system protections and uses of switchgear devices in distrbution substations

7/22/2019 System Protections and uses of Switchgear Devices in Distrbution Substations

1/82

j

Jkh`p`kh`kt Pkjv`rsjty, Dbkgcbh`sn

Ytuhy ak Yystò Vratìtjak bkh Ps`s ae Ywjting`br

H`vji`s jk H@YIA

Bk ukh`rgrbhubt` jkt`rksnjp r`part sudojtt`h dy

Oh. Kuruc Bzjo Dnujybk

JH= 6:46484

Jk iaksjh`rbtjak ae pbrtjbc eucejcco`kt ae tn` r`qujrò`kt ear tn` h`gr`` ae

DBIN@CAT AE YIJ@KI@

@C@IXTJIBC BKH @C@IXTAKJI @KGJK@@TJKG

H`pbrto`kt ae @cìtrjibc bkh @cìtrakji @kgjk``rjkg

Butuok 4629


2/82

jj

Ytuhy ak Yystò Vratìtjak bkh Ps`s ae Ywjting`br H`vji`s jk

H@YIA

Bk ukh`rgrbhubt` jkt`rksnjp r`part sudojtt`h dy

Oh. Kuruc Bzjo Dnujybk

JH= 6:46484

Nbs d``k bpprav`h ak Hìòd`r 26, 4629

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

Hr. B L O Dblj

Bssjstbkt Vrae`ssar

H`pbrto`kt ae @cìtrjibc bkh @cìtrakji @kgjk``rjkg

Yinaac ae @kgjk``rjkg bkh Iaoput`r Yij`ki`

Jkh`p`kh`kt Pkjv`rsjty, Dbkgcbh`sn


3/82

jjj

BILKAWC@HG@O@KXY

J tbl` tnjs appartukjty ta `xpr`ss oy praeaukh grbtjtuh` bkh h``p r`gbrhs ta oy gujh` bkhbhvjsar Hr. B L O Dblj, Bssjstbkt Vrae`ssar, H`pbrto`kt ae @cìtrjibc bkh @cìtrakji

@kgjk``rjkg, Yinaac ae @kgjk``rjkg bkh Iaoput`r Yij`ki` (Y@IY), Jkh`p`kh`kt Pkjv`rsjty,

Dbkgcbh`sn (JPD), ear njs `xòpcbry gujhbki`, oakjtarjkg bkh iakstbkt `kiaurbgò`kt

tnraugnaut tn` iaurs` ae tnjs jkt`rksnjp. Xn` dc`ssjkgs, n`cps bkh gujhbki` gjv`k dy njo tjo` ta

tjo` snbcc ibrry o` b cakg wby jk tn` maurk`y ae cje` ak wnjin J bo bdaut ta òdbrl.

J bcsa tbl` tnjs appartukjty ta `xpr`ss b h``p s`ks` ae grbtjtuh` ta Or. Oh. Xbuejqu` Bdhuccbn,

H`puty G`k`rbc Obkbg`r, Nuobk T`sauri` & Obkbgò`kt Hjvjsjak, @kgr. Gbzj Ynbnrjbr

Vbrv`z, Obkbg`r, Xrbjkjkg & H`v`capo`kt, H@YIA, ear tn`jr iarhjbc suppart, vbcubdc`

jkearobtjak bkh gujhbki`, wnjin n`cp`h o` jk iaopc`tjkg tnjs tbsl tnraugn vbrjaus stbg`s.

J bo adcjg`h ta stbee oòd`rs ae Pttbrb Yudstbtjak bkh Ojrpur Hjguk Yudstbtjak, ear tn`

vbcubdc` jkearobtjak pravjh`h dy tnò jk tn`jr r`spìtjv` ej`chs. J bo grbtèuc ear tn`jr

iaap`rbtjak hurjkg tn` p`rjah ae oy bssjgko`kt.

Cbstcy, J tnbkl Bcojgnty Bccbn, oy ebojcy bkh erj`khs ear tn`jr iakstbkt `kiaurbgò`kt wjtnautwnjin tnjs bssjgko`kt wauch kat d` passjdc`.

Xn` Butnar

Hìòd`r, 4629

Hnblb Dbkgcbh`sn


4/82

jv

BDYXTBIX

Xn` prjkijpbc admìtjv` ae tnjs pbp`r js ta hòakstrbt` tn` èejij`kiy ae `cìtrji paw`r

hjstrjdutjak ae Hnblb ijty, wnjin ruks tnraugn iakhuitjkg tìnkjibc bkh nug`cy iaoo`rijbc

ap`rbtjaks p`rearojkg dy Hnblb @cìtrji Yuppcy Iaopbky (H@YIA) Cjojt`h. Warch icbss

pcbkkjkg bkh `xp`rt prbitjijkg js tn` l`y ta r`c`bs` tnbt k`v`r-`khjkg pr`ssur` iakstbktcy iaojkg

erao tn` pàpc` ae tn` warchs 8tn

oast h`ks`cy papucbt`h ijty (2:887/lo4). Xìnkjibccy,

H@YIA nbh ta d` sueejij`ktcy suii`sseuc, bs tn` pratìtjak ae tnjs nug` papucbtjak js tn` obmar

iaki`rk.

Vratìtjv` bkh swjting`br h`vji`s br` tn` l`y bppr`n`ksjak ae tnjs stuhy, bs tn` sudstbtjaks br`

sjtubt`h jk tn` jopartbkt pbrts ae tn` ijty. Vratìtjkg tnò js bcwbys b inbcc`kg`, bs w`cc bs ta

`ksur` b iaktjkuaus suppcy ae `cìtrjijty iakstbktcy. Dut tn` hòbkh ear cabh js k`v`r iakstbkt.

Xn` sykinrakjsjkg systò ae cabh suppcy biiarhjkg ta tn` cabh hòbkh js bcsa b v`ry inbcc`kgjkg

mad wnjin nbs d``k drabhcy iav`r`h jk tnjs pbp`r.

Bcc hbtb jk tnjs r`part br` tn` icas` sudmìts ae tn` stuhy, sao` br` hjrìtcy iakkìt`h ta tn`

autcjk` bkh tn` atn`rs br` akcy tn` sudmìt ae r`vj`w.


5/82

v

XBDC@ AE IAKX@KX

Bilkawc`hgò`kt jjj

Bdstrbit jv

Cjst ae Ejgur`s xj

Cjst ae Xbdc`s xjjj

Cjst ae Inbrts xjv

Inbpt`r 62 Jktrahuitjak

2.2 Av`rvj`w 62

2.4 Vurpas` ae Ytuhy 64

2.9 Yiap` ae Ytuhy 64

2.8 O`tnahacagy 64

2.8.2 Vrjobry Yauri` 64

2.8.4 Yìakhbry Yauri` 69

Inbpt`r 64 Vaw`r G`k`rbtjak, Xrbksojssjak & Hjstrjdutjak

4.2 Jktrahuitjak 68

4.4 Jopartbkt X`ros ae Vaw`r Yystò 68

4.4.2 T`sjstbki` 68

4.4.4 T`bc Vaw`r 604.4.9 T`bitjv` Vaw`r 60

4.4.8 Bppbr`kt Vaw`r 60

4.4.0 Vaw`r Ebitar 65

4.4.5 Vaw`r Ebitar Bkgc` 65

4.4.7 Yjgkjejibki` ae Vaw`r Ebitar 67

4.4.> Hjsbhvbktbg`s ae Caw Vaw`r Ebitar 67

4.4.: Vaw`r Ebitar Ppgrbhjkg 6>

4.4.26 Yurg` Uactbg` 6:

4.4.22 @cìtrjijty Iaksuo`r 6:

4.4.24 Hòbkh Cabh 6:

4.4.29 Jkstbcc`h Ibpbijty 6:

4.4.28 @cìtrji @k`rgy O`bsurjkg Pkjt 26


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vj

4.4.20 Yystò Cass 26

4.9 @cìtrji Vaw`r G`k`rbtjak 22

4.9.2 Icbssjejibtjak ae Vaw`r Vcbkt 22

4.9.2.2 Yt`bo Vaw`r Vcbkt 22

4.9.2.4 Hj`s`c Vaw`r Vcbkt 22

4.9.2.9 Kuic`br Vaw`r Vcbkt 22

4.9.2.8 Nyhra-@cìtrji Vaw`r Vcbkt 24

4.9.2.0 Gbs Xurdjk` Vaw`r Vcbkt 24

4.9.4 Vaw`r G`k`rbtjak jk Dbkgcbh`sn 24

4.8 Vaw`r Xrbksojssjak 29

4.8.2 Icbssjejibtjak ae Xrbksojssjak Cjk` 28

4.8.2.2 Av`rn`bh Xrbksojssjak Cjk` 28

4.8.2.2.2 Ynart Xrbksojssjak Cjk` 20

4.8.2.2.4 O`hjuo Xrbksojssjak Cjk` 25

4.8.2.2.9 Cakg Xrbksojssjak Cjk` 25

4.8.2.4 Pkh`rgraukh Xrbksojssjak Cjk` 25

4.8.2.9 Gbs Jksucbt`h Xrbksojssjak Cjk` (GJC) 27

4.0 Hjstrjdutjak ae @cìtrji Vaw`r 2>

Inbpt`r 69 Av`rvj`w ae Hnblb @cìtrji Yuppcy Iaopbky CXH (H@YIA)

9.2 Njstary ae Vaw`r Jkhustry jk Dbkgcbh`sn 46

9.2.2 Xn` D`gjkkjkg 46

9.2.4 @WBVHB, Gav`rko`kt Oakapacy 46

9.2.9 DVHD, Tbpjh H`v`capo`kt 42

9.2.8 T@D, Turbc H`v`capo`kt 42

9.2.0 H@YB, DVHDs T`cj`v` erao Hnblb 42

9.4 Hnblb @cìtrji Yuppcy Iaopbky CXH (H@YIA) 44

9.4.2 Obkpaw`r & Tìrujto`kt 49

9.4.4 Iaoo`rijbc Ap`rbtjak 49

9.4.4.2 Xbrjee Y`ttjkg 499.4.4.4 Xbrjee Tbt` 499.4.4.9 Y`rvji` Gubrbkty 48


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vjj

9.4.9 Ujsjak & Ojssjak 45

9.4.9.2 Ujsjak 45

9.4.9.4 Ojssjak 45

9.4.9.9 Iarparbt` Vnjcasapny 45

9.9 H@YIA Ap`rbtjakbc Hbtb 45

9.9.2 Xìnkjibc Njgncjgnt 45

9.9.4 Iaoo`rijbc Njgncjgnt 47

9.9.9 Grawtn ae tn` Iaopbky 4>

9.8 V`rearobki` 4>

9.8.2 Iaksuoptjak Vbtt`rk 4>

9.8.4 Iaksuo`r Ojx 4>

9.8.9 Ibt`garjs`h Iaksuoptjak Grawtn 4>

9.8.8 Cabh Grawtn 4:

9.8.0 Jopart & Ybc`s 4:

9.8.5 Yystò Cass jk H@YIA 4:

9.8.7 Vraejt & Cass 96

9.0 Bitjvjtj`s ae H@YIA 96

9.0.2 Xìnkjibc Bitjvjtj`s 96

9.0.2.2 Yudstbtjak 96

9.0.2.4 @cìtrji Cjk` Iakstruitjak 92

9.0.2.9 Hjstrjdutjak Xrbksearo`r 92

9.0.4 Iaoo`rijbc Bitjvjtj`s 92

9.0.9 Ybc`s & Hjstrjdutjak (Y&H) Hjvjsjak 98

9.0.9.2 Yystò Ap`rbtjak 90

9.0.9.4 K`w Iakkìtjak 90

9.0.9.9 Cabh Ybkitjak 97

9.0.9.8 Cabh T`t`ktjak 97

9.0.9.0 Vaw`r Ebitar Oakjtarjkg 9>

9.0.9.5 Cjk` Objkt`kbki` 9>

9.0.9.7 Wjr`c`ss & X`cìaooukjibtjak 9:


8/82

vjjj

Inbpt`r 68 Yudstbtjak Ap`rbtjak & Objkt`kbki`

8.2 @cìtrjibc Yudstbtjak 86

8.2.2 Icbssjejibtjak biiarhjkg ta Y`rvji` T`qujrò`kts 86

8.2.4 Icbssjejibtjak biiarhjkg ta Iakstruitjakbc E`btur`s 86

8.4 @qujpo`kts jk b Yudstbtjak 82

8.4.2 Dus Dbr 82

8.4.4 Dus Dbr Brrbkgò`kt 82

8.4.4.2 Yjkgc` Dus Dbr Yystò 82

8.4.4.4 Yjkgc` Dus Dbr wjt Yìtjakbcjsbtjak 84

8.4.4.9 Hupcjibt` Dus Dbr Yystò 89

8.4.9 Jksucbtars 88

8.4.8 Jsacbtars 88

8.4.0 Ijriujt Dr`bl`r 80

8.4.5 Xrbksearo`r 80

8.4.5.2 Vaw`r Xrbksearo`r 85

8.4.5.4 Jkstruo`kt Xrbksearo`r 85

8.4.5.4.2 Iurr`kt Xrbksearo`r (IX) 87

8.4.5.4.4 Vat`ktjbc Xrbksearo`r (VX) 87

8.4.7 O`t`rjkg bkh Jkhjibtjkg Jkstruo`kts 8>

8.4.> Cjgnt`kjkg Brr`st`r 8>

8.4.: Dusnjkg 8:

8.9 Grjh Yudstbtjak & Hjstrjdutjak Yudstbtjak 8:

8.9.2 E``h`r & Iaktrac Taao 04

8.9.4 Hbtb Biqujsjtjak Yystò (HBY) 09

8.8 Objkt`kbki` 08

8.8.2 Tautjk` Mad 08

8.8.4 @o`rg`kiy Ap`rbtjaks 08

Inbpt`r 60 Ubrjbdc` Cabh

0.2 Ubrjbdc` Cabh 00

0.4 @eeìts ae Ubrjbdc` Cabh 00

0.4.2 K``h ae bhhjtjakbc `qujpo`kts 00


9/82


10/82

x

5.8.9.2.2 Av`r Iurr`kt T`cby 55

5.8.9.2.4 Hjstbki` T`cby 55

5.8.9.2.9 Hjee`r`ktjbc T`cby 57

5.8.9.2.8 Duinnacz T`cby 57

T`e`r`ki`s

Bpp`khji`s


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xj

CJYX AE EJGPT@Y

Ejgur` Vbg`

Ejgur` 4.2 @eejij`kt Vaw`r Yystò 68

Ejgur` 4.4 Vaw`r Xrjbkgc` Ynawjkg Vaw`r Ebitar 65

Ejgur` 4.9 Vaw`r Xrjbkgc` Ynawjkg Vaw`r Ebitar Bkgc` 67

Ejgur` 4.8 Yurg` Uactbg` 6:

Ejgur` 4.0 Gàgrbpnjibc K`twarl snawjkg Kbtjakbc Grjh 28

Ejgur` 4.5 Cakg Av`rn`bh Xrbksojssjak Cjk` 20

Ejgur` 4.7 Cakg Ibpbijty Pkh`rgraukh Vaw`r Xrbksojssjak Cjk` 27

Ejgur` 4.> Gbs Jksucbt`h Xrbksojssjak Cjk` (GJC) 2>

Ejgur` 4.: G`k`rbtjak ta Hjstrjdutjak 2>

Ejgur` 8.2 Dus Dbr jopcò`kt`h jk Ojrpur Hjguk Yudstbtjak 82

Ejgur` 8.4 Yjkgc` Dus Dbr 84

Ejgur` 8.9 Yìtjakbcjs`h Yjkgc` Dus Dbr 89

Ejgur` 8.8 Dus Iaupc`r Iaktracc`h jk Pttbrb 294/99 lU Yudstbtjak 89

Ejgur` 8.0 Haudc` Dus Dbr jk Pttbrb 294/99 lU Yudstbtjak 88

Ejgur` 8.5 Jsacbtars jk Pttbrb Grjh Yudstbtjak 88

Ejgur` 8.7 YE5 Ijriujt Dr`bl`rs Obkubc Iaktracc`r jk Pttbrb Grjh Yudstbtjak 80

Ejgur` 8.> 294/99 lU trbksearo`r jk Pttbrb Grjh Yudstbtjak 85

Ejgur` 8.: Iurr`kt Xrbksearo`r (IX) jk Pttbrb Grjh Yudstbtjak 87

Ejgur` 8.26 Vat`ktjbc Xrbksearo`r (VX) jk Pttbrb Grjh Yudstbtjak 87

Ejgur` 8.22 Cjgnt`kjkg Brr`st`r jk Pttbrb Grjh Yudstbtjak 8>

Ejgur` 8.24 Ubrjaus Xyp`s ae Dusnjkgs 8:

Ejgur` 8.29 Yjkgc` Cjk` Hjbgrbo ae Ojrpur Hjguk Yudstbtjak 06


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xjj

Ejgur` 8.28 22 lU E``h`r Jkhjibtjkg Cabh Yn`hhjkg Iakhjtjak 02

Ejgur` 8.20 Iaktrac Taao ae b 99/22 lU Yudstbtjak 04

Ejgur` 8.25 Hbtb Biqujsjtjak Yyst`o (HBY) jk Ojrpur Hjguk Yudstbtjak 09

Ejgur` 0.2 Hbjcy Cabh Iurv` 05

Ejgur` 5.2 Yyoo`trjibc Ebuct 56

Ejgur` 5.4 Cjk`-ta-Graukh Ebuct 52

Ejgur` 5.9 Cjk`-ta-Cjk` Ebuct 52

Ejgur` 5.8 Haudc` Cjk`-ta-Graukh Ebuct (C-C-G) 52


13/82

xjjj

CJYX AE XBDC@Y

Xbdc` Vbg`

Xbdc` 4.2 Iaktrjdutjkg Eu`c Xyp` jk Vaw`r G`k`rbtjak 29

Xbdc` 9.2 Ubrjaus Xbrjee Tbt` 48

Xbdc` 9.4 Y`rvji` Gubrbkty ear CXJ bkh CX Iaksuo`rs 40

Xbdc` 9.9 Y`rvji` Gubrbkty ear NX Iaksuo`rs 40

Xbdc` 9.8 X`inkjibc Njgncjgnt ae H@YIA 45

Xbdc` 9.0 Iaoo`rijbc Njgncjgnt ae H@YIA 47

Xbdc` 9.5 Jkstbcc`h Yudstbtjaks jk 4.22-4624 4:

Xbdc` 9.7 @xpbksjak bkh Pp grbhbtjak ae Cjk` 96

Xbdc` 9.> Iurr`kt Jkerbstruitur` ae H@YIA 96


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xjv

CJYX AE INBTXY

Inbrts Vbg`

Inbrt 9.2 Iaksuoptjak Vbtt`rk 4>

Inbrt 9.4 Iaksuo`r Ojx 4>

Inbrt 9.9 Iaksuoptjak Grawtn 4:


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2

Inbpt`r 2

Jktrahuitjak

2.2 Av`rvj`w

Jkt`rksnjp @@@8:: js b 5 ir`hjt naur iaurs` aee`r`h `v`ry sò`st`r jk Yinaac ae @kgjk``rjkg

bkh Iaoput`r Yij`ki` (Y@IY) bt Jkh`p`kh`kt Pkjv`rsjty, Dbkgcbh`sn (JPD), bs bk `qujvbc`kt

aptjak ae iaurs` Y`kjar Vramìt @@@8:>. B stuh`kt ae Y@IY oust nbv` ta pbrtjijpbt` jk bky ae

tn`s` iaurs`s ta eucejcc tn` r`qujrò`kt ae g`ttjkg b H`gr``. Jk jkt`rksnjp, bk jkt`rk oust inaas` b

sup`rvjsar erao tn` ebiuctj`s ae tn` sinaac. Xn`k tn` jkt`rk snauch stbrt pbrtjijpbtjkg jk tn`

iarr`spakhjkg ap`rbtjaks jk bky h`sjr`h iaoo`rijbc iaopbky. Xn` hutj`s ae bk jkt`rk jk tn`

iaopbky br` hìjh`h dy b outubc k`gatjbtjak d`tw``k tn` stuh`kt bkh tn` iaopbky.

Inaasjkg jkt`rksnjp bs bk aptjak bccaw`h o` ta `xpcar` tn` r`bc warch icas`cy bkh ebojcjbrjz`

oys`ce wjtn tn` jkhustrjbc bkh iaoo`rijbc bspìts ae tn` sudmìt J stuhj`h. Vrap`r bppcjibtjak ae

oy tnàr`tjibc lkawc`hg` js r`qujr`h jk arh`r ta g`t sao` d`kèjts erao tn` prbitjibc `xp`rj`ki`s

J gat hurjkg oy pragrbo. Yuin tnàr`tjibc lkawc`hg` nbs d``k adtbjk`h erao tn` iaurs`s J

stuhj`h, dut wjtnaut bky iarr`spakhjkg prbitjibc lkawc`hg`, js akcy nbce-wby binj`vò`kt ear

oy hby ta hby prbitjibc cje`.

Hnblb @cìtrji Yuppcy Iaopbky (H@YIA) Cjojt`h js b 70% gav`rko`kt awk`h iaopbky.

T`sts ae tn` snbr`nach`rs br` pudcji. Inaasjkg H@YIA bs oy jkt`rksnjp iaopbky js ta g`t

ebojcjbrjz` wjtn tn` hjstrjdutjak ap`rbtjak jk Hnblb, bs tn` iaopbky nbs tn` r`putbtjak ta g`t tn`

obxjouo iaoo`rijbc d`kèjts bkh rbk tn` obmarjty ae suii`sseuc ap`rbtjaks jk tn` oast h`ks`cy

papucbt`h br`b ae tn` iauktry. Jk 2::5, H@YIA wbs ir`bt`h ukh`r tn` Iaopbky Bit 2::8 bs b

Vudcji Cjojt`h Iaopbky wjtn bk butnarjz`h ibpjtbc ae DHX 0.66 djccjak.

@cìtrjijty js b iruijbc `cò`kt, ta upgrbh` tn` saija-ìakaoji ijriuostbki`s bkh ta joprav`

sibrijty. Xn` suppcy ae `cìtrjijty nbs b gr`bt jopbit ak tn` kbtjakbc ìakaoy. Vrap`r bkh

`kaugn r`cjbdc` `cìtrjijty suppcy nbv` b gr`bt pasjtjv` jopbit ak aur Grass Hao`stji Vrahuit

(GHV) bkh GHV js ak` ae tn` `xpcbkbtjaks ta iaopr`n`kh tn` ejkbkijbc systò ae b iauktry, bkh

b h`v`capjkg iauktry cjl` Dbkgcbh`sn, wn`r` papucbtjak js av`r 207 ojccjak (4624, Warch Dbkl,

uphbt`h bt Y`p >, 4629), tn` jkir`bsjkg papucbtjak nbs bk jkir`bs`h hòbkh ae `cìtrjijty. Akcy


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4

56% ae wnjin nbs d``k eucejcc`h. Xn` p`r ibpjtb g`k`rbtjak rbt js akcy 4:4 lWn wnjin js bcsa

v`ry caw iaopbr`h ta bky h`v`capjkg iauktry nbvjkg tn` sjojcbr r`putbtjak cjl` Dbkgcbh`sn.

H@YIA Ap`rbtjaks Bhojkjstrbtjv` bitjvjtj`s, Ejkbkijbc Bitjvjtj`s, Biiaukts Bitjvjtj`s, NTO

Bitjvjtj`s, Y&H Bitjvjtj`s & Ap`rbtjaks (K`w iakkìtjak, cabh r`t`ktjak, cabh r`c`bs`, cabh

obkbgò`kt, iaktrac raao bitjvjty, paw`r ebitar oakjtarjkg & upgrbhjkg, sudstbtjak ap`rbtjak

& objkt`kbki`, cjk` objkt`kbki`, HBY objkt`kbki` `ti.), Ap`rbtjak & Objkt`kbki` ae Grjh

Yudstbtjak.

2.4 Vurpas` ae Ytuhy

Pkh`rstbkhjkg tn` `cìtrji-paw`r hjstrjdutjak systò. Pkh`rstbkhjkg tn` ebuct jk paw`r systò bkh tn` pratìtjak ae paw`r systò. C`brkjkg tn` warljkg prai`hur` ae tn` pratìtjv` r`cby. Pkh`rstbkhjkg tn` warljkg prjkijpc` ae tn` trbksearo`r. C`brkjkg tn` sudstbtjak ap`rbtjak bkh objkt`kbki` jk H@YIA. Pkh`rstbkhjkg tn` ap`rbtjakbc bitjvjtj`s ae tn` Hnblb @cìtrji Yuppcy Iaopbky

(H@YIA).

2.9 Yiap` ae Ytuhy

Xn` r`part iav`rs tn` drjè ap`rbtjaks ae trbksojttjkg, objktbjkjkg bkh hjstrjdutjkg `cìtrjijty jk

tn` kartn`rk pbrt ae Hnblb ijty ukh`r Hnblb Vaw`r Hjstrjdutjak Iaopbky Cjojt`h (H@YIA).

Xnjs r`part `spìjbccy òpnbsjz`s ak paw`r hjstrjdutjak bkh objkt`kbki`. J nbh tn` appartukjty

ta nbv` icas` vj`w ae ap`rbtjv`s bitjvjtj`s ae H@YIA.


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2.8 O`tnahacagy

2.8.2 Vrjobry Yauri`=

Daals, K`wspbp`rs, Maurkbcs r`gbrhjkg tnjs tapji, Jkt`rk`t bkh atn`r obt`rjbcs w`r` us`h

bs tn` prjobry sauri` ae jkearobtjak.

2.8.4 Yìakhbry Yauri`=

Vbrtjijpbtjak jk tn` prbitjibc ej`ch s`ssjak, hjsiussjak wjtn òpcay``s bkh bkkubc r`part

ae H@YIA w`r` us`h bs sìakhbry sauri` ae jkearobtjak.


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Inbpt`r 4

Vaw`r G`k`rbtjak, Xrbksojssjak & Hjstrjdutjak

4.2 Jktrahuitjak

Dbkgcbh`sn js ak` ae tn` oast h`ks`cy papucbt`h iauktrj`s ae Yautn-@bst`rk Bsjb, wn`r` - hu` ta

c`ss tìnkjibc bkh ejkbkijbc suppart - `cìtrjibc `k`rgy js tn` oast usèuc bkh hòbkhjkg earo ae

`k`rgy. Bkh tnjs hòbkh js jkir`bsjkg prapartjakbccy ta tn` papucbtjak, urgjkg butnarjty ta

prahui` oar` bkh oar` `cìtrjijty ta iaop`t` wjtn tn` gcadbc h`v`capo`kt. Xnjs kì`ssjtbt`s

`stbdcjsnjkg b v`ry èejij`kt earo ae paw`r systò iaksjstjkg tnr`` bdsacut` sìtars bs snawk jk

ejgur` 4.2. Xn`s` sìtars br` butnarjs`h ta g`k`rbt` `cìtrjijty biiarhjkg ta kbtjakbc hòbkh,

trbksojt jt tnraugn b kbtjakwjh` kbtjakbc grjh systò, bkh ta hjstrjdut` jt biiarhjkg taiaksuo`rs hòbkhs, bkh inbrgjkg djccs bkh hutj`s ta iakejro b iaoo`rijbc stbdjcjty ta tn`

wnac` systò.

Ejgur` 4.2= @eejij`kt Vaw`r Yystò

Xn`s` sìtars bkh tn`jr murjshjitjaks ae ap`rbtjaks br` tn` objk pajkt ae iaki`ktrbtjak ae tnjs

inbpt`r, dut ta iakstruit b iaoeartbdc` jksjgnt, b snart hjsiussjak bdaut sao` r`cbt`h tnàrj`s br`

hrbwk d`caw.

4.4 Jopartbkt X`ros ae Vaw`r Yystò

4.4.2 T`sjstbki`

Xn` ecaw ae inbrg` tnraugn bky obt`rjbc `kiaukt`rs bk appasjkg eari` sjojcbr b obky

r`spìts ta oìnbkjibc erjitjak. Xnjs appasjtjak, hu` ta tn` iaccjsjak d`tw``k `cìtraks


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bkh atn`rs btaos jk tn` obt`rjbc, wnjin iakv`rts `c`itrjibc `k`rgy jkta n`bt, js ibcc`h

r`sjstbki` ae tn` obt`rjbc \2_.

4.4.4 T`bc Vaw`r

T`bc ar tru` paw`r js tn` paw`r tnbt js us`h ta ha tn` warl ak tn` cabh \4_.

V ? Uros Jros ias

N`r`,

V js tn` r`bc paw`r jk wbtts \W_

Uros js tn` ros vactbg` ? Up`bl/4jk Uacts \U_

Jros js tn` ros iurr`kt ? Jp`bl/4jk Bop`r`s \B_

js tn` jop`hbki` pnbs` bkgc` ? pnbs` hjee`r`ki` d`tw``k vactbg` bkh iurr`kt.

4.4.9 T`bitjv` Vaw`r

T`bitjv` paw`r js tn` paw`r tnbt js wbst`h bkh kat us`h ta ha warl ak tn` cabh \4_.

R ? Uros Jros sjk

N`r`,

R js tn` r`bitjv` paw`r jk vact-bop`r`-r`bitjv` \UBT_



js tn` jop`hbki` pnbs` bkgc` ? pnbs` hjee`r`ki` d`tw``k vactbg` bkh iurr`kt.

4.4.8 Bppbr`kt Vaw`r

Xn` bppbr`kt paw`r js tn` paw`r tnbt js suppcj`h ta tn` ijriujt \4_.

Y ? Uros Jros

N`r`,


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Y js tn` bppbr`kt paw`r jk Uact-bop`r \UB_



4.4.0 Vaw`r Ebitar

Vaw`r ebitar js tn` rbtja d`tw``k bitubc cabh paw`r (LW) bkh bppbr`kt cabh paw`r

(LUB) hrbwk dy bk `cìtrjibc cabh bkh o`bsur`h dy b hjo`ksjakc`ss kuod`r d`tw``k 6

bkh 2 \9_. Jt jkhjibt`s naw èeìtjv`cy tn` iurr`kt js d`jkg iakv`rt`h jkta usèuc autput

bkh oast jopartbktcy js b v`ry gaah pajkt`r ae tn` èeìt ae tn` cabh iurr`kt ak tn`

èejij`kiy ae tn` suppcy systò. Ejgur` 4.4 snaws tn` paw`r ebitar.

Ejgur` 4.4= Vaw`r Xrjbkgc` Ynawjkg Vaw`r Ebitar

4.4.5 Vaw`r Ebitar Bkgc`

Jk bk BI ijriujt, tn`r` js g`k`rbccy b pnbs` hjee`r`ki` d`tw``k vactbg` bkh iurr`kt.

Iasjk` ae tnjs pnbs` bkgc` js lkawk bs tn` paw`r ebitar ae tnbt pbrtjiucbr ijriujt.

Jkhuitjv` ijriujt wauch prahui` cbggjkg paw`r ebitar bkh ibpbijtjv` ijriujt wauch

prahui` c`bhjkg paw`r ebitar. Ejgur` 4.9 snaws b paw`r trjbkgc`, ic`brcy obrljkg tn`

paw`r ebitar bkgc`.


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Ejgur` 4.9= Vaw`r Xrjbkgc` Ynawjkg Vaw`r Ebitar Bkgc`

4.4.7 Yjgkjejibki` ae Vaw`r Ebitar

Xn` jopbit ae paw`r ebitar cj`s jk tn` ebit tnbt hjstrjdutjak iaopbkj`s suppcy iustao`rs

wjtn vact-bop`r`s, dut djcc tnò ear wbtts. Xn` r`cbtjaksnjp js

wbtts ? vacts bop`r`s paw`r ebitar

Jt js ic`br tnbt paw`r ebitars d`caw 2.6 r`qujr` b utjcjty ta g`k`rbt` oar` tnbk tn`

ojkjouo vact-bop`r`s kì`ssbry ta suppcy tn` paw`r (wbtts). Xnjs jkir`bs`s g`k`rbtjak

bkh trbksojssjak iasts. Gaah paw`r ebitar js iaksjh`r`h ta d` gr`bt`r tnbk 6.>0 ar >0%.

Wbtts, ar r`bc paw`r, js wnbt b iustao`r pbys ear. UBT, ar r`bitjv` paw`r, js tn` `xtrb

paw`r trbksojtt`h ta iaop`ksbt` ear b paw`r ebitar c`ss tnbk 2.6. Xn` iaodjkbtjak ae

tn` twa js ibcc`h "bppbr`kt" paw`r (UB ar vact-bop`r`s).

4.4.> Hjsbhvbktbg`s ae Caw Vaw`r Ebitar

Ak` hjsbhvbktbg` js tnbt tn` tru` paw`r js iaksjh`rbdcy c`ss tnbk tn` autput lUB. Xnjs

o`bks tnbt ear b g`k`rbtjkg stbtjak ta suppcy b gjv`k paw`r, jt oby nbv` ta warl bdav` jts

karobc lUB ibpbijty, wjtn tn` iaks`qu`kt `xi`ss tòp`rbtur` rjs` ae tn` g`k`rbtars,

suppcy ibdc`s bkh, wn`r` tn` c`kgtn ae tn` ibdc`s erao tn` g`k`rbtars ta tn` cabh js cbrg`,

jk tn`s` ibdc`s bs w`cc. Xn`r` wjcc bcsa d` cass`s jk tn` sud-ijriujt swjting`br.

Bkatn`r dbh e`btur` ae caw paw`r ebitar js tn` cbrg` boaukt ae wbttc`ss lUB prahui`h.

Xnjs ibus`s cass`s jk tn` obinjk` bs w`cc bs jkir`bsjkg tn` rukkjkg iasts ae tn` wnac`

pcbkt.


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B tnjrh hjsbhvbktbg` js tnbt b cbrg` vact hrap jk bct`rkbtar js ibus`h, pbrtcy dìbus` ae tn`

brobtur` sykinrakaus jop`hbki`, bkh pbrtcy dìbus` ae tn` èeìt hu` ta brobtur`

r`bitjak.

Bpbrt erao tn` beeìts ae caw paw`r ebitar jk g`k`rbtjak sìtar, tn`r` br` sao` sjgkjejibkt

k`gbtjv` èeìts ak trbksojssjak bkh hjstrjdutjak sìtar. Ejrstcy, cbrg`r ibdc`s, swjting`br

bkh trbksearo`rs oby d` kì`ssbry datn wjtnjk bk jkstbccbtjak, bkh tn` suppcy objks

e``hjkg jt. Oaràv`r, caw paw`r ebitar ibus`s ap`rbtjkg hjeejiuctj`s ak njgn vactbg`

trbksojssjak cjk`s. Jk b r`bitjak ta tnas`, hjstrjdutjak iaopbkj`s aet`k p`kbcjz`

iaksuo`rs wnas` cabh js bt paar paw`r ebitar dy inbrgjkg oar` ear tn` `cìtrjibc `k`rgy

us`h. D`sjh`s tnbt, njgn`r iurr`kts gjv` rjs` ta njgn`r iapp`r cass`s jk ibdc`s bkh

trbksearo`rs, bkh bcsa gjv` cbrg`r vactbg` hrap jk ibdc`s, bkh b inbkg` jk cabh gjv`s b

cbrg`r inbkg` jk vactbg` hrap je tn` paw`r ebitar js caw. Xnjs pn`kao`kak js lkawk bs

Vaar Uactbg` T`gucbtjak.

4.4.: Vaw`r Ebitar Ppgrbhjkg

Vaar paw`r ebitar ibk d` iarrìt`h, pbrbhaxjibccy, dy bhhjkg bkatn`r cabh ta tn` ijriujt

hrbwjkg bk `qubc bkh appasjt` boaukt ae r`bitjv` paw`r, ta ibki`c aut tn` èeìts ae tn`

cabh's jkhuitjv` r`bitbki`. Jkhuitjv` r`bitbki` ibk akcy d` ibki`c`h dy ibpbijtjv`

r`bitbki`, sa w` nbv` ta bhh b ibpbijtar jk pbrbcc`c ta aur `xbopc` ijriujt bs tn`

bhhjtjakbc cabh. Xn` èeìt ae tn`s` twa appasjkg r`bitbki`s jk pbrbcc`c js ta drjkg tn`

ijriujt's tatbc jop`hbki` `qubc ta jts tatbc r`sjstbki` (ta obl` tn` jop`hbki` pnbs` bkgc`

`qubc, ar bt c`bst icas`r, ta z`ra).

Kat` tnbt tn` tatbc iurr`kt (Jtatbc) js jk pnbs` wjtn tn` bppcj`h vactbg` (Utatbc), jkhjibtjkg b

pnbs` bkgc` ae k`br z`ra. Xnjs js ka iajkijh`ki`. Kat` tnbt tn` cbggjkg iurr`kt, JC ae tn`

jkhuitar wauch nbv` ibus`h tn` tatbc iurr`kt ta nbv` b cbggjkg pnbs` sao`wn`r` d`tw``k

(Jtatbc) bkh JC. Naw`v`r, tn` c`bhjkg ibpbijtar iurr`kt, JI, iaop`ksbt`s ear tn` cbggjkg

jkhuitar iurr`kt. Xn` r`suct js b tatbc iurr`kt pnbs`-bkgc` sao`wn`r` d`tw``k tn`

jkhuitar bkh ibpbijtar iurr`kts. Oaràv`r, tnbt tatbc iurr`kt (Jtatbc) wbs eari`h ta d` jk-

pnbs` wjtn tn` tatbc bppcj`h vactbg` (Utatbc), dy tn` ibciucbtjak ae bk bppraprjbt` ibpbijtar

vbcu`.


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Jt snauch d` kat`h tnbt taa ouin ibpbijtbki` jk bk BI ijriujt wjcc r`suct jk b caw paw`r

ebitar must bs w`cc bs taa ouin jkhuitbki`. Zau oust d` ibrèuc kat ta av`r-iarrìt wn`k

bhhjkg ibpbijtbki` ta bk BI ijriujt. Zau oust bcsa d` v`ry ibrèuc ta us` tn` prap`r

ibpbijtars ear tn` mad (rbt`h bh`qubt`cy ear paw`r systò vactbg`s bkh tn` aiibsjakbc

vactbg` spjl` erao cjgntkjkg strjl`s, ear iaktjkuaus BI s`rvji` bkh ibpbdc` ae nbkhcjkg

tn` `xpìt`h c`v`cs ae iurr`kt).

4.4.26 Yurg` Uactbg`

B vactbg` rjs` tnbt `khbkg`rs tn` jksucbtjak ae `cìtrji `qujpo`kts js ibcc`h surg` vactbg`

jk paw`r systò. Bk `xbit ibciucbtjak js jopartbkt ear s`cìtjkg rjgnt jksucbtjak bkh

bppraprjbt` systò pratìtjak. Ejgur` 4.8 snaws tn` trbksj`kt vactbg` surg`.

Ejgur` 4.8= Yurg` Uactbg`

4.4.22 @cìtrjijty Iaksuo`r

Jk tn` hjstrjdutjak systò, b ouctjstarj`h snappjkg iaopc`x ar aeeji` ibk d` tr`bt`h bs b

sjkgc` iaksuo`r je o`t`rjkg js hak` tnraugn ak` `cìtrji `k`rgy o`bsurjkg o`t`r. N`r`

`cìtrjijty hjstrjdutjak bg`kij`s ar iaopbkj`s br` b iaksuo`r ta tn` `cìtrjijty g`k`rbtjak

butnarjty ar iaopbky erao wn`r` tn`y purinbs` `cìtrjijty.

4.4.24 Hòbkh Cabh

Hòbkh cabh jkhjibt`s tn` bggr`gbt` hòbkh ae `cìtrjijty ae bcc tn` iaksuo`rs bt bk

jkstbkt tjo`. Psubccy `cìtrjijty hòbkh js h`kat`h dy tn` ukjt Wbtt.


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4.4.29 Jkstbcc`h Ibpbijty

Jk tn` `cìtrjijty systò `v`ry `qujpo`kt bkh cjk` nbs jts obxjouo cabh nbkhcjkg

ibpbijty. Ibpbijty (paw`r) js usubccy h`kat`h dy Uact-Bop`r` (UB) wnjin js bcsa

iakv`rtjdc` jkta Wbtt dy ouctjpcyjkg paw`r ebitar wjtn tn` UB. Xn`rèar`, tn` jkstbcc`h

ibpbijty ae bk `cìtrjijty systò jkhjibt`s tn` obxjouo UB ar Wbtt jt ibk nbkhc`. Jk

ibs` ae `cìtrjijty g`k`rbtjak, jt js tn` suoobtjak ae ibpbijtj`s ae bcc tn` paw`r pcbkts

wjtnjk tn` systò. Jk ibs` ae `cìtrjijty hjstrjdutjak systò, usubccy jt js tn` suoobtjak ae

tn` ibpbijtj`s ae tn` sud-stbtjaks wn`r` njgn vactbg` js iakv`rt`h jkta caw vactbg`. Xn`

ibpbijty ae `cìtrji cjk` bkh ibdc` js bcsa iaksjh`r`h jk h`rjvjkg tn` ibpbijty ae

hjstrjdutjak systò.

4.4.28 @cìtrji @k`rgy O`bsurjkg Pkjt

Psubccy `cìtrji `k`rgy iaksuoptjak js o`bsur`h dy Pkjt. Ak` Pkjt ae `cìtrji `k`rgy

iaksuoptjak o`bks iaksuojkg ak` Ljcawbtt ae `k`rgy jk ak` naur, j.`. dy cjt up t`k266

Wbtt ducds ear bk naur.

4.4.20 Yystò Cass

@v`ry `qujpo`kt, iakhuitar bkh ibdc` us`h jk tn` paw`r systò nbs sao` cass jk

ibrryjkg `cìtrjijty. Xnjs cass js hu` ta tn` r`sjstbki` prap`rty ae obt`rjbc, `cìtrjibc

`k`rgy iakv`rts jkta n`bt, saukh bkh cjgnt `k`rgy. Xn` tnàr`tjibc systò cass ae tn`

`ktjr` systò js eaukh dy tn` earoucb.

(%) ?

266

Dut, jk r`bcjty tn` pjce`rbg` ae `cìtrjijty dy bky o`bks js bcsa rècìt`h jk tn` systò cass,

bs tn` pjce`r`h `cìtrjijty ha`s kat iao` ukh`r `k`rgy sbc`s.

Xn`rèar`, jk ibs` ae hjstrjdutjak systò-

Yystò Cass ? Bitubc Yystò Cass + Cass hu` ta pjce`rbg`

Xn` bitubc systò cass ae tn` av`rn`bh hjstrjdutjak systò snauch kat d` oar` tnbk

7~>%.


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4.9 @cìtrji Vaw`r G`k`rbtjak

Oavò`kt ae b caap ae wjr` ar hjsi ae iapp`r d`tw``k tn` pac`s ae obgk`t g`k`rbt`s `cìtrjijty.

B v`ry eukhbo`ktbc prjkijpbc ae g`k`rbtjkg `cìtrjijty - hjsiav`r`h dy Drjtjsn sij`ktjst Ojinb`c

Ebrbhby hurjkg tn` `brcy s`v`ktj`tn i`ktury.

G`k`rbtjak prai`ss aet`k stbrt`h bt b paw`r stbtjak dy `cìtraoìnbkjibc g`k`rbtars. Xn`s`

g`k`rbtars br` hrjv`k dy n`bt `kgjk`s bkh eu`c`h dy bky ljkh ae `k`rgy sauri`s suin bs eassjc

eu`c, r`k`wbdc` `k`rgy ar kuic`br `k`rgy.

4.9.2 Icbssjejibtjak ae Vaw`r Vcbkts

B paw`r pcbkt rè`rs ta bk jkhustrjbc pcbi` ear g`k`rbtjkg `cìtrjibc paw`r. Xn` `k`rgy sauri`

us`h ta ratbt` tn` g`k`rbtar hèjk`s tn` typ` ae bky pbrtjiucbr paw`r pcbkt bkh vbrj`s injècy

h`p`khjkg upak tn` bvbjcbdjcjty ae in`bp ar sbe` typ` ae eu`c.

Biiarhjkg ta tn` dbsji icbssjejibtjak, paw`r pcbkts br` ae twa typ`s iakv`ktjakbc bkh kak-

iakv`ktjakbc. Kak-iakv`ktjakbc paw`r pcbkts br` tnas` wnjin br` stjcc ukh`r `xp`rjo`kts ar kat

jopcò`kt`h y`t ta jkhustrjbc prahuitjak ae paw`r. Ak tn` atn`r nbkh, iakv`ktjakbc paw`r pcbkts

br` tn` oast papucbr o`bks ae g`k`rbtjak bkh suii`sseuccy `xìut`h jk obky iauktrj`s ukh`r tn`

obss prahuitjak ae paw`r. Xn` obmar ar tn` oast papucbr iakv`ktjakbc paw`r pcbkts br`

4.9.2.2 Yt`bo Vaw`r Vcbkt

Ps`s st`bo bs warljkg obt`rjbc bkh warls ak Tbkljk Iyic`. Yt`bo nbs d``k prahui`h,

bkh tn`k `xpbkh`h jk tn` prjo` oav`r. Bet`r tnbt, jt nbs d``k iakh`ks`h e`h dbil jkta tn`

dajc`r ta iaopc`t` tn` iyic`.

4.9.2.4 Hj`s`c Vaw`r Vcbkt

Hj`s`c `kgjk`s br` us`h ta tn` prjobry sjh`. Hj`s`c durks jkta tn` iaodustjak inbod`r ae

tn` `kgjk` bkh prahui` oìnbkjibc `k`rgy. Xnjs `k`rgy hrjv`s tn` bct`rkbtar ta iakv`rt

tnjs oìnbkjibc `k`rgy jkta `cìtrjibc `k`rgy.


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4.9.2.9 Kuic`br Vaw`r Vcbkt

N`bvy `cò`kts suin bs Prbkjuo ar Xnarjuo br` sudmìt`h ta kuic`br ejssjak jk b r`bitar.

Xnjs r`sucts b r`c`bs` jk n`bt `k`rgy wnjin tn`k us`h ta rbjs` st`bo bt njgn tòp`rbtur`

bkh pr`ssur`. Xnjs st`bo tn`k us`h ta ruk b st`bo turdjk`, iakv`rtjkg tn` n`bt `k`rgy ta

oìnbkjibc `k`rgy wnjin tn`k hrjv`s tn` bct`rkbtar ta prahui` `cìtrjijty.

4.9.2.8 Nyhra-@cìtrji Vaw`r Vcbkt

Xn` pat`ktjbc `k`rgy ae wbt`r js iakv`rt`h jkta ljk`tji `k`rgy, dy c`ttjkg tn` wbt`r ebcc

erao b i`rtbjk n`jgnt, wnjin tn`k bccaw`h ecawjkg tnraugn b turdjk` ta prahui`

oìnbkjibc `k`rgy ta hrjv` tn` bct`rkbtar ae b g`k`rbtar.

4.9.2.0 Gbs Xurdjk` Vaw`r Vcbkt

Durkjkg eu`c jkta b njgn-pr`ssur` inbod`r ta prahui` nat gbs`s tnbt ratbt` b turdjk`,

wnjin js tn`k spjk b g`k`rbtar ta prahui` `cìtrjijty \8_.

4.9.4 Vaw`r G`k`rbtjak jk Dbkgcbh`sn

Biiarhjkg ta Dbkgcbh`sn Vaw`r H`v`capo`kt Dabrh (DVHD), Dbkgcbh`sn bcr`bhy r`bin`h tn`

ibpbijty ta g`k`rbt` 26448 OW ae `cìtrjijty (Kavòd`r 4629), oast ae wnjin us` kbturbc gbs

(58.09%) bs eu`c. Xnjs wbs biiarhjkg ta tn` pcbkkjkg ae Vaw`r Yìtar Obst`r Vcbk (VYOV)

jkjtjbt`h jk 4626. Xnjs pcbk bcsa stbt`s tnbt jk 4696, tn` kbtjakbc hòbkh wauch d` 98,666 OW

wn`r`bs kbtjakbc g`k`rbtjak wauch d` 9:,666 OW \0_.

VYOV 4626 bcsa bjos ta biqujr` tn` eu`c iaopasjtjak rbtja wauch d` iabc 06% (96% hao`stji

iabc bkh 46% jopart`h iabc), kbturbc gbs 40% (jkicuhjkg CKG), 0% cjqujh eu`c bkh 46% kuic`br

jkicuhjkg r`k`wbdc` bkh irass-darh`r trbh`s, tnus prjarjtjz`s tn` us` ae hao`stji prjobry `k`rgy

sauri`s.

Bs snawk jk Xbdc` 4.2, Dbkgcbh`sn iurr`ktcy h`p`khjkg v`ry ouin ak kbturbc gbs, wnjin

prahui`s 50:> OW ae `cìtrjijty (58.09% ae tatbc g`k`rbtjak), dut bttòptjkg ta r`c`bs` tn`

pr`ssur` erao gbs stail dy hjv`rtjkg btt`ktjak ta iabc bkh r`k`wbdc` `k`rgy.


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Eu`c typ` Ibpbijty (OW) Xatbc (%)

Gbs 50:> 58.09

N`bvy Eu`c Ajc (NEA) 2:59 2:.4

Njgn Yp``h Hj`s`c (NYH) 5>9 5.5>

Jopart`h 066 8.>:

Iabc 406 4.80

Nyhra 496 4.40

Xatbc 26448 266

Xbdc` 4.2= Iaktrjdutjkg Eu`c Xyp` jk Vaw`r G`k`rbtjak

4.8 Vaw`r Xrbksojssjak

Xrbksojssjak cjk`s br` s`ts ae wjr`s, ibcc`h iakhuitars, wnjin ibrry `cìtrji paw`r erao

g`k`rbtjkg pcbkts ta tn` sudstbtjaks tnbt h`cjv`r paw`r ta iustao`rs. Bt b g`k`rbtjkg pcbkt,

`cìtrji paw`r js st`pp`h up ta s`v`rbc tnausbkh vacts dy b trbksearo`r bkh h`cjv`r`h ta tn`

trbksojssjak cjk`. Bt kuo`raus sudstbtjaks ak tn` trbksojssjak systò, trbksearo`rs st`p hawk

tn` paw`r ta b caw`r vactbg` bkh h`cjv`r jt ta hjstrjdutjak cjk`s. Hjstrjdutjak cjk`s ibrry paw`r ta

ebros, nao`s bkh dusjk`ss`s. Xn` typ` ae trbksojssjak struitur`s us`h ear bky pramìt js

h`t`rojk`h dy tn` inbrbit`rjstjis ae tn` trbksojssjak cjk`s raut`, jkicuhjkg t`rrbjk bkh `xjstjkg

jkerbstruitur`.

Vaw`r Grjh Iaopbky ae Dbkgcbh`sn (VGID) Cjojt`h awks bcc ae tn` trbksojssjak cjk` ae

Dbkgcbh`sn. Xn` objk ap`rbtjkg eukitjak ae VGID js wn``cjkg ae `k`rgy erao DVHD paw`r

stbtjaks bkh G`k`rbtjak Iaopbkj`s ta Hjstrjdutjak `ktjtj`s utjcjzjkg trbksojssjak k`twarl. VGID

g`ts jts `k`rgy wn``cjkg inbrg` erao jts icj`kts (hjstrjdutjak `ktjtj`s) bt tn` rbt` ejx`h dy

Dbkgcbh`sn @cìtrjijty T`gucbtary Iaoojssjak (D@TI). Xrbksojssjak cjk`s ae tn` iaopbky up

ta Muk`, 4629 br` staah bt 9646.77 ijriujt lo ae 496 lU cjk`s, 5655.88 ijriujt lo ae 294 lU

cjk`s bkh 20 kas. ae 496/294 lU sudstbtjak bkh >9 kas. ae 294/99 lU sudstbtjaks. Ejgur` 4.0

jccustrbt`s b drjè gàgrbpnjibc k`twarl ae kbtjakbc paw`r grjh, ic`brcy jkhjibtjkg `xjstjkg, ukh`r

iakstruitjak & pcbkk`h 496 LU bkh 294 LU trbksojssjak cjk`. Jt bcsa snaws tn` pcbkkjkg bkh

iakstruitjak ae k`wcy bhapt`h 866 LU trbksojssjak cjk`s \0_.


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Ejgur` 4.0= Gàgrbpnjibc K`twarl snawjkg Kbtjakbc Vaw`r Grjh

4.8.2 Icbssjejibtjak ae Xrbksojssjak Cjk`

H`p`khjkg ak tn` raut` ae trbksojssjak cjk`s bkh iaksjh`rjkg tn` t`rrbjk bkh tn` `xjstjkg

jkerbstruitur`, trbksojssjak cjk`s br` icbssjej`h jkta tnr`` obmar typ`s.

4.8.2.2 Av`rn`bh Xrbksojssjak Cjk`

Av`rn`bh trbksojssjak cjk`s hjstrjdut` tn` obmarjty ae tn` `cìtrji `k`rgy jk tn` systò. B typjibc

njgn-vactbg` cjk` nbs tnr`` pnbs` iakhuitars ta ibrry tn` iurr`kt bkh trbkspart tn` `k`rgy, bkh

twa graukh`h snj`ch iakhuitars ta pratìt tn` cjk` erao hjrìt cjgntkjkg strjl`s. Xn` usubccy dbr`

iakhuitars br` jksucbt`h erao tn` suppartjkg taw`rs dy jksucbtars bttbin`h ta graukh`h taw`rs ar

pac`s. Caw`r-vactbg` cjk`s us` past jksucbtars, wnjc` tn` njgn-vactbg` cjk`s br` dujct wjtn

jksucbtar inbjks ar cakg-rah iaopasjt` jksucbtars. Xn` karobc hjstbki` d`tw``k tn` suppartjkg

taw`rs js b e`w nukhr`h e``t.

Av`rn`bh cjk`s us` BIYT (bcuojkuo ibdc`, st``c r`jkeari`h) bkh BIBT (bcuojkuo ibdc`, bccay

r`jkeari`h) iakhuitars. Jk bk BIYT iakhuitar, b strbkh`h st``c iar` ibrrj`s tn` oìnbkjibc cabh,

bkh cby`rs ae strbkh`h bcuojkuo surraukhjkg tn` iar` ibrry tn` iurr`kt. Bk BIBT iakhuitar js

b strbkh`h ibdc` obh` ae bk bcuojkuo bccay wjtn caw r`sjstbki` bkh njgn oìnbkjibc str`kgtn.


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BIYT iakhuitars br` usubccy us`h ear njgn-vactbg` cjk`s, bkh BIBT iakhuitars ear sud-

trbksojssjak bkh hjstrjdutjak cjk`s. Pctrbnjgn-vactbg` (PNU) bkh `xtrb-njgn-vactbg` (@NU) cjk`s

us` dukhc` iakhuitars. @bin pnbs` ae tn` cjk` js dujct wjtn twa, tnr``, ar eaur iakhuitars

iakkìt`h jk pbrbcc`c bkh s`pbrbt`h dy bdaut 2.0 et (6.0 o). Dukhc` iakhuitars r`hui` iarakb

hjsinbrg` \5_.

Xrbksojssjak cjk`s br` sudmìt ta `kvjrako`ktbc bhv`rsjtj`s, jkicuhjkg wjh` vbrjbtjaks ae

tòp`rbtur`, njgn wjkhs, bkh ji` bkh skaw h`pasjts, dut br` typjibccy h`sjgk`h ta wjtnstbkh

`kvjrako`ktbc str`ss`s aiiurrjkg aki` `v`ry 06266 y`brs. Ejgur` 4.5 gjv`s bk `xbopc` ae cakg

av`rn`bh trbksojssjak cjk`.

Ejgur` 4.5= Cakg Av`rn`bh Xrbksojssjak Cjk`

H`p`khjkg ak tn` vactbg` c`v`c trbksojttjkg tnraugn tn` cjk` ar tn` hjstbki` tn` trbksojtt`h

sjgkbc wjcc trbv`c, av`rn`bh cjk`s br` icbssjej`h bs eaccaws.


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4.8.2.2.2 Ynart Xrbksojssjak Cjk`

Xn` trbksojssjak cjk`s wnjin nbv` c`kgtn c`ss tnbk >6 lo br` g`k`rbccy rè`rr`h bs snart

trbksojssjak cjk`s. Ear snart c`kgtn, tn` snukt ibpbijtbki` ae tnjs typ` ae cjk` js k`gcìt`h

bkh atn`r pbrbo`t`rs cjl` r`sjstbki` bkh jkhuitbki` ae tn`s` snart cjk`s br` cuop`h \7_.

4.8.2.2.4 O`hjuo trbksojssjak Cjk`

Xn` trbksojssjak cjk` nbvjkg jts èeìtjv` c`kgtn oar` tnbk >6 lo dut c`ss tnbk 486 lo js

g`k`rbccy rè`rr`h ta bs b o`hjuo trbksojssjak cjk`. Hu` ta tn` cjk` c`kgtn d`jkg

iaksjh`rbdcy njgn, bhojttbki` ae tn` k`twarl ha`s pcby b rac` jk ibciucbtjkg tn` èeìtjv`

ijriujt pbrbo`t`rs, ukcjl` jk tn` ibs` ae snart trbksojssjak cjk`s. Ear tnjs r`bsak tn`

oah`cjkg ae b o`hjuo c`kgtn trbksojssjak cjk` js hak` usjkg cuop`h snukt bhojttbki`

bcakg wjtn tn` cuop`h jop`hbki` jk s`rj`s ta tn` ijriujt \7_.

4.8.2.2.9 Cakg Xrbksojssjak Cjk`

B paw`r trbksojssjak cjk` wjtn jts èeìtjv` c`kgtn ae braukh 486 lo ar bdav` js rè`rr`h

ta bs b cakg trbksojssjak cjk`. Ibciucbtjaks r`cbt`h ta ijriujt pbrbo`t`rs ae suin b paw`r

trbksojssjak js kat tnbt sjopc`, bs wbs tn` ibs` ear b snart ar o`hjuo trbksojssjak cjk`.

Xn` r`bsak d`jkg tnbt, tn` èeìtjv` ijriujt c`kgtn jk tnjs ibs` js ouin njgn`r tnbk wnbt jt

wbs ear tn` earo`r oah`cs (cakg bkh o`hjuo cjk`) bkh, tnus rucjkg aut tn`

bppraxjobtjaks iaksjh`r`h tn`r` cjl` \7_.

4.8.2.4 Pkh`rgraukh Xrbksojssjak Cjk`

Pkh`rgraukh cjk`s br` b v`ry r`cjbdc` o`bk ae trbksojttjkg `cìtrji paw`r, dut tnraugn b s`t ae

njgncy jksucbt`h ibdc`s durj`h cjt`rbccy ukh`r `brtn ta ojkjojs` tn` èeìts ae `kvjrako`ktbc

nbzbrhs ta tn` paw`r systò. Pkh`rgraukh ibdc`s nbv` hjee`r`kt tìnkjibc r`qujrò`kts tnbk

av`rn`bh cjk`s bkh nbv` hjee`r`kt `kvjrako`ktbc jopbits. Hu` ta tn`jr hjee`r`kt pnysjibc,

`kvjrako`ktbc, bkh iakstruitjak k``hs, ukh`rgraukh trbksojssjak g`k`rbccy iasts oar` bkh oby

d` oar` iaopcjibt`h ta iakstruit tnbk av`rn`bh cjk`s. Ejgur` 4.7 r`v`bcs b cbrg` ibpbijty njgncy

sìur`h ukh`rgraukh paw`r trbksojssjak cjk` jk b ukh`rgraukh tukk`c.


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Ejgur` 4.7= Cbrg` Ibpbijty Pkh`rgraukh Vaw`r Xrbksojssjak Cjk`

Xn` h`sjgk bkh iakstruitjak ae ukh`rgraukh trbksojssjak cjk`s hjee`r erao av`rn`bh cjk`s

dìbus` ae twa sjgkjejibkt tìnkjibc inbcc`kg`s tnbt k``h ta d` av`riao`. Vravjhjkg sueejij`kt

jksucbtjak sa tnbt ibdc`s ibk d` wjtnjk jkin`s ae graukh`h obt`rjbc< bkh hjssjpbtjkg tn` n`bt

prahui`h hurjkg tn` ap`rbtjak ae tn` `cìtrjibc ibdc`s. Av`rn`bh cjk`s br` s`pbrbt`h erao `bin

atn`r bkh surraukh`h dy bjr. Ap`k bjr ijriucbtjkg d`tw``k bkh braukh tn` iakhuitars iaacs tn`

wjr`s bkh hjssjpbt`s n`bt v`ry èeìtjv`cy. Bjr bcsa pravjh`s jksucbtjak tnbt ibk rìav`r je tn`r` js

b ecbsnav`r. Jk iaktrbst, b kuod`r ae hjee`r`kt systòs, obt`rjbcs, bkh iakstruitjak o`tnahs nbv`

d``k us`h hurjkg tn` cbst i`ktury jk arh`r ta binj`v` tn` kì`ssbry jksucbtjak bkh n`bt hjssjpbtjak

r`qujr`h ear ukh`rgraukhjkg trbksojssjak cjk`s.

4.8.2.9 Gbs Jksucbt`h Xrbksojssjak Cjk` (GJC)

Gbs jksucbt`h trbksojssjak cjk`s (GJC) br` b o`bks ae ducl `cìtrji paw`r trbksojssjak bt `xtrb

njgn vactbg`. GJC iaksjsts ae tuducbr bcuojkjuo iakhuitars `kibs`h jk b o`tbccji tud` tnbt js

ejcc`h wjtn b ojxtur` ae sucpnur n`xbecuarjh` (YE5) bkh kjtrag`k gbs`s ear `cìtrjibc jksucbtjak.

Yjki` tn` ejrst jkstbccbtjak ae GJC jk 2:70, sìakh g`k`rbtjak GJC nbs d``k h`v`cap`h tnbt js

oar` ìakaojibccy vjbdc` bkh jts h`sjgk aptjojs`h datn ear jkstbccbtjak bkh ap`rbtjak. Wn`r`

GJC js jkstbcc`h jk iaodjkbtjak wjtn gbs jksucbt`h swjting`br (GJY), iaopbit sacutjaks ibk d`

h`cjv`r`h jk arh`r ta suppcy cbrg` boaukts ae `cìtrji paw`r ta o``t tn` njgn hòbkh ae cbrg`

ijtj`s bkh jkhustry. Xn`s` k`w passjdjcjtj`s ibk ojtjgbt` paw`r ecaw pradcòs, r`hui` tn` rjsl ae

ebjcur` ae `cìtrjibc trbksojssjak systòs bkh `kbdc` tn` jkstbccbtjak ae aptjouo sacutjaks


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r`gbrhjkg tìnkjibc, ìakaojibc bkh `kvjrako`ktbc bspìts. Ejgur` 4.> js bk `xbopc` ae b 496

lU GJC ukh`r iakstruitjak jk Obssbinus`tts, PYB \>_.

Ejgur` 4.>= Gbs Jksucbt`h Xrbksojssjak Cjk` (GJC)

4.0 Hjstrjdutjak ae @cìtrji Vaw`r

@cìtrji hjstrjdutjak systò js suin b pbrt ae paw`r systò wnjin hjstrjdut`s `cìtrjijty ear caibciaksuoptjak. Xn` `cìtrjibc `k`rgy prahui`s bt tn` g`k`rbtjkg stbtjak js iakv`y`h ta tn`

iaksuo`rs tnraugn b k`twarl ae hjstrjdutjak systò, bet`r jt nbs d``k trbksojtt`h av`r b

trbksojssjak grjh. Xn`rèar`, g`k`rbccy, hjstrjdutjak systò js tn` `cìtrjibc systò d`tw``k tn`

sud-stbtjak e`h dy tn` trbksojssjak systò bkh tn` iaksuo`rs o`t`rs.

Ejgur` 4.:= G`k`rbtjak ta Hjstrjdutjak


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Jk Dbkgcbh`sn, iurr`ktcy 5 sòj-butakaoaus iaopbkj`s br` iaktrjdutjkg ta hjstrjdut` paw`r,

erao obkbgjkg tn` jkhustrjbc kì`ssjty ta cjgntjkg tn` ròat`st br`b ae tn` iauktry. Bcc ae tnò

br` kat akcy purinbsjkg `cìtrjijty erao DVHD bkh s`ccjkg tnò ta tn` iaksuo`rs, dut bcsa

obkbgjkg kuo`raus kuod`rs ae sud-stbtjaks bkh hjstrjdutjak k`twarls jkicuhjkg pac`

trbksearo`rs bkh zakbc ukh`rgraukh ibdc`s. Xn`s` dahj`s br`

2. Hnblb Vaw`r Hjstrjdutjak Iaopbky Cjojt`h (HVHI)4. Hnblb @cìtrji Yuppcy Iaopbky Cjojt`h (H@YIA)9. W`st ]ak` Vaw`r Hjstrjdutjak Iaopbky Cjojt`h (W]VHIC)8. Kartn-W`st ]ak` Vaw`r Hjstrjdutjak Cjojt`h (KW]VHIC)0. Yautn ]ak` Vaw`r Hjstrjdutjak Iaopbky Cjojt`h (Y]VHIC)5. Turbc @cìtrjejibtjak Dabrh (T@D)


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Inbpt`r 9

Av`rvj`w ae Hnblb @cìtrji Yuppcy Iaopbky (H@YIA) Cjojt`h

9.2 Njstary ae Vaw`r Jkhustry jk Dbkgcbh`sn

9.2.2 Xn` D`gjkkjkg

Xn` `cìtrjijty suppcy jkhustry jk Yautn-@bst`rk Bsjb stbrt`h wjtn tn` iaoojssjakjkg ae tn` ejrst

paw`r stbtjak jk 2>:6. Bctnaugn b kuod`r ae sobcc stbtjaks w`r` iakstruit`h av`r tn` k`xt 46

y`brs, tn`s` stbtjaks w`r` jsacbt`h, ibt`rjkg ta sobcc hjstrjdutjak k`twarls s`rvjkg tn` obmar

urdbk i`kt`rs.

Xn` ejrst èeart ta struitur` b c`gbc erbo`warl ear tn` jkhustry ibo` jk 2:26 wjtn tn` `kbito`kt

ae tn` Jkhjbk @cìtrjijty Bit, 2:26. Xnjs Bit saugnt ta r`gucbt` tn` dusjk`ss ae jkhustry stjcc

dbs`h ak tn` ach iaki`pt ae jsacbt`h prjvbt`cy awk`h hjstrjdutjak k`twarls e`h dy sobcc

g`k`rbtjak stbtjaks & `ss`ktjbccy hèjk`h tn` rjgnts & adcjgbtjaks ae tn` suppcj`r bkh tn`

iaksuo`r.

9.2.4 @WBVHB, Gav`rko`kt Oakapacy

Jk 2:87, bt tn` tjo` ae jkh`p`kh`ki` ae sudiaktjk`kt, tn` jkstbcc`h g`k`rbtjkg ibpbijty jk tn` tn`k

@bst Vbljstbk wbs akcy 42 OW. @cìtrjijty wbs bvbjcbdc` ta akcy sobcc `cjt` jk tn` hjstrjit bkh

sud-hjvjsjakbc n`bhqubrt`rs. Xn` hjstrjdutjak k`twarls jk tn`s` ijtj`s w`r` jsacbt`h bkh w`r` e`h

dy iabc ejr`h st`bo paw`r pcbkts ar hj`s`c g`k`rbtjak. Jk bk èeart ta `xp`hjtjauscy bugo`kt

g`k`rbtjak ibpbijty ta e``h b h`v`capo`kt ìakaoy, tn` tn`k Gav`rko`kt ae Vbljstbk jssu`h bk

arhjkbki` jk 2:0: ir`btjkg tn` @bst Vbljstbk Wbt`r bkh Vaw`r H`v`capo`kt Butnarjty

(@WBVHB). Xn` Arhjkbki` `ss`ktjbccy pravjh`h ear tn` Gav`rko`kts tblàv`r ae bcc

G`k`rbtjak, Xrbksojssjak bkh Hjstrjdutjak ebijcjtj`s erao tn` prjvbt` sìtar, tn`r`dy ir`btjkg b

tatbc Gav`rko`kt oakapacy jk tn` sìtar. Hurjkg 2:56s bkh 2:76s tn` g`k`rbtjak ibpbijty ae tn`

tn`k @bst Vbljstbk ras` erao >> OW ta 870 OW, suppcj`h cbrg`cy dy kbturbc gbs bkh ajc ejr`h

st`bo paw`r bkh nyhra pcbkts. Xn` k`twarls ae Hnblb bkh Injttbgakg bkh tn`k d``k

jkt`riakkìt`h naw`v`r wjtn w`bl 294 LU cjkls.


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9.2.9 DVHD, Tbpjh H`v`capo`kt

Ynartcy bet`r tn` ir`btjak ae bk Jkh`p`kh`kt Dbkgcbh`sn, jk 2:74, tn` ejrst Gav`rko`kt ae

Dbkgcbh`sn, jk bk èeart ta sp``h up tn` jkv`sto`kt jk tn` sìtar jssu`h bk Arhjkbki` ir`btjkg tn`

Dbkgcbh`sn Vaw`r H`v`capo`kt Dabrh (DVHD) bs tn` suii`ssar argbkjzbtjak ae tn` paw`r sjh`

ae @WBVHB. Xn` Arhjkbki` rìagkjz`h tn` hjv`rg`ki` ae `k`rgy r`cbt`h jssu`s jk h`v`capo`kt.

Hurjkg 2:74 ta 2::0, DVHD nbs jkir`bs`h tn` g`k`rbtjkg ibpbijty jk tn` iauktry ta 4>2> OW,

bkh tn` c`kgtn ae jts 496 bkh 294 LU trbksojssjak k`twarls ta 82: LO bkh 485: LO. Ear tn`

ejrst tjo` jk Hìòd`r 2:>4, tn` `bst`rk bkh w`st`rk nbcv`s ae tn` iauktry w`r` `cìtrjibccy

iakkìt`h tnraugn tn` iaoojssjakjkg ae haudc` ijriujt 496 LU trbksojssjak cjk` birass tn`

Zboukb Tjv`r `k`rgjz`h bt 294 LU d`tw``k Jsnwbrhj bkh Xakgj ibcc`h tn` ejrst @bst-W`st

Jkt`riakkìtar. G`k`rbtjak sauri`s w`r` hjv`rsjej`h ta jkicuh` b 496 OW nyhrapaw`r stbtjak bt

Lbptbj ak tn` Lbrkbpnucj Tjv`r bkh kbturbc gbs bkh jopart`h eu`c dbs`h, ap`k bkh iaodjk`h

iyic` paw`r pcbkts bt hjee`r`kt caibtjaks ae @bst`rk bkh W`st`rk pbrt ae tn` iauktry. Xn`

hjstrjdutjak k`twarls ae bcc obmar tawks bkh ijtj`s nbh d``k cjkl`h tnraugn 496 LU bkh 294 LU

jkt`r-tj`s.

9.2.8 T@D, Turbc H`v`capo`kt

Jk arh`r ta jkt`ksjey tn` pbi` ae rurbc `cìtrjejibtjak, tn` Gav`rko`kt jssu`h bk arhjkbki` jk 2:77

`stbdcjsnjkg tn` Turbc @cìtrjejibtjak Dabrh (T@D), b sòj-butakaoaus bg`kiy inbrg`h wjtn tn`

r`spaksjdjcjty ae pcbkkjkg, h`v`capjkg, ejkbkijkg bkh iakstruitjak ae rurbc hjstrjdutjak k`twarls,

praoatjkg tn` `stbdcjsno`kt ae 76 Turbc @cìtrji Iaap`rbtjv`s (Vbccj Djhyut Ybojtj`s VDY),

nbkhjkg av`r tn` iakstruit`h rurbc k`twarls ta tnò, bssjstjkg tn` VDYs ta ap`rbt` bkh objktbjk

tn` rurbc k`twarls bkh oakjtarjkg tn`jr ejkbkijbc p`rearobki`s. Xn` T@D nbs sa ebr iakstruit`h

av`r 49:,92> Lo ae hjstrjdutjak cjk`s bkh pravjh`h av`r : ojccjak iaksuo`rs iakkìtjaks jk tn`

rurbc br`bs (Muk`, 4624).

9.2.0 H@YB, DVHDs T`cj`v` erao Hnblb

Erao 2:>5 akwbrhs, tn` iaoo`rijbc p`rearobki` ae tn` DVHD h`t`rjarbt`h bkh hurjkg 2::6,

DVHDs bv`rbg` grass systòs cass wbs bdaut 84 p`ri`kt bkh biiaukts rì`jvbdc`s jk `xi`ss ae

5.0 oaktns ae djccjkg. Xnjs p`rearobki` wbs kat eaukh r`bsakbdc` ta tn` iav`kbkts bgr``h dy tn`


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Gav`rko`kt bkh DVHD wjtn tn` Bsjbk H`v`capo`kt Dbkl (BHD) bkh tn` Warch Dbkl. @xp`rts

r`v`bc`h, tn` nug` iav`rbg` br`bs w`r` prav`k hjeejiuct ta nbkhc` sjkgc`nbkh`hcy dy tn` dabrh.

Xn`rèar`, ta c`ss`k tn` bhojkjstrbtjv` durh`k ak DVHDs obkbgò`kt, jk 2::6, bkatn`r

arhjkbki` wbs jssu`h, wnjin wbs suds`qu`ktcy `kbit`h bs bk Bit trbkse`rrjkg tn` 294 LU bkh 99

LU Xrbksojssjak bkh hjstrjdutjak systò jk tn` Gr`bt`r Hnblb Br`b jkicuhjkg tn` O`trapacjtbk

Ijty ta b k`wcy ir`bt`h Gav`rko`kt bg`kiy ibcc`h tn` Hnblb @cìtrji Yuppcy Butnarjty (H@YB).

9.4 Hnblb @cìtrji Yuppcy Iaopbky CXH (H@YIA)

Hnblb @cìtrji Yuppcy Ia. Cth. (H@YIA) wbs ir`bt`h bs b hjstrjdutjak iaopbky jk Kavòd`r

2::5 ukh`r tn` Iaopbky Bit 2::8 bs b Vudcji Cjojt`h Iaopbky wjtn bk Butnarjz`h Ibpjtbc ae

0.66 djccjak DHX. Naw`v`r, tn` ap`rbtjakbc bitjvjtj`s ae H@YIA iaoo`ki`h ak Y`ptòd`r 48,

2::> wjtn tn` tbljkg av`r ae Ojrpur br`b erao `rstwnjc` H@YB wjtn b iaksuo`r str`kgtn ae

72,252 bkh b cabh hòbkh ae :6 OW. Jk tn` suds`qu`kt y`brs ae suii`sseuc ap`rbtjaks bkh

p`rearobki`s, tn` ap`rbtjakbc br`b ae H@YIA wbs `xpbkh`h tnraugn jkicusjak ae Gr`bt`r

Gucsnbk Ijric` jk Bprjc, 4669 bkh Xakgj Oukjijpbc Br`b jk Obrin, 4667. Xn` tatbc iaksuo`r

str`kgtn stbkhs bt 068,749 bs ae Muk`, 4624 wjtn b obxjouo cabh hòbkh ae 720 OW \:_. Xn`

br`b, bdaut 406 squbr` ljcao`t`rs ukh`r s`rvji` ae tn` Iaopbky, iaoprjs`s tn` br`bs daukh`h

dy

Gr`bt`r Ojrpur Br`b Bgbrgbak Br`b Tal`yb Ybrbkj Djmay Ybrbkj Gr`bt`r Gucsnbk Br`b

Gr`bt`r Pttbrb Br`b Dbrjhnbrb Br`b K`w Bjrpart Tabh Obyo`ksnjkg Tabh

Oanblnbcj Mn``c Tbopurb Mn``c Kartn-W`st`rk pbrt ae Dbcu Tjv`r @bst`rk pbrt ae Xurbg Tjv`r Xakgj Oukjijpbc Br`b

Vurdbinbc Oah`c Xawk Pttbrlnbk Br`b Hblnjklnbk Br`b

Joo`hjbt`cy bet`r tbl`k av`r erao H@YB, H@YIAs adcjgbtjak w`r`,

Ap`rbtjak bkh objkt`kbki` ae sudstbtjaks bkh hjstrjdutjak cjk`.


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Iaoo`rijbc eukitjak (djccjkg, iaksuo`r biiauktjkg, hjsiakkìtjak bkh r`-iakkìtjak aeiaksuo`rs, t`stjkg bkh jkstbccbtjak ae iaksuo`r o`t`r `ti.)

Vcbkkjkg, h`sjgk bkh jkstbccbtjak ae k`w hjstrjdutjak k`twarl.

9.4.2 Obkpaw`r & Tìrujto`kt

H@YIA rìrujts jts òpcay``s tnraugn ap`k bhv`rtjsò`kt. Xn` qubcjejibtjak bkh `xp`rj`ki`

r`qujrò`kt w`r` ejxjkg up biiarhjkg ta tn` r`qujrò`kt ear p`rearojkg tn`jr hutj`s bkh

r`spaksjdjcjtj`s bgbjkst tn` r`spìtjv` past. Objkcy tnas` wna nbv` sueejij`kt `xp`rj`ki` jk tn`

ej`ch ae utjcjty argbkjzbtjak br` s`cìt`h ak b o`rjt dbsjs. Xn`y w`r` òpcay`h ak cakg-t`ro

iaktrbit`h dbsjs ukh`r tn` H@YIA's s`rvji` ruc`s bpprav`h dy jts Dabrh ae Hjrìtars.

9.4.4 Iaoo`rijbc Ap`rbtjak

9.4.4.2 Xbrjee Y`ttjkg

D`jkg b iaoo`rijbc argbkjzbtjak, H@YIA nbv` ta inbrg` ear `cìtrjijty jt hjstrjdut`s, ak b "iast

pcus p`rearobki` dbs`h r`turk" prjkijpc` ta iav`r jts ibpjtbc iasts, ap`rbtjak iasts bs w`cc bs ta

tbrg`t b past-tbx r`turk ae 20 p`ri`kt ak jts `qujty. Jt js tn`rèar` prapas`h tnbt, tjcc tn`

rìaoo`khbtjaks ae tn` tbrjee stuhy ta d` iakhuit`h wjtn Warch Dbkl ejkbkijkg br` bvbjcbdc`,

H@YIA inbrg` b iast - pcus-ejx`h- r`turk" tbrjee erao jts iaksuo`rs.

Ibciucbtjak ae H@YIA's tbrjee hurjkg 2::7-4662 wjcc d` dbs`h ak tn` `stjobt`h iasts ae tn`

bss`ts jkjtjbccy ta d` trbkse`rr`h ta jt dy H@YB, tn` Kjktn Vaw`r Vramìt iast bkh bky atn`r

hakars snbr`. Naw`v`r, tn`s` ibciucbtjaks wjcc d` ear jccustrbtjv` purpas`s akcy bkh tn` bitubc

tbrjees wjcc d` dbs`h ak tn` iasts bitubccy jkiurr`h bkh tn` ear`jgk `xinbkg` vbcu` ae tn` Xblb bs

iaoput`h `bin y`br.

9.4.4.4 Xbrjee Tbt`

B k`w tbrjee rbt` wjtn r`spìt ta r`tbjc sbc`s ae `cìtrjijty ae Hnblb @cìtrji Yuppcy Iaopbky

Cth. (H@YIA) nbs d``k obh` èeìtjv` jk ibs` ae `cìtrjijty usbg`s erao 62 Y`ptòd`r 4624.

Xbdc` 9.2 snaws vbrjaus Xbrjee Tbt`s.


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YC Iaksuo`r Ibt`gary V`r Pkjt

Tbt` (Xl.)

2 Ibt`gary-B = T`sjh`ktjbc

b. Ejrst Yt`p = Erao 66 ta 70 ukjts 9.99

d. Y`iakh Yt`p = Erao 75 ta 466 ukjts 8.79

i. Xnjrh Yt`p = Erao 462 ta 966 ukjts 8.>9

h. Eaurtn Yt`p = Erao 962 ta 866 ukjts 8.:9

`. Ejetn Yt`p = Erao 862 ta 566 ukjts 7.:>

e. Yjxtn Yt`p = Bdav` 566 ukjts :.9>

4 Ibt`gary-D = Bgrjiucturbc puopjkg 4.02

9 Ibt`gary-I = Yobcc Jkhustrj`s

b. Ecbt Tbt` 5.:0

d. Aee-V`bl Xjo` 0.:5

i. V`bl Xjo` >.87

8 Ibt`gary-H = Kak-T`sjh`ktjbc (Cjgnt & Vaw`r) 8.09

0 Ibt`gary-@ = Iaoo`rijbc Bkh Aeeji`

B Ecbt Tbt` :.66

D Aee-V`bl Xjo` 7.44

I V`bl Xjo` 22.>05 Ibt`gary-E = O`hjuo Uactbg`, G`k`rbc Vurpas` (22 LU)

B Ecbt Tbt` 5.>2

D Aee-V`bl Xjo` 0.:5

I V`bl Xjo` :.99

7 Ibt`gary-N = Njgn Uactbg`, G`k`rbc Vurpas` (99 LU)

B Ecbt Tbt` 5.8>

D Aee-V`bl Xjo` 0.>7

I V`bl Xjo` :.28

> Ibt`gary-M = Ytr``t Cjgnt bkh Wbt`r Vuops 5.8>

Xbdc` 9.2= Ubrjaus Xbrjee Tbt`


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9.4.4.9 Y`rvji` Gubrbkty

Xbdc` 9.4 bkh 9.9 snaws tn` s`rvji` gubrbkty ear CXJ bkh CX bkh NX iaksuo`r r`spìtjv`cy.

Ear CXJ & CX iaksuo`r

O`t`r &s`rvji` hrap inbkg`, cabh

`xt`ksjak & atn`rs

O`t`r & s`rvji` hrap inbkg` Bppcjibtjak erao iaksuo`r

H`pasjt TI-HI e`` XL= 2466

Vby bcc autstbkhjkg djccs

Cabh `xt`ksjak &atn`rs Bppcjibtjak dy iaksuo`r

Vby bcc autstbkhjkg djccs

H`pasjt TI-HI e`` &atn`r djccs bs bppcjibdc`

Caibtjak ae av`rn`bh cjk`s, pac`s, P/G

`cìtrji ibdc` cjk`

Obp bttbin`h/IH

Xbdc` 9.4= Y`rvji` Gubrbkty ear CXJ bkh CX Iaksuo`rs

Ear NX iaksuo`r (22 LU)

Awk Xrbksearo`r objkt`kbki`prai`hur`

Xrbksearo`r objkt`kbki` & inbkg`, Hrap aut eusìnbkg`, Cjgnt`kjkg brr`st`r inbkg` bkh atn`rs

Xrbksearo`r objkt`kbki` Bppcjibtjak erao iaksuo`r

H`pasjt snuthawk e`` XL=8456 je e``h`r snuthawk

r`qujr`h TI-HI e`` XL= 2466 je e``h`r snuthawk kat

r`qujr`h

Bcc pbyo`kt oust d` obh` tnraugn Dbkl

Xrbksearo`r inbkg` Bppcjibtjak erao iaksuo`r

H`pasjt snuthawk e`` XL= 8456 je e``h`r snuthawk

r`qujr`h TI-HI e`` XL= 2466 je e``h`r snuthawk kat

r`qujr`h

Bcc pbyo`kt oust d` obh` tnraugn Dbkl

V`rojssjak erao I@J


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Hrap aut eus`, Cjgnt`kjkg brr`st`r

inbkg`

Bppcjibtjak erao iaksuo`r

H`pasjt snuthawk e`` XL=8456 je e``h`r snuthawk

r`qujr`h Bcc pbyo`kt oust d` obh` tnraugn Dbkl

Xbdc` 9.9= Y`rvji` Gubrbkty ear NX Iaksuo`rs

9.4.9 Ujsjak & Ojssjak

9.4.9.2 Ujsjak

Xa d` b rac`-oah`c `cìtrji suppcy iaopbky jk tn` r`gjak usjkg oast h`p`khbdc`

tìnkacagy bkh d` b h`v`capo`kt pbrtk`r jk tn` iaktjkuaus w`cebr` ae tn` saij`ty.

9.4.9.4 Ojssjak

Y`rvji` ta tn` utoast sbtjsebitjak ae iaksuo`rs tnraugn r`cjbdc` bkh ukjkt`rrupt`h paw`r

suppcy bkh pravjh` vbcu` ear oak`y. Vravjh` iakg`kjbc warljkg `kvjrako`kt ear

òpcay``s.

9.4.9.9 Iarparbt` Vnjcasapny

Y`rvji` `xi`cc`ki` wjtn jkt`grjty bkh iarparbt` saijbc r`spaksjdjcjty.

9.9 H@YIA Ap`rbtjak Hbtb

9.9.2 Xìnkjibc Njgncjgnt

Vbrtjiucbr 466:-4626 4626-4622 4622-4624

99/22LU Yud-Ytbtjak (ka.) 42 44 40

Ibpbijty ae 99/22LU Yud-Ytbtjak 776/267> >>6/2494 :>6/2974

Obxjouo Hòbkh (OW) 544 586 720

99LU Av`rn`bh Cjk` (LO) >4.> >4.> >4.>

99LU Pkh`rgraukh Cjk` (LO) 46> 420 4:8

22LU Av`rn`bh Cjk` (LO) 2627 2688 26>8

22LU Pkh`rgraukh Cjk` (LO) 906 956 9:6

CX Cjk` (LO) 2572 2727 2778

Hjstrjdutjak Xrbksearo`r (ka.) 8>26 8:9> 0447

Xbdc` 9.8= Xìnkjibc Njgncjgnt ae H@YIA


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Bdav` Xbdc` 9.8 gjv`s b drjè tìnkjibc njstary ae H@YIA. Jt js ic`br, tnbt `v`ry sjkgc` tìnkjibc

`qujpo`kts br` jkir`bsjkg grbhubccy.

9.9.4 Iaoo`rijbc Njgncjgnt

Vbrtjiucbrs 466:-4626 4626-4622 4622-4624

@k`rgy Jopart (OLWn) 4:99 9244 9862

@k`rgy Jopart (OXl) 7>80 >>62 29947

@k`rgy Ybc`s (OLWn) 4579 4>8> 9222

@k`rgy Ybc`s (OXl) 26:22 24866 256:8

Yystò Cass (%) >.>5 >.7: >.08

Iaccìtjak Tbtja (%) :>.70 :>.:5 :>.08

I.J Tbtja (%) :6 :6.45 :6.29

Iaksuo`r Kas. 88524: 88:659 068749

Tì`jvbdc`/Ybc`s (%) 46.5: 2:.:5 2>.08

Xbdc` 9.0= Iaoo`rijbc Njgncjgnt ae H@YIA

Erao tn` Xbdc` 9.0, jt js ic`br tnbt, 4622-24 wbs tn` d`st y`br jk t`ros ae systò cass. Yystò

cass pbrbo`t`r js ae tn` objk pbrbo`t`r ear muhgjkg bky `cìtrji suppcy iaopbky. Yystò cass js

kaw ukh`r 4 hjgjts, jt js >.08. 4622-24 wbs tn` oast suii`sseuc y`br jk t`ros ae IJ rbtja,

Iaccìtjak rbtja. Wn`k iaccìtjak rbtja js hìr`bs`h tn`k IJ rbtja hìr`bs`s bkh systò cass

jkir`bs`s.

9.9.9 Grawtn ae tn` Iaopbky

Xn` Iaopbkys grawtn ibk d` d`tt`r iaki`jv`h dy tn` ejgur`s bkh grbpns pr`s`kt`h jk tnjs

r`part. Ytbrtjkg erao b iaksuo`r dbs` ae 72,666 wjtn cabh hòbkh ae :6 OW jk 2::>, tn`

Iaopbky nbs grawk ta ibt`r bdaut 0, 68,749 iaksuo`rs bs ae Muk` 96, 4624. Xn` snbr`nach`rs

`qujty jkir`bs`h erao Xl. :,:2: ojccjak cbst y`br ta Xl. 26,009 ojccjak, rìarhjkg b grawtn ae

5.9:% hurjkg tn` y`br.


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9.8 V`rearobki`

9.8.2 Iaksuoptjak Vbtt`rk

Earo tn` inbrt 9.2 d`caw, jt js ic`brcy s``k tnbt oar` tnbk 06% ae tn` iaksuoptjak br` sudm`it ta

r`sjh`ktjbc k`i`ssjtj`s. K`brcy 97% ae tn` paw`r js iaksuo`h jk jkhustrjbc ebitarj`s. Xn` r`st br`

us`h `jtn`r jk iaoo`rijbc purpas` ar atn`r kak-sjgkjejibkt purpas`.

Inbrt 9.2= Iaksuoptjak Vbtt`rk

9.8.4 Iaksuo`r Ojx

Bs gjv`k jk inbrt 9.4, k`brcy 806 tnausbkh iaksuo`rs br` r`sjh`ktjbc, oar` tnbk 26 tjo`s tn`

kuod`rs ae iaoo`rijbc iaksuo`rs, wnjin br` k`brcy 86,666. Xn` oast sjgkjejibkt ejkhjkg ae tnjs

inbrt js tnbt akcy 2.4% ae tatbc iaksuo`rs br` jkhustrjbc iaksuo`rs wna iaksuo` oar` tnbk ak`

tnjrh ae tn` tatbc paw`r.

Inbrt 9.4= Iaksuo`r Ojx


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9.8.9 Iaksuoptjak Grawtn

Inbrt 9.9 snaws tn` grawtn ae iaksuoptjak jk tn` cbst e`w y`brs. Jt js ic`brcy s``k tnbt tn`

r`sjh`ktjbc iaksuoptjak nbs jkir`bs`h bkh k`brcy haudc`h wnjc` iaoo`rijbc bkh atn`r purpas`

iaksuoptjaks br` nbrhcy jkir`bs`h. Jkhustrjbc iaksuoptjak nbs bcsa jkir`bs`h sjgkjejibktcy.

Inbrt 9.9= Iaksuoptjak Grawtn

9.0 Bitjvjtj`s ae H@YIA

9.0.2 Xìnkjibc Bitjvjtj`s

Obmar tìnkjibc bitjvjtj`s iaopc`t`h hurjkg tn` y`br 4622-24 br` njgncjgnt`h d`caw=

9.0.2.2 Yudstbtjak= H@YIA bcwbys e``cs ta d` iaksjst`kt wjtn cabh grawtn bkh ibpbijty`knbkiò`kt. Bs suin jt taal vbrjaus pramìts ear ibpbijty dujchjkg. Jk EZ 4622-24 tn` iaopbky

jkstbcc`h t`st`h bkh iaoojssjak`h tn` eaccawjkg 0 (ejv`) 99/22 LU sudstbtjaks (Xbdc` 9.5) wjtnjk

jts murjshjitjak=

Kbo` ae Yudstbtjak Hbt` ae Iaopc`tjak Ibpbijty

Nbzrbt Ynbnmbcbc Jkt`rkbtjakbc Bjrpart (IBBD) Mucy 67, 4622 4 46/4> OUB

Ojrpur HANY Bugust 4>, 4622 4 46/4> OUB

Pttbrb Y`ptòd`r 42, 4622 9 46/4> OUB

Ojrpur Ach Aitad`r 20, 4622 9 46/4> OUB

Dbukjb Hìòd`r 96, 4622 4 46/28 OUB

Xatbc Ibpbijty Jkir`bs`h 446/96> OUB

Xbdc` 9.5= Jkstbcc`h Yudstbtjaks jk 4622-4624


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9.0.2.4 @c`itrji Cjk` Iakstruitjak= Hurjkg cbst ejkbkijbc y`br H@YIA iaopc`t`h tn` `xpbksjak

bkh up grbhbtjak ae jts sauri` cjk` bkh hjstrjdutjak k`twarl bs stbt`h jk Xbdc` 9.7.

Xbdc` 9.7= @xpbksjak bkh Pp grbhbtjak ae Cjk`

9.0.2.9 Hjstrjdutjak Xrbksearo`r= Jk arh`r ta ibt`r tn` jkir`bsjkg cabh h`obkh bkh `knbki`cabh ibpbijty, H@YIA jkstbcc`h bs obky bs 452 kas. ae 22/6.8 LU, 9-pnbs` 466 LUB bkh 4>

kas. ae sjkgc` pnbs` trbksearo`rs, jk bhhjtjak ta iaksuo`rs awk trbksearo`rs. Xbdc` 9.> snaws

tn` iurr`kt jkerbstruitur` ae H@YIA.

Xbdc` 9.>= Iurr`kt Jkerbstruitur` ae H@YIA

9.0.4 Iaoo`rijbc Bitjvjtj`s

Obmar iaoo`rijbc bitjvjtj`s ukh`rtbl`k hurjkg tn` y`br br` njgncjgnt`h d`caw=


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Hjsiakkìtjak / Tìakkìtjaks

Hjsiakkìtjak ae `cìtrji cjk` nbs d``k iaksjh`r`h ta d` bk èeìtjv` taac ta rìav`r

autstbkhjkg djccs/hu`s. Dy bppcyjkg tnjs taac b tatbc kuod`r ae 99,474 hèbuctjkg

iaksuo`rs s`rvji`s w`r` hjsiakkìt`h hurjkg tn` y`br. Oaràv`r, 20,975 jcc`gbc

iaksuo`r s`rvji`s w`r` trbi`h bkh hjsiakkìt`h hurjkg tn` y`br.

Hurjkg tn` y`br, 4:,08> iaksuo`rs w`r` gjv`k r`-iakkìtjak ak rìav`ry ae tn`jr

autstbkhjkg hu`s bkh r`bcjzbtjak ae p`kbcty bs bppcjibdc`. Bk bggr`gbt` boaukt ae Xl.

075.:6 ojccjak wbs r`bcjz`h erao tn` hèbuctjkg iaksuo`rs bkh Xl. 26.0: ojccjak bgbjkst

p`kbc/suppcò`ktbry djccs.

K`w Iakkìtjaks

Xnjs y`br 00,556 k`w iakkìtjaks nbv` d``k bhh`h ta aur systò. Wjtn tn`s` k`w

iakkìtjaks, tn` tatbc kuod`r ae `cìtrji iakkìtjaks ukh`r H@YIA bt tn` `kh ae tn`

ejkbkijbc y`br stbkhs bt 0, 68,749.

@k`rgy Ybvjkg & Ps` ae Bct`rkbtjv` @k`rgy= Vaw`r sbvjkg o`bks Vaw`r g`k`rbtjak.

Bjojkg tnjs oatta, H@YIA nbs ukh`rtbl`k hjee`r`kt st`ps ta `kiaurbg` tn` iaksuo`rs

ear usjkg `k`rgy èejij`kt bppcjbki`s jk tn`jr nao`s / aeeji`s, turkjkg ae cjgnts bkh ebks

wn`k kat jk us` bkh r`pcbijkg tn` ach`r jkibkh`si`kt cbop dy IEC (Iaopbit Ecar`si`kt

Cbop) `ti. dy o`bks ae hjstrjdutjkg c`be-c`t, hjspcbyjkg past`r bkh e`staaks.

Xa `kiaurbg` tn` us` ae r`k`wbdc` `k`rgy, H@YIA `ksur`h jkstbccbtjak ae ìa-erj`khcy

Yacbr Vbk`c ae ibpbijty braukh 4.7 OW dy 4,8:2 kas. ae iaksuo`rs bt tn`jr pròjs`s up

ta Muk` 96, 4624 jk cjk` wjtn tn` Gav`rko`kt pacjiy. H@YIA jkstbcc`h sacbr pbk`c ae

ibpbijty 27.68 LW bt jts 8> kas. awk jkstbccbtjaks up ta Muk` 96, 4624

O`t`rjkg

Xn` o`t`r d`jkg tn` ibsn dax ae tn` Iaopbky, `v`ry èeart js obh` ta inbkg` hèìtjv`

o`t`rs, s`bcjkg ae o`t`rs bkh jkspìtjak ae o`t`rs ak b r`gucbr dbsjs. Hurjkg tn` y`br

42,:97 hèìtjv` o`t`rs w`r` inbkg`h, 4,958 o`t`rs w`r` s`bc`h bkh 8>,787 o`t`rs w`r`

jkspìt`h.


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Iaksuo`r Iaopcbjkts= H@YIA iaktjkuauscy strjv`s ta aee`r s`rvji` `xi`cc`ki` ta jts

vbcu`h iaksuo`rs. Iaksuo`r iaopcbjkts jk t`ros ae djccjkg `rrars, rìtjejibtjak ae kbo`s

bkh bhhr`ss`s br` s`rjauscy btt`kh`h. Hurjkg tn` y`br, 24,826 djccs w`r` iarrìt`h bkh

rìarhs ae 4,500 kbo`s bkh bhhr`ss`s w`r` rìtjej`h ak rì`jvjkg iaopcbjkts erao tn`

iaksuo`rs.

Ak` Vajkt Y`rvji` I`kt`r= Iustao`r sbtjsebitjak js tn` l`y ta suii`ss ae bky dusjk`ss.

Aur iustao`rs br` aur prjo` eaius bkh w` br` ta `ksur` sbtjsebitary iustao`r s`rvji` bs

h`ò`h sujtbdc`. Xn` jssu` js s`rjauscy iaksjh`r`h dy H@YIA, wnjin c`h ta tn`

`stbdcjsno`kt ae Iustao`rs Ak` Vajkt Y`rvji` I`kt`r jk `bin ae tn` Ybc`s bkh

Hjstrjdutjak Hjvjsjaks. Bky iaksuo`r iaojkg ta H@YIAs Ybc`s & Hjstrjdutjak Hjvjsjak

aeeji` oby rì`jv` h`sjr`h s`rvji` bkh sacutjak erao tn` stbee ae tn` Ak` Vajkt Y`rvji`

I`ktr`. Xn` Iustao`r Y`rvji` I`kt`rs br` ukh`r iaktjkuaus jopravò`kt jk arh`r ta

rbjs` tn`jr stbkhbrh up ta tn` h`sjr`h c`v`c. Ear tnjs purpas`, H@YIA js gjvjkg òpnbsjs

ak rautjk` trbjkjkg ae tn` òpcay``s.

Djccjkg/ Iaccìtjak

Xn` prjobry admìtjv` ae objktbjkjkg tn` ejkbkijbc str`kgtn ae tn` Iaopbky js binj`v`h

dy iaktjkuaus èearts ta objktbjk b n`bctny djccjkg/ iaccìtjak rbtja. Iaksjh`rjkg sbc`s bt

Xl.20,:54 ojccjak bkh iaccìtjak bt Xl. 20,76: ojccjak, tn` djccjkg iaccìtjak rbtja warls

aut bt ::.92% bkh tn` Iaccìtjak/ Jopart (I.J.) rbtja ta >:.77% tnjs y`br.

H@YIA iaktrbit wjtn atn`r iaopbky ta iaccìt tn` o`t`r r`bhjkg erao tn`jr iustao`rs.08% tnjs y`br bs bgbjkst >.7:% jk tn` pr`vjaus y`br.
http://www.desco.org.bd/http://www.desco.org.bd/http://www.desco.org.bd/http://www.desco.org.bd/


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Vr`pbjh o`t`rjkg

Vr`pbjh o`t`r utjcjz`s sobrt ibrh tìnkacagy tnbt bccaws iustao`rs ta put oak`y ak b

sobrt ibrh wnjin js jks`rt`h bkh ròav`h erao tn` pr`pbjh o`t`r. Xn` o`t`r r`bhs b injp

jk tn` ibrh bkh `ksur`s tnbt akcy tn` boaukt ae `cìtrjijty tnbt nbs d``k pbjh ear d`

bvbjcbdc` ta tn` iustao`r. Iustao`rs ibk r`-inbrg` tn`jr sobrt ibrh bt H@YIAs v`khjkg

stbtjaks. Xn` jktrahuitjak ae pr`pbjh o`t`rs nbs n`cp`h ta joprav` r`v`ku` iaccìtjaks bs

w`cc bs ta r`hui` systò cass. B tatbc ae 22,999 kas. ae pr`pbjh o`t`rs nbv` d``k jkstbcc`h

jk hjee`r`kt Yìtars ae Pttbrb bs ae 96tn Muk`, 4624. Jk arh`r ta ebijcjtbt` iaktjkuaus

suppcy ae pr`pbjh o`t`rs, H@YIA nbs s`t up b "Vr`pbjh O`t`r Vrahuitjak Pkjt" bt

Ojrpur wjtn tn` tìnkjibc bssjstbki` ae Jkstjtut` ae Jkearobtjak bkh Iaooukjibtjak

Xìnkacagy (JJIX), DP@X \:_.

9.0.9 Ybc`s bkh Hjstrjdutjak (Y&H) Hjvjsjak

Lberuc Oakjpur Vbccbdj Gucsnbk Dbrjhnbrb Pttbrb (@bst) Pttbrb (W`st) Hblnjklnbk

Xakgj (@bst) Xakgj (W`st) Ynbn Bcj Tupkbgbr Bgbrgbak Pttbrlnbk Dbhhb Mabr Ybnbrb

Xn`r` br` tnr`` objk ap`rbtjaks jk H@YIA. Xn`s` br`

2. IAYY (Iaoo`rijbc Ap`rbtjak & Yuppart Y`rvji`)4. C@O (Cjk` & @qujpo`kt Objkt`kbki`)9. OYY (Objkt`kbki` ae sud-systò)

9.0.9.2 Yystò Ap`rbtjak

Yystò ap`rbtjak js bk jopartbkt pbrt ae tn` H@YIA. Xnjs sìtjak objkcy r`cbt`h wjtn tn` Grjh

bkh sud-stbtjak objkt`kbki`. Xnjs sìtjak objktbjk tn` K`w iakkìtjak, Cabh sbkitjak & Cabh


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r`t`ktjak, Cabh Obkbgò`kt, Iaktrac raao bitjvjty, Vaw`r ebitar oakjtarjkg & upgrbhjkg, Cjk`

Objkt`kbki`, HBY Objkt`kbki` `ti.

9.0.9.4 K`w Iakkìtjak

Iaksuo`r wjcc d` bdc` ta hawkcabh ar tbl` b prjkt ae tn` bppcjibtjak earo. Bppcjibkts oust

sudojt tn` r`qujr`h haiuo`kts jk H@YIA sjki` jts jki`ptjak nbs d``k strjvjkg ta `stbdcjsn d`tt`r

bkh erj`khcy s`rvji` ta jts iustao`r. Jk tnjs p`rspìtjv`, H@YIA nbs jktrahui`h tn` appartukjty

ear iustao`rs ta bppcy ear `cìtrji iakkìtjak tnraugn jkt`rk`t. Xnjs wauch bcsa `kbdc` tnò ta

lkaw bdaut tn` stbtus ae bppcjibtjak. Bppcjibkts br` bhvjs`h ta eaccaw tn` jkstruitjaks cbjh hawk

jk tn` ijtjz`k inbrt`r. Bet`r tn` iakejrobtjak ae tn` Ak-Cjk` bppcjibtjak, tn` bppcjibkt nbrh iapy

ear vbcjhbtjkg Ak-cjk` bppcjibtjak, bcakg wjtn njs/n`r sjgk`h iapy ae prjkt`h bppcjibtjak.

T`qujr`h Haiuo`kts T`sjh`ktjbc / Hao`stji ibt`gary up ta 8:LW

Yjgk`h iapy ae tn` bppcjibtjak earo 4 iapj`s btt`st`h rì`kt Vbsspart sjz` iacar pnata Btt`st`h iapy ae r`gjst`r`h h``h ae awk`rsnjp / Aiiupbkiy Outbtjak haiuo`kt ear Cbkh Btt`st`h iapy ae TBMPL / Ijty Iarparbtjak bpprav`h dujchjkg pcbk Btt`st`h iapy ae haiuo`kt r`gbrhjkg nachjkg ka. jssu`h dy Ijty Iarp./ iaop`t`kt

butnarjty.

Haiuo`kts T`qujrò`kt Iaoo`rijbc Iustao`r up-ta 8:LW cabh

Yjgk`h iapy ae tn` bppcjibtjak earo 4 iapj`s btt`st`h rì`kt Vbsspart sjz` iacar pnata Butnarjzbtjak c`tt`r erao pbrtk`rs (ear Majkt-U`ktur`) Btt`st`h iapy ae r`gjst`r`h h``h ae awk`rsnjp / Aiiupbkiy Outbtjak haiuo`kt ear Cbkh Btt`st`h iapy ae TBMPL / Ijty Iarparbtjak bpprav`h dujchjkg pcbk Btt`st`h iapy ae haiuo`kt r`gbrhjkg nachjkg ka. jssu`h dy Ijty Iarp./ iaop`t`kt

butnarjty.


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Haiuo`kts T`qujrò`kt Iustao`rs ae cabh 06LW bkh bdav` cabh

Yjgk`h iapy ae tn` bppcjibtjak earo 4 iapj`s btt`st`h rì`kt Vbsspart sjz` iacar pnata Btt`st`h iapy ae r`gjst`r`h h``h ae awk`rsnjp / Aiiupbkiy Outbtjak haiuo`kt ear Cbkh Btt`st`h iapy ae TBMPL / Ijty Iarparbtjak bpprav`h dujchjkg pcbk Btt`st`h iapy ae haiuo`kt r`gbrhjkg nachjkg ka. jssu`h dy Ijty Iarp./ iaop`t`kt

butnarjty.

Yud-Ytbtjak cbyaut pcbk bkh Yjkgc` cjk` hjbgrbo Bgr`ò`kt ear us` ae O`t`r Taao dy H@YIA Ypìjejibtjaks, X`st r`sucts ae Xrbksearo`r, swjtin-g`br bkh atn`r `qujpo`kt Cji`ks` erao Injè @cìtrjibc Jkspìtar ae GAD

Haiuo`kts T`qujrò`kt= Yobcc Jkhustrj`s Iustao`r up-ta 8:LW cabh

Yjgk`h iapy ae tn` bppcjibtjak earo 4 iapj`s btt`st`h rì`kt Vbsspart sjz` iacar pnata Butnarjzbtjak c`tt`r erao pbrtk`rs ear Majkt-U`ktur` Btt`st`h iapy ae r`gjst`r`h h``h ae awk`rsnjp / Aiiupbkiy Outbtjak haiuo`kt ear Cbkh Btt`st`h iapy ae TBMPL / Ijty Iarparbtjak bpprav`h dujchjkg pcbk Btt`st`h iapy ae haiuo`kt r`gbrhjkg nachjkg ka. jssu`h dy Ijty Iarp./ iaop`t`kt

butnarjty.

Ic`brbki` erao Ejr` Y`rvji` (Je bppcjibdc`) Ic`brbki` erao @kvjrako`kt (Je bppcjibdc`) Xrbh` Cji`ks`.

Haiuo`kts T`qujrò`kt= Xòparbry Iakkìtjak

Yjgk`h iapy ae tn` bppcjibtjak earo 4 iapj`s btt`st`h rì`kt Vbsspart sjz` iacar pnata Btt`st`h iapy ae r`gjst`r`h h``h ae awk`rsnjp / Aiiupbkiy Outbtjak haiuo`kt ear Cbkh


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Btt`st`h iapy ae TBMPL / Ijty Iarparbtjak bpprav`h dujchjkg pcbk

9.0.9.9 Cabh Ybkitjak

Wn`k b iaksuo`r bppcj`s ear b k`w iakkìtjak, tn` iaksuo`r oust o`ktjak tn` cabh hòbkh ak

tn` bppcjibtjak pbp`r. Xn` iaksuo`r ibciucbt` tn` tatbc cabh (LW) n` ar sn` k``h. Iaksuo`r

obl`s bk Bppcjibtjak ta H@YIA ear tnbt boaukt ae cabh. Xnbk H@YIA butnarjty ga`s ta

iaksuo`r & ibciucbt`h tn` cabh. Dbs` ak tn` cabh ibciucbt`h H@YIA bpprav` tn` iaksuo`r

sbkitjak cabh. Je tn` sbkitjak cabh js d`caw 7LWn tnbk tn` iaksuo`r g`t sjkgc` pnbs` cjk`, je jt js

bdav` 7LWn tnbk tn` iaksuo`r g`t 9-pnbs` cjk`, je tn` cabh js bdav` ar `qubc ta 06LWn tnbk

tn` iaksuo`r nbv` ta obl` b sudstbtjak.

9.0.9.8 Cabh T`t`ktjak

Je tn` iaksuo`r s`` tnbt njs Xatbc Hòbkh cabh js gr`bt`r tnbk njs obxjouo sbkitjak cabh. Xn`k

tn` iaksuo`rs nbv` ta obl` bk bppcjibtjak ta H@YIA ta jkir`bs` tn` sbkitjak cabh. Je tn`

H@YIA butnarjty tnjkl tnbt tn` iaksuo`r r`bccy k``h ta jkir`bs` tn` sbkitjak cabh tnbk tn`y

bpprav` tn` iaksuo`r bppcjibtjak bkh gjv` tn` iaksuo`r @xtrb cabh. Xnjs js ibcc`h cabh

r`t`ktjak.

9.0.9.0 Vaw`r Ebitar Oakjtarjkg

Vaw`r ebitar js tn` r`bc paw`r (wbtts) hjvjh`h dy tatbc paw`r (tn` vìtar suo ae r`bc bkh r`bitjv`

paw`r). T`bitjv` `cò`kts (tnjkgs tnbt nbv` jkhuitbki` ar ibpbijtbki`) ibus` pnbs` snjets

d`tw``k vactbg` bppcj`h ta tnò bkh iurr`kt pbssjkg tnraugn tnò. Xnjs pnbs` snjet js b r`suct ae

tn`s` `cò`kts nachjkg paw`r, bkh tn`k r`c`bsjkg jt. Yjki` tn`s` `cò`kts br` kat bitubccy usjkg

paw`r, tnjs ha`s kat snaw up ak yaur `cìtrji djcc (ukc`ss yau br` djcc`h ak UBTs bs w`cc bs

wbtts). Bctnaugn tn`y hak't us` r`bc paw`r, tn`s` r`bitjv` `cò`kts ha ibus` "`xtrb" iurr`kt ta

ecaw, wnjin tn` paw`r iaopbky oust suppcy. Je tnjs iurr`kt js `xi`ssjv` (sa yau nbv` b v`ry caw

paw`r ebitar) tn` paw`r iaopbky oust jkstbcc av`rsjz`h `qujpo`kt ta o``t yaur hòbkh< tnjs


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o`bks bk bhh`h `xp`ks` ear tnò, wjtn ka pbydbil ak yaur `cìtrji djcc. Xnjs js wny paw`r

iaopbkj`s wjcc aet`k r`qujr` b i`rtbjk paw`r ebitar d`jkg o`t, ar djcc yau `xtrb p`r lWn ae us`.

Xn` paw`r ebitar ear bky r`bitjv` cabh, jkhuitjv` ar ibpbijtjv`, js tn` iasjk` ae tn` pnbs` bkgc`

d`tw``k vactbg` bkh iurr`kt. Jt js bcsa tn` rbtja ae vact-bops av`r wbtts. W` ibcc jt b cbggjkg

paw`r ebitar je jt js jkhuitjv` bkh b c`bhjkg paw`r ebitar je jt js ibpbijtjv`.

9.0.9.5 Cjk` Objkt`kbki`

Jk `cìtrjibc `kgjk``rjkg, cjv`-cjk` warljkg js tn` objkt`kbki` ae `cìtrjibc `qujpo`kt, aet`k

ap`rbtjkg bt njgn vactbg`, wnjc` tn` `qujpo`kt js `k`rgjz`h. Xn` ejrst tìnkjqu`s ear cjv`-cjk`

warljkg w`r` h`v`cap`h jk tn` `brcy y`brs ae tn` 46tn i`ktury, bkh datn `qujpo`kt bkh warl

o`tnahs w`r` cbt`r rèjk`h ta h`bc wjtn jkir`bsjkgcy njgn`r vactbg`s. Jk tn` 2:56s, o`tnahs w`r`

h`v`cap`h jk tn` cbdarbtary ta `kbdc` ej`ch warl`rs ta iao` jkta hjrìt iaktbit wjtn njgn vactbg`

cjk`s. Yuin o`tnahs ibk d` bppcj`h ta `kbdc` sbe` warl bt tn` njgn`st trbksojssjak vactbg`s.

Ear tn` objkt`kbki` H@YIA us`s aut saurijkg. Wn`k b ebuct aiiur ak bky cjk` hu` ta

tnukh`rjkg ar njgn vactbg` tnbk H@YIA jkearo jt ta tn`jr aut saurijkg t`bo. Xn` autsauri` ga`s

ta tnbt br`b bs nurry bkh tbl`s prap`r bitjak. Yao`tjo`s tn` iaksuo`r bcsa jkearo H@YIA, je

bky ebuct aiiur bt tn`jr r`spìtjv` pcbi` tn`k H@YIA s`kh tn`jr t`bo ta tnbt pcbi` ear tbljkg

bitjak.


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9.0.9.7 Wjr`c`ss & X`cìaooukjibtjak

Wjr`c`ss t`cìaooukjibtjaks js tn` trbkse`r ae jkearobtjak d`tw``k twa ar oar` pajkts tnbt br`

kat pnysjibccy iakkìt`h. Hjstbki`s ibk d` snart, suin bs b e`w o`t`rs ear t`c`vjsjak ròat`

iaktrac, ar bs ebr bs tnausbkhs ar `v`k ojccjaks ae ljcao`t`rs ear h``p-spbi` rbhja

iaooukjibtjaks. Jt `kiaopbss`s vbrjaus typ`s ae ejx`h, oadjc`, bkh partbdc` twa-wby rbhjas,

i`ccucbr t`c`pnak`s, p`rsakbc hjgjtbc bssjstbkts (VHBs), bkh wjr`c`ss k`twarljkg. Atn`r `xbopc`s

ae wjr`c`ss tìnkacagy jkicuh` GVY ukjts, Gbrbg` haar ap`k`rs ar gbrbg` haars, wjr`c`ss

iaoput`r oji`, l`ydabrhs bkh N`bhs`t (buhja), n`bhpnak`s, rbhja rì`jv`rs, sbt`ccjt` t`c`vjsjak,

drabhibst t`c`vjsjak bkh iarhc`ss t`c`pnak`s.

Bt ak`s tjo` H@YIA us` iarhc`ss ta iaooukjibt` d`tw``k tn`jr Y&H i`kt`r. Kaw tn`y us`

oadjc` ta iaooukjibt` jts òpcay``, autsauri`s, iaksuo`rs \:_.


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Inbpt`r 8

Yudstbtjak Ap`rbtjak & Objkt`kbki`

8.2 @cìtrjibc Yudstbtjak

B sudstbtjak js b njgn-vactbg` `cìtrji ebijcjty iaktbjkjkg `qujpo`kt ta r`gucbt` bkh hjstrjdut`

`cìtrjibc `k`rgy. Wnjc` sao` sudstbtjaks br` sobcc wjtn cjttc` oar` tnbk b trbksearo`r bkh

bssaijbt`h swjtin`s, atn`r sudstbtjaks br` cbrg` bkh iaopc`x.

Eukitjaks ae b sudstbtjak jkicuh` rì`jvjkg paw`r erao b g`k`rbtjkg ebijcjty, r`gucbtjkg

hjstrjdutjak, st`ppjkg vactbg` up bkh hawk, cjojtjkg paw`r surg`s, bkh iakv`rtjkg paw`r erao

hjrìt iurr`kt ta bct`rkbtjkg iurr`kt ar vji` v`rsb.

B sudstbtjak tnbt nbs b st`p-up trbksearo`r jkir`bs`s tn` vactbg` wnjc` hìr`bsjkg tn` iurr`kt,

wnjc` b st`p-hawk trbksearo`r hìr`bs`s tn` vactbg` wnjc` jkir`bsjkg tn` iurr`kt ear hao`stji

bkh iaoo`rijbc hjstrjdutjak. Xn` warh sudstbtjak iao`s erao tn` hbys dèar` tn` hjstrjdutjak

systò dìbo` b grjh.

Yudstbtjaks br` icbssjej`h biiarhjkg ta

8.2.2 Icbssjejibtjak biiarhjkg ta Y`rvji` T`qujrò`kts

2. Xrbksearo`r Yudstbtjak4. Ywjtinjkg Yudstbtjaks9. Vaw`r Ebitar Iarrìtjak Yudstbtjaks

8. Er`qu`kiy Inbkg`r Yudstbtjak0. Iakv`rtjkg Yudstbtjak5. Jkhustrjbc Yudstbtjaks

8.2.4 Icbssjejibtjak biiarhjkg ta Iakstruitjakbc E`btur`s

2. Jkhaar Yudstbtjak4. Authaar Yudstbtjak9. Pkh`rgraukh Yudstbtjak8. Vac` Oaukt`h Yudstbtjak


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8.4 @qujpo`kts jk b Yudstbtjak

Xn` `qujpo`kts r`qujr`h ear b sudstbtjak h`p`khs upak tn` typ` ae sudstbtjak. Y`rvji`

r`qujrò`kt bkh tn` h`gr`` ae pratìtjak h`sjr`h. Naw`v`r, jk g`k`rbc, b trbksearo`r sudstbtjak

nbs tn` eaccawjkg obmar `qujpo`kts

8.4.2 Dus Dbr

Wn`k b kuod`r ae cjk`s ap`rbtjkg bt tn` sbo` vactbg` nbv` ta d` hjrìtcy iakkìt`h `cìtrjibccy,

dus-dbrs br` us`h bs tn` iaooak `cìtrjibc iaopak`kt. Dus dbrs br` iapp`r ar bcuojkjuo dbrs

bkh ap`rbt` bt iakstbkt vactbg`. Xn` jkiaojkg bkh autgajkg cjk`s jk b sudstbtjak br` iakkìt`h ta

tn` dus dbrs.

Ejgur` 8.2 snaws b sjkgc` cjk` hjbgrbo ae Ojrpur Hjguk 294/99/22 LU Grjh sudstbtjak,

jkhjibtjkg twa hupcjibt` dus dbr systòs. N`r`, datn 99 LU dus`s br` sìtjakbcjs`h \26_.

Ejgur` 8.2= Dus dbr jopcò`kt`h jk Ojrpur (Hjguk) Yudstbtjak


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8.4.4 Dus-Dbr Brrbkgò`kts

8.4.4.2 Yjkgc` Dus dbr Yystò

Xn` sjkgc` dus dbr systò nbs tn` sjopc`st h`sjgk bkh js us`h ear paw`r stbtjaks. Jt js bcsa us`h

jk sobcc authaar stbtjaks nbvjkg r`cbtjv`cy e`w autgajkg ar jkiaojkg e``h`rs bkh cjk`s. Ejgur`

8.4 snaws tn` sjkgc` dus dbr systò ear b typjibc paw`r stbtjak. Xn` g`k`rbtars, autgajkg cjk`s

bkh trbksearo`rs br` iakkìt`h ta tn` dus dbr. @bin g`k`rbtar bkh e``h`r js iaktracc`h dy b

ijriujt dr`bl`r. Xn` jsacbtars p`rojt ta jsacbt` g`k`rbtars, e``h`rs, bkh ijriujt dr`bl`rs erao tn`

dus dbr ear objkt`kbki` \26_.

Ejgur` 8.4= Yjkgc` Dus Dbr

8.4.4.4 Yjkgc` Dus dbr systò wjtn Yìtjakbcjsbtjak

Jk cbrg` g`k`rbtjkg stbtjaks wn`r` s`v`rbc ukjts br` jkstbcc`h, jt js b iaooak prbitji` ta

sìtjakbcjs` tn` dus sa tnbt ebuct ak bky sìtjak ak tn` dus dbr wjcc kat ibus` b iaopc`t`

snuthawk. Xnjs jccustrbt`s jk tn` ejgur` 8.9 wnjin snaws tn` dus dbr hjvjh`h jkta twa sìtjaks

iakkìt`h dy b ijriujt dr`bl`r bkh jsacbtar< naw`v`r, jt oby bcsa d` hak` dy b dus iaupc`r \26_.


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Ejgur` 8.9= Yìtjakbcjs`h Yjkgc` Dus Dbr

Xnr`` prjkijpbc bhvbktbg`s br` icbjo`h ear tnjs brrbkgò`kt. Ejrstcy, je b ebuct aiiurs ak bky

sìtjak ae b dus dbr, tnbt sìtjak ibk d` jsacbt`h wjtnaut beeìtjkg tn` suppcy ta atn`r sìtjaks.

Yìakhcy, je b ebuct aiiurs ak bky e``h`r, tn` ebuct iurr`kt js ouin caw`r tnbk wjtn

uksìtjakbcjs`h dus dbr. Xnjs p`rojts tn` us` ae ijriujt dr`bl`rs ae caw`r ibpbijty jk tn` e``h`rs.

Xnjrhcy, r`pbjr bkh objkt`kbki` ae bky sìtjak ae dus dbr ibk d` ibrrj`h aut dy h`-`k`rgjsjkg

tnbt sìtjak akcy, `cjojkbtjkg tn` passjdjcjty ae iaopc`t` snuthawk.

Ejgur` 8.8= Dus Iaupc`r Iaktracc`r jk Pttbrb 294/99 lU Yudstbtjak

8.4.4.9 Hupcjibt` Dus dbr systò

Jk cbrg` stbtjaks, jt js jopartbkt tnbt dr`blhawks bkh objkt`kbki` snauch jkt`re`r` bs cjttc` bs

passjdc` wjtn iaktjkujty ae suppcy. Jk arh`r ta binj`v` tnjs admìtjv`, hupcjibt` dus dbr systò jsus`h jk jopartbkt stbtjaks. Yuin b systò iaksjsts ae twa dus dbrs, b objk dus dbr bkh b spbr`

dus dbr. @bin g`k`rbtar bkh e``h`r oby d` iakkìt`h ta `jtn`r dus dbrs wjtn tn` n`cp ae dus

iaupc`r wnjin iaksjsts ae b ijriujt dr`bl`r bkh jsacbtars \26_.

Ejgur` 8.0 snaws tn` hupcjibt` dus dbr systò jopcò`kt`h jk Pttbrb Grjh Yudstbtjak.


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Ejgur` 8.0= Haudc` Dus Dbr jk Pttbrb 294/99 lU Yudstbtjak

8.4.9 Jksucbtars

Xn` jksucbtars s`rv` twa purpas`s. Xn`y suppart tn` iakhuitars ar dus dbrs bkh iakejk` tn`

iurr`kt ta tn` iakhuitars. Xn` oast iaooakcy us`h obt`rjbc ear jksucbtars js pari`cbjk. Xn`r`

br` s`v`rbc typ`s ae jksucbtars bkh tn`jr us` h`p`khs upak tn` s`rvji` r`qujrò`kt.

8.4.8 Jsacbtars

Jk sudstbtjaks, jt js aet`k h`sjr`h ta hjsiakkìt b pbrt ae tn` systò ear g`k`rbc objkt`kbki` ar

r`pbjrs. Xnjs js biiaopcjsn`h dy bk jsacbtjkg swjtin ar jsacbtar. Bk jsacbtar js `ss`ktjbccy b lkje`

swjtin bkh js `ss`ktjbccy h`sjgk`h ta ap`k b ijriujt ukh`r ka cabh. Ejgur` 8.5 js bk `xbopc` ae

jsacbtars jk Pttbrb Grjh Yudstbtjak.

Ejgur` 8.5= Jsacbtars jk Pttbrb Grjh Yudstbtjak


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8.4.0 Ijriujt Dr`bl`r

B ijriujt dr`bl`r js `qujpo`kt wnjin ibk ap`k ar icas` b ijriujt ukh`r karobc bs w`cc bs ebuct

iakhjtjaks. Jt js sa h`sjgk`h tnbt jt ibk d` ap`rbt`h obkubccy ar dy r`oat` iaktracc`r ukh`r

karobc iakhjtjaks bkh butaobtjibccy ukh`r ebuct iakhjtjaks. Ear tn` cbtt`r us`, b r`cby ijriujt js

us`h wjtn b ijriujt dr`bl`r.

Ejgur` 8.7= YE5 Ijriujt Dr`bl`rs Obkubc Iaktracc`r jk Pttbrb grjh Yudstbtjak

8.4.5 Xrbksearo`r

B trbksearo`r js b stbtji obinjk` us`h ear trbksearojkg paw`r erao ak` ijriujt ta bkatn`r

wjtnaut inbkgjkg er`qu`kiy. Xnjs js v`ry dbsji h`ejkjtjak ae trbksearo`r.

Biiarhjkg ta tn` bppcjibtjak bkh ap`rbtjak, trbksearo`rs br` icbssjej`h biiarhjkgcy.

Buta Xrbksearo`r Ibpbijtar Uactbg` Xrbksearo`r Vaw`r Xrbksearo`r Hjstrjdutjkg Xrbksearo`r Vnbs` Bkgc` T`gucbtjkg Xrbksearo`r Vacypnbs` Xrbksearo`r

Graukhjkg Xrbksearo`r C`blbg` Xrbksearo`r T`sakbkt Xrbksearo`r Jkstruo`kt Xrbksearo`r Yiatt-X Xrbksearo`r


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8.4.5.2 Vaw`r Xrbksearo`r

B paw`r trbksearo`r js us`h jk b sudstbtjak ta st`p-up ar st`p-hawk tn` vactbg`. Bpbrt erao tn`

paw`r stbtjak, bcc tn` suds`qu`kt sudstbtjaks us` st`p-hawk trbksearo`rs ta grbhubccy r`hui` tn`

vactbg` ae `cìtrji suppcy bkh ejkbccy h`cjv`r jt bt utjcjzbtjak vactbg`.

Ejgur` 8.> snaws ak` ae tn` eaur paw`r trbksearo`rs usjkg jk Pttbrb Grjh sudstbtjak, b iaupc` ae

wnjin br` 294/99 LU bkh tn` r`sts br` 99/22LU.

Ejgur` 8.>= 294/99 lU Xrbksearo`r jk Pttbrb Grjh Yudstbtjak

8.4.5.4 Jkstruo`kt Xrbksearo`r

Xn` cjk`s jk sudstbtjaks ap`rbt` bt njgn vactbg`s bkh ibrry iurr`kts ae tnausbkhs ae bop`r`s. Xn`

o`bsurjkg jkstruo`kts bkh pratìtjv` h`vji`s br` h`sjgk`h ear caw vactbg`s bkh iurr`kts.

Xn`rèar`, tn`y wjcc kat warl p`reìtcy je oaukt`h hjrìtcy ak tn` paw`r cjk`s. Xnjs hjeejiucty js

av`riao` dy jkstbccjkg jkstruo`kt trbksearo`rs ak paw`r cjk`s. Xn` eukitjak ae tn`s` jkstruo`kt

trbksearo`rs js ta trbkse`r vactbg`s ar iurr`kts jk tn` paw`r cjk`s ta vbcu` wnjin br` iakv`kj`kt

ear tn` ap`rbtjak ae o`bsurjkg jkstruo`kts bkh r`cbys. Xn` typ`s ae jkstruo`kts br` hjsiuss`h

d`caw.

8.4.5.4.2 Iurr`kt Xrbksearo`r (IX)

B iurr`kt trbksearo`r (IX) js `ss`ktjbccy b st`p-up trbksearo`r, wnjin st`ps hawk tn` iurr`kt ta

b lkawk rbtja. Xn` prjobry ae tnjs trbksearo`r iaksjsts ae b cbrg` kuod`r ae turks ae tnjil wjr`

iakkìt`h jk s`rj`s wjtn tn` cjk`. Xn` sìakhbry iaksjsts ae b cbrg` kuod`r ae turks ae ejk` wjr`s


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bkh pravjh`s ear tn` o`bsurjkg jkstruo`kts bkh r`cbys b iurr`kt wnjin js b iakstbkt erbitjak ae

tn` iurr`kt jk tn` cjk`. Xn`rèar`, je b 266/0 B IX js iakkìt`h jk tn` cjk` ta o`bsur` iurr`kt, jt

wjcc r`bh 0 bops ae iurr`kt wn`k tn` iurr`kt jk tn` cjk` js 266 bops.

Ejgur` 8.:= Iurr`kt Xrbksearo`r (IX) jk Pttbrb Grjh Yudstbtjak

8.4.5.4.2 Vat`ktjbc Xrbksearo`r

Jt js `ss`ktjbccy b st`p-hawk trbksearo`r bkh st`ps hawk tn` vactbg` ta b lkawk rbtja. Xn`

prjobry ae tnjs trbksearo`r iaksjsts ae b cbrg` kuod`r ae turks ae ejk` wjr` iakkìt`h birass tn`

cjk`. Xn` sìakhbry wjkhjkg iaksjsts ae b e`w turks bkh pravjh`s ear o`bsurjkg jkstruo`kts bkh

r`cbys b vactbg` wnjin js b lkawk erbitjak ae tn` cjk` vactbg`. Ear jkstbki`, b 55lU/266U

Ejgur` 8.26= Vat`ktjbc Xrbksearo`r (VX) jk Pttbrb Grjh Yudstbtjak


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8.4.7 O`t`rjkg bkh Jkhjibtjkg Jkstruo`kts

Xn`r` br` s`v`rbc o`t`rjkg bkh jkhjibtjkg jkstruo`kts, suin bs boo`t`rs, vacto`t`rs, bkh `k`rgy

o`t`rs `ti, jkstbcc`h jk b sudstbtjak ta objktbjk wbtin av`r ijriujt qubktjtj`s. Xn` jkstruo`kt

trbksearo`rs br` jkvbrjbdcy us`h wjtn tnò ear sbtjsebitary ap`rbtjaks.

8.4.> Cjgnt`kjkg Brr`st`r

Xn`s` pratìt b sudstbtjak erao vactbg` surg`s bkh br` jkstbcc`h ak paw`r pac`s, taw`rs,

trbksearo`rs bkh ijriujt dr`bl`rs ta pratìt tnò erao hbobg` hurjkg `cìtrjibc staros.

Cjgntkjkg Brr`st`rs caal sjojcbr ta stbkhaee jksucbtars bkh dusnjkgs, dut tn`jr ukjqu`

inbrbit`rjstjis js tnbt tn`y nbv` `brtnjkg t`rojkbcs bt tn` dattao wn`r` b cbrg` graukh ibdc` js

iakkìt`h bkh ruks hawk tn` struitur` tnbt iakkìts ta tn` stbtjak graukh.

Ejgur` 8.22= Cjgnt`kjkg Brr`st`r jk Pttbrb Grjh Yudstbtjak

8.4.: Dusnjkg

Xnjs js tn` iaopak`kt tnbt bccaws `cìtrjijty ta `kt`r `cìtrjibc `qujpo`kts sbe`cy, pr`v`ktjkg jt

erao snartjkg ta bkatn`r pnbs`. Xn`r` br` hjee`r`kt typ`s ae dusnjkgs, kbo`cy ajc ejcc`h, gbs ejcc`h


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`bsjcy dy `jtn`r ukh`rgraukh ar av`rn`bh ta tn` iaksuo`rs bkh tn`k iakkìt tnò hjrìtcy je tn`y

br` Njgn X`ksjak (NX) iaksuo`rs ar vjb b pac` oaukt`h trbksearo`r wnjin eurtn`r h`grbh` jt ta

.820 lU je tn`y br` Caw X`ksjak (CX) iaksuo`rs.

Ojrpur (Hjguk) & Pttbrb Grjh Yudstbtjak

Ejgur` 8.29= Yjkgc` Cjk` Hjbgrbo ae Ojrpur (Hjguk) Yudstbtjak

Ejgur` 8.29 snaws tn` sjkgc` cjk` hjbgrbo ae Ojrpur (Hjguk) grjh sudstbtjak, wn`r` twa ae tn`

eaur ae jts jkiaojkg cjk`s br` erao Xakgj bkh Pttbrb, bkh tn` r`sts br` erao Bojkdbzbr. Jt nbs b

Haudc` dus dbr systò ear 294 lU dus`s, bt c`bst ak` ae wnjin js r`bhjcy bvbjcbdc` ear ap`rbtjak

wnjc` atn`r js r`s`rv`h ear ò`rg`kiy sjtubtjaks.

Jkiaojkg cjk`s br` iakkìt`h ta b kuod`r ae o`bsurjkg jkstruo`kts jkicuhjkg IX bkh VX ta

ibciucbt` tn` boaukt ae paw`r iaksuo`h dy tn` sudstbtjak bkh ta ads`rv` bky ebucts jk tn`

jkiaojkg cjk`. Vratìtjak h`vji`s cjl` cjgnt`kjkg brr`st`rs bkh `brtn swjtin`s br` jkstbcc`h bt tnjs

stbg` ae tn` stbtjak ta pratìt tn` wnac` systò erao bky `kvjrako`ktbc nbzbrhs.

Bet`r g`ttjkg b ic`brbki` erao tn`s` h`vji`s, tn` paw`r js kaw b sudmìt ta dus dbrs. Xnjs dus dbr

bccaws tn` kì`ssbry hjstrjdutjak ae paw`r ta bcc ae tn` trbksearo`rs bvbjcbdc` jk tn` stbtjak. Jt

bcsa p`rojts tn` objkt`kbki` warl`rs ta iakhuit objkt`kbki` ap`rbtjaks pbrtjbccy, rbtn`r tnbk

iaopc`t`cy snuttjkg hawk tn` stbtjak.


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Bt tnjs stbg`, paw`r js bdaut ta `kt`r ta tn` trbksearo`rs dut ta obl` sur` tnbt `v`rytnjkg js jk

sbe` iakhjtjak bkh ta o`bsur` kì`ssbry hbtb bkh gjv` stbkhdy iaoobkhs ta pratìtjv` r`cbys

bet`r nbvjkg b drjè hjbgkasjs jk IX bkh VX jt tn`k trbksojtt`h ta dr`bl`rs bkh jsacbtars. Xn`s`

h`vji`s bccaw puccjkg aee tn` cabh erao tn` trbksearo`r wn`k kì`ssbry.

Xrbksearo`rs tn`k iakv`rts tn` paw`r ta b caw`r vactbg` c`v`c ae 99 lU wnjin tn`k ga`s ta

e``h`r raao ear eurtn`r trbksojssjak ta iaksuojkg br`bs. Xa pratìt tn` e``h`r raao, bkatn`r s`t

ae IXs, VXs, Dr`bl`rs bkh Jsacbtars br` jopcò`kt`h bt tnjs stbg`.

8.9.2 E``h`r & Iaktrac Taao

E``h`r raao js tn` sìtjak ae tn` br`b, wn`r` oast `kgjk``rs br` `kgbg`h wjtn tn` obst`r iaktrac

ae tn` stbtjak. H`t`rojkjkg wn`r` ta trbksojt tn` cabh bkh tn` qubktjty ae tn` cabh, aiiurrjkg cabh

sn`hhjkg ta bky h`sjr`h e``h`r bkh ta inìl bkh objktbjk b qubcjty cabh ta tn` iaksuo`r dy

obljkg sur` tnbt tn` paw`r ebitar ae tn` cabhs br` up ta tn` obrl.

Ejgur` 8.28= 22 lU E``h`r jkhjibtjkg cabh sn`hhjkg iakhjtjak


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Jk Iaktrac Taao, objkcy, bcc ae tn` r`bhjkgs erao IXs & VXs br` iaojkg ta tn` r`cbys sjtubt`h jk

system protections and uses of switchgear devices in distrbution substations

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