system & models one mark questions

IB ESS Guru Charan Kumar 2013

ESS-EOST PRACTICE PAPER

1. Leaching of soil nutrients is an example of

A. transfer of materials.

B. transformation of materials.

C. transfer of energy.

D. transformation of energy.

2. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that in any

A. open system, entropy tends to increase spontaneously.

B. open system, entropy tends to decrease spontaneously.

C. isolated system, entropy tends to increase spontaneously.

D. isolated system, entropy tends to decrease spontaneously.

3. Which is an example of negative feedback?

A. Loss of vegetation leading to soil erosion leading to further loss of vegetation.

B. A decline in a large predator population after they have eaten most of their prey

population.

C. Melting of permafrost in the tundra due to climatic change leading to further release of

methane, causing further change.

D. Unsustainable slash and burn agriculture practices in tropical rain forests.

4. A lake with a stream flowing into it, but with water lost only by evaporation, is an example of

a system which is

A. isolated.

B. stable and closed.

C. unstable and closed.

D. open


5. Which of the following factors would prevent the ecosphere being classified as a closed system?

A. The input of solar energy

B. The re-radiation to space of heat energy

C. The arrival of rocks as meteorites from space

D. The unstable state of its equilibrium

6. Which of the following contributes most effectively to self-regulation within a system?

A. Rapid transfer of materials

B. Inputs of energy being greater than outputs

C. Negative feedback mechanisms

D. Positive feedback mechanisms

7. A system may best be defined as

A. a set of components that function predictably.

B. and assemblage of parts and their relationships forming a whole.

C. a set of components that function unpredictably.

D. an assemblage of functioning parts without inputs or outputs.

8. A stable ecosystem will be in . . . (I) . . . equilibrium, achieved largely through mechanisms

of . . . (II) . . . feedback.

Complete this statement.

(I) (II)

A. Steady state Positive

B. Static Negative

C. Steady state Negative

D. Static Positive


9. Consider these statements concerning the flow of energy through ecosystems:

Statement 1: The amount of energy that is available to living things decreases as it is

transformed and passed along food chains.

Statement 2: As energy is transformed along food chains, no energy is destroyed.

Which is a correct evaluation of these statements?

Statement 1 Statement 2

A. Demonstrates the first law of thermodynamics Demonstrates the second law of

thermodynamics

B. Is unrelated to the laws of thermodynamics Demonstrates the second law of

thermodynamics

C. Demonstrates the second law of Demonstrates the first law of

thermodynamics thermodynamics

D. Demonstrates the second law of is unrelated to the laws of

thermodynamics thermodynamics

10. Inputs to a closed system may be

A. matter only.

B. energy only.

C. matter and energy.

D. heat only.

11. Which statement best illustrates the second law of thermodynamics?

A. Potential energy increases as energy moves through a system.

B. The amount of energy is unchanged as matter moves through a system.

C. Potential energy decreases as energy and matter move through a system.

D. Energy cannot leave a system.


12. The capacity of a system to self-regulate is generally increased by

A. the presence of positive feedback.

B. the presence of negative feedback.

C. low energy inputs in the system.

D. energy outputs greater than energy inputs in the system.

13. The downward leaching of nutrients within the soil profile is primarily an example of which of

the following?

A. Transformation of energy

B. Transfer of energy

C. Transfer of materials

D. Transformation of materials

14. Which of the following is an essential feature of a system in steady-state equilibrium?

A. Positive feedback mechanisms

B. Negative feedback mechanisms

C. Balanced inputs and outputs

D. High diversity

15. Which of the following does not represent an open system?

A. A lake inside a cave

B. The entire universe

C. A tropical island


D. A city

16. As disease spreads through a population, numbers fall. As the result of a reduction in contact

between individuals, the rate of spread of the disease is reduced. This is followed by a

recovery in numbers.

This is an example of

A. positive feedback

B. negative feedback

C. demographic transition

D. entropy

17. What do outputs from an open system consist of?

A. Energy only

B. Matter only

C. Energy and matter

D. Neither energy nor matter

18. The diagram below represents the inputs and outputs of water from a lake over a period of time.


Assuming there is neither a rise nor a fall in the level of the lake, and there are no other inputs or

outputs, what is the value of R?

A. P + I – E – S

B. I + P + E + S

C. (S + E) × (I + P)

D. I + P + E – S

19. Which row shows how energy and materials move through each type of system?

Isolated System Closed System Open System

A. energy flows through

system

materials flow through

system

energy flows through

system

B. energy does not enter

system


system

energy does not leave

system

C. energy does not leave

system


system


system

D. materials do not leave

system


system

materials do not leave

system

Lake

E = evaporation from the

surface of the lake

S = loss by downward movement into the rocks

R = run-off in a stream

flowing out of the lake

P = precipitation (rain, snow)

falling on the surface of

the lake

I = inflow from

streams


20. Which statement is correct?

A. A lake is an example of an isolated system.

B. An open system exchanges energy but not matter with its surroundings.

C. The most common systems found on Earth are closed systems.

D. A closed system exchanges energy but not matter with its surroundings.

21. Which statement expresses the second law of thermodynamics?

A. The amount of energy available to do useful work in a system decreases over time.

B. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

C. Entropy will always decrease spontaneously in a system over time.

D. Energy inputs equal energy outputs.

22. Which of the following contains only transfer processes?

A. Melting of ice caps; evaporation of sea water

B. Run-off of water from land to rivers; dead organic matter entering a lake

C. Formation of water droplets in clouds; volcanic eruptions

D. Leaching of soil nutrients; freezing of lake water

23. The graph below shows how a population changed over a period of time.


Which of the following best describes the regulation process in this system?

A. Positive feedback

B. Static equilibrium

C. Negative feedback

D. Transformation

24. Which system represents a herd of elephants living on the African grassland?

A. An open system

B. A closed system

C. An isolated system

D. An autotrophic system

25. Which of the following best describes the result of positive feedback in a system?

A. The system changing further in the same direction

B. The system remaining stable

C. The system changing in the opposite direction

D. The system remaining unchanged

Population

Time


26. Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?

A. Loss of vegetation, leading to soil erosion, leading to further loss of vegetation

B. Animals failing to reproduce when food is abundant

C. More carbon dioxide favouring plant growth, so plants absorb more carbon dioxide

D. A population of small mammals in a forest decreasing due to a fire

27. How are the flows and storages of matter and energy generally represented in flow diagrams?

Storages Flows

A. arrows boxes

B. circles boxes

C. boxes arrows

D. boxes circles

28. Of what is the diagram below an example?

A. Negative feedback

B. Positive feedback

C. Steady-state equilibrium

D. Static equilibrium

global warming ice-caps melt less energy refected

increased global temperature


29.

The diagram above is an example of

A. steady state equilibrium.

B. positive feedback.

C. negative feedback.

D. static equilibrium.

30. Spiders mainly use a web and poisonous fangs to trap and eat insects such as flies. What type of

interaction is this?

A. Parasitism

B. Competition

C. Mutualism

D. Predation

less CO 2

uptake by oceans

atmospheric

CO2

increases

warmer

atmospheric

temperature

warmer

ocean

temperature


31.

What are the organisms in X?

A. Autotrophs

B. Primary consumers

C. Secondary consumers

D. Tertiary consumers

X21 000 3300 380

13 000 2200 270

907204200

1960

Energy input Producers Herbivores

Decomposers

Respiratory loss

Respiratory loss


32. The diagram below shows part of an aquatic food web for a lake ecosystem.

What is the maximum number of trophic levels represented in this food web?

A. Three

B. Four

C. Five

D. Six

Freshwater turtles Large fish

Small fish

Water fleas

Tadpoles

Algae

Rotifers

Aquatic insects

system & models one mark questions

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