitive Task Load (CTL) Model
Complexity=LIPLevel of Information Processing
Task=Task-set
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system
t=5.05
t=4.30
operatorhotel
operatormobility others
timel
ine
actors
task-set 1
task-set 2
Complexity high
Complexity low
operator 3 announces
cause
communi-cates with operator 3
announces leakage and
asks for extra personnel
low pressure alarm
steering machine
receives request for personnel
operator 3: sends
personnel
shut down of primairy pump
portside
activation of secondary
system
communi-cates
operator hotel
Manipulating CTL at design time
- CTL method -
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Situated Cognitive Engineering
OperationalDemands
Human FactorsKnowledge
EnvisionedTechnology
Requirements Baseline
Scenarios Claims Core Functions
Refine
Review
Comments
Prototype
HitL-test
UX
Simulation
Sim-Assess
Sim Results
Derive
Specify
Test
Refine
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Manipulating CTL – Compound Action Sequence
system
t=5.05
t=4.30
operatorhotel
operatormobility others
timel
ine
actors
task-set 1
task-set 2
Complexity high
Complexity low
operator 3 announces
cause
communi-cates with operator 3
announces leakage and
asks for extra personnel
low pressure alarm
steering machine
receives request for personnel
operator 3: sends
personnel
shut down of primairy pump
portside
activation of secondary
system
communi-cates
operator hotel
CTL factors1. Time occupied2. Complexity3. Task switches
1
32
Tools to manipulate CTL:• Task allocation• Interface support (level
of automation)
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The CTL Method (2)BAS= Basic Action SequenceCAS= Compound Action Serquence
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The CTL Method (3) - Task decomposition
Managing Emergencies
Announce fire alarm
Start extra pump
Fire fightingRestore
pressure fire fighting sys
Ventilation crashstop
Close valves open deks
task set 1 task set 2
Activity
Task
Action
Goal-directed
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The CTL Method (4)
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Event categoryEvent Consequences
External Weather Current
Forecast Storm approaching Deviation of route
Sea state Current
Forecast Sea state 8 Close all open decks for personnel
Internal
The CTL Method (5) – Event list
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Initial state Ship is sailing under heavy ice-conditions, clear view (13 nm), strong wind (30 knots), sea state 4
Time(min:s) Event
t=0:00 Fire alarm Location Compartment 4-65
Details Unknown
Consequences Abort current operational activities, alert fire organization
Source Fire sensor
t=0:42 Ventilation alarm
Location Deck 4
Details Main valve in alarm
Consequences Oxygen supply and a violation of smoke boundary
Source Valve sensor
t=0:56 Fire Location Compartment 4-65
Details Too large for first attack
Consequences Abort current operational activities, alert fire organization
Source Telephone by shipmate
The CTL Method (6) – Scenario Table
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The CTL Method (7)
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Events
2:58
2:42
2:16
1:59
1:48
System Manager Operator
RP: contextualize rules
Determine smoke boundaries
Determine boundary cooling
Sitrep 1
Shut down voltage
neighbouring compartments
Removal of dangerous
material
IH: visualize procedures: spatial advice
IH: visualize procedures: spatial advice
Valve closed
The CTL Method (8) – BAS & CAS & Support
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Manipulating CTL at design time
- Evaluation -
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Operator Load Assessment (OLA)
1. OLA 1: Experiment high-fidelity control centre simulator Multipurpose frigate. 8 scenarios with CTL method (high-low values)
2. OLA 2: Experiment onboard 3 ADCFs. Optimal, typical and extreme scenario.
LIP=complexity
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• CTL method provides good prediction of the high/low values of the CTL factors.
OLA 1
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Evaluation Ship Control Centre ADCF• 3 ships• 3 different scenarios designed
with CTL method (optimal, typical, extreme).
OLA 2
Measuring CTL• TO,TSS,Complexity• Subjective effort• Performance• Questionnaire
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OLA 2
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3WorkingCondition Optimal Typical Extreme
TO Medium High HighTSS Medium Low HighLIP Medium High High
Effect Scenario optimal
Scenario typical
Scenario extreme
TO (%) F(2, 28) = 207.89, p < .0001 48 84 79
TSS (#/min) F(2, 28) = 25.991, p < .0001 1.57 0.78 2.14
LIP (av/min) F(2, 24) = 26.919, p < .0001 1.62 2.75 2.93
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OLA 2 Operator Manager
Low Medium High Low Medium High
TO 40 79 58 86
TSS 0.35 0.77 0.97 0.25 0.89 1.3
LIP 1.7 3.1 1.6 2.7
Operator Manager
Low High Low High
TO
TSS 0.14 0.87 0.20 1.7
LIP 1.9 2.7 2.3 2.9
OLA 1
• A numerical indication of critical and optimal CTL areas has been made
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Using the CTL method in multiple simple iterative steps will optimize the end human-machine system.
Iterative steps during design
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CTL method for evaluation
At which cognitive task load does the support function at an optimum level?
LOA 0 = old-fashioned manualLOA 2 = Semi-autoLOA 3 = Auto
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CTL method for evaluation
Scenario*LOA; LS MeansCurrent ef f ect: F(4, 28)=3.2793, p=.02521
Ef f ectiv e hy pothesis decompositionVertical bars denote 0.95 conf idence interv als
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3
LOA 0 LOA 2 LOA 31
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10E
xper
t Per
form
ance
Rat
ing
At which cognitive task load does the support function at an optimum level?
LOA 0 = old-fashioned manualLOA 2 = Semi-autoLOA 3 = Auto
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Scenario*Role*LOACurrent effect: F(4, 28)=3.6264, p=.01674
Effective hypothesis decompositionVertical bars denote 0.95 confidence intervals
Operator Manager
Scenario 1
LOA 0 LOA 2 LOA 30
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100T
O (
%)
Scenario 2
LOA 0 LOA 2 LOA 3
Scenario 3
LOA 0 LOA 2 LOA 3
CTL method for evaluation
LOA 0 = old-fashioned manualLOA 2 = Semi-autoLOA 3 = Auto
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Scenario*LOA*Role; LS MeansCurrent ef f ect: F(4, 28)=3.2875, p=.02497
Ef f ectiv e hy pothesis decomposition
Vertical bars denote 0.95 conf idence interv als
Operator Manager
Scenario 1
LOA 0 LOA 2 LOA 3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70Ti
me
on P
roce
dure
(%)
Scenario 2
LOA 0 LOA 2 LOA 3
Scenario 3
LOA 0 LOA 2 LOA 3
CTL method for evaluation
LOA 0 = old-fashioned manualLOA 2 = Semi-autoLOA 3 = Auto
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1. Powerful design and evaluation tool for user centred design2. Values determined in several evaluations can be used in the design
of new systems in this domain3. Using the CTL method in multiple simple iterative steps will
optimize the end human-machine system
Summary CTL method
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Manipulating CTL at design time
- Interface support -
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Using real-time CTL to adapt support- ADIOS -
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1. Can we detect operator taskload (time occupied, task switches & complexity) real time?
2. can we identify critical regions (performance & effort)?3. can we use this information to adapt support (task allocation & level
of automation) to the actual CTL of the user?
Real-time CTL to adapt support
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ADIOS: Adaptive Interface for Operational Support
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ADIOS 3Can we create an adaptive system, where support is based on the actual task
load of the operator.
Experiment in Rotterdam, STC+- 60 participantsUsing maritime scenarios (bridge and platform)2 conditions• Advice• Adaptive (switching between Manual-advice-auto)
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ADIOS 3
Measuring• Cognitive task load• Performance• Subjective effort• Questionnaire (Usability, trust,
Situational Awareness)
1. Measuring Complexity (manual – advice)2. Condition 1: Advice mode3. Generation task load areas (SOWAT)4. Condition 2: Adaptive support mode
5. Extra: Workload feedback, Situational awareness display
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ADIOS 3
Film
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1. We can generate critical regions of performance and effort and use these areas in combination with real time CTL to adapt support. Important issues are situational awareness and trust.
Summary
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Summary
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1. Measuring Cognitive Task Load (CTL model)2. Manipulating CTL at design time (CTL method, evaluation, interface
design)3. Using CTL real time to adapt support
Summary
Goal: Development of complex human-machine systems Situated Cognitive Engineering
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Contact & More information
• [email protected]• http://mmi.tudelft.nl• http://www.augmentedcognition.org/• http://yukon.twi.tudelft.nl/weblectures/Usability/CT%20Analysis%20and%20Adaptive
%20Interfaces%20in%20Process%20Control_files/Default.htm