system of systems information interoperability using a linked dataspace

© Copyright 2011 Digital Enterprise Research Institute. All rights reserved.

Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie

Enabling Networked Knowledge

System of Systems Information Interoperability using a

Linked Dataspace

Edward Curry ([email protected]) IEEE 7th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering (SOSE 2012)

Digital Enterprise Research Institute National University of Ireland, Galway



Curry E. System of Systems Information Interoperability using a Linked Dataspace. In: IEEE 7th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering (SOSE 2012). 2012.

www.edwardcurry.org

Further Reading



Overview

n  Introduction to DERI n  Use Cases

¨  Smart Enterprise Energy Management

¨  Smart Cities

n  SoS Interoperability Challenges

n  Technology Overview ¨  Dataspace

¨  Linked Data

n  Linked Dataspace for SOS Interoperability

n  Related Work

3



About DERI

n  Founded June 2003 as a CSET (Centre for Science, Engineering and Technology). ¨  Link scientists and engineers / academia and industry ¨  Fundamental research ¨  Development of Irish-based technology companies ¨  Attract industry ¨  Education & outreach

n  DERI Institute ¨  CSET ¨  Commercialization, DAI ¨  EU, EI, direct industry, IRCSET

n  DERI strategic plan responds to priorities ¨  Local: University focus on Informatics, Physical &

Computational Sciences ¨  National: SMART Economy, Program for Government ¨  International: EU Digital Agenda



About DERI

n  Number one in our core space ¨  Research Publications > 1000 ¨  Participation in 17 standardisation groups (W3C, OASIS) ¨  Approx. 140 members from 30 nations ¨  57 PhDs /Masters ¨  42 completed PhDs/Masters

n  Core Industrial Partners: ¨  MNC’s: Cisco, Avaya, Bel-Labs, Ericsson… ¨  SME’s: Storm, Celtrak, OpenLink…… ¨  Research: FBK

n  Total Research Grants: > €60 million ¨  SFI, EU Framework, Enterprise Ireland, Industry ¨  Currently 18 EU project running ¨  Industry funded projects with Fujitsu Labs Japan, Cisco,

Google, Renault, EADS, Fidelity,…



CSET Partners

Key Industry Collaborations

6



The DERI House

eBusiness Financial Services

Health Care Life Sciences

eLearning Green &

Sustainable IT

eGovernment

Information Mining

and Retrieval

Natural Language Processing

Reasoning and Querying

Cloud Data Management

Knowledge Discovery

Social Software

Service Oriented

Architecture

Sensor Middleware

DERI Applied Research Commercialisation

Data Visualisation

and Interaction

Cyber Security

Cloud

Data Analytics

Linked Data

Security, Privacy & Trust

DERI is designed to provide an integrated solution



How should an Enterprise Manage its Energy?

Enterprise Energy Management



Holis1c Energy

Management

Facili'es

Business Travel Data Centre

Daily Commute Office IT

Holistic View of Consumption



Cross-Domain Perspective

ERP

ENERGY

BMS

FINANCE

CARBON



Example KPI: Energy used by global IT department

CIO

Example KPI: PUE of the Data Center in Dublin

Helpdesk

Example KPI: kWhs used by server 172.16.0.8

Maintenance Personnel

Building

Data Center

CEO

CSO

Real-time Environment •  Event cloud of primitive

observations

•  Low-level monitoring Sensors, events

Strategic Analysis •  CIO needs high-level

business function power usage

•  CSO real-time carbon emissions

Operational Analysis •  Technician needs

equipment power usage

•  Events driven business processes

Multi-Level Analysis

11 of XYZ



n  Invests in ¨  human and social capital ¨  traditional/modern infrastructure

n  that ¨  fuels sustainable economic development ¨  and high quality of life

n  while ¨  managing natural resources

n  through ¨  participatory governance

What is a Smart City?

http://ideas.repec.org/p/dgr/vuarem/2009-48.html



A Smart City driver of change will be Data.



A Smart City removes silos moving towards a connected digital layer.

abstracts


Enabling Networked Knowledge http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/publications/ig_data/pdfs/MGI_big_data_full_report.pdf

Untapped Value Silos’ Value



Interoperability

!D. Chen, et al. “Architectures for enterprise integration and interoperability: Past, present and future,” Computers in Industry 59(7)



Barriers

!

n  Conceptual barriers ¨ Syntactic differences (format)

¨ Semantic (interpretation of meaning)

n  Technological barriers ¨  Incompatibility of protocols, encoding,

platforms, infrastructures, etc.

n  Organizational barriers ¨  Incompatibility of definitions of

responsibility, authority, and organizational structures



Integration Approaches

!

n  Integrated approaches ¨ Common format for all models

exists

n  Unified approaches ¨ Upper model exists to facilitate

mapping between models

n  Federated approaches ¨ No common format exists but rather

is done on the fly



n  Directed SoS ¨  Centrally managed, specific purpose, components operate

independently but subordinate to SoS

n  Acknowledged SoS ¨  Defined objectives, dedicated resources, components

independent, SOS based on collaboration

n  Collaborative SoS ¨  Component interact voluntarily, agreed central purpose,

collectively enforce and maintain standards

n  Virtual SoS ¨  No central management authority, no agreed upon

purpose, SOS based on invisible mechanisms

Types of SoS (Maier ‘98)



n  SoS types have varying interoperability requirements

n  Directed SoS ¨  Integrated or Unified approach (i.e. Many-to-One)

n  Virtual SoS ¨ Federated approach (i.e. Many-to-Many)

– Constitute system may not be aware of SoS

n  Current system design mind-set views interoperability as an external responsibility ¨ Outsources interoperability to external systems

SoS Interoperability Challenges



n  To support flexible and dynamic SoS

¨  (i.e. Virtual SoS)

n  A common SoS information interoperability infrastructure is needed ¨  Open Standards-based

¨  Lightweight approach

¨  Minimize complexity, hierarchy, control, and acquisition cost

¨  Minimize re-engineered as systems are added, removed, modified, or replaced

Open SoS Information Interoperability Approach



n  Leverage two key trends in information management ¨  Dataspace approach to

information management

¨  Linked data approach to sharing information on the web

–  W3C Standards based

n  Information Interoperability ¨  Overcome technical and

conceptual barriers

¨  Supports overcoming organizational barriers

Proposed Approach

!



n  Emerging data management architecture n  Recognizes expense obtaining upfront

unifying schema across all sources ¨ Co-existence of data without unifying schema

¨ Loosely integrated set of data sources

n  Data integrated on “as needed” basis ¨ Tighter integration achieved in an incremental

"pay-as-you-go" fashion

Franklin, A. Halevy, and D. Maier From databases to dataspaces: a new abstraction for information management,” Sigmod Record, 34(4) 2005.

What is a Dataspace?



DBMS vs Dataspace

DBMS Dataspace

Model Relational All

Formats Homogenous Heterogeneous

Control Complete Partial

Query Precise Approximate

Integration Explicit Implicit/Incremental



What is Linked Data?

26


Enabling Networked Knowledge 27

2008 2007

2008 2008

2008 2009

2009

The Linked Open Data cloud

2010

27



Linked Open Data cloud - domains

Over 300 open data sets with more than 35 billion facts, interlinked by 500 million typed links.

http://lod-cloud.net/

Linking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch.

Media

Government

Geo

Publications

User-generated

Life sciences

Cross-domain

US government UK government

BBC New York Times

LinkedGeoData

28

BestBuy Overstock.com Facebook


Enabling Networked Knowledge 29 of 46

Two Key Ingredients

1.  RDF – Resource Description Framework Graph based Data – nodes and arcs ¨  Identifies objects (URIs)

¨  Interlink information (Relationships)

2.  Vocabularies (Ontologies) ¨  provide shared understanding of a domain

¨  organise knowledge in a machine-comprehensible way

¨  give an exploitable meaning to the data



Why Graphs and Ontologies?

Cities:Dublin

84421km2 Geo:IslandOfIreland

EU:RepublicOfIreland

Geo:locatedOn

Geo:area Geo:hasCapital

Geo:hasLargestCity

Wikipedia.org

Gov.ie

EU:RepublicOfIreland

Person:EndaKenny

Gov:hasTaoiseach Gov:hasDepartment

IE:DepartmentOfFinance



Linked Data Principles

1.  Use URIs to identify the “things” in your data

2.  Use HTTP URIs so people (and machines) can look them up on the Web

3.  When a URI is looked up, return a description of the thing in a structured format (RDF)

4.  Include links to related things to provide context

http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html



Linked Data Example

Resource Description Framework (RDF) subject - predicate – object

Edward Curry is the Occupant of Room 202e Edward Curry is the Occupant of Room 202e

32

http://www.deri.ie/about/team/member/edward_curry/

http://lab.linkeddata.deri.ie/2010/deri-rooms#r202e

http://vocab.deri.ie/rooms#occupant



Dereferenceable URI

33

@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> . @prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> . @prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> . @prefix rooms: <http://vocab.deri.ie/rooms#> . @prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1#> . @prefix deri-energy-ont: <http://energy.deri.ie/ontology#> . @prefix deri-energy: <http://energy.deri.ie#> . @prefix ssn: <http://purl.oclc.org/NET/ssnx/ssn> . @prefix deri-rooms: <http://lab.linkeddata.deri.ie/2010/deri-rooms#> . deri-rooms:building rdf:type rooms:Building;

rooms:contains deri-rooms:1st-floor. deri-rooms:1st-floor rdf:type rooms:Floor;

rooms:contains deri-rooms:1st-floor-south-wing. deri-rooms:1st-floor-south-wing rdf:type rooms:Wing;

rooms:contains deri-rooms:r202e. deri-rooms:r202e rdf:type rooms:Desk;

rooms:occupant <http://www.deri.ie/about/team/member/edward_curry#me>. <http://www.deri.ie/about/team/member/edward_curry#me> rdf:type foaf:Person;

deri-energy-ont:has_a deri-energy:macbook15698; deri-energy:macbook15698 rdf:type deri-energy-ont:Laptop;

ssn:observedBy deri-energy:sensor123. deri-energy:sensor123 rdf:type ssn:Sensor;

ssn:observes deri-energy-ont:PowerConsumption. deri-energy:observation1236 rdf:type ssn:Observation;

ssn:observationResult deri-energy:observationResult1236; ssn:featureOfInterest deri-energy:macbook15698; ssn:observedBy deri-energy:sensor123.

deri-energy:observationResult1236 rdf:type ssn:SensorOutput; ssn:hasValue deri-energy:vale1236.

deri-energy:vale1236 deri-energy-ont:hasQuantityValue 31.5; deri-energy-ont:hasQuantityUnitOfMeasurement deri-energy-ont:kWh.



Linked Dataspace

Dataspace + Linked Data = Linked Dataspace

How can a Linked Dataspace help with SoS information interoperability?

34



System A

LD Wrapper Single Systems

HTTP/RDF

Linked Dataspace

Support Services -‐ Search & Query -‐ En'ty Mgmt. -‐ Data Catalog -‐ Provenance -‐ Event Processing

System of Systems SoS (A+B)

System B

LD Wrapper HTTP/RDF

System C

LD Wrapper HTTP/RDF

System D

LD Wrapper HTTP/RDF

SoS (A + B + C) SoS (A + B + C + D)

RDF API, SPARQL SPARQL HTTP REST, RDF API, SPARQL

Linked Dataspace for SoS



Linked Dataspace Corporate System

Building Management System Office IT System

Entity Graph in Cloud

foaf:name en:memberOf

“Edward Curry” “DGSIT”

h>p://www.deri.ie/about/team/member/edward_curry#me Office IT

Building

Corporate

en:has_a

en:consumption foaf:name

10kWh “MacBook Pro”

h>p://energy.deri.ie#macbook15698

h>p://www.deri.ie/about/team/member/edward_curry#me

en:consumption foaf:name

rm:occupant

50kWh “202e”

h>p://lab.linkeddata.deri.ie/2010/deri-‐rooms#r202e

h>p://www.deri.ie/about/team/member/edward_curry#me

owl:sameAs owl:sameAs



n  Complimentary technology for data sharing ¨  Minimal disruption to existing infrastructure

¨  Maintains loose coupling between systems

n  Pay-as-you-go data integration ¨  Incremental enrichment of entity profiles (i.e. SameAs)

¨  Links relevant knowledge and contextual information from across all systems

Linked Dataspaces



DERI Energy Observatory

38

Building Data Center

Office IT Logistics

Corporate

Organisation-level

Business Process Personal-level

Linked dataspace for Energy Intelligence



DERI Energy Overview



Utilised within a range of energy management use cases, some non-SoS

Other Use Cases

IT Energy Mgmt.

(DERI-Internal)

Smart Buildings Cloud Computing/

Data Centre



n  Two large-scale SoS with different architectures n  Global Information Grid (GIG)

¨  Globally interconnected, end-to-end set of capabilities for collecting, processing, and managing information

¨  “many-to-one” interoperability approach

¨  Net-Centric Adapter for Legacy Systems (NCALS)

n  Global Earth Observation System of Systems ¨  Global public infrastructure with comprehensive

environmental data, information, and analyses

¨  GEOPortal disseminates information

¨  EuroGEOSS investigating RDF for semantic interoperability

Related SoS Work



n  SoS information interoperability using: ¨  Dataspace approach to information management

¨  Linked data approach to sharing information on the web

n  Linked Dataspace ¨  Supports co-existence of heterogeneous data with

incremental approach to interoperability

¨  Particularly suited where the web architecture is already a part of the SoS

n  Future work ¨  Investigate appropriate support services for linked

dataspaces using approximation techniques

¨  Interoperability of system services as RESTful services.

Summary



Selected References

Sustainability Use Cases n  Curry, E., et al . (2011). An Entity-Centric Approach To Green Information

Systems. 19th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2011).

n  Curry, E., & Donnellan, B. (2012). Green and Sustainable Informatics. In, Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices. John Wiley & Sons

n  Curry, E. et al. An Environmental Chargeback for Data Center and Cloud Computing Consumers, in First International Workshop on Energy-Efficient Data Centers, 2012.

n  Curry, E. et al, Building Optimisation using Scenario Modeling and Linked Data, in 1st Workshop Linked Data in Architecture and Construction 2012

n  Curry E. et al, Enterprise Energy Management using a Linked dataspace for Energy Intelligence. In: The Second IFIP Conference on Sustainable Internet and ICT for Sustainability (SustainIT) 2012.



Selected References

Information Management n  Hasan, S. et al. (2011). Toward Situation Awareness for the Semantic

Sensor Web: Complex Event Processing with Dynamic Linked Data Enrichment. 4th International Workshop on Semantic Sensor Networks

n  Hasan, S. et al, Approximate Semantic Matching of Heterogeneous Events, in 6th ACM International Conference on Distributed Event-Based Systems

n  Curry E. (2012) System of Systems Information Interoperability using a Linked Dataspace In: IEEE 7th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering (SOSE 2012).

IT Management

n  Curry, E. et al. Developing an Sustainable IT Capability: Lessons From Intel’s Journey, MIS Quarterly Executive, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 61-74, 2012.

n  Donnellan B. et al, (2011) A Capability Maturity Framework for Sustainable Information and Communication Technology. IEEE IT Professional 13(1).

n  Curry E, et al, (2012) A Maturity Model For Energy Efficiency in Mature Data Centres, 1st International Conference on Smart Grids and Green IT Systems

system of systems information interoperability using a linked dataspace

Technology

enterprise ireland

openlink research

enterprise integration

networked knowledge6

fbkn total research

ircset n deri strategic

direct industry

connected digital layer