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System i and System p

Creating a virtual computing environment

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NoteBefore using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” onpage 25 and the IBM Systems Safety Information manual, G229-9054.

Eighth Edition (September 2007)

This edition applies to IBM AIX 5L Version 5.3 and to version 5, release 4, modification 0 of IBM i5/OS (productnumber 5722-SS1) and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions. Thisversion does not run on all reduced instruction set computer (RISC) models nor does it run on CISC models.

© Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2004, 2007.US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contractwith IBM Corp.

Contents

About this topic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Creating a virtual computing environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1PDF files for Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Virtualization overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Virtualization resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2PowerVM Editions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Capacity on Demand offerings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Dynamic LPAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Logical partition overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Micro-Partitioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Multiple operating system support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Virtual adapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Planning for a virtual computing environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Physical planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Workload planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Partition planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Solution planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Deploying a virtual computing environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Hardware setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Partition setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Software setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Managing virtual resources on a single server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Hardware Management Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Integrated Virtualization Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Partition Load Manager for AIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Virtual I/O Server overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Virtual Partition Manager. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Related procedures for expansion units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Appendix. Accessibility features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Trademarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Terms and conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2004, 2007 iii

iv System i and System p: Creating a virtual computing environment

About this topic

This topic provides system administrators with an overview of the virtualization capabilities availablewith POWER5™ systems. This topic also describes how to plan for and deploy virtualization capabilitiesas well as manage virtual resources.

For information about the accessibility features of this product, for users who have a physical disability,see “Accessibility features,” on page 23.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2004, 2007 v

vi System i and System p: Creating a virtual computing environment

Creating a virtual computing environment

Creating a virtual computing environment involves bringing together the physical and logical resources,such as memory, processors, networks, and storage into a single, manageable virtual environment.Creating and using a virtual computing environment allows you to consolidate the management andutilization of your system’s resources.

PDF files for PlanningYou can view and print a PDF of this information.

To view or download the PDF version of detailed server and hardware specifications, general physicalsite guidelines, or solution planning information, select one of the following:

v Planning (about 14094 KB).

v Physical site planning and preparation (about 4008 KB).

v Solution planning (about 1794 KB).

Saving PDF files

To save a PDF on your workstation for viewing or printing:1. Right-click the PDF link in your browser.2. Click the option that saves the PDF locally.3. Navigate to the directory in which you want to save the PDF.4. Click Save.

Downloading Adobe Reader

You need Adobe Reader installed on your system to view or print these PDFs. You can download a free

copy from the Adobe Web site (www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html) .

Virtualization overviewLearn what virtualization is, the benefits of using virtualization, and the steps to follow when creating avirtual computing environment.

Virtualization is the creation of substitutes for real resources, that is, substitutes that have the samefunctions and external interfaces as their counterparts, but that differ in attributes, such as size,performance, and cost. These substitutes are called virtual resources, and their users are typicallyunaware of the substitution. Virtualization is commonly applied to physical hardware resources bycombining multiple physical resources into shared pools from which users receive virtual resources. Withvirtualization, you can make one physical resource look like multiple virtual resources. Virtual resourcescan have functions or features that are not available in their underlying physical resources.

Virtualization can provide the following benefits:v Consolidation to reduce hardware cost

– Virtualization enables you to efficiently access and manage resources to reduce operations andsystems management costs while maintaining needed capacity.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2004, 2007 1

http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html

– Virtualization enables you to have a single server function as multiple virtual servers.v Optimization of workloads

– Virtualization enables you to respond dynamically to the application needs of its users.– Virtualization can increase the use of existing resources by enabling dynamic sharing of resource

pools.v IT flexibility and responsiveness

– Virtualization enables you to have a single, consolidated view of, and easy access to, all availableresources in the network, regardless of location.

– Virtualization enables you to reduce the management of your environment by providing emulationfor compatibility, improved interoperability, and transparent change windows.

When creating a virtual computing environment, you must carefully plan how your virtual computingenvironment will be configured based on workload requirements and available hardware. Sufficientplanning can help you create your virtualized computing environment with minimal disruption to yourexisting systems, and it allows you to set up your virtualized environment on an incremental basis. Forexample, you can start by virtualizing a single system, and then move on to virtualizing multiplesystems.

The following figure shows the key steps to creating a virtual computing environment: planning,deploying, and managing. Versions of this figure are used throughout this topic to help you understandto what phase the documentation applies.

Planning Deploying ManagingIP

HB

2500-1

Planning considerations, deployment steps, and management procedures are summarized and referencedfrom this topic.Related concepts

Learning and tutorials

Virtualization resourcesUse this topic to learn about the different virtualization resources that are available.

Virtualization resources provide virtualization intelligence in the processor, memory, I/O, and network.The different virtualization resources that are available are described in this topic.

The POWER® hypervisor is a layer of system firmware that supports virtualization technologies, logicalpartitioning, and dynamic resource movement across multiple operating system environments, includingAIX 5L™, Linux®, and i5/OS®. With support for dynamic resource movement across multipleenvironments, you can move processors, memory, and I/O between partitions on the system as you moveworkloads among the environments.

The hypervisor supports many advanced functions, including sharing of processors, virtual I/O,high-speed communications between partitions using Virtual LAN, and concurrent maintenance. It alsoenforces partition security and can provide virtual LAN channels between logical partitions, reducing theneed for physical Ethernet adapters and releasing I/O adapter slots.

2 System i and System p: Creating a virtual computing environment

PowerVM EditionsLearn about the components and editions of the PowerVM™ Editions (formerly known as AdvancedPOWER Virtualization) hardware feature.

The PowerVM Editions hardware feature includes the following components to enhance the virtualizationcapabilities of your system:v Micro-Partitioning™ technologyv Virtual I/O Serverv Integrated Virtualization Managerv Live Partition Mobilityv Partition Load Manager for AIX®

v Lx86

The PowerVM Editions hardware feature includes the following editions:v PowerVM Express Editionv PowerVM Standard Editionv PowerVM Enterprise Edition

The following table describes each component of the PowerVM Editions feature, the editions in whicheach component is included, and the processor-based hardware on which each component is available.

Table 1. PowerVM Editions components, editions, and hardware support

Component Description Editions Hardware

Micro-Partitioningtechnology

The ability to allocate processors to logicalpartitions in increments of 0.1 allowing multiplelogical partitions to share the system’s processingpower.

v Express Edition

v Standard Edition

v Enterprise Edition

v POWER6®

v POWER5

Virtual I/O Server Software that facilitates the sharing of physicalI/O resources between client logical partitionswithin the server.

v Express Edition

v Standard Edition


v POWER6

v POWER5

IntegratedVirtualizationManager

The graphical interface of the Virtual I/O Servermanagement partition on some servers that arenot managed by an Hardware ManagementConsole.

v Express Edition

v Standard Edition


v POWER6

v POWER5

Live PartitionMobility

The ability to migrate an active or inactive AIX orLinux logical partition from one system toanother.

Enterprise Edition POWER6

Partition LoadManager

Software that provides processor and memoryresource management and monitoring across AIXlogical partitions within a single central processorcomplex.

Standard Edition POWER5

Lx86 A product that makes a POWER systemcompatible with x86 applications. This extendsthe application support for Linux on POWERsystems, allowing applications that are availableon x86 but not on POWER systems to be run onthe POWER system.

v Express Edition

v Standard Edition


POWER6 runningSUSE or Red HatLinux

For more information about PowerVM Editions, see the PowerVM Editions Operations Guide .

Creating a virtual computing environment 3

Related concepts

Learning and tutorials“Micro-Partitioning” on page 9Micro-Partitioning allows multiple logical partitions to share the system’s processing power. Use thistopic to learn more about Micro-Partitioning and how it functions in a virtual computing environment.

Capacity on Demand offeringsFind out what the different Capacity on Demand (CoD) offerings are and learn the basics of eachoffering.

The following table provides a brief description of each CoD offering. Consult your IBM Business Partneror IBM sales representative to select the CoD offering most appropriate for your environment.

For more information, such as how to order and use a particular offering, select the offering in the leftcolumn.

Table 2. Capacity on Demand offerings

Offering Description

Capacity Upgrade on Demand You can permanently activate inactive processors and memory units by purchasingan activation feature and entering the provided activation code. Capacity Upgradeon Demand (CUoD) offers you the capability to permanently activate one or moreinactive processors or memory units without requiring you to restart your server orinterrupt your business.

Trial Capacity on Demand You can evaluate the use of inactive processors, memory, or both, at no charge usingTrial CoD. After it is started, the trial period is available for 30 power-on days. Thismeans the trial period advances only while the server is powered on. You can usethe HMC to stop a current CoD trial for processors or memory units before the trialautomatically expires. If you choose to stop the trial before it expires, you cannotrestart it and you forfeit any remaining days.

On/Off Capacity on Demand You can activate processors or memory units for a number of days, as your businesspeaks demand, by using inactive resources on a temporary basis. With On/OffCoD, you can temporarily activate and deactivate processors and memory units tosatisfy business peaks. After you request that a number of processors or memoryunits be made temporarily available for a specified number of days, thoseprocessors and memory units are available immediately. You can start and stoprequests for On/Off CoD, and you can also change the number of resources or daysin a running On/Off request. This offering has contract requirements.

Utility Capacity on Demand Utility CoD is for customers with unpredictable, short workload spikes who needan automated and affordable way to help ensure additional server resource isavailable as needed.

Utility CoD automatically provides additional processor capacity on a temporarybasis within the shared processor pool. Use is measured in processor minuteincrements and is reported at the Utility CoD web site. Payment is required basedon the reported use of processor minutes. You must purchase and pay for an orderthat includes a quantity of Utility CoD Billing Features.

Each managed system has a reporting limit and a reporting threshold. These values areset by the Utility CoD Enablement Code. On managed systems with 1 to 4processors, the reporting threshold is 500 minutes, and the reporting limit is 1000minutes. On managed systems with 5 to 16 processors, the reporting threshold is1000 minutes, and the reporting limit is 2000 minutes.


Table 2. Capacity on Demand offerings (continued)

Offering Description

Reserve Capacity on Demand You can meet the demands of business peaks by using Reserve CoD to provideprepaid temporary capacity that is automatically used by the server. With ReserveCoD, you can purchase a reserve capacity prepaid feature that represents a numberof processor days. You can then activate the inactive processors as your businessrequires. The reserve processors are put in the server shared processor pool, wherethey are used as needed by uncapped partitions. Whenever the capacity of thenon-Reserve CoD processors in the shared processor pool reaches the maximumcapacity of those processors and is no longer sufficient to support the serverworkload, then the Reserve CoD prepaid balance is charged.

Capacity BackUp You can use Capacity BackUp to provide an off-site, disaster recovery server usingOn/Off CoD capabilities. The Capacity BackUp offering has a minimum set ofactive processors that can be used for any workload and a large number of inactiveprocessors that can be activated using On/Off CoD in the event of a disaster. Aspecified number of no-charge On/Off CoD processor days is provided withCapacity BackUp.

Virtualization Enginetechnologies

You can view all of your IT resources by using the IBM® Virtualization Engine,which allows you to better manage your assets. The IBM Virtualization Engine ismade up of Virtualization Engine systems technologies and Virtualization Enginesystems services. Enterprise Enablement is a Virtualization Engine systemstechnology that enables the system for 5250 Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)with the i5/OS operating system.

Advanced POWER is a Virtualization Engine systems technology that enables thesystem for these features:

v Virtual I/O hosting (IBM System i5® and IBM System p5®)

v Partition Load Manager (IBM System i5 and IBM System p5)

v Micro-Partitioning (IBM System p5)

Accelerator for System i5 You can use Accelerator to permanently activate the inactive portion of a singleprocessor for an IBM System i5 520. For example, if you have less than a fullprocessor activated on a 1-way system, you can activate the balance of thatprocessor so that you can utilize the entire processor without restarting your server.When activating a partial processor, ensure that you have correctly prepared yourserver.

Related concepts

Accelerator for System i5Capacity BackUpCapacity Upgrade on DemandOn/Off Capacity on DemandReserve Capacity on DemandTrial Capacity on DemandVirtualization Engine technologies

Dynamic LPARDynamic LPAR allows hardware resources to be moved between logical partitions. Use this topic to learnabout dynamic LPAR and how it helps to create a virtual computing environment.

The introduction of logical partitioning has expanded the options for deploying applications andworkloads. Logical partitioning provides more flexibility by making it possible to run multiple,independent operating system images concurrently on a single server. Dynamic LPAR allows partitionresources to be moved from one logical partition to another without requiring a reboot of the system oraffected partitions. The following are some example situations in which dynamic LPAR is useful:


v Move processors from a test partition to a production partition in periods of peak demand, then movethem back again as demand decreases.

v Move memory to a partition that is doing excessive paging.v Move an infrequently used I/O device between partitions, such as a CD-ROM for installations, or a

tape drive for backups.v Release a set of processor, memory, and I/O resources into the free pool, so that a new partition can be

created from those resources.v Configure a set of minimal logical partitions to act as backup to primary logical partitions, while also

keeping some set of resources available. If one of the primary logical partitions fails, you can assignavailable resources to that backup logical partition so that it can assume the workload.

Related information

Dynamically managing logical partition resources using HMCDynamically managing memory using Integrated Virtualization ManagerDynamically managing processing power using Integrated Virtualization Manager

Logical partition overviewLogical partitioning is the ability to make a server run as if it were two or more independent servers.When you logically partition a server, you divide the resources on the server into subsets called logicalpartitions. You can install software on a logical partition, and the logical partition runs as an independentlogical server with the resources that you have allocated to the logical partition.

Processors, memory, and input/output devices are examples of resources that you can assign to logicalpartitions. Examples of the kinds of software that you can install and run on logical partitions include theAIX, i5/OS, and Linux operating systems and Virtual I/O Server software.

Logical partitions share a few system attributes, such as the system serial number, system model, andprocessor feature code. All other system attributes can vary from one logical partition to another.

You must use tools to partition your servers. The tool that you use to partition each server depends uponthe server model and the operating systems and features that you want to use on the server.

Benefits of partitioning

The following scenarios illustrate the benefits of partitioning your server:

Consolidating serversA logically partitioned server can reduce the number of servers that are needed within anenterprise. You can consolidate several servers into a single logically partitioned system. Thiseliminates the need for, and expense of, additional equipment.

Sharing resourcesYou can quickly and easily move hardware resources from one logical partition to another asneeds change. Features such as Micro-Partitioning allow for processor resources to be sharedautomatically among logical partitions that use the shared processor pool. Other features, such asdynamic logical partitioning, allow for resources to be moved to, from, and between runninglogical partitions manually without shutting down or restarting the logical partitions.

Maintaining independent serversDedicating a portion of the resources (disk storage unit, processors, memory, and I/O devices) toa partition achieves logical isolation of software. If configured correctly, logical partitions alsohave some hardware fault tolerance. Batch and 5250 on-line transaction processing (OLTP)workloads, which might not run well together on a single machine, can be isolated and runefficiently in separate partitions.

Creating a mixed production and test environmentYou can create a combined production and test environment on the same server. The production


partition can run your main business applications, and the test partition is used to test software.A failure in a test partition, while not necessarily planned, will not disrupt normal businessoperations.

Merging production and test environmentsPartitioning enables separate partitions to be allocated for production and test servers, eliminatingthe need to purchase additional hardware and software. When testing has been completed, theresources allocated to the test partition can be returned to the production partition or elsewhereas required. As new projects are developed, they can be built and tested on the same hardwareon which they will eventually be deployed.

Running integrated clustersUsing high-availability application software, your partitioned server can run as an integratedcluster. You can use an integrated cluster to protect your server from most unscheduled failureswithin a partition.

Although there are many benefits to using logical partitioning, consider the following points beforechoosing to partition.v Processor and memory failures might result in the failure of the entire server with all of its logical

partitions. (The failure of a single I/O device affects only the logical partition to which the I/O devicebelongs.) To reduce the possibility of system failure, you can use the Advanced System ManagementInterface (ASMI) to set the server so that the server can deconfigure failing processors or memorymodules automatically. After the server deconfigures the failing processor or memory module, theserver continues running without using the deconfigured processor or memory module.

v There are many concepts that you must understand to implement logical partitions successfully onyour server.

v Administering a consolidated system might be more difficult in some ways than administeringmultiple smaller systems, particularly if the resources in the consolidated system are used at a levelclose to their capacity. If you anticipate that you will use your server at a level close to its capacity,consider ordering a server model that is capable of Capacity on Demand (CoD).

Sharing resources

Although each logical partition acts as an independent server, the logical partitions on a server can sharesome kinds of resources with each other. The ability to share resources among many logical partitionsallows you to increase resource utilization on the server and to move the server resources to where theyare needed. The following list illustrates some of the ways in which logical partitions can share resources.For some server models, the features mentioned in this list are options for which you must obtain andenter an activation code.v Micro-Partitioning (or shared processing) allows logical partitions to share the processors in the shared

processor pool. The shared processor pool includes all processors on the server that are not dedicatedto specific logical partitions. Each logical partition that uses the shared processor pool is assigned aspecific amount of processor power from the shared processor pool. If the logical partition needs moreprocessor power than its assigned amount, the logical partition is set by default to use the unusedprocessor power in the shared processor pool. The amount of processor power that the logical partitioncan use is limited only by the virtual processor settings of the logical partition and the amount ofunused processor power available in the shared processor pool. For more information aboutMicro-Partitioning, see Shared Processors.

v Dynamic logical partitioning allows you to move resources to, from, and between running logicalpartitions manually without shutting down or restarting the logical partitions. This allows you to sharedevices that logical partitions use occasionally. For example, if the logical partitions on your server usean optical drive occasionally, you can assign a single optical drive to multiple logical partitions as adesired device. The optical drive would belong to only one logical partition at a time, but you can usedynamic logical partitioning to move the optical drive between logical partitions as needed. On serversthat are managed using the Integrated Virtualization Manager, dynamic logical partitioning is


supported only for the management partition. Dynamic logical partitioning is not supported on serversthat are managed using the Virtual Partition Manager.

v Virtual I/O allows logical partitions to access and use I/O resources on other logical partitions. Forexample, virtual Ethernet allows you to create a virtual LAN that connects the logical partitions onyour server to each other. If one of the logical partitions on the server has a physical Ethernet adapterthat is connected to an external network, you can configure the operating system of that logicalpartition to connect the virtual LAN with the physical Ethernet adapter. This allows the logicalpartitions on the server to share a physical Ethernet connection to an external network.

v A Host Ethernet Adapter (HEA) allows multiple logical partitions to share a single physical Ethernetadapter. Unlike most other types of I/O devices, you can never assign the HEA itself to a logicalpartition. Instead, multiple logical partitions can connect directly to the HEA and use the HEAresources. This allows these logical partitions to access external networks through the HEA withouthaving to go through an Ethernet bridge on another logical partition.

Supported operating systems and software

The operating systems and software that are supported on IBM eServer™ hardware varies by server line.

The following table details the operating systems and software that is supported on each server line.

Table 3. Supported operating systems and software for logical partitions on IBM Systems and eServer environments

IBM eServer i5IBM System p5 andeServer p5

IBM eServerOpenPower®

AIX Yes Yes No

i5/OS Yes Yes No

Linux Yes Yes Yes

Virtual I/O Server Yes Yes Yes

Windows® environment integratedon iSeries®

Yes Yes No

Linux environment integrated oniSeries

Yes Yes No

Managed Systems

A managed system is a single physical server and the resources that are connected to the physical serverand managed by the physical server as a single unit. Connected resources can include expansion units,towers, and drawers, and storage area network (SAN) resources that are assigned to the server.

You can install a single operating system on a managed system and use the managed system as a singleserver. Alternately, you can use a partitioning tool, such as the Hardware Management Console (HMC),to create multiple logical partitions on the managed system. The partitioning tool manages the logicalpartitions on the managed system.


In this figure, you can see the logical partitions on each managed system, with the operating systemsinstalled on the disk drives of the physical server and the connected expansion units. The HMC isconnected to both managed systems simultaneously and allows you to manage both managed systemsfrom a single location.Related concepts

Shared processors

Micro-PartitioningMicro-Partitioning allows multiple logical partitions to share the system’s processing power. Use thistopic to learn more about Micro-Partitioning and how it functions in a virtual computing environment.

Micro-Partitioning enables you to allocate processors to logical partitions in increments of .1. For example,one partition might have .6 of a processor, while another partition might have 1.4 processors. Suchpartitions are referred to as shared processor partitions. You can choose between dedicated processorpartitions and shared processor partitions using Micro-Partitioning.

Micro-Partitioning allows for increased overall use of system resources by automatically applying onlythe required amount of processor resource needed by each partition. You can configure the POWERhypervisor to continually adjust the amount of processor capacity that is allocated to each sharedprocessor partition based on workload. Tuning parameters provide the system administrator withextensive control over the amount of processor resources that each partition can use.


Micro-Partitioning is supported by AIX 5.3 + APAR IY58321 or later, i5/OS V5R4 or later, and Linux. Touse Micro-Partitioning on IBM System p5, IBM eServer p5, IBM eServer OpenPower, and System p®

servers, the Advanced POWER Virtualization feature is required.Related concepts

“PowerVM Editions” on page 3Learn about the components and editions of the PowerVM Editions (formerly known as AdvancedPOWER Virtualization) hardware feature.Shared processors

Multiple operating system supportIn a virtual computing environment, a single server can run multiple operating systems simultaneously.Use this topic to learn how multiple operating-system support contributes to a virtual computingenvironment.

Logical partitioning allows a single server to run multiple operating system images concurrently on thesame system. After a logical partition has been created, you can install an operating system in thepartition. The ability to run multiple operating systems concurrently on the system allows for moreeffective server consolidation. For example, a dedicated AIX server and dedicated Linux server can nowbe consolidated into one server by configuring an AIX and a Linux logical partition.

The POWER5 processor-based products servers support AIX 5L Version 5.2 or later, i5/OS V5R3 or later,SUSE LINUX Enterprise Server 8 or later, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux version 3 or later.Related tasks

Installing operating systems

Virtual adaptersVirtual adapters allow you to connect logical partitions with each other without using physical hardware.Operating systems can display, configure, and use virtual adapters just like they can display, configure,and use physical adapters. Depending on the operating environment used by the logical partition, youcan create virtual Ethernet adapters, virtual Small Computer Serial Interface (SCSI) adapters, and virtualserial adapters for a logical partition.

The system administrator uses the following tools to create virtual adapters:v Hardware Management Console (HMC)v Integrated Virtualization Managerv Virtual Partition Manager

Adapters can be added while the system is running using dynamic logical partitioning. The virtualadapters are recorded in system inventory and management utilities. Converged location codes can beused to correlate operating-system level or partition-level software entities to adapters, such as eth0,CMN21, and en0. Similarly, the Ethernet adapters are visible in the same way as physical Ethernetadapters.

By default, Virtual Ethernet Media Access Control (MAC) addresses are created from the locallyadministered range. Using the default MAC addresses, it is possible that different servers will havevirtual Ethernet adapters with the same addresses. This situation can present a problem if multiple,virtual networks are bridged to the same physical network.

If a server partition providing I/O for a client partition fails, the client partition might continue tofunction, depending on the significance of the hardware it is using. For example, if one partition isproviding the paging volume for another partition, a failure of the partition providing that particularresource will be significant to the other partition. However, if the shared resource is a tape drive, a failureof the server partition providing the resource will have only minimal effects on the client partition.


Virtual I/O client support

The following table summarizes operating system support for using virtual I/O devices.

Table 4. Virtual I/O client support by operating system

Virtual console Virtual Ethernet Virtual disk Virtual CD Virtual tape

AIX Yes Yes Yes Yes whenIntegratedVirtualizationManagermanaged

No when HMCmanaged

No

i5/OS Yes Yes No No No

Linux Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

AIX partitions support booting from virtual devices, including disk boot from virtual disk or networkboot from virtual Ethernet.

The firmware running in AIX and Linux logical partitions recognizes virtual I/O and can start thepartition from virtual I/O. IPL can be either from the network over virtual Ethernet, or from a devicesuch as virtual disk or virtual CD.

Virtual I/O server support

The following table summarizes operating system support for providing virtual I/O to partitions.

Table 5. Virtual I/O server support by operating system

Virtual CD Virtual console Virtual disk Virtual tape

i5/OS Yes Yes Yes Yes

Linux Yes Yes No No

Virtual I/O Server Yes Yes Yes No

Version 1.1 of the Virtual I/O Server (08/2004) provides SCSI disk and shared Ethernet adapter functionsto logical partitions that use Virtual I/O Server resources.

i5/OS provides disk, CD, tape, and console functions to logical partitions that use i5/OS resources. i5/OSuses standard i5/OS network server storage and network server descriptions to provide disk, CD, andtape resources to other logical partitions.

To configure virtual I/O for the logical partitions on your managed system, you must create virtual I/Oadapters on the HMC or Integrated Virtualization Manager. Virtual I/O adapters are usually createdwhen you create your logical partitions. Alternately, you can add virtual I/O adapters to running logicalpartitions using dynamic logical partitioning. After you create a virtual I/O adapter, you can then accessthe operating system used by the logical partition and complete the configuration of the virtual I/Oadapter in the operating system software. For Linux partitions, virtual adapters are listed in the devicetree. The device tree contains Virtual SCSI adapters, not the devices under the adapter.

Logical Host Ethernet Adapter

A Logical Host Ethernet Adapter (LHEA) is a special type of virtual adapter. Even though an LHEA is avirtual resource, an LHEA can exist only if a physical Host Ethernet Adapter (HEA) provides its


resources to the LHEA. For more information about how LHEAs work, see Host Ethernet Adapter.Related concepts

How each OS implements virtual resourcesConcepts for virtual SCSIConcepts for virtual networking

Planning for a virtual computing environmentLearn about the planning steps that you should consider before deploying a virtual computingenvironment.

Planning your virtual computing environment is the first step you must take when creating a virtualcomputing environment. Sufficient planning helps you ensure that your virtual computing environmentis configured in a way to meet your computing needs and that you are using your hardware resources

effectively.

Use the System Planning Tool (SPT) to streamline the planning and deployment of your virtualcomputing environment. The SPT can help you plan the number of virtual resources to assign eachlogical partition and can help you determine where to place hardware within the server to support yourlogical partition needs. To help you plan for workloads and performance, the SPT incorporates the IBMSystems Workload Estimator (WLE), and uses performance data collected by IBM PerformanceManagement for eServer System i®.Related information

System Planning Tool

Physical planningUse this topic to learn about physical planning as it fits into the picture of planning for a virtualizedsystem.

When planning for a new system, you must consider the physical characteristics of your system. Physicalplanning allows you to be sure that you meet such requirements as space requirements, power andelectricity requirements, and cooling requirements. Physical planning also involves considerations forunpacking the system and weight requirements for lifting, whether you are going to have arack-mounted system or stand-alone system, where in the rack to install the system, and installing thestabilizer bar in the rack.

The System Planning Tool (SPT) can help you decide the best location for particular hardwarecomponents based on the logical partition configuration that you specify in the system plan.


http://www.ibm.com/systems/support/tools/systemplanningtool/

Related reference

Physical site planning and preparationRelated information


Workload planningPlanning for your workload helps set the hardware and software resources you will need when youcreate and use a virtual computing environment. Use this topic to learn about what tools are available tohelp you configure your system to meet your workload demands.

Workload planning includes considering the capacity, performance, and availability requirements for yourserver and its logical partitions. For example, the workload requirements for your server or logicalpartitions can vary based on the type or importance of the work that it is performing.

To help you plan for workloads, the SPT incorporates the IBM Systems Workload Estimator (WLE), anduses performance data collected by IBM Performance Management for eServer System i:v The IBM Systems Workload Estimator is used to assist when planning for capacity and workloads.

Using the IBM Systems Workload Estimator, you can model your logical partition environment, specifyoperating systems and applications that will be running in those logical partitions, and specify whattypes of jobs they will be handling. The IBM Systems Workload Estimator then assists you in makingsure that your configuration is sufficient to meet your computing requirements. This tool estimatesworkloads for both System p and System i systems.

v IBM Performance Management for eServer System i is used to help manage the growth andperformance of your IBM eServer System i system. IBM Performance Management for eServer System ihelps you manage your system to help ensure its availability, and allows you to access your system’sperformance, capacity and growth information. IBM Performance Management for eServer System ican be used in conjunction with the IBM Systems Workload Estimator.

Related concepts

“Solution planning” on page 14Use this topic to learn about solution planning and why it is critical in the planning process.Related tasks

Planning for workloadsRelated information


Partition planningLearn more about planning your logical partition configuration.

Creating logical partitions on your system can ease management of your system and help enable yoursystem to use its resources more effectively and efficiently. Using logical partitions, you can consolidatethe workloads of multiple servers onto a single server. To effectively use logical partitions, you must planyour logical partition environment, such as how many partitions you need and what types of work thosepartitions will be performing.

The System Planning Tool (SPT) is available to assist you in planning for logical partitions. The SPT canhelp you plan the number of virtual resources to assign each logical partition and can help youdetermine where to place hardware within the server to support your logical partition needs. SPT alsoincorporates the IBM Systems Workload Estimator (WLE), and IBM Performance Management for eServerSystem i to help you plan for workloads and performance.

After you are satisfied with your system plan, you can save the configuration data to a system-plan file.The system-plan file reflects your system requirements, while not exceeding resource recommendations.




You can then import the system-plan file into the marketing configurator (eConfig) for ordering, and theHardware Management Console (HMC) or Integrated Virtualization Manager for automated validationand deployment. The Virtual Partition Manager does not support automated system plan deployment.

Attention: The SPT is designed to enforce HMC requirements and Integrated Virtualization Managerrequirements. Thus, the system plan might not be valid for Virtual Partition Manager environments.Related tasks

Planning for logical partitionsRelated information


Solution planningUse this topic to learn about solution planning and why it is critical in the planning process.

Solution planning is the process of verifying that all your server equipment meets or exceeds theoperational requirements of your solution. Before installing the hardware, software, and other equipmentneeded to run your hardware solution, develop a solution plan to ensure that your system meets yourrequirements.

The System Planning Tool (SPT) can help you plan for workloads, capacity, and performance.Related concepts

“Workload planning” on page 13Planning for your workload helps set the hardware and software resources you will need when youcreate and use a virtual computing environment. Use this topic to learn about what tools are available tohelp you configure your system to meet your workload demands.Related information

Solution planning


Deploying a virtual computing environmentLearn about the steps necessary to set up a server, deploy logical partitions, and configure virtualizationtechnologies.

After you have taken the necessary planning steps, you can begin deploying your virtual computingenvironment. Deploying a virtual computing environment involves setting up the hardware, creating andconfiguring the logical partitions, and installing the necessary software for the logical partitions.

Hardware setupA prerequisite to deploying a virtual computing environment is to set up your hardware. Use this to gainan understanding of the tools and documentation that are available to assist you.




Deployment of your virtual system begins with appropriate hardware setup. While most of thevirtualization-specific configuration procedures are performed while configuring logical partitions andinstalling software, correctly setting up your hardware ensures that your system is capable of starting andis functional before you perform such additional virtualization and other custom configurations. You canuse the system-plan file (exported from the System Planning Tool) to help you place hardware withinyour server.Related information

Initial server setup


Partition setupUse this topic to learn the necessary steps to set up partitions.

Setting up logical partitions involves creating the logical partition, selecting the logical partition type (AIXor Linux, i5/OS, or Virtual I/O Server), and assigning either physical or virtual resources to it. Thenumber of logical partitions, what operating systems are to be installed on those partitions, and whatcomputing resources are assigned to the partition depends on your computing requirements andavailable hardware resources. Plan these configurations before you begin the partition setup to ensure thevirtual computing environment meets all your computing requirements.

Setting up partitions is performed using the Hardware Management Console (HMC), Virtual PartitionManager, or Integrated Virtualization Manager.

In HMC and Integrated Virtualization Manager environments, you can import the system-plan file(exported from the System Planning Tool) and complete the Deploy System Plan wizard to validate anddeploy your system plan. Importing the system-plan file to the HMC or Integrated VirtualizationManager can help simplify the partition setup process and ensure that your environment is configuredaccording to the specifications you created during the partition planning process.

In Virtual Partition Manager environments, you cannot import the system-plan file for deployment.However, you can use your system-plan file (exported from the System Planning Tool) to help youspecify the correct logical partition configuration when setting up logical partitions.Related tasks

Deploying a system planRelated information

Partitioning the server


Software setupUse this topic to learn what other virtualization software you can install after your partitions areconfigured.

After the logical partitions are created, you are ready to install operating system software and othersoftware on the logical partitions. Logical partitions on IBM Systems and IBM eServer hardware supportthe AIX, i5/OS, and Linux operating systems. The Virtual I/O Server can also be installed in one or morepartitions on IBM System i, IBM eServer i5 and eServer p5 systems that have the Advanced POWERVirtualization key enabled. On IBM System p5 and eServer p5 servers, the Virtual I/O Server is necessaryto be able to set up shared Ethernet and virtual storage configurations. On IBM System i5 and eServer i5systems, the i5/OS operating system can be used to set up virtual Ethernet and virtual storageconfigurations, but the Virtual I/O Server is required in order to configure shared Ethernet adapters.




In addition to installing operating systems and other software, you can install and configure IBMVirtualization Engine applications. The IBM Virtualization Engine can help you aggregate pools ofresources and get a consolidated view of them. Some IBM Virtualization Engine technologies that can beused include the Virtualization Engine Console, IBM Enterprise Workload Manager, IBM Director, andResource Dependency Service.Related tasks

Installing operating systemsRelated information

Enterprise Workload Manager

IBM Director

Resource Dependency Service

Virtualization Engine console

Managing virtual resources on a single serverUse this topic to learn about the tools used to manage virtual resources on a single virtualized server.

Various tools exist that allow you to manage virtual resources on a single server. This topic providesinformation about the virtualization management tools, and it can help you determine which of thesetools are right for use in your environment.Related tasks

Managing a virtual system

Hardware Management ConsoleThe Hardware Management Console (HMC) is a hardware appliance that you can use to configure andcontrol one or more managed systems. You can use the HMC to create and manage logical partitions andactivate Capacity Upgrade on Demand. Using service applications, the HMC communicates withmanaged systems to detect, consolidate, and send information to service and support for analysis.

The HMC also provides terminal and 5250 console emulation for the logical partitions on your managedsystem. You can connect to logical partitions from the HMC itself, or you can set up the HMC so that youcan connect to logical partitions remotely through the HMC. HMC terminal and 5250 console emulationprovides a dependable connection that you can use if no other terminal or console device is connected oroperational. HMC terminal and 5250 console emulation is particularly useful during initial system setup,before you have configured your terminal or console of choice.


This figure illustrates the logical partitions and the server firmware on the IBM Systems and eServerhardware. The server firmware is code that is stored in system flash memory on the server. The serverfirmware directly controls the resource allocations on the server and the communications between logicalpartitions on the server. The HMC connects with the server firmware and specifies how the serverfirmware allocates resources on the server.

If you use a single HMC to manage a server, and the HMC malfunctions or becomes disconnected fromthe server firmware, then the server continues to run, but you will not be able to change the logicalpartition configuration of the server or manage the server. If desired, you can attach an additional HMCto act as a backup and to provide a redundant path between the server and IBM service and support.

Partitioning using the HMC is supported on all IBM System i5 and eServer i5, IBM System p5 andeServer p5, and IBM eServer OpenPower server models, although some models require you to enter anAdvanced POWER Virtualization activation code before you can partition the server.

There are two different HMC user interfaces.v Version 7 and later of the HMC uses a web-based user interface. You can configure the HMC to allow

remote connections using a supported web browser.v Version 6 and earlier of the HMC uses a window-based user interface. You can configure the HMC to

allow remote connections using the Web-based System Manager.Related concepts

Learning and tutorialsRelated tasks

Managing the Hardware Management ConsolePartitioning with an HMCRelated information

Partitioning with version 7 or later of the HMC


Integrated Virtualization ManagerThe Integrated Virtualization Manager is a browser-based system management interface for the Virtual I/OServer. The Integrated Virtualization Manager allows you to create and manage AIX and Linux logicalpartitions on a single IBM System p server. On OpenPower servers, the Integrated Virtualization Managersupports only Linux logical partitions.

The Integrated Virtualization Manager is supported only on specific server models.

Virtual I/O Server is software that provides virtual storage and shared Ethernet resources to the otherlogical partitions on the managed system. Virtual I/O Server is not a general purpose operating systemthat can run applications. Virtual I/O Server is installed on a logical partition in the place of a generalpurpose operating system, and is used solely to provide virtual I/O resources to other logical partitionswith general purpose operating systems. You use the Integrated Virtualization Manager to specify howthese resources are assigned to the other logical partitions.

To use the Integrated Virtualization Manager, you must first install Virtual I/O Server on anunpartitioned server. Virtual I/O Server automatically creates a logical partition for itself, which is calledthe management partition for the managed system. The management partition is the Virtual I/O Serverlogical partition that controls all of the physical I/O resources on the managed system. After you installVirtual I/O Server, you can configure a physical Ethernet adapter on the server so that you can connectto the Integrated Virtualization Manager from a computer with a Web browser.



This figure illustrates Virtual I/O Server in its own logical partition, and the AIX and Linux logicalpartitions that are managed by the Virtual I/O Server logical partition. The browser on the PC connectsto the Integrated Virtualization Manager interface over a network, and you can use the IntegratedVirtualization Manager to create and manage the logical partitions on the server.

Resource assignment

When you use the Integrated Virtualization Manager to create a logical partition, then you assignmemory and processor resources directly to logical partitions. If you use dedicated processors, then youspecify the exact number of dedicated processors. If you use shared processors, then you specify thenumber of virtual processors for the logical partition, and the Integrated Virtualization Managercalculates the number of processing units it assigns to the logical partition based on the number of virtualprocessors. In all cases, the amount of resources that you assign is committed to the logical partition fromthe time that you create the logical partition until the time that you change this amount or delete thelogical partition. You therefore cannot overcommit processor resources to logical partitions using theIntegrated Virtualization Manager.

A logical partition that is created using the Integrated Virtualization Manager has minimum andmaximum memory and processor values. The minimum and maximum values are used when you use aworkload management application on the managed system, when you restart the managed system after aprocessor failure, or when you dynamically move resources to or from the Virtual I/O Servermanagement partition. By default, the minimum and maximum values are set to the same value as theactual amount of committed resources. You can change the minimum and maximum processor values atany time, but you can change the minimum and maximum memory values only while the logicalpartition is not running.

When you use the Integrated Virtualization Manager to partition your managed system, a fraction of thememory and a fraction of the processors on the managed system are assigned to the Virtual I/O Servermanagement partition. If desired, you can change the memory and processor resources that are assigned


to the management partition to match your Virtual I/O Server workload. Physical disks can be assigneddirectly to logical partitions, or they can be assigned to storage pools, and virtual disks (or logicalvolumes) can be created from these storage pools and assigned to logical partitions. Physical Ethernetconnections are generally shared by configuring the physical Ethernet adapter as a virtual Ethernet bridgebetween the virtual LAN on the server and an external, physical LAN. Host Ethernet Adapter Othertypes of I/O devicesRelated tasks

Managing the Integrated Virtualization ManagerPartitioning with the Integrated Virtualization Manager

Partition Load Manager for AIXThe Partition Load Manager provides processor and memory resource management and monitoringacross logical partitions within a single managed system that uses POWER5 technology.

Partition Load Manager allows you to more effectively use resources by allowing you to set thresholdsfor designated resources. When a threshold is exceeded, Partition Load Manager can try to assignresources to that logical partition by using resources assigned to other logical partitions that are not beingused.

Partition Load Manager is available as part of the Advanced POWER Virtualization feature.

When the Partition Load Manager resource manager starts, it registers several events on every requiredlogical partition’s node. The following events are registered individually on all of the managed logicalpartitions nodes:v Memory-page-steal high thresholdsv Memory-usage high thresholds and low thresholdsv Processor-load-average high thresholds and low thresholds

The Partition Load Manager resource manager tracks these threshold values. Every time a threshold isexceeded, Partition Load Manager receives a Resource Monitoring and Control (RMC) event. When ahigh threshold is exceeded, the node needs more resources. Alternately, when a low threshold is crossed,the node has more resources available than it is currently using.

When a node requests additional resources, Partition Load Manager determines whether the node canaccept additional resources. If the node can accept additional resources, Partition Load Manager conductsa search for available resources. Such additional resources can be found in the following places:v The free pool, which is the list of currently unused resources maintained by Partition Load Manager.

These resources are reallocated freely.v Nodes that have indicated through events that they can release resources. These resources are removed

from the node that does not require them and reallocated to the node that is requesting additionalresources.

v Taken away from a node that has a lesser need for the resource, or a lower priority, than the noderequesting the resource. These resources are removed from the node that has lower priority andreallocated to the node that is requesting additional resources.

Determining which node is more or less deserving of resources is primarily done by taking into accountcertain values defined in a policy file. This policy file details partitions, their entitlements, their thresholds,and organizes the partitions into groups. Every node, but not every logical partition, managed byPartition Load Manager must be defined in the policy file, along with several associated attribute values.Some of the attributes that are associated with the node are the maximum, minimum, and guaranteedresource values, variable share values, and so on. Partition Load Manager takes these attributes intoaccount when a decision is made as to whether a resource is reallocated from one logical partition toanother.


For example, a machine is likely to lose its resource to a node with a higher variable shares attributevalue if that machine has a lesser variable shares attribute value and currently has more resource than theguaranteed resource value given in the policy file.Related tasks

Configuring resource management for AIX partitions with the Partition Load Manager

Virtual I/O Server overviewLearn the concepts of the Virtual I/O Server and its primary components.

The Virtual I/O Server is software that is located in a logical partition. This software facilitates thesharing of physical I/O resources between AIX and Linux client logical partitions within the server. TheVirtual I/O Server provides virtual SCSI target and Shared Ethernet Adapter capability to client logicalpartitions within the system, allowing the client logical partitions to share SCSI devices and Ethernetadapters. The Virtual I/O Server software requires that the logical partition be dedicated solely for itsuse.

The Virtual I/O Server is available as part of the Advanced POWER Virtualization hardware feature.

Using the Virtual I/O Server facilitates the following functions:v Sharing of physical resources between logical partitions on the systemv Creating logical partitions without requiring additional physical I/O resourcesv Creating more logical partitions than there are I/O slots or physical devices available with the ability

for partitions to have dedicated I/O, virtual I/O, or bothv Maximizing use of physical resources on the systemv Helping to reduce the Storage Area Network (SAN) infrastructure

The Virtual I/O Server supports client logical partitions running the following operating systems:v AIX 5.3 or laterv SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 9 for POWER (or later)v Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS for POWER Version 3 (update 2 or later)v Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS for POWER Version 4 (or later)

For the most recent information about devices that are supported on the Virtual I/O Server, to downloadVirtual I/O Server fixes and updates, and to find additional information about the Virtual I/O Server, seethe Virtual I/O Server Web site.

The Virtual I/O Server comprises the following primary components:v Virtual SCSIv Virtual Networkingv Integrated Virtualization Manager

The following sections provide a brief overview of each of these components.

Virtual SCSI

Physical adapters with attached disks or optical devices on the Virtual I/O Server logical partition can beshared by one or more client logical partitions. The Virtual I/O Server offers a local storage subsystemthat provides standard SCSI-compliant logical unit numbers (LUNs). The Virtual I/O Server can export apool of heterogeneous physical storage as an homogeneous pool of block storage in the form of SCSIdisks.


Unlike typical storage subsystems that are physically located in the SAN, the SCSI devices exported bythe Virtual I/O Server are limited to the domain within the server. Although the SCSI LUNs are SCSIcompliant, they might not meet the needs of all applications, particularly those that exist in a distributedenvironment.

The following SCSI peripheral-device types are supported:v Disks backed by a logical volumev Disks backed by a physical volumev Optical devices (DVD-RAM and DVD-ROM)

Virtual networking

Shared Ethernet Adapter allows logical partitions on the virtual local area network (VLAN) to shareaccess to a physical Ethernet adapter and to communicate with systems and partitions outside the server.This function enables logical partitions on the internal VLAN to share the VLAN with stand-aloneservers.

Integrated Virtualization Manager

The Integrated Virtualization Manager provides a browser-based interface and a command-line interfacethat you can use to manage IBM System p5 and IBM eServer pSeries® servers that use the IBM VirtualI/O Server. On the managed system, you can create logical partitions, manage the virtual storage andvirtual Ethernet, and view service information related to the server. The Integrated VirtualizationManager is packaged with the Virtual I/O Server, but it is activated and usable only on certain platformsand where no Hardware Management Console (HMC) is present.Related information

Using the Virtual I/O Server

Virtual Partition ManagerThe Virtual Partition Manager is a feature of i5/OS that allows you to create and manage one i5/OSlogical partition and up to four Linux logical partitions on a single IBM System i5 or eServer i5 server.You can use the Virtual Partition Manager to partition any IBM System i5 or eServer i5 model that doesnot require a Hardware Management Console (HMC), such as a model 595.

To use the Virtual Partition Manager, you must first install i5/OS on an nonpartitioned server. After youinstall i5/OS, you can initiate a console session on i5/OS and use System Service Tools (SST) to createand configure Linux logical partitions. i5/OS controls the resource allocations of the logical partitions onthe server.


This figure illustrates the i5/OS logical partition and the Linux logical partitions that are managed by thei5/OS logical partition. The user creates and configures the Linux logical partitions on the server byaccessing SST over the twinaxial console.

When you use the Virtual Partition Manager to partition an IBM System i5 or eServer i5 server, SST is theonly tool that you can use to create and manage the logical partitions. You cannot use iSeries Navigatorto create or manage logical partitions on an IBM System i5 or eServer i5 server. However, the consolesession that you use to access SST can be initiated using either iSeries Operations Console (LAN or directattach) or a twinaxial console.Related tasks

Managing the Virtual Partition ManagerPartitioning with the Virtual Partition Manager

Related procedures for expansion unitsLocate instructions to complete some of the additional procedures you might need. These might includeremoving covers and doors, starting and stopping the system, placing a system or server in the serviceposition, identifying a failing part, or verifying a replaced part.


Appendix. Accessibility features

Accessibility features help users who have a physical disability, such as restricted mobility or limitedvision, to use information technology products successfully.

The following list includes the major accessibility features:v Keyboard-only operationv Interfaces that are commonly used by screen readersv Keys that are tactilely discernible and do not activate just by touching themv Industry-standard devices for ports and connectorsv The attachment of alternative input and output devices

IBM and accessibility

See the IBM Accessibility Center at http://www.ibm.com/able/ for more information about thecommitment that IBM has to accessibility.


http://www.ibm.com/able/

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